African Crickets (Gryllidae). 4. the Genus Platygryllus from Eastern and Southern Africa (Gryllinae, Gryllini)

Home , Gryllus lineaticeps, Teleogryllus

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 136: 45-66, 1984

African Crickets (Gryllidae). 4. The Genus Platygryllus from Eastern and Southern Africa (Gryllinae, Gryllini)

DANIEL OTTE Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103

WILLIAM CADE Biological Sciences, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario L25 3A1

ABSTRACT.-This paper treats the known species of African Platygryllus. We have revised Chopard's (1967) scheme as follows: (a) four new species are described; (b) two species are moved to Platygryllus from other genera (Scapsipedus, Melanogryllus); (c) the type species is given a replacementname; (d) four species are moved to other genera (Teleogryllus, Gryllus);and (e) four nominal species are consideredto be nomina dubia. A species list summarizesthese changes. [Africa, crickets, Gryllidae, morphology, new species, Platygryllus, Orthoptera,songs, systematics]

According to Chopard (1967) the genus seems, on the basis of male genitalia, to form a Platygryllus ranges throughoutAfrica and east- rather cohesive group, all possessing the long wards to Java and the Philippines. He includes coiled spermatophoretube mold (STM) and a in the genus thirteenspecies, nine of which are strongly flattened epiphallus. P. primiformis, African; one he considers to be widespread although resembling most of the Platygryllus from Africa to India, one is from Java and species rather closely, has genitalia which are Amboine, and one is from the Philippines. We definitely more like those of Teleogryllus and have not studied the males of nefandus Kirby Acanthogryllus. But its song, body color, and 1906 (Java) and atratalus Walker 1869 (Philip- body proportionsare definitely unlike those of pines). Until they are, their inclusion in the Teleogryllus. We offer a tentative hypothesis genus Platygryllus remains in doubt. that primiformis represents a link between In the present paper we treat nine African Platygryllus and Teleogryllusand Acanthogryl- species, four of which are new. One species and lus. In primiformis the spermatophore tube its synonym have been moved to Platygryllus mold is very long, as in Teleogryllus, but it is from Scapsipedus;one species has been moved bent out of the median plane, suggesting the to Platygryllus from Melanogryllus. initial stages of the coiling seen in other Platy- The changes in generic assignments are gryllus. The only way that the STM could based on an examinationof the male genitalia, continue to lengthen without taking up more which are quite distinctive in this genus. abdominal space is through coiling. Chopard lists melanocephalus Serville and Additional species of Platygryllus will prob- brunneri Saussure from India. Since the types ably be discovered in Africa, perhaps also of both of these species are lost, the identity of revealing how the genus is related to other the Indian specimens remains in doubt. Gryllini. The relationship of Platygryllus to other It should be stressedthat this is a preliminary membersof the tribe Gryllini is still unclear. At work on this genus. No effort was made to present the genus seems to be made up of two examine all Platygryllus specimens housed in groups: primiformis, on the one hand, and the other museums, for the following reasons: (1) remainingspecies on the other. The lattergroup Even if present in a collection, the specimens 45

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cannot be located and in some cases must be NOMINA DUBIA dissected before they can be recognized. (2) If brunneri Saussure 1877 they can be recognized as belonging to this ornaticeps Saussure 1877 genus, they do not have song data upon which viator Kirby 1906 to base one's determinations. It is better at brevicauda Karny 1907 this stage to have specimens which are not determinedthan ones which are incorrectlyde- METHODS termined. Once the treatmentof the genus be- All tape recordingswere made with a Nagra comes more comprehensive and the various SN tape recorder(8.9 cm/s) and a Sony ECM- species better understood, it will be important 5OPSelectret condenser microphone attached to to examine all previously collected specimens. a parabolicreflector. Tapes were copied onto 5 In the meantimewe urge collectors to recordthe inch reels by a Uher 4000 Report L tape re- songs of the species they collect. This can be corder. Sonographsof songs were made with a done quite easily with the aid of a miniature Kay Elemetrics 7029A Sonograph. cassette tape recorder. Temperatureswere determined by placing The following taxa are treatedand discussed the thermometer as close as possible to the here: place where the cricket was singing, especially when crickets were singing in dense grass, in GENUS PLATYGRYLLUSCHOPARD 1961b burrows, or on the ground. 1. cockbilli Chopard 1954 (moved from Scapsipedus) n. Body parts of crickets are named according comb. to the terminology of Otte and Alexander convexifrons Chopard 1961a (Scapsipedus) n. syn. (1983). 2. ignobilis Walker 1869 Specimens examined are deposited at the 3. n. serengeticus sp. following 4. atritus n. sp. institutions:GENEVA, Museum d'His- 5. quadristrigatus Saussure 1877, replacementname for toire Naturelle; LONDON, British Museum lineaticeps Walker 1869, homonym of lineatceps Stal (Natural History); PARIS, Museum National 1858 d' Histoire Naturelle; PHILADELPHIA(ANSP), 6. capensis n. sp. Academy of Natural Sciences. 7. maurus Afzelius et Brannius 1804 (moved from Mela- nogryllus) n. comb. 8. arambourgi Chopard 1938 COLLECTINGAND TAPE RECORDINGLOCALITIES 9. primiformis n. sp. 5. Tanzania, Serengeti National Park, Seronera, 14 x 1980 SPECIES LISTED FROM OUTSIDE AFRICA (CHOPARD 1967) AND 6. Tanzania, Serengeti National Park, Kirawiraarea, CONSIDERED DOUBTFUL MEMBERS OF THE GENUS 20 x 1980 6A. Tanzania, Serengeti National Park, Mbalageti Riv- 10. melanocephalus Serville 1838 (Gryllus), type not er, nr. Kirawira, 20 x 1980 found, India, Nepal, Burma 7. Tanzania, Serengeti National Park, Grumeti River 11. nefandus 1906(Gryllus), replacementfor Kirby Gryl- nr. Kirawira, 20 x 1980 lus ignobilis Saussure 1877, nec Walker 1869, Java 15. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) Hluhluwe Game 12. atratalus Walker 1869 (Gryllus), Philippines Reserve, 10 xi 1980 20. South Africa, Natal (Kwazulu) Mkuze Game Re- SPECIES REMOVED FROM PLATYGRYLLUS serve, 19 xi 1980 13. pulchriceps Gerstaecker 1869, to Teleogryllus, Otte 46. South Africa, Cape Province, 19 km S of Mid- and Cade 1983a delburg on R 57, 11 iii 1982 14. aequipennis Saussure1899, synonym of Teleogryllus 50. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) Eshowe, 13-30 iii pulchriceps Gerstaecker, Otte and Cade 1983a 1982 15. soror Chopard 1940, to Teleogryllus, Otte and Cade 51. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) Mtunzini, 15-16 iii 1983a 1982 16. braueri Karny 1910, to Gryllus, Otte and Cade 1984c 54. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) ca. 5 km E of Empangeni, 17 iii 1982

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55. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) ca. 18 km W of ing; thin pale, median line (usually short) some- Empangeni, 17 iii 1982 times present. Lateralocelli never connected by 56. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu), ca. 15 km NE of pale stripe. Face always dark brown to black. Eshowe, old Empangeni road, 18 iii 1982 57. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) ca. 30 km NE of Hindwings micropterous or macropterous. Eshowe, old Empangeni road, 18 iii 1982 Fronttibiae with a large oval outer, and a small 58. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) ca. 18 km W of round inner tympanum. Empangeni, 18 iii 1982 Females: May be difficult to distinguishfrom 60. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) Hlabisa, 21 iii 1982 other grylline genera if not associated with 63. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 23 iii 1982 males. Head markings similar to those of 66. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) Tugela River at males. Forewings extending at least to middle Middle Drift, 26 iii 1982 of abdomen. Hindwings hidden in some spe- 67. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) Mkuze Game Re- cies, extending beyond forewings in others serve, 28 iii 1982 (Table 2). 71. South Africa, Transvaal, Komatipoort, 30 iii 1982 76A. Kenya, Nairobi, 11 ix 1982 76B. Kenya, Nairobi, 10 x 1982 77A. Kenya, Karen, S side of Nairobi, 13 ix 1982 78. Kenya, Hunter's Lodge (Nairobi-MombasaRd), 14 ix 1982 82. Kenya, near Voi, flat plain and valley on S side of Sagala Hills, 17 ix 1982 93. Tanzania, Usa River, near Arusha, 25 ix 1982 104. Tanzania, ca. 20 km W of Kirogwe, rd to Handeni, 2 x 1982 109. Tanzania, Manyara National Park, 7 x 1982 112. Tanzania, Usa River, near Arusha, 9 x 1982

Genus PLATYGRYLLUS Chopard

Platygryllus Chopard 1961b: 276. Type species: Playgrvl- lus quadristrigatus(Saussure). The name used by Cho- pard (1961b, 1967), Grvllus lineaticeps Walker 1869, is a primaryhomonym of G. lineaticeps St'al, and takes as replacement name the only synonym quadristrigatus. Walker's type remains the type specimen of the species.

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS. Males: Figs. 1-13. Tables 1, 2. Epiphallus trilobate, with central lobe flattened and not extending much beyond lateral lobes; ectoparameres hidden beneath epiphallus. Spermatophore tube mold (STM) extremely long and convoluted producingsper- matophoretube that may be as long as cricket (except in primiformiswhere STM is very long and bent out of median plane but not convoluted). Head: forehead rather flattened in vicinity of ocelli; occiput and vertex blackish and usually with longitudinalstripes (lacking in maurus);stripe 3 usually present, stripe 2 sometimes visible only at anterior end and often connected there to stripe 3, stripe I often miss- FIG. 1. Platygryllus cockbilli, loc. 63.

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OTHER FEATURES. Medium to large crickets. Mouthpartselongate in some species (ignobilis, cockbilli). Color: dorsum dark brown to shiny black; venter variable-from light brown in serengeticus to black in maurus; legs variable from light brown to black. Cheeks blackish, sometimes with a paler area posterior to lower margin of eyes. Pronotum:Usually not heavily bristled, glabrous in burrowing species; disk either variegated or entirely dark brown or 7 black; lateral lobes usually entirely blackish, sometimes with a pale area along anteriormar- gin. Abdomen:dorsum dark brown to blackish, sometimes patternedwith light and darkbrown; venter pale brown to black. Forewing variable in length-from 0.8 to 1.7 times as long as hind femora; mirror always well developed and divided by one vein; harp with 3 to 5 veins (usually 3 or 4); apical area well-developed. Hindwings: often extending well beyond abdomen, sometimes hidden beneath forewings, but present in all species examined. Front and middle legs variable in color from pale brown to black. Hind femora variable in color, from pale brown with dark oblique streaks, or orange, or reddish brown, to black. Hind tibiae with 4-7 inner and 4-8 outer subapicalspurs, and 0.62 to 0.80 times as long as hind femora. Cerci 0.73 to 0.95 times as long as hind femora. Ovipositor FIG.2. PlarvgrvllusprirnifoJrmis, loc. 11. 1.1 to 1.5 times as long as hind femora.

,of~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S.

FIG.3. Platvgrv llus maurus, MkuzeGame Reserve.

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TABLE2. Comparisonof Platygryllusfemales. Females of capensis and quadristrigatusare not known. Abbreviationsas in Table 1. Numbers in italics are mean values.

No. subapical spurs BL F3L FWL FWL TL CL OL mm mm PL F3L F3L F3L F3L inner outer cockbilli 17.5-24.5 10-13 2.57 .80 .74 1.04 1.46 5,6 6,7 n = 5 igniobilis 20,26 10,12.5 2.33,3.14 .78 .67 .88 1.44 6 6,7 n = 2 serengeticus 15-25 8-10 2.00 .68 . 68 1.05 1.43 6 6,7,8 n = 11 atritus 15,15.5 7,8 3.2 1.07 .75-.86 0.97 1.20 6 6 n = 2 maurus (5A) 17 7 3.33 1.43 .71 .71 1.43 4 4 n= I arambourgi 19-22 ca. 9 3.29 1.14 .71 .69 1.14-1.36 5 5 n = 3 primniformis 17-22 9-10.5 3.6 1.07 0.67 0.70 0.53-0.70 6 (6)7 n = 8 19.9 9.7 0.65

BIOLOGY. The species of Platygryllus are the group chirping species, chirping was often either mainly surface dwellers or burrowers. sporadicwith minuteselapsing between groups. Species such as atritus and serengeticus were The long male jaws seen in cockbilli and found on the surface, in soil cracks, and in ignobilis raise the questionof whetherthese two mammal skulls in open grasslands.P. cockbilli species are more aggressive than others. Long and ignobilis were found in soil crevices and jaws also occur in some species of Velarifictor- holes or on the surface, in thorn and savanna us, which live in similar circumstances (Otte woodland. P. arambourgi and maurus dig their and Cade 1983b). own deep burrows-these two smooth shiny species are similar to Brachytrupiniin habits KEY TO PLATYGRYLLUSSPECIES and superficialappearance. At night males and females can be found walking on the surface. P. NOTE.When the genus is more fully known primiformis lives on the surface under debris. we expect it to have many additional species. Long hindwings are common among the The present key may be helpful only in regions species and we believe that all species occa- where more collecting has been done. sionally produce flying individuals. TANZANIA AND KENYA All species whose songs we have recorded are chirpers. The songs of most species have 1. Body color entirely black, shiny, smooth; occiput without longitudinaldark stripes; hind femora variable pulse rates within chirps; usually the black. (Widespreadin Africa)...... maurus rate decreases during each chirp, but in two Body color dark brown to blackish but with defi- species it increases. In several species (cockbil- nite pale markings and bands; occiput with ii, serengeticus, and ignobilis) the song consists longitudinalpale stripes; hind femora streaked of groups of chirps. The most complex song is or orange-red...... 2 2. Body color black but hind femora orange or that of cockbilli in which red- complex chirps dish brown, without distinct oblique stripes on (groups of chirps) are themselves grouped. In outer face (Kenya highlands) ...... arambourgi

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Body color variable, if blackish then hind femora Songs from the type locality are not known. black or streakedwith black oblique stripes on We have tentativelyassigned our South African outer face ...... 3 3. Body color blackish; forewings longer than specimens to this species because they are mor- hind femora; head and pronotum marked phologically indistinguishablefrom it. as in Fig. 4G. (Known from plains in NW RECOGNITION. Figs. 1, 4CD, 5AB, 8AB, Tanzania)...... atritus 1 IA. Tables 1, 2. Males: Body darkto blackish Body color dark brown on dorsum, with many on dorsum, light brown or yellowish on venter. light brown areas ...... 4 4. Head and pronotum patterned as in Fig. 4E. File with 114-136 teeth; holotype has ca. 115 Forewings shorter than hind femora. teeth. Very similar to ignobilis, but legs more STM long, convoluted. Ovipositor much pale, stripes 2 on head more clearly indicated; longer than hind femora. (Known from NW lateral ocelli not connected to eye with a pale Tanzania)...... serengeticus band; cheeks with a strongerpale band behind Head and pronotumpatterned as in Figs. 2. Fore- wings longer than hind femora. STM not con- lower posterior margin of eye; subgenal area voluted (Fig. IOD). Ovipositor much shorter darker; lateral bands on pronotal disk more than hind femora. (Widespreadin Tanzaniaand distinct; lateral lobes with a pale band along Kenya)...... primiformis anterior margin. The genitalia and the file counts of the two species are similar. Without SOUTHERN MOZAMBIQUE, ZIMBABWE, SOUTH AFRICA the song, discriminationbetween the two spe- 1. Body color entirely black; head and pronotum cies is difficult. without paler areas (Figs. 3, 4H, 5H) (Eastern Females: Coloration of head and pronotum lowlands)...... maurus Body color dark brown to black; if black, then similar to males. Otherfeatures are very similar with paler areas on head or pronotum (Figs. to ignobilis. Females of these two species are 1, 2) ...... 2 difficult to distinguishwhen they are not associ- 2. Legs black. Head and pronotummarked as in Fig. ated with males. 4K (NortheasternCape Province)...... capensis DISTRIBUTION. Presently known from Zim- Legs dark brown or brown; if very darkbrown or blackish then with pale markings (Figs. 4BD) babwe and South Africa. (Eastern lowlands)...... 3 HABITAT. Crevices, soil cracks, and old bur- 3. Lateral lobes dark; front and middle legs dark rows in bushveld. Burrowsapparently not made brown, with pale areas...... 4 by this species. Lateral lobes with a pale band along the anterior SONG. Groups of complex chirps. Each chirp margin;front and middle legs pale brown, with dark brown markings...... cockbilli consists first of a single pulse, followed by a 4. Head and pronotumpatterned as in Figs. 4A, 5AB. pair of pulses, then followed by a group of four Hind femur 11 mm or more in length. Fore- pulses. Pulse rate decreases within last group. wings shorter than hind femora. Ovipositor longer than hind femora ...... ignobilis Head and pronotum patterned as in Figs. 2, 5J. Hind 11 femur less than mm in length. Fore- mean p/s chirp wings longer than hind femora. Ovipositor (longest length shorter than hind femora ...... primiformis Locality group) sec p/ch KHz ?C

1. Platygryllus cockbilli (Chopard)n. comb. 15 66.0 0.16 7 5.25 24 20 66.0 0.17 7 4.75 20 Scapsipedus cockbilli Chopard 1954: 917. Holotype 6, S. 63 66.0 0.16 7 5.25 24 Rhodesia [Zimbabwe], SalisburyDistrict [Harare],11 xii 58 79.0 0.14 7 6.0 27 1950 (G. F. Cockbill) LONDON. Type examined. NEW COMBINATION. Scapsipedus convexifronsChopard 196 la: 34. Holotype , SPECIMENS. Holotype d LONDON. Paratype:same data as S. Rhodesia [Zimbabwe], AgriculturalExperiment Sta- holotype, d PARIS. SOUTH AFRICA (all ANSP): Loc. 15, tion, Salisbury District [Harare], 23 xii 1954, LONDON. 1 dr. Loc. 20, 1 d. Locs. 55 and 56, 1 d, 2 Y. Loc. 57, 3 Y. Type examined. NEW SYNONYM. Loc. 63, 1 d.

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A E

HIJ~~~~~~~~K*

FIG.4. A, ignobilis, lOc. I1; B, ignobilis, loc. I 1, outer face of foreleg; C, cockbilli, lOc. 63; D, cockbilli, lOc. 63, outer face of foreleg; E, serengeticus holotype; F, quadristrigatus, holotype of lineaticeps Walker, nec Stal; G, atritus holotype; H, maurus, loc. 63; J, arambourgi loc. 77; K, capensis holotype.

2. Platygryllus ignobilis (Walker) SONGS. Groups of chirps. Each chirp consists of 6-8 slower pulses followed by 3 rapidpulses. Grvllus ignobilis Walker 1869: 29. Lectotype d, here The song is similar to that of serengeticus but designated, Port Natal, LONDON. Acheta, Chopard 1955: the delivery rate is considerably slower. 290. Platygryllus, Randell 1964: 1598. Type examined.

RECOGNITION.Figs. 4AB, 5C, 8CD, IOA, p/s slower I1 BC. Tables 1, 2. Males: Body dark brown to faster Locality slower faster rate ch/s KHz ?C blackish, venter pale brown, legs dark brown. File with 84-134 teeth. Very similar to cockbil- 50 24.0 41.7 0.58 1.74 4.7 23 li, but front and middle legs dark brown; dor- (7-8)' (3)' 51 29.8 48.5 0.61 2.4 5.5 25 sum of head without bands 2; lateral ocelli (8) (3) connected to margin of eye with a pale band; 60 23.1 40.0 0.58 2.0 4.8 21 subgenal area pale; lateral lobes of pronotum (6-7) (3) entirely black, without a pale anteriorband. In 'Number of pulses. spite of above differences, specimens will doubtless be found that can be identified only SPECIMENS. Holotype d LONDON. SOUTH AFRICA (all by their songs. ANSP): Loc. 50, 2d . Loc. 54, 1d, 2 9. Loc. 56, 1 Y. Loc. Females: Distinguished from females of 57, 1 . Loc. 60, 1i. Loc. 66, 19. Loc. 67, 2d. cockbilli by the same characteristicsuseful in males. 3. Platygryllusserengeticus n. sp. DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the bushveld of Natal and Zululand, but probably widely HOLOTYPE. d, Tanzania, Serengeti National Park, distributedinto Mozambique. Seronera, 14 x 1980 (Otte) ANSP. HABITAT. Collected in soil cracks, crevices and burrowsin bushveld. Burrowsprobably not RECOGNITION. Figs. 4E, 5D, 8E, 1ID. Tables made by crickets themselves; some males in 1, 2. Males: Dark brown marbledwith ivory on termite emergence holes. dorsum, pale brown on venter and legs. Most

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Females: Generally similar to cockbilli but averaging smaller. DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Serengeti Plains in Tanzania. HABITAT. Soil cracks and skulls in open grasslands. Especially numerous inside skulls P B9 of wildebeest and buffalo scatteredeverywhere A over Serengeti Plains. SONG. Groups of chirps. Each chirp begins with a set of 3-5 slower pulses and ends with a set of three faster pulses.

p/s

Locality slower faster ch/s KHz ?C C 5 36.4 60.0 3.47 4.5 19 (4-5)' (3)' 5 35.2 61.8 3.56 4.7 19 (3) (3) 6 33.0 65.9 3.47 4.2 19 (3-4) (3) 6 37.7 65.9 3.30 4.2 19 (2-3) (3) F F 'Number of pulses.

SPECIMENS. Holotype d ANSP. Paratypes(all ANSP): TAN- ZANIA: Loc. 5, 3d, 39. Loc. 6, 4 d, 79. Loc. 6A, Id. Loc. 7, 1d.

4. Platygryllusatritus n. sp.

HOLOTYPE. c, Tanzania, Serengeti National Park, Kirawira area, 20 x 1980 (Otte) ANSP.

RECOGNITION. Figs. 4G, 5E, 12A. Tables 1, 2. Males: Smaller than the sympatric species serengeticus, body color and legs blacker. Ven- FIG.5. A, cockbilli, loc. 6; B, cockbilli, holotype;C, ter of body brownish. Holotype with 174 teeth. ignobilis, loc. I11;D, serengeticus holotype; E, atritus, of head with bands 1, holotype; F, arambourgi, loc. 77; G, capensis holotype; H, Unlike maurus, dorsum maurus, loc. 63; J, primiformis holotype. 2, and 3 clearly defined. Like maurus and atritus, forewings longer than hind femora. Hindwings may extend well beyond abdomen. similar to cockbilli, but face not concave in Females: Coloration similar to males. Ovi- lateral profile; smaller; genitalia somewhat dif- positor slightly shorter than in other species. ferent in lateral profile. Holotype with 118 DISTRIBUTION.Known only from the Seren- teeth. We do not know if cockbilli and serenget- geti Plains, Tanzania. icus overlap geographically;if they do, they are HABITAT. Soil cracks and under debris in best distinguished by their songs. open grasslands.

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cockbilli 5.3.Ss 0.5s * * | | t} 15 240

4.7 c ockbill-i 0.5s 20 20

4.8 | ignobilis 60 210

4.5 serengeticus 5 190

5.8 | l \ ii atritus

5.6 ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~6 190 5.6 A 1 i1 i i i i i i i atritus

w vi w w s1 1s XX 11 w 5 11 6 19 c

4.8 * capensis11t 0111 111 * !l * ~~~46 'I~~~~~ur I 230

5.0 arambourgi .1~11JIP 77A 21 C

5.0 maurus 76A 21C

5.8 |maurus ?VVV!IITI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~67

4.6 maurus 78 210

4.7 maurus? 82 25C

6.2 maurus

FIG.6. Songs of Platygryllus species. Numberson left indicate median frequency in kiloHz. Numbersbeneath names indicate collecting locality and temperature.

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SONG. Succession of chirps; occasional long- Gryllus quadristrigatus Saussure 1877: 166. Saussure's er chirps followed by several shorter chirps. type is in Geneva. Synonymy indicated by Chopard Pulse rate decreases during each chirp (es- 1967. pecially apparentin longer chirps). NOTES ON WALKER'S HOLOTYPE. Figs. 4F, 8G, IOH, 12BC. Table 1. Very similar in overall p/s appearanceto atritus. File with ca. 193 teeth. to atritus but less Locality fastest slowest p/ch ch/s KHz ?C Male genitalia most similar flattened. Unlike all other species, the hind 6 51.6 36.6 3-6 6-8 6.0 19 femora orange with indistinctbrownish oblique 6 58.6 31.0 3-6 6-8 5.8 19 stripes. 6 71.9 37.0 3-6 6-8 5.6 19 DISTRIBUTION. West Africa. In additionto the types we have seen a male from Lolodorf, SPECIMENS. Holotype d ANSP. Paratypes:same data as Cameroons, from the Paris collection. holotype, 1d, 2? ANSP. 6. Platygryllus capensis n. sp. 5. Platygryllus quadristrigatus (Saussure)

HOLOTYPE. d, South Africa, Cape Province, 19 km S lineaticeps Walker 1869 is a primaryhomonym of Grvllus Middelburgon R 57, 11 iii 1982 (Otte and Cade) ANSP. Gryllus lineaticeps Stal 1858 (a North Americanspecies) and must therefore be replaced by the only synonym, RECOGNITION. Figs. 4K, 5G, 9E, 12D. Table quadristrigatusSaussure (below). Walker's type is from Sierra Leone and is located in the British Museum, now 1. Males: A medium sized, black cricket. Back under the new name. of head with only stripe 3 and a short thin

primiformis

4.3 42 23C

3.8 11 18C

5.0 1 ^*^^%%^W**^*^ ^^s^j* j#^^4 ^^^^%WW^W**| 152 27C

4.9 52 27C

4.3 7 25C

4.9 85 26C 0.5sec

FIG. 7. Songs of Platygryllus primiforinis.

This content downloaded from 142.66.3.42 on Fri, 19 Jul 2013 13:35:49 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 56 DANIEL OTTE AND WILLIAM CADE median line. Legs black. Holotype with 85 Hind tibiae with 4 inner and 4 or 5 outer teeth. Most similarin color to maurus, but latter subapical spurs. Usually macropterous. species without head stripes or pale areas on Females: Similar to males in color (Table 2). pronotal disk. Usually macropterous. DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type DISTRIBUTION. Believed to be widespread locality. through the Afrotropics. Because the calls of HABITAT. Found under a grass clump in open west African specimens have not been tape grassland. recorded, the possibility remains that east and SONG. Succession of short (3-6 pulse) chirps, west African specimens belong to different delivered at a variable rate. species. The songs and morphology of South African and Kenyan specimens are largely in- Locality p/s ch/s p/ch KHz ?C distinguishable. In South Africa, maurus is presently known only from the bushveld of 46 96.0 4.7-5.9 3-6 4.8 23 Zululand, but we expect it to be common through the eastern lowveld. SPECIMENS. Holotype d ANSP. HABITAT. In Kenya and Tanzania we found maurus in deep burrows in watered lawns 7. Platygryllus maurus (Afzelius and Bran- (Nairobi and Karen, Kenya, and Arusha, Tan- nius) n. comb. zania). Males ran out when water was poured into their burrows.In Zululandwe collected the Acheta maurus Afzelius and Brannius 1804: 22. Type not species from burrowsin cultivatedfields and in found. According to Horn (1926) the Afzelius collection natural, seasonally swampy grasslands. This from Sierra Leone went to Schonherr, whose collection species constructs its own burrows; it has the was in the Stockholm NaturhistoriskaRiks- deposited hind femora often museet, but the type is not there. Melanogryllus, Cho- relatively small associated pard 1967. NEW COMBINATION. with burrowinghabits. SONG. Succession of 8 to 14 pulse chirps. RECOGNITION. Figs. 3, 4H1,5H1, 9AB, IOFG, Chirpsdelivered at variablerates. Pulses deliv- 13AB. Tables 1, 2. Males: Entirely shiny ered at a decreasingrate duringeach chirp. The black. Back of head with faint indication of songs recordedat localities 78, 82, and 109 had stripe. 3. Pronotum entirely shiny black, all shorterchirps and a lower carrying frequency. legs black. Forewings longer than hind femora. No specimens were collected at these localities.

p/s

Locality begin mean* end of chirp ch/s p/ch KHz ?C

63 66.0 49.5 3.54 8-10 6.2 24 58.0 67 66.0 48.0 1.29 10-11 5.5 22 57.0 67 60.0 46.0 0.71 11-13 5.8 22 53.0 71 66.0 48.0 - 9 6.3 25 57.0 71 79.2 52.8 1.4 10-11 6.2 25 66.0 76A 52.8-58.7 41.7-44.0 0.04-1.18 10-14 4.7-5.5 21 n = 4 47.2-51.4

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76B 52.8-62.1 40.6-50.3 0.78-1.39 11-15 5.0-5.4 20 n = 4 45.7-56.2 77A 50.8 40.6 1.06 15 5.0 21 45.7 93 66.0 44.0 1.45 8-12 5.5 20 55.0 104 66.0, 70.4 47'.1, 48.0 0.97 10-11 6.0 29 n = 2 57.0, 58.7 78 60.0, 60.9 44.0, 44.0 1.59-2.93 7-8 4.3-4.6 21 n = 2 52.0, 52.4 82 70.4 52.8 2.93 7 4.7 25 61.6 109 66.0 44.0 2.40 6-9 4.3 29 55.0

*Fastest rate plus slowest rate divided by 2.

SPECIMENS. KENYA: Mombasa, x 1911 (Alluaud and Holotype with 106 teeth. Dorsum of head with Jeannel) 1 d PARIS. ETHIOPIA:Ethiopia Merid. Laga Mar- stripes 1, 2, and 3; stripes 1 and 2 not extending PARIS. UGANDA: dine, 1905 (Maurice de Rothschild) 1 Y backwardsto pronotum. Forewings longer than Albert Nat. Park, Kalimbo, r. Binza, Uele 4 v 1935 (De Witte) 1 d PARIS. WEST AFRICA: Basse-Casa-manco 1d hind femora. PARIS. SOUTH AFRICA:Loc. 63, 26 ANSP. TANZANIA: Females: Similar to males in coloration. Loc. 112, 1d ANSP. DISTRIBUTION. Presentlyknown only from the Kikuyu Escarpmentand Nairobi, Kenya. 8. Platygryllus arambourgi (Chopard) HABITAT. Collected on lawns in the Nairobi Gryllulus arambourgi Chopard 1938: 127. Holotype 6, area. Lives in burrows. Males sing at burrow m, Kenya, Kikuyu Escarpment, Escarpment, 2,300 entrance or away from burrow. We found in- 1932-1933 (Arambourg,Chappuis, and Jeannel) PARIS. Platygryllus, Randell 1964. Type examined. dividuals of both sexes walking about on watered lawns after dark. RECOGNITION. Figs. 4J, 5F, 9CD, IOBC, SONG. Short chirps of 9-11 pulses delivered 13C. Tables 1, 2. Males:a small darkbrown to at variable rate. Pulse rate decreases within blackish species with dark brown to blackish each chirp, but first 4 or 5 pulses delivered at front and middle legs and orange hind femora. same rate.

p/s

Locality begin mean* end of chirp ch/s p/ch KHz ?C

77A 82.5-88.0 58.7-66.0 .72-1.65 9-11 4.5-5.0 21 n = 4 70.6-77.0

*Fastest rate plus slowest rate divided by 2.

SPECIMENS. Holotype d PARIS. Paratype: same data as RECOGNITION. Figs. 2, 5J, 9F-H, lOD, holotype, Y PARIS. KENYA: Loc. 76B, 1d, 1 Y ANSP. Loc. 13DE. Tables 1, 2. Males: Differs from all 77A, 2d, 1? ANSP. otherPlatygryllus in having simple archedsper- matophore tube mold (STM) and in having 9. Platygryllus primiformis n. sp. unflattenedepiphallus. STM bends out of me- HOLOTYPE. d, South Africa, KwaZulu, Eshowe, 13-30 iii dian plane. Holotype with 131 teeth. Body 1982 (Otte and Cade) ANSP. color brown and black, legs pale brown speck-

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A ~~~~~cD

F ~~~~~~G HA

FIG.8. Male forewings. A, cockbilli, lOc. 15; B, cockbilli paratype;C, ignobilis, Mafungabuzi;D, ignobilis, loc. 50; E, serenzgeticus,lOc. 5; F, atritus holotype; G, quadristrigatus, holotype of lineaticeps Walker; H, quadristrigatus Lolodorf, Cameroons.

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E F G

FIG.9. Male forewings. A, maurus, loc. 63; B, maurus, loc. 76A; C. arambourgiholotype; D, arambourgi, loc. 77; E, cCIpensisholotype; F, primiformis, loc. 11; G, primiformis, loc. 7; H, primiformis, loc. 13, showing unusual mirror.

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FIG. 10. Platygryllus male genitalia showing peculiar coiling spermatophore tube mold. A, igniobilis, loc. 11; B, aramnbourgi, loc. 77A; C, arambourgi, loc. 76B; D, primiformis, loc. 85 (dorsal view); F, maurus, West Africa; G, maurus, loc. 76A; H, quadristrigatus, holotype of lineaticeps Walker.

led with black. Dorsum of head with six pale shorter than hind femora. markingson occiput, stripes 2 and 3 uniting at DISTRIBUTION. Presentlyknown to range from margin of eye. Vertex to forehead black. Face the tip of the continent to Kenya, but probably black. Cheeks largely black. Pronotum: disk very wide ranging in Africa. darkbrown to blackish in anteriorhalf, bearing HABITAT. Lightly wooded areas or grasslands paler in distal half, especially laterally; lateral from low altitude thorn scrub to grasslands up lobe, usually blackish occasionally lighter to 4000 feet. This is the most ubiquitousspecies along outer margins. Forewings extending to we have encountered in southern and eastern near end of abdomen. Hindwings usually ex- Africa. In South Africa it rangesfrom the coast- tending beyond forewings. Front and middle al dunes of Natal to mountaingrasslands up to femora pale with blackish spots and streaks. 4000 feet. It is abundantin orchards, gardens, Hind femora with dark outer oblique bands. pastures, and old fields. It is always found in Females: Similar to males in color. Fore- thick grounddebris (mattedgrass, leaf litter, or wings nearly reaching end of abdomen. Hind- under rotting wood). wings usually extendingbeyond forewings. Un- SONG. Succession of 8 to 16 pulse chirps in like all other Platygryllus, ovipositor distinctly which pulse rate decreases during each chirp.

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_. X

~iD

FIG. 11. Male genitalia showing dorsal, ventral, and lateral aspects. A, cockbilli,lOc. 15; B, ignobilis,Mafungabuzi; C, ignobilis, lOc. 50; D, serengeticus holotype.

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FIG. 12. Male genitalia. A, atritusholotype; B, quadristrigatus,holotype of lineaticepsWalker; C, quadristrigatus Lolodorf, Cameroons; D, capensisholotype.

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...... ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~......

D 99 M

FIG. 13. Male genitalia. A, maurus, lOc. 63; B, maurus, Basse Casamanca; C, arambourgi, loc. 77A; D, E, primniformis,loc. 11 and loc. 7, respectively.

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p/s

Locality fastest mean slowest ch/s p/ch KHz ?C

7 40-48 25-28 1.5-1.9 8-10 4.3-4.7 25 n 5 32-37 11 30 17 0.7 11-12 3.5 18 18.5 12 33 22 0.7 10-11 4.5 21 27.5 13 27,28 16,16 0.7,0.6 10-11 4.4 17.5 n = 2 21.9,22.0 17 31 21 0.92 10-11 4.4 17 26.0 20 33,35 24,25 1.6,1.4 10-12 5.0,4.8 25 n = 2 28.5,30.0 21 33 21 0.8,0.9 8-11 4.3 20 n = 2 27.0 22 30,33 20,20 1.2,1.3 8-10,6-9 4.2,4.4 21 n = 2 25,26.5 42 25 19 0.9 15-16 4.3 23 22.0 50 29 20 1.2 11-12 4.6 23 24.5 52 32-38 24-29 1.6-2.0 8-14 4.7-5.0 27 n = 3 28.0,33.5 63 37 24 0.9 9-10 4.8 25 30.5 71 33 23.0 1.3 9 4.3 25 28.0 75 33 24 1.3 12-13 4.4 23 28.5 85 33,38 23,25 1.3,1.4 10-12 4.8,5.0 24 n = 2 28,32 93 38 24 1.1 8-10 4.2 20 31.0 96 35,33 25,25 1.7,1.5 15,10-11 4.9 23 n = 2 30.0,29.0 110 42 25 1.7 10 4.2 25 33.5

SPECIMENS. Holotype d ANSP. Paratypes(all ANSP): TAN- NOMINA DUBIA ZANIA: Loc. 4, 1 6. Loc. 7, 2d 1?. Loc. 96, 1 r. Loc. Platygryllus brunneri (Saussure) 99, 2?. Loc. 110, 2d 1?. KENYA: Loc. 78, 1d 2?. Loc. 82, 1d. Loc. 85, 3 d 1 Y. SOUTH AFRICA:Loc. 11, Grvllus brunneri Saussure 1877: 170. Platygryllus, Cho- 36 2?. Loc. 13, 2d 2?. Loc. 14, 16. Loc. 15, 16 2?. pard 1967. Saussure lists this species from "L'Afrique: Loc. 20, 16 1?. Loc. 22,26 2? . Loc. 42, 1d. Loc. 50, Maroc; Afrique meridionale;Afrique oriental, Zanzibar; 1d 2?. Loc. 52, 36. Loc. 54, 3d 2?. Loc. 55, 2d 1?. Massaua (Collect. Brunner 9133, 6572).-T6neriffe.- Loc. 71, 16. Loc. 73, 2?. Les Indes; Bengale, 2d 3?; Cashmir.-La Nouvelle-

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Hollande." He ascribes the name to de Selys Long- LITERATURECITED champs, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg., 1967, XI, 27, but de Selys only suggested the name and did not describe the CHOPARD,L. 1938. Orthoptera. 1. Dictyoptera, Phas- species. We have found only two females in the Geneva modea, Ensifera. In: Mission Scientifique de'l Omo, collection that may be specimens Saussure studied; they Tome IV, Fasc. 33: 89-134. In: Memoires du Museum bear no species identificationlabels but they do bear the National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle serie, Tome two numbers indicated under Massaua above. These are VIII. presumedto belong to Saussure's series, and we have so 1940. Dictyopt&reset Orthopteres recoltes en labelled them (blue label). These two females belong to Mauritanieet dans la region du Tchad par la Mission different species neither of which appears to be con- d'Etudes de la Biologie des Acridiens. Revue Fran- specific with the species we have covered here. Because caise d'Entomologie 7: 8-30. the specific identify of Platygryllusfemales is so difficult . 1954. Note on some southern African crickets. to establish, we consider this name to be a nomen Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7: 913-929. dubium, until male representativesof Saussure's series . 1955. Orthopteraensifera. South African animal are discovered. life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in Acheta brevicauda Karny 1907: 22. Synonym of brunneri 1950-1951. Vol. 2: 266-300. Almquist and Wiksell, Saussure, Chopard 1967: 92. The holotype is a female Stockholm. and according to Karny belonged to the Ka Khartoum . 1961a. Orthopteres. Gryllidae et Gryllacrididae Museum. Type not examined. l'Angola. Companhiade Diamantesde Angola, Publi- cacoes Culturais56: 15-69. Platygryllus ornaticeps (Saussure) . 1961b. Les divisions du genre Gryllus bas6es sur l'etude de l'appareil copulateur. EOS 37: 267-287. Gryllus ornaticeps Saussure 1877: 178. Saussure indicated 1967. OrthopterorumCatalogus. Pars 10. Gryl- that a male and female of this species are in the Musee de lides. M. Beier, editor. W. Junk, Gravenhage. Leyde (presumably Leyden). The Leiden Museum in- GERSTAECKER,A. 1869. Beitrag zur Insekten-Fauna von forms us that the specimens are not there. They were also Zanzibar.No. II. Orthopteraet Neuroptera.Archiv fur not found in Geneva or Vienna and are presumed lost. Naturgeschichte35(1): 201-223. HORN,W. 1926. Uber den Verbleib der entomologischen Platygryllus viator (Kirby) Sammlungender Welt (ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Entomo-Museologie).Mit 1 Portrat.Supplementa En- Gryllus viator Kirby 1906, replacement name for Gryllus tomologica (Deutscher Entomologisches Museum) melanocephalus Saussure, nec Serville. Saussure's No. 12: 1-133. series, a male and female from Abyssinia and India, KARNY,H. 1907. Die Orthopteranfauna des agyptischen cannot be located. They are not in the Geneva or Vienna Sudans und von Nord-Uganda(Saltatoria, Gressoria, museums. Dermaptera) mit besonderer Beruchsichtigung der acridoideengattung Catantops. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Wien). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Matematisch-NaturwissenschaftlicheKlasse 116(1): 267-378. We are gratefulto the following individualsand . 1910. G. Orthoptera(s. str.). Zoologische und institutions for their help in this project: J. A. AnthropologischeErgebnisse einer Forschungsreiseim Marshall (British Museum (Natural History)); westlichen und zentralen Sudafrica ausgefuhrt in den B. Hauser (Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Jahren 1903-1905. Vierter Band. Systematik und Geneva); C. Amedegnato and M. Donskoff Tiergeographie. Denkschriften der Medicinisch- NaturvwissenschaftlichenGesellschaft zu Jena 16: 34- (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris); 90. R. Toms (TransvaalMuseum, Pretoria);R. and KIRBY,W. F. 1906. A synonymic cataloge of Orthoptera. R. Estes; N. Jago (Tropical Development and Vol. 2. OrthopteraSaltatoria Part I. British Museum Research Institute); C. Dewhurst (Desert Lo- (Natural History) Publication, London. cust Control Organizationfor East Africa); S. OTTE,D. 1983. African Crickets (Gryllidae). 2. Afrogryl- lopsis Randelland Neogryllopsis n. gen. of easternand Otte, R. Otte, and C. Otte; The Natal Parks southern Africa (Gryllinae, Brachytrupini). Pro- Board; the Kruger National Park; R. Leakey ceedings Academy of NaturalSciences 135: 218-235. (National Museum of Kenya, Nairobi). AND R. D. ALEXANDER. 1983. The Australian

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Crickets (Orthoptera:Gryllidae). Academy of Natural SAUSSURE, H. DE. 1877. Melanges Orthopterologiques. Sciences Monograph 22: 1-477. 5me fascicule. III Gryllides. Memoires de la Societe ANDW. CADE. 1983a. AfricanCrickets (Gryllidae). de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve 25: 1. Teleogryllus of eastern and southern Africa. Pro- 1-352. ceedings Academy of NaturalSciences 135: 102-127. SAUSSURE, H. DE. 1899. Orthoptera. Wissenschaftliche AND . 1983b. African Crickets (Gryllidae). Ergebnisseder Reisen in Madagascarund Ostafrikain 3. On the African species of Velarifictorus Randell den Jahren 1889-95 von Dr. A. Voeltskow. Band 1: (Gryllinae, Modicogryllini). ProceedingsAcademy of 569-664. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Natural Sciences 135: 241-253. SenckenbergischerNaturforschenden Gesellschaft 21, RANDELL, R. L. 1964. The male genitalia in Gryllinae Frankfurtam Main. (Orthoptera:Gryllidae) and a tribalrevision. Canadian WALKER,F. 1869. Catalogueof Dermapteraand Saltatoria. Entomologist 96: 1565-1607. Vol. 1. British Museum Publication.

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