YEARS YEARS CELEBRATING ametsoc.org/AMS100 | #AMS100 100100 Unauthenticated |Downloaded 10/05/21 11:33 PMUTC IN BOX 2457 Drought Amelioration An Engagement-to-Implementation Success Story M. C. KRUK ET AL. ESSAY 2463 Recommendations for In Situ and Remote Sensing Capabilities in Atmospheric VOLUME 99, NUMBER 12, DECEMBER 2018 Convection and Turbulence B. GEERTS ET AL. ON THE COVER ARTICLES Just 12 hours after the Camp Fire was first reported on 8 November 2018, Craig 2471 Protocols and Partnerships for Engaging Pacific Island Communities in the Collection Clements (pictured) and his RaDFIRE team and Use of Traditional Climate Knowledge were already on site, gathering data from the P. MALSALE ET AL. deadliest and most destructive California 2491 The Harlem Heat Project wildfire to date. The Rapid Deployments A Unique Media–Community Collaboration to Study to Wildfires Experiment (p. 2539) observes Indoor Heat Waves wildfire–atmosphere interactions on a range B. VANT-HULL ET AL. of scales, providing valuable data, includ- 2507 Agile Development in Meteorological R&D ing from microwave profiler and scanning Achieving a Minimum Viable Product in a Scrum Work Setting Doppler lidar, to improve fundamental un- W. SOM DE CERFF ET AL. derstanding and to evaluate models. (photo: 2519 Facilitating the Self-Directed Learning Efforts Jackson Yip, San Jose State University) of Professional Meteorologists D. S. LADUE AND A. E. COHEN 2561 The Dark Side of Hurricane Matthew 2529 Affordable Rotating Fluid Demonstrations for Unique Perspectives from the VIIRS Day/Night Band Geoscience Education S. D. MILLER ET AL. The DIYnamics Project 2575 Observing Clouds in 4D with Multiview S. A. HILL ET AL. Stereophotogrammetry 2539 The Rapid Deployments to Wildfires D. M. ROMPS AND R. ÖKTEM Experiment (RaDFIRE) 2587 Ultrafine Particles in the Lower Troposphere Observations from the Fire Zone Major Sources, Invisible Plumes, and Meteorological C. B. CLEMENTS ET AL. Transport Processes W. JUNKERMANN AND J. M. HACKER
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The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society is the The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society not require the Society’s permission. Items that do not bear official organ of the Society, devoted to editorials, articles of (ISSN 0003-0007) is published monthly by the American their own separate copyright notices either are in the public interest to a large segment of the membership, professional Meteorological Society, 45 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02108- domain or are U.S. Government works for which copyright and membership news, announcements, and Society activi- 3693. Periodical postage paid at Boston, MA, and at additional protection is not available. Republication, systematic repro- ties. Editing and publishing are under the direction of Keith L. mailing offices. Subscription price to members is included in duction, and any other use of any material in this journal, Seitter, executive director. Contributors are encouraged to annual dues. Subscription price to nonmembers is available unless exempted by the above statements, requires written send proposals to be considered for publication. For guidance on request; single issues are $12.50 each for members, $20 for permission or license from the AMS. Additional details are on preparation and style, see the Authors’ Resource Center nonmembers (prices incl. shipping and handling). Address provided in the AMS Copyright Policies, available from the online at www.ametsoc.org/pubs/arcindex.html. all business communications to the Executive Director, AMS at 617-227-2425 or [email protected]. “American AMS officers, councilors, and commissioners: president, AMS, 45 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02108-3693 (617-227-2425). Meteorological Society,” the Seal of the American Meteoro- Roger M. Wakimoto; president-elect, Jenni L. Evans; POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Bulletin of the logical Society, and the AMS Seal of Approval are registered executive director, Keith L. Seitter; secretary–treasurer, American Meteorological Society, 45 Beacon St., Boston, trademarks of the American Meteorological Society. Richard D. Rosen; past president, Frederick H. Carr; MA 02108-3693. councilors, Philip E. Ardanuy, Melissa A. Burt, Elizabeth J. Austin, CCM, Andrea J. Bleistein, John V. Cortinas, Jr., © Copyright 2018, American Meteorological Society (AMS). Tanja E. Fransen, David Gochis, Sue Ellen Haupt, Jennifer Permission to use figures, tables, and brief excerpts from this Henderson, Robert Henson, James L. Kinter, Gary Lackmann, journal in scientific and educational work is hereby granted, Shirley T. Murillo, Nicole Riemer, and Adam H. Sobel; provided source is acknowledged. Any use of the material in commissioners, Donna Charlevoix, Pam Emch, Maureen this journal that is considered to be “fair use” under Section McCann, CBM and CCM, Robert M. Rauber, Yvette 107 or that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of Richardson, and Bruce Telfeyan. the U.S. Copyright Law (17 USC, as revised by P.L. 94-553) does
AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY DECEMBER 2018 | 2431 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/05/21 11:33 PM UTC ABSTRACTS
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTOCOLS AND protocols and procedures allows IN SITU AND REMOTE PARTNERSHIPS FOR for effective sharing of TK. We SENSING CAPABILITIES IN ENGAGING PACIFIC ISLAND document common protocols that ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION COMMUNITIES IN THE were piloted and tested across four AND TURBULENCE COLLECTION AND USE OF Pacific Island nations, illustrating Recommendations are presented TRADITIONAL CLIMATE similarities and differences be- for in situ and remote sensing in- KNOWLEDGE tween cultural groups, including struments and capabilities needed Traditional knowledge (TK) on recognizing cultural sensitivities to advance the study of convection weather and climate is an im- and ensuring custodian rights are and turbulence in the atmosphere. portant aspect of community life protected. (Page 2471) These recommendations emerged in the Pacific. Used for genera- from a community workshop held tions, this knowledge is derived THE HARLEM HEAT on 22–24 May 2017 at the National from observing biological and PROJECT: A UNIQUE Center for Atmospheric Research meteorological variables and con- MEDIA–COMMUNITY and sponsored by the National tributes to building community COLLABORATION TO STUDY Science Foundation. Four areas of resilience to weather extremes. INDOOR HEAT WAVES research were distinguished at this Most of this knowledge is passed Heat waves killed more people in workshop: i) boundary layer flows, on orally and is in danger of being the United States than all other including convective and stable lost due to generational changes, weather-related disasters com- boundary layers over heterogeneous leading communities to seek to bined over the last three decades. land use and terrain conditions; preserve the knowledge in other However, human–environment ii) dynamics and thermodynam- ways. interactions during these episodic ics of convection, including deep This paper provides guidance events are not well understood and shallow convection and con- on the successful collection and because of a lack of data on the tinental and maritime convection; documentation of weather and crucial indoor temperatures, es- iii) turbulence above the boundary climate TK in the Pacific by con- pecially in non-air-conditioned layer in clouds and in clear air, sidering four key components: residences. To address this gap, a terrain driven and elsewhere; and the legal and national context, unique consortium of media and iv) cloud microphysical and chemi- in-country partnerships, the role community groups conceived cal processes in convection, includ- of community, and national and the Harlem Heat Project to place ing cloud electricity and lightning. community protocols. At the sensors in people’s homes in The recommendations present- regional level legislation focuses northern Manhattan, New York, ed herein address a series of facili- on the protection of culture/TK forming the basis for ongoing ties and capabilities, ranging from and intellectual property, which radio human-interest stories and existing ones that continue to ful- are linked to national policies and online reporting alongside sci- fill science needs and thus should laws. Within the national context entifically valuable information. be retained and/or incrementally consideration of the governance The advantage that a media–com- improved, to urgently needed new structure is critical, including munity partnership brings to facilities, to desired capabilities for obtaining approvals to conduct this work is the ability to attract which no adequate solutions are the studies. The next consider- a large number of community as yet on the horizon. A common ation is developing partnerships volunteers for sensor placement thread among all recommenda- to establish and implement the and reporting of human impacts, tions is the need for more highly projects, including working with surmounting the normal barrier resolved sampling, both in space appropriate ministries, media, facing scientific study. The sen- and in time. Significant progress is donor organizations, and com- sors were hand constructed and anticipated, especially through the munity groups. Community in- distributed through the WE ACT improved availability of airborne volvement in all aspects of the environmental justice commu- and ground-based remote sensors projects is critical, built on trust nity group. Interviews, personal to the National Science Founda- between partners and ensuring stories, and key data summaries tion (NSF)-supported community. outputs are aligned with commu- were posted on the ISeeChange, (Page 2463) nity needs. Following community AdaptNY, and WNYC websites.
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Results from the pilot study docu- discussed, followed by project inherent in professional practice ment that indoor temperatures work in a joint working environ- that much of the learning is more are far more stable than outdoor ment. The three projects identi- or less self-directed. While these temperatures, with the indoor fied were 1) flying a drone to principles apply to any aspect of diurnal average typically above detect boundary layer evolution, meteorology, this paper applies the outdoor average. The ther- 2) monitoring the quality of the concepts to weather and climate mal inertia of building interiors precipitation measurement sys- forecasting, for which a range of results in a lag and smoothing tem, and 3) realizing a platform resources, from many to few, for of indoor versus outdoor heat for merging third-party data with learning exist. No matter what waves. Statistical modeling based meteorological observations. The the subdiscipline, the responsibil- on energy balances demonstrates preparation phase proved to be ity for identifying and pursuing that indoor temperatures can be vitally important to each of the opportunities for professional, forecast a day in advance with projects. The roles of the prod- lifelong learning falls to the mem- useful accuracy based on weather uct owner and Scrum master in bers of the subdiscipline. Thus, conditions. (Page 2491) streamlining and guiding these it is critical that meteorologists projects were essential to the suc- periodically assess their ongoing AGILE DEVELOPMENT IN cess of the sprint weeks, but the learning needs and develop the METEOROLOGICAL R&D: joint group settings worked well ability to reflectively practice. The ACHIEVING A MINIMUM for only two of the three projects. construct of self-directed learning VIABLE PRODUCT IN A While team members were posi- and how it has been implemented SCRUM WORK SETTING tive about their experience with in similar professions provide In the Agile Way of Working the AoW, the challenge remains visions for how individual me- (AoW), a group of developers to fuse the traditional individual teorologists can pursue—and how jointly work to efficiently realize work practice of researchers with the profession can facilitate—the a project. Here we report on the that of software engineers, who ongoing, self-directed learning ef- application of AoW in meteoro- are experienced in working in a forts of meteorologists. (Page 2519) logical research and development group setting. (Page 2507) (R&D) outside of the software AFFORDABLE ROTATING engineering environment. Three FACILITATING THE SELF- FLUID DEMONSTRATIONS projects were formulated, derived DIRECTED LEARNING FOR GEOSCIENCE from the observations strategy EFFORTS OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION: THE DIYnamics (2015) of the Royal Netherlands METEOROLOGISTS PROJECT Meteorological Institute (KNMI). Professional meteorologists gain a Demonstrations using rotating An initial phase of preparation great deal of knowledge through tanks of fluid can help demystify consisted of breaking down the formal education, but two fac- otherwise counterintuitive behav- workload into tasks to be ac- tors require ongoing learning iors of atmospheric, oceanic, and complished by individual proj- throughout a career: profession- planetary interior fluid motions. ect members and achievable in als must apply their learning to But the expense and complicated two one-week sprints. Sprints the specific subdiscipline they assembly of existing rotating table consisted of daily stand-ups, practice, and the knowledge and platforms limit their appeal for where accomplishments, work technology they rely on becomes many schools, especially those intentions, and obstacles were outdated over time. It is thus below the university level. Here,
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AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY DECEMBER 2018 | 2433 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/05/21 11:33 PM UTC ABSTRACTS
we introduce Do-It-Yourself Dy- and aircraft in situ observations new insight into storm properties namics (DIYnamics), a project of developing pyrocumulus. Col- and impacts. Here, we chronicle developing extremely low-cost ro- lectively, these RaDFIRE obser- Matthew’s path of destruction tating tank platforms and accom- vations highlight the range of and peer through the DNB’s look- panying teaching materials. The meteorological phenomena as- ing glass of low-light visible ob- devices can be assembled in a few sociated with wildfires, especially servations, including lightning minutes from household items, plume dynamics, and will provide connected to sprite formation, all available for purchase online. a valuable dataset for the modeling modulation of the atmospheric Ordering, assembly, and operation community. (Page 2539) nightglow by storm-generated instructions are available on the gravity waves, and widespread DIYnamics website. Videos using THE DARK SIDE OF power outages. Collected without these and other rotating tables HURRICANE MATTHEW: moonlight, these examples show- to teach specific concepts such as UNIQUE PERSPECTIVES FROM case the wealth of unique infor- baroclinic instability are available THE VIIRS DAY–NIGHT BAND mation present in DNB nocturnal on the DIYnamics YouTube chan- Hurricane Matthew (28 Septem- low-light observations without nel—including some in Spanish. ber–9 October 2016) was perhaps moonlight, and their potential to The devices, lesson plans, and the most infamous storm of the complement traditional satellite demonstrations have been success- 2016 Atlantic hurricane season, measurements of tropical storms fully piloted at multiple middle claiming over 600 lives and caus- worldwide. (Page 2561) schools, in a university course, and ing over $15 billion (U.S. dollars) at public science outreach events. in damages across the central OBSERVING CLOUDS IN These uses to date convince us of Caribbean and southeastern U.S. 4D WITH MULTIVIEW the DIYnamics materials’ peda- seaboard. Research surrounding STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRY gogical value for instructors from Matthew and its many notewor- Newly installed stereo cameras well-versed university professors thy meteorological character- ringing the Southern Great Plains to K–12 science teachers with little istics (e.g., rapid intensification (SGP) Atmospheric Radiation Mea- background in fluid dynamics. into the southernmost category surement (ARM) site in Oklahoma (Page 2529) 5 hurricane in the Atlantic basin are providing a 4D gridded view of on record, strong lightning and shallow clouds. Six digital cameras THE RAPID DEPLOYMENTS sprite production, and unusual have been installed in pairs at a TO WILDFIRES EXPERIMENT: cloud morphology) is ongoing. distance of 6 km from the site and OBSERVATIONS FROM THE Satellite remote sensing typi- with a spacing of 500 m between FIRE ZONE cally plays an important role in the cameras in a pair. These pairs of The Rapid Deployments to Wild- forecasting and study of hur- cameras provide stereoscopic views fires Experiment (RaDFIRE) was ricanes, providing a top-down of shallow clouds from all sides; a meteorological field campaign perspective on storms developing when these data are combined, aimed at observing fire–atmo- over the remote and inherently they allow for a complete stereo sphere interactions during ac- data-sparse tropical oceans. In reconstruction. The result—the tive wildfires. Using a rapidly this regard, a relative newcomer Clouds Optically Gridded by Stereo deployable scanning Doppler among the suite of satellite obser- (COGS) product—is a 4D grid of lidar, airborne Doppler radar, vations useful for tropical cyclone cloudiness covering a 6 km × 6 km and a suite of other instruments, monitoring and research is the × 6 km cube at a spatial resolution the field campaign sampled 21 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiom- of 50 m and a temporal resolution wildfires from 2013 to 2016 in the eter Suite (VIIRS) day/night band of 20 s. This provides a unique set western United States. Observa- (DNB), a sensor flying on board of data on the sizes, lifetimes, and tions include rotating convective the NOAA–NASA Suomi National life cycles of shallow clouds. This plumes, plume interactions with Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP) type of information is critical for stable layers and multilayered satellite. Unlike conventional developing cloud macrophysical smoke detrainment, convective instruments, the DNB’s sensitiv- schemes for the next generation plume entrainment processes, ity to extremely low levels of vis- of weather and climate models. smoke-induced density currents, ible and near-infrared light offers (Page 2575)
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ULTRAFINE PARTICLES IN generation, their spatial distribu- Detailed in situ measurements THE LOWER TROPOSPHERE: tion is a result of meteorological of particle concentration and MAJOR SOURCES, processes, regional-scale trans- related parameters, together with INVISIBLE PLUMES, AND port, local thermal convection, meteorological measurements and METEOROLOGICAL and rapid loss by interaction with analyses, enable reliable source TRANSPORT PROCESSES clouds as cloud condensation attribution even over several hun- Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are nuclei. Here, we report about dred kilometers downwind from distributed highly unevenly in three-dimensional airborne in the emitter. Comprehensive me- the lower troposphere. Although situ studies aimed at investigating teorological analysis is required these UFPs are positively detect- UFP sources, distribution, and to understand the highly variable able and have been studied for behavior on different spatial and 3D concentration patterns gener- more than a century, their three- temporal scales. We identified fos- ated by advective transport and dimensional distribution, forma- sil fuel–burning power stations, thermal convection. Knowledge tion, and budget in the atmo- refineries, and smelters as major of primary emission strength, sphere remain largely uncertain, anthropogenic UFP sources. On together with size distributions despite their obvious climate rel- a regional scale, their emissions and atmospheric 3D transport evance. This is due to their short are significantly higher than ur- of UFPs derived from airborne lifetime and the fact that they are ban emissions. Particle emis- measurements, makes it possible invisible to the human eye and to sions from such power stations to estimate the aerosols’ impact on remote sensing techniques. From are released typically at altitudes meteorology, hydrological cycles, the moment of their emission or between 200 and 300 m AGL. and climate. (Page 2587)
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AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY DECEMBER 2018 | 2435 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/05/21 11:33 PM UTC Summer Policy Colloquium June 2–June 11, 2019
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Attend the AMS Summer Policy Colloquium Registrations are accepted on a for an overview of policy basics including how decisions are made to govern the future rolling basis. Students and faculty course of earth and atmospheric sciences. may apply for NSF funding until the Meet and dialog with Federal officials, March 31, 2019 deadline congressional staff and other high level leaders to gain practical skills and experiences to use Eligibility: Aspiring leaders throughout your career to understand and in the private, public, and influence the policy process. academic sectors To apply, please visit www.ametsoc.org/spc Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/05/21 11:33 PM UTC