Urban Innovation and Upgrading in China Shanty Towns
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Pengfei Ni · Banji Oyeyinka Fei Chen Urban Innovation and Upgrading in China Shanty Towns Changing the Rules of Development Urban Innovation and Upgrading in China Shanty Towns Pengfei Ni · Banji Oyeyinka · Fei Chen Urban Innovation and Upgrading in China Shanty Towns Changing the Rules of Development 1 3 Pengfei Ni Fei Chen Center for City and Competitiveness Center for City and Competitiveness Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing Beijing China China and and China National Academy of Economic College of Urban Economics and Public Strategy Administration Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Capital University of Economics Beijing and Business China Beijing China Banji Oyeyinka Monitoring and Research Division (MRD) UN-HABITAT Nairobi Kenya and Innovation Policy and Development The Open University Milton Keynes UK ISBN 978-3-662-43904-3 ISBN 978-3-662-43905-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-43905-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014946394 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Changing the Rules of Development: Institutional Innovation in Rebuilding China’s Shantytowns ............................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1 1.2 Understanding of Institutions ............................... 4 1.3 The Context and Rationale for the Shantytown Transformation .... 6 1.3.1 The Chinese Metropolitanization Approach. 7 1.3.2 Vision and Direction of Chinese Urban Agenda ......... 8 1.4 Unique Features of China’s Shantytowns ..................... 9 1.5 Institutional Effectiveness: The Key to Housing Resettlement and Low-income Poverty Alleviation ......................... 10 1.6 Institutional Change in Financing: Diversified Housing Financing ... 11 1.6.1 Multiple Financing Sources and Strict Administration of Fund Usage ................................... 12 1.6.2 Collaboration with Private Actors: Promoting Real Property Sector ................................... 13 1.7 Government’s Leading Role, Coordination, and Performance Efficiency .............................................. 15 1.7.1 Internal Collaboration Among Government Departments ... 15 1.7.2 Triggers for Policy ................................ 16 1.7.3 Outcomes of Institutional Innovation Planning and Coordination ................................. 18 1.8 Summing Up ........................................... 19 References .................................................. 22 2 Slum Upgrading Policies of China’s Shantytowns ................. 23 2.1 Introduction ............................................ 23 2.2 International Slum Improving Practices: Experiences and Lessons ............................................ 23 2.2.1 Construction of Public Housing ...................... 24 2.2.2 Housing Subsidies ................................ 25 2.2.3 Slum Infrastructure Improvement .................... 26 v vi Contents 2.3 Shantytown Reconstruction in Liaoning Province: Public Policies and Measures .................................... 28 2.4 Strategy and Planning of Shantytown Reconstruction ............ 30 2.4.1 Shantytown Reconstruction, Infrastructure Planning, and Urban Environment ............................ 31 2.4.2 Shantytown Reconstruction, the Real Estate Industry, and Spatial Planning ............................... 32 2.4.3 Diversified Financing Channels for Shantytown Reconstruction and Living Standards .................. 33 2.5 System and Pattern: Government-Led, Market-Operating ......... 34 2.6 Institutions and Policies: The Benefits of a Multi-dimensional Approach .............................................. 37 2.6.1 Equitable System and Property Rights ................. 38 2.6.2 Innovative Property Management Model ............... 40 2.7 Housing Transformation: Institutionalized Management and Standardized Services ................................. 42 2.7.1 Environmental Improvement and Social Services ........ 44 2.7.2 Economic Development: Employment Generation ....... 45 2.7.3 The Role of the Party and Government Organs .......... 47 2.8 Summing Up ........................................... 47 References .................................................. 50 3 Financing Development of Shantytowns Upgrading ............... 51 3.1 Introduction ............................................ 51 3.2 A Review of Domestic and International Practices .............. 52 3.3 The Financing Factor of Shantytowns Before 2005 .............. 55 3.3.1 The Planning Period: The State Welfare Housing System ... 55 3.3.2 The Marketization Period: Evolution of Shantytowns ..... 55 3.3.3 China’s Financing Policies Laws and Regulations for the Shantytowns Before 2005 ..................... 56 3.4 Finance Experience of Shantytowns Post-2005 ................. 58 3.4.1 Diverse Channels of Financing ...................... 58 3.4.2 Pending Financial Challenges ....................... 61 3.5 Summing Up ........................................... 65 4 Systems of Land and Security of Tenure ......................... 67 4.1 Introduction ............................................ 67 4.2 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ................. 68 4.3 International Comparison of Land Ownership in Poor Residential Areas ........................................ 71 4.3.1 Comparison of Land Use Rights in Global Perspective .... 72 4.3.2 Overview of Land System in Liaoning Shantytowns ...... 73 4.3.3 Historical Origins of Land Challenges in the ShantyTowns .................................... 73 Contents vii 4.4 Measures and Practices of Land Operation in Liaoning ShantyTowns ........................................... 75 4.5 Government-Led Development and Benefits ................... 76 4.5.1 Home Ownership and Income Gap Reduction ........... 78 4.5.2 Optimal Allocation of Land Resources ................ 79 4.5.3 Increase in Housing Supply, and Stabilized Housing Prices ................................... 80 4.5.4 Driver of Success Combined Government and Market Dynamics ............................. 81 4.5.5 Governance and Planning of Land Resources ........... 82 4.6 Summing Up ........................................... 83 References .................................................. 83 5 Upgrading Shantytowns in Liaoning: The Challenge of Sustainable Housing Development ........................... 85 5.1 Introduction ............................................ 85 5.2 Housing Trends in Emerging Economies—India, South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Philippines ............... 87 5.3 A Comparative Examination of Brazilian Housing Policies ....... 91 5.3.1 Recent Trends in Housing Policies .................... 91 5.3.2 The New Proposed Framework for Resettlement. 93 5.4 China’s Resettlement Policies—A Comparative Analysis ......... 96 5.4.1 The Liaoning Experience ........................... 96 5.4.2 Liaoning Resettlement Program: The Economics of Housing and Resettlement ........................ 97 5.5 The Social Dimension of the Liaoning Resettlement Program ..... 100 5.6 Challenges of Housing Developments in Poor Neighborhoods ..... 106 5.6.1 Resistance During Large-Scale Demolition ............. 106 5.6.2 Lack of Conditions for Marketized Construction ......... 106 5.6.3 It Is Hard to Remove Poor Neighborhoods ............. 106 5.6.4 Origin and Reasons for Shantytown Development in Liaoning Province .............................. 106 5.6.5 Reasons for the Initial Stagnant Development in Poor Neighborhoods of Liaoning Province ............. 108 5.6.6 Strategies of Development in Shantytowns ............. 108 5.6.7 Strategies and Case Study of Housing Construction in Shantytowns ................................... 109 5.6.8 Reconstruction