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0 Universidade Federal Da Bahia Faculdade De 0 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA MULTIDISCIPLINAR DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS ÉTNICOS E AFRICANOS AS FACES DE JOHN DUBE: MEMÓRIA, HISTÓRIA E NAÇÃO NA ÁFRICA DO SUL ANTONIO EVALDO ALMEIDA BARROS SALVADOR 2012 1 ANTONIO EVALDO ALMEIDA BARROS AS FACES DE JOHN DUBE: MEMÓRIA, HISTÓRIA E NAÇÃO NA ÁFRICA DO SUL Tese apresentada como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Estudos Étnicos e Africanos junto ao Programa Multidisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Étnicos e Africanos, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, da Universidade Federal da Bahia, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Livio Sansone. SALVADOR 2012 2 ANTONIO EVALDO ALMEIDA BARROS AS FACES DE JOHN DUBE: MEMÓRIA, HISTÓRIA E NAÇÃO NA ÁFRICA DO SUL Tese apresentada como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Estudos Étnicos e Africanos junto ao Programa Multidisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Étnicos e Africanos, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, da Universidade Federal da Bahia, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Livio Sansone. Banca Examinadora: _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Livio Sansone (Orientador) Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Claudio Furtado Alves Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Valdemir Donizette Zamparoni Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Mamadu Jao Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas da Guiné-Bissau (INEP) _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Wilson Trajano Filho Universidade de Brasília (UNB) Salvador, 7 de dezembro de 2012. 3 AGRADECIMENTOS As pessoas e instituições que tenham, de algum modo, me ajudado a produzir esta tese: agradeço a todos. Gostaria de compartilhar este trabalho particularmente com Viviane de Oliveira Barbosa, que têm estado ao meu lado ao longo dos últimos 10 anos, que coincidem com o início de nossa vida acadêmica na Graduação em História na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, em 2001. Além de parceira de vida, ela tem sido uma crítica parceira acadêmica, e sua pesquisa, também de doutoramento, sobre mulheres rurais na África do Sul, nos permitiu dialogar proficuamente para a conclusão deste trabalho. Esta pesquisa não se realizaria sem a disponibilidade, paciência e incentivo permanentes de Livio Sansone, que, desde quando ingressei no mestrado do Programa Multidisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Étnicos e Africanos (PÓS-AFRO), tem sido extremamente generoso, sugerindo caminhos e nortes para a pesquisa, e incentivando minha inserção no florescente campo dos estudos africanos no Brasil. Livio tem um quê de Dube, é um homem de reflexão e de ação. Ao longo dos últimos anos, tenho compartilhado com alguns colegas minhas ideias e perspectivas sobre esta pesquisa. De volta, é possível que tenha recebido mais do que ofereci, e aqui faço um agradecimento particular a Wheriston da Silva Neris, colega de profissão e amigo do dia-a-dia. As opiniões dele, particularmente sobre a composição final deste texto, foram muito bem vindas. Agradeço também ao moçambicano Oscar Faiane, verdadeiro guia na África do Sul, sem o qual tudo certamente teria sido mais complicado. Agradeço ainda a Renita Govendsamy, em cuja casa residi por seis meses na África do Sul e que me abriu muitas outras portas no cotidiano de Pietermaritzburg e, especialmente, a Sizane Ngubane, cujos laços com diferentes setores sul-africanos e cuja atuação política no Rural Women Movement me fizeram prestar atenção para processos sociais contemporâneos, como as lutas em torno da nação. Sou muito grato aos professores Valdemir Donizette Zamparoni e Claudio Furtado Alves, que em minha banca de qualificação foram extremamente generosos ao criticarem com clareza e proporem caminhos para os deslocamentos e desdobramentos deste trabalho. Peço desculpas por provavelmente não ter conseguido desenvolver todas as ideias ali sugeridas. Em relação a Zamparoni, em particular, com quem, em grande medida tive minha primeira real iniciação em História da África, basta dizer que ouvi-lo e conversar com ele é 4 atentar para um capítulo particular da história dos estudos africanos no Brasil, com o que coincide sua vida. Agradeço também às sugestões e experiências que tenho tido participando dos encontros do PROCAD entre UFBA, UFPE e UNB, nos últimos anos. Estes se constituíram como espaços extremamente significativos, pois, reunindo diferentes pesquisadores ocupados com realidades africanas, possibilitaram a formulação de algumas ideias e perspectivas desta tese. Agradeço também aos colegas que também têm se embrenhado em direção a África, particularmente Tatiana Silva, Viviane Barbosa e Reinaldo Barroso. Juntos criamos, em 2010, o grupo Sujeitos, Identidades e África, e temos tentando fomentar os estudos africanos no Maranhão. Agradeço ainda aos colegas do Departamento de Ciências Humanas, do Campus III da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, que, nas últimas etapas desta pesquisa, seguraram as pontas e me liberaram para concluir este trabalho. Finalmente, agradeço a minha família, particularmente minha mãe, Ana Nery Almeida Barros, minha madrinha, Rosimary Barros Vieira, meu primo e amigo, Denis Barros Vieira, minha prima e afilhada Rayane Silva Barros e ainda Vitor Oliveira Gomes. Nos aperreios do cotidiano, a vida só tem seguido em frente com a ajuda deles. 5 “A história é a memória de uma cultura e a memória jamais pode estar livre de paixões e de comprometimentos. Não me sinto inibido de forma nenhuma pelo fato de que minhas próprias paixões e comprometimentos sejam evidentes.” (Edward Palmer Thompson) 6 RESUMO Defensor da humanidade dos povos africanos, criador do primeiro jornal e autor do primeiro romance em isizulu, fundador do African National Congress, John Langalibalele Mafukuzela Dube (1871-1946) consiste numa figura central da história e memória sul-africana moderna. Há pelo menos duas tendências significativas entre aqueles que, de final do século XIX ao início do século XXI, têm tomado Dube como objeto ou sujeito de interesse. Assim, de um lado, há aqueles que tendem a identificar Dube como colaborador da implementação do regime segregacionista sul-africano. Nesta perspectiva, que é dominante nos anos 1950-1970, Dube é visto como um zulu influente, mas que teria se tornado fantoche dos brancos, um incentivador da solidariedade racial em detrimento daquela de classes e, como tal, promotor dos fundamentos do Apartheid. De outro lado, a exemplo do que ocorre nos dias atuais no contexto da Nação Arco-Íris, há aqueles que veem em Mafukuzela um personagem central das lutas históricas contra a segregação racial, inscrevendo-o como uma espécie de herói sul- africano. Aqui, Dube é reabilitado como sujeito envolvido nas lutas pela liberdade e cuja vida seria exemplo de que, nas origens da nação sul-africana moderna, haveria formas claras de relações raciais harmônicas entre brancos e negros. Embora distintas, essas formas de inscrever Mafukuzela se relacionariam tanto às opções que ele tomara ao longo de sua vida, quanto aos modos como os intérpretes se posicionam diante dos seus atos, palavras e silêncios, e em relação à história da África do Sul e, especialmente, do Apartheid (1948- 1994). Além disso, e paralelo à evidência de que existe uma relação direta entre as formas de conceber Dube e os modos de interpretar a história das relações raciais na África do Sul, nota- se que as intervenções teóricas e práticas de e sobre John Dube se alicerçam e fomentam determinadas concepções de história e desenvolvimento, raça, cultura e nação. Neste contexto, são dominantes concepções progressistas de desenvolvimento social e histórico, apresentadas como universais, embora perspectivas diferentes, que consideram, por exemplo, especificidades culturais, também possam ser observadas. Palavras-chave: John Dube (1871-1946). Memória. História. Nação. África do Sul. 7 ABSTRACT Defender of the humanity of African peoples, the creator of the first newspaper and author of the first novel in isiZulu, and founder of the African National Congress, John Langalibalele Mafukuzela Dube (1871-1946) was a central figure in modern South African history. There are at least two significant trends among those in which, at the turn of the nineteenth to twentieth centuries, Dube was the object or subject of interest. Thus, on one hand, there are those who tend to identify Dube as a collaborator in the implementation of South Africa’s segregationist regime. From this perspective, which predominated from the 1950s to the 1970s, Dube is seen as an influential Zulu who became a puppet of the whites by encouraging racial solidarity at the expense of class, and therefore promoting one of the pillars of Apartheid. On the other hand, as we are seeing today in the context of the Rainbow Nation, there are those who see Mafukuzela as a central figure in the historical struggle against racial segregation, presenting him as a South African hero. Here, Dube is rehabilitated as a leading figure in the struggle for freedom, and his life is seen as a clear example of harmonious relations between whites and blacks at the very beginning of the South African nation. Although different, these ways of inscribing Mafukuzela in history are both related to the choices he made throughout his lifetime and the standpoints of those who interpret his actions, words and silences, and their views of South African history, particularly Apartheid (1948-1994). Furthermore, and in
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