DOCSLIB.ORG

Frogwatch Teachers' Guide to Frogs As Indicators Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Frogwatch Teachers' Guide to Frogs As Indicators Of FROGWATCH TEACHERS’ GUIDE TO FROGS AS INDICATORS OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL EDU-ACTION HELPS SCIENTISTS IDENTIFY THREATS TO AMPHIBIANS A COMMUNITY EDUCATION PROGRAM OF NATURE CANADA Author: Neala MacDonald Editors: Pamela Feeny and Laniel Bateman Designer: Dan Sokolowski Frog illustrations: Wallace Edwards, courtesy of the Toronto Zoo Copyright © 2002 by Nature Canada (formerly the Canadian Nature Federation) This guide can be freely copied for use as a Nature Canada educational tool. No part of these materials may be otherwise reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission of the President of Nature Canada. Nature Canada 85 Albert St, Suite 900 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6A4, Canada Phone: 1-800-267-4088 [email protected] http://www.naturecanada.ca/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The FrogWatch Teachers’ Guide is dedicated to all educators (indoors and out), naturalists, and members of the scientific community who are helping others to connect with the natural world, and showing youth that they can make a difference in the future of the environment. This education guide could not have been completed without the essential contribution of several souls. Special thanks go to Rob Lee (Macoun Field Naturalists Club at the Canadian Museum of Nature) and Karen Rosborough (EcoKids Club at Earth Day Canada) who showed their commit- ment to the review of this document. Laniel Bateman, Pamela Feeny and Barbara Stevenson from the Canadian Nature Federation were also instrumental in the editing process, and provided immeasurable support and encouragement at various stages of the guide’s development. Consultation with Bob Johnson (Adopt-A-Pond guru with the Toronto Zoo) and David Rodrigue (FrogWatch provincial coordinator at Ecomusee in Hull, Quebec) enhanced the credibility of this endeavor. Lastly, major gratitude for the contribution of Brian Craig and Elizabeth Kilvert (Environment Canada’s Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network Coordinating Office), who provided guidance throughout this Science Horizons Internship project. Thanks also to the JW McConnell Family Foundation for their generous financial support for the development and distri- bution of this guide. Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 3 Why are frogs and toads important? . 3 About Nature Canada. 3 Partners in education. 4 About this guide . 4 Educational approach . 5 Objectives . 6 Curriculum links . 6 How to use this guide . 7 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND 9 Introduction to amphibians . 9 Amphibians vs. Reptiles . 9 Frogs vs. Toads. 10 What is an indicator species? . 10 Canada’s amphibians . 11 Amphibian decline . 12 CHAPTER 3: NATURAL FACTORS 15 Activity 1A: Scientist for a season . 15 Overview. 15 General curriculum matches. 15 Introduction . 16 Preliminary discussion . 16 Teacher instructions. 16 Teacher debrief. 17 Teacher resources . 19 Student worksheet . 20 Activity 1B: Population parade . 21 Overview. 21 General curriculum matches. 21 Introduction . 22 Teacher instructions. 22 Teacher debrief. 22 Extension activities . 23 Teacher resources . 24 Student worksheet 1 . 25 Student worksheet 2—Species profile: Northern cricket frog . 26 Student worksheet 3—Species profile: Fowler’s toad . 27 Student worksheet 4—Species profile: Spring peeper. 28 1 Table of Contents CHAPTER 4: HUMAN FACTORS 31 Activity 2: Bully for bullfrogs . 31 Overview. 31 General curriculum matches. 31 Introduction . 32 Teacher instructions. 32 Teacher debrief. 33 Extension activity . 34 Teacher resources . 35 Student worksheet 1 . 36 Student worksheet 2—Species profile: Oregon spotted frog . 37 Student worksheet 3—Species profile: Bullfrog . 38 CHAPTER 5: FOOD CHAINS AND PYRAMIDS 39 Activity 3A: To be prey or not to be prey . 39 Overview. 39 General curriculum matches. 39 Introduction . 40 Teacher instructions. 40 Teacher debrief. 41 Teacher resources . 42 Student worksheet . 43 Activity 3B: Trophic level towers. 45 Overview. ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Staff Summary for June 21-22, 2017
    Item No. 13 STAFF SUMMARY FOR JUNE 21-22, 2017 13. FOOTHILL YELLOW-LEGGED FROG Today’s Item Information ☐ Action ☒ Determine whether listing foothill yellow-legged frog as threatened under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA) may be warranted pursuant to Section 2074.2 of the Fish and Game Code. Summary of Previous/Future Actions • Received petition Dec 14, 2016 • FGC transmitted petition to DFW Dec 22, 2016 • Published notice of receipt of petition Jan 20, 2017 • Receipt of DFW's 90-day evaluation Apr 26-27, 2017; Van Nuys • Today’s determine if listing may be warranted June 21-22, 2017; Smith River Background A petition to list foothill yellow-legged frog was submitted by the Center for Biological Diversity on Dec 14, 2016. On Dec 22, 2016, FGC transmitted the petition to DFW for review. A notice of receipt of petition was published in the California Regulatory Notice Register on Jan 20, 2017. California Fish and Game Code Section 2073.5 requires that DFW evaluate the petition and submit to FGC a written evaluation with a recommendation (Exhibit 1). Based upon the information contained in the petition and other relevant information, DFW has determined that there is sufficient scientific information available at this time to indicate that the petitioned action may be warranted. Significant Public Comments (N/A) Recommendation FGC staff: Accept DFW’s recommendation to accept and consider the petition for further evaluation. DFW: Accept and consider the petition for further evaluation. Exhibits 1. Petition 2. DFW memo, received Apr 19, 2017 3. DFW 90-day evaluation, dated Apr 2017 Author: Sheri Tiemann 1 Item No.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana Pretiosa) Movement and Demography at Dilman Meadow: Implications for Future Monitoring
    Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa) Movement and Demography at Dilman Meadow: Implications for Future Monitoring By Nathan D. Chelgren, Christopher A. Pearl, Jay Bowerman, and Michael J. Adams Prepared in cooperation with the Sunriver Nature Center Open-File Report 2007-1016 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Meyers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2006 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This analysis was made possible by a grant from the Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program. We thank C. Korson and L. Zakrejsek at the US Bureau of Reclamation for their work in all aspects of the translocation. Reviews by L. Bailey and two anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript. We thank R. B. Bury for suggestions on field techniques and assistance throughout the early years of the study. We thank S. Ackley, R. Diehl, B. McCreary, and C. Rombough for assistance with field work. We also thank Deschutes National Forest, US Fish and Wildlife Service, North Unit Irrigation District, and Sunriver Nature Center for the logistical and personnel support they dedicated.
    [Show full text]
  • Helminth Communities in the Northern Spring Peeper, Pseudacris C. Crucifer Wied, and the Wood Frog, Rana Sylvatica Le Conte, from Southeastern Wisconsin
    J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 63(2), 1996, pp. 211-214 Helminth Communities in the Northern Spring Peeper, Pseudacris c. crucifer Wied, and the Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica Le Conte, from Southeastern Wisconsin H. RANDALL YODER AND JAMES R. COGGINS Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201 ABSTRACT: Fifteen spring peepers and 20 wood frogs were collected in April 1993 from 2 temporary ponds in southeastern Wisconsin. Five species of adult and larval nematodes, 4 species of adult and larval trematodes, and 1 larval cestode infected wood frogs. Spring peepers harbored 1 adult and 1 larval nematode species as well as 1 adult and 5 larval trematode species. Sixteen of 20 (80%) wood frogs were infected with helminths. Mean species richness and mean helminth abundance were 2.15 and 4.90, respectively. Eight of 15 (53%) spring peepers were infected. Only 1 individual was infected by more than 1 helminth species and only 1 parasite species infected more than 1 spring peeper. Low prevalence and intensities of helminths as well as low diversity within infracommunities suggest depauperate, isolationist helminth communities in these 2 populations of anurans. This work represents new records for 5 helminth species in Wisconsin wood frogs and 3 helminth species in Wisconsin spring peepers. KEY WORDS: Rana sylvatica, Pseudacris crucifer, Oswaldocruzia pipiens, Cosmocercoides dukae, Rhabdias ranae, Glypthelmins pennsylvaniensis, Hematoloechus varioplexus, Fibricola texensis, Alaria mustelae, diplo- stomula, mesocercaria, Wisconsin. Rana sylvatica Le Conte is found from New and wet weight (g) were recorded. The external surfaces Brunswick to eastern Manitoba and south to as well as the mouth and eustachian tubes, the internal organs, including the brain, and the musculature of the Georgia and eastern Texas (Vogt, 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Blanchard's Cricket Frog
    NOTES 129 BLANCHARD’S CRICKET FROG IN NEBRASKA AND SOUTH DAKOTA -- Blanchard’s cricket frog (Acris crepitans blanchardi) is a small warty anuran known for its exceptional leaping ability and is common along stream banks and ponds throughout much of the eastern two-thirds of North America. Its color pattern is highly variable being comprised of greens, reds, browns, and grays, culminating frequently in a stripe or series of splotches arranged along the cranial- caudal dorsal midline. The Blanchard’s cricket frog can often be identified by a small triangle pointing caudally, whose base extends between each eye (Harper 1947). Other stripes and lines are not uncommon. In South Dakota the range of Blanchard’s cricket frog is limited to the extreme south-central and southeastern counties; in Nebraska, the species is known statewide. Despite the lack of natural history information on Blanchard’s cricket frog in Nebraska and South Dakota, several studies from other states have provided a substantial amount of life history data for this species (Johnson and Christiansen 1976; Gray 1983, 1984; Burkett 1984). Harper (1947) described Blanchard’s cricket frog with mean snout-vent lengths (SVL) of 24.1 mm for adult males and 29.2 for adult females. Average body mass was determined to be 1.3 g for adult males and 2.2 g for adult females. In Iowa, Blanchard’s cricket frog attains its maximum body size between June and July (Johnson and Christiansen 1976), whereas maximum body size is attained as early as May in Kansas (Burkett 1984). These frogs appear to be active from April through October in Iowa (Johnson and Christiansen 1976) and from March through December in Kansas (Burkett 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • Western Toad Taxonomy Description
    WESTERN TOAD TAXONOMY Scientific name: Bufo boreas (Baird and Girard, 1852) Common name: Western toad Family: Bufonidae Taxonomic comments: Hybridizes with the red-spotted toad (Bufo punctatus) at Darwin Falls, Inyo County, California, and sometimes with Canadian toad (B. hemiophrys) in central Alberta. B. nelsoni was formerly included in this species. Molecular data indicate that B.exsul is phylogenetically nested within B. canorus; further data are needed to determine whether B. exsul should be subsumed with B. canorus (Shaffer et al. 2000). "Stephens (2001) examined mitochondrial DNA from 8 Yosemite toads (selected from the samples examined by Shaffer et al. (2000) to represent the range of variability found in that study) and 173 western toads. Stephens' data indicate that Bufo in the Sierra Nevada occur in northern and southern evolutionary groups, each of which include both Yosemite and western toads (i.e., toads of both species are more closely related to each other within a group than they are to members of their own species in the other group). Further genetic analysis of Yosemite toads sampled from throughout their range, and from other toad species surrounding their range is needed to fully understand the evolutionary history and appropriate taxonomic status of the Yosemite toad." (USFWS 2002). DESCRIPTION Basic description: A toad. General description: A chunky, short-legged, warty amphibian with dominant parotoid glands at the back of the head and a conspicuous light-colored stripe running down the middle of the back. Coloration varies from brown, green to gray above and white with dark mottling below. Females are usually larger, more blotched, and have rougher skin than males (Hodge 1976, MacDonald 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Project T-107-D-1: Demography, Community Dynamics, and Health of Reintroduced Wood Frog Populations and Resident Amphibian
    Project T-107-D-1: Demography, community dynamics, and health of reintroduced wood frog populations and resident amphibian communities in restored ephemeral wetlands and oak woodlands in Lake County, IL. State Wildlife Grant Final Performance Report February 28, 2016-December 20, 2018 Submitted by Rachel Santymire [email protected] Lincoln Park Zoo, Department of Conservation & Science, 2001 N Cannon Dr, Chicago, IL 60614 Executive Summary Several decades of habitat degradation dramatically affected a historic assemblage of amphibians in the Upper Des Plaines region of Illinois (Sacerdote 2009). Forms of degradation included implementation of agricultural drainage tile in amphibian breeding sites, proliferation of invasive shrubs (Sacerdote and King 2014), and a history of fire suppression. These activities altered forest composition which affected pond water chemistry (Sacerdote and King 2009) and resulted in a lack of oak tree recruitment in northern Illinois. In 1999-2000, the Lake County Forest Preserve District (LCFPD) implemented a major habitat restoration initiative in MacArthur Woods Forest Preserve, focused on restoring the hydrology of the site, rehydrating 100 acres of wetland and 300 acres of hydric soil (Klick 2003). Hydrologic restoration was followed by monitoring of the amphibian community to examine whether three species of extirpated amphibians, wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum), and spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer) would naturally recolonize the site. When natural recolonization did not occur, Dr. Sacerdote-Velat (project co-PI) and LCFPD carried out a feasibility assessment for egg mass and larval translocation followed by implementation of reintroduction of these three species. After several years of monitoring, successful reproduction of wood frogs was first observed in 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Overwintering Physiology and Hibernacula Microclimates of Blanchard’S Cricket Frogs at Their Northwestern Range Boundary
    Copeia 2010, No. 2, 247–253 Overwintering Physiology and Hibernacula Microclimates of Blanchard’s Cricket Frogs at Their Northwestern Range Boundary David L. Swanson1 and Seth L. Burdick1 Blanchard’s Cricket Frogs (Acris crepitans blanchardi) in the central portion of their range show minimal capacities for freezing tolerance and survive overwinter by using terrestrial hibernacula where they avoid freezing. However, frogs may exhibit greater freeze-tolerance capacity at high latitude range limits, where winter climate is more severe. We studied freezing tolerance, glucose mobilization during freezing, and hibernacula microclimates of cricket frogs in southeastern South Dakota, at the northwestern limit of their range. Cricket frogs from South Dakota generally survived freezing exposure at 21.5 to 22.5uC for 6-h periods (80% survival), but uniformly died when exposed to these same temperatures for 24-h freezing bouts. Hepatic glucose levels and phosphorylase a activities increased significantly during freezing, but hepatic glucose levels during freezing remained low, only reaching levels approximating those prior to freezing in freeze-tolerant species. Moreover, muscle glucose and hepatic glycogen levels did not vary with freezing, suggesting little mobilization of glucose from hepatic glycogen stores during freezing, contrasting with patterns in freeze-tolerant frogs. Temperatures in soil cracks and burrows potentially used for hibernacula were variable, with some sites remaining above the freezing point of the body fluids throughout the winter, some sites dropping below the freezing point for only short periods, and some sites dropping below the freezing point for extended periods. These data suggest that cricket frogs in South Dakota, as in other portions of their range, survive overwinter by locating hibernacula that prevent freezing, although their toleration of short freezing bouts may expand the range of suitable hibernacula.
    [Show full text]
  • Site Occupancy of Two Endemic Stream Frogs in Different Forest Types in Pakistan
    Herpetological Conservation and Biology 15(3):506–511. Submitted: 13 March 2020; Accepted: 9 September 2020; Published: 16 December 2020. SITE OCCUPANCY OF TWO ENDEMIC STREAM FROGS IN DIFFERENT FOREST TYPES IN PAKISTAN WASEEM AHMED1, MUHAMMAD RAIS, MUHAMMAD SAEED, AYESHA AKRAM, IMTIAZ AHMAD KHAN, AND SUMBUL GILL Herpetology Lab, Department of Wildlife Management, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan 1Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—We identified the habitats where Murree Hills Frog (Nanorana vicina) and Hazara Torrent Frog (Allopaa hazarensis) are most likely to occur in Pakistan, and examined how their occurrence at a particular stream or water body is influenced by site and survey covariates. Although these two frog species are listed as Least Concern in the Red List of Threatend Species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, major conservation threats to these species in Pakistan include habitat degradation, urbanization, and climate change. We made visits to 69 sites during the 2-y study period (June 2016 to July 2018) in three forest types of Islamabad Capital Territory, District Rawalpindi (Province Punjab) and District Abbottabad, (Province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Pakistan. We found Murree Hills Frog at 51% of sites, and Hazara Torrent Frog at 30% of sites. Our logistic regression model explained 78.0% of the variance in Murree Hills Frog occurrence and correctly classified 87% of the cases. Increased elevation and availability of permanent water were associated with an increased likelihood of occurrence of this species. The logistic regression model explained 51.0% of the variance in Hazara Torrent Frog occurrence and correctly classified 70% of the cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Ecology Provincial Resources
    MANITOBA ENVIROTHON WILDLIFE ECOLOGY PROVINCIAL RESOURCES !1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank: Olwyn Friesen (PhD Ecology) for compiling, writing, and editing this document. Subject Experts and Editors: Barbara Fuller (Project Editor, Chair of Test Writing and Education Committee) Lindsey Andronak (Soils, Research Technician, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) Jennifer Corvino (Wildlife Ecology, Senior Park Interpreter, Spruce Woods Provincial Park) Cary Hamel (Plant Ecology, Director of Conservation, Nature Conservancy Canada) Lee Hrenchuk (Aquatic Ecology, Biologist, IISD Experimental Lakes Area) Justin Reid (Integrated Watershed Management, Manager, La Salle Redboine Conservation District) Jacqueline Monteith (Climate Change in the North, Science Consultant, Frontier School Division) SPONSORS !2 Introduction to wildlife ...................................................................................7 Ecology ....................................................................................................................7 Habitat ...................................................................................................................................8 Carrying capacity.................................................................................................................... 9 Population dynamics ..............................................................................................................10 Basic groups of wildlife ................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Red-Legged Frog,Rana Aurora
    COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Northern Red-legged Frog Rana aurora in Canada SPECIAL CONCERN 2015 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2015. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Northern Red-legged Frog Rana aurora in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xii + 69 pp. (www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 2004. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Red-legged Frog Rana aurora in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 46 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Waye, H. 1999. COSEWIC status report on the red-legged frog Rana aurora in Canada in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the red-legged frog Rana aurora in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-31 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Barbara Beasley for writing the status report on the Northern Red- legged Frog (Rana aurora) in Canada. This report was prepared under contract with Environment Canada and was overseen by Kristiina Ovaska, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Amphibian and Reptile Species Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-938-4125 Fax: 819-938-3984 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur la Grenouille à pattes rouges du Nord (Rana aurora ) au Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tenth Challenge Walking with Miskwaadesi the Tenth Challenge FROG FRIENDS and MORE
    10. FROG FRIENDS AND MORE 1. THIRTEEN 9. HOW MUCH MOONS ON WATER IS THERE? A TURTLE’S BACK 8. WATER 2. CREATION WALKING FOR STORIES MISKWAADESI AND AKI 3. THE BASICS 7. TURTLES EVERYWHERE! 4. TURTLE 6. TURTLE NEEDS STORIES AND TEACHINGS 5. MISKWAADESI’S NEIGHBOURS AND FRIENDS THE TENTH CHALLENGE WALKING WITH MISKWAADESI THE TENTH CHALLENGE FROG FRIENDS AND MORE Who lives in your neighbourhood wetland? How healthy are our wet places- could Miskwaadesi live there? What role does the frog play in keeping a wetland healthy? Go out and listen for frogs and record when you hear them welcome the new season with their songs. Complete the pond study and give your wetland its very own health report card. ”…my 10th challenge is to come down to the water. It is spring and the first birds are coming back. The frogs are beginning to sing their thanksgiving song of joy. Come down to the water. Listen to the frogs - what are they saying? Record the frog clans that live in your waterways. Look at the little creatures who live in and around the water. Come down to the water and become close to the spirit of the water and the land.” Miskwaadesi’s 10th challenge. 260 EXPECTATIONS PRACTICING THE LEARNING | FOLLOWING THE FOOTSTEPS TITLE OF ACTIVITY ONTARIO CURRICULUM EXPECTATION WORKSHEET Planning and gathering 4s4, 4s10, 4s6 Getting Ready to Go equipment A Visit to the Pond 4s21, 4s15, 4s6 Field trip DEMONSTRATING THE LEARNING | MAKING OUR OWN FOOTSTEPS TITLE OF ACTIVITY ONTARIO CURRICULUM EXPECTATION WORKSHEET Field trip and survey Frog Watch 4s6, 4s19 worksheet Wetland Report Card 4s4, 4s14 Chart/table Journal Reflection 4s5, 4s15 ONE STEP MORE (individual student optional adventures in learning) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Affecting the Predator-Prey Relationship Between Predaceous Diving Beetle Larvae
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1986 Factors Affecting the Predator-Prey Relationship Between Predaceous Diving Beetle Larvae (Dytiscus fasciventris) and Two Anuran Tadpole Species (Bufo americanus and Hyla crucifer) Todd S. Campbell Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Zoology at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Campbell, Todd S., "Factors Affecting the Predator-Prey Relationship Between Predaceous Diving Beetle Larvae (Dytiscus fasciventris) and Two Anuran Tadpole Species (Bufo americanus and Hyla crucifer)" (1986). Masters Theses. 2728. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/2728 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THESIS REPRODUCTION CERTIFICATE TO: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. SUBJECT: Permission to reproduce theses. The University Library is rece1vmg a number of requests from other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow theses to be copied. Please sign one of the following statements: Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that instituHon' s library or research holdings. Date Author I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University not allow my thesis be reproduced because ��-�� Date Author m Factors Affecting The Predator-Prey Relationship Between Predaceous Diving Beetle Larvae (Dytiscus fasciventris) And Two Anuran Tadpole Species (Bufo americanus and Hyl a crucifer) .
    [Show full text]