sign in sign up
<<
Home , Allison Balfour, Cockburn (surname), Daemonologie, Donald III of Scotland, Frisland, Isobel Gowdie

Bibliography of Scottish Julian Goodare

Introduction

This is a bibliography of works on Scottish witchcraft and -hunting, primarily in the early modern period. The aim has been to produce a list that historians working on these topics today will find useful. It includes, not only works on Scottish witchcraft per se, but also works on closely-related topics that witchcraft scholars cannot ignore – two examples being and belief. It omits works of purely historiographical interest and popular works that have no claim to originality. It also omits works concerned with the period after about 1800, unless they also shed light on beliefs and practices of earlier times. Finally, it omits works published before 1800; for these see the bibliographical article by John Ferguson, listed below. Whether a work is about ‘’ may sometimes be debated. A few works have been included because they are substantively about Scotland even though their title does not say so. Also included are works that discuss Scotland and another country (usually ) in a comparative context. On the other hand, works that use some Scottish material in the context of developing a more general case have been excluded. The bibliography is divided into four sections:

1. Lists of witchcraft cases 2. Published primary sources 3. Published secondary works 4. Unpublished theses

In general, works are listed under the surname of the author. However, a given author’s works may be found in various places in the bibliography, partly because of the division into sections and partly because of the following conventions. Debates in journals are grouped together, listed under the surname of the author of the first article. Collections of essays have been treated in three different ways:

1. If the book contains a small number of relevant chapters, then these are listed individually under the name(s) of the author(s) of the chapter(s); the book itself is not listed separately. 2. If all or even most of the book’s chapters are relevant, then the book receives a single entry under the name(s) of the editor(s) of the book, followed by a list of all the individual chapters. This occasionally results in some chapters being listed that would not otherwise have qualified for inclusion. 3. If the book is a collection of reprints, then this is noted and all the Scottish material that it contains is listed, including full publication details of the

234 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 235

original works. This, too, occasionally results in some works being listed that would not otherwise have qualified for inclusion. Any reprinted works that are considered relevant also receive their own entry with the original publication details.

1. Lists of witchcraft cases

G. F. Black, ‘A calendar of cases of witchcraft in Scotland, 1510–1727’, Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 41 (1937), 811–47, 917–36, and 42 (1938), 34–74; also published as G. F. Black, A Calendar of Cases of Witchcraft in Scotland, 1510– 1727 (New York, 1938) Julian Goodare, Lauren Martin, Joyce Miller and Louise Yeoman, ‘The Sur- vey of Scottish Witchcraft, 1563–1736’ (www.shc.ed.ac.uk/Research/witches/, archived January 2003, updated October 2003) Christina Larner, Christopher H. Lee and Hugh V. McLachlan, A Source-Book of Scottish Witchcraft (Glasgow, 1977) Stuart Macdonald, ‘The Scottish Witch Hunt Data Base’ (CD-Rom, privately published, 2001)

2. Published primary sources

Joseph Anderson (ed.), ‘The confessions of the witches (1661)’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 22 (1887–1888), 241–62 R. Burns Begg (ed.), ‘Notice of trials for witchcraft at Crook of Devon, Kinross- shire, in 1662’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 22 (1887– 1888), 211–41 G. F. Black (ed.), ‘Confessions of Alloa witches’, Scottish Antiquary, 9 (1895), 49–52 G. F. Black (ed.), ‘Some unpublished Scottish witchcraft trials’, Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 45 (1941), 335–42, 413–22, 671–84, 763–80; also pub- lished as G. F. Black (ed.), Some Unpublished Scottish Witchcraft Trials (New York, 1941) G. F. Black and Northcote W. Thomas (eds.), Examples of Printed Folklore Con- cerning the & Islands (Folk-Lore Society: County Folk-Lore, vol. iii: Printed Extracts, no. 5: London, 1903), ‘Superstitious beliefs and practices: witchcraft: trials’, pp. 55–139 John Christie (ed.), Witchcraft in Kenmore, 1730–57: Extracts from the Kirk Session Records of the Parish (Aberfeldy, 1893) Michael Hunter (ed.), The Laboratory: , Science and Second Sight in Late Seventeenth-Century Scotland (Woodbridge, 2001) James Hutchisone, ‘A sermon on witchcraft in 1697’, ed. George Neilson, Scottish Historical Review, 7 (1910), 390–9 James VI, Minor Prose Works, ed. James Craigie (: Scottish Text Society, 1982) – includes his (1597) King James VI & I, Selected Writings, eds. Neil Rhodes, Jennifer Richards and Joseph Marshall (Aldershot, 2003) – includes his Daemonologie (1597) David Laing (ed.), ‘An original letter to the of Wishaw (now presented to the Museum), relating to the proceedings against James Aikenhead “the 236 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft

Atheist,” and the trial of witches in Paisley in 1696’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 11 (1874–1876), 438–45 Angus Macdonald (ed.), ‘A witchcraft case of 1647’, Scots Law Times (News) (10 April 1937), 77–8 Hugh McLachlan (ed.), The Kirk, and Salem: A History of the Witches of Renfrewshire (Glasgow, 2006) J. R. N. Macphail (ed.), ‘Papers relating to witchcraft, 1662–1677’, in Highland Papers, 4 vols. (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1914–1934), iii, 2–38 M. A. Murray (ed.), ‘Two trials for witchcraft’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 56 (1921–1922), 46–60 Lawrence Normand and Gareth Roberts (eds.), Witchcraft in Early Modern Scotland: James VI’s and the North Berwick Witches (Exeter, 2000) David M. Robertson (ed.), Goodnight My Servants All: The Sourcebook of Witchcraft (Glasgow, 2007) George Sinclair, Invisible World Discovered, ed. Thomas G. Stevenson (Edinburgh, 1871) John Stuart (ed.), ‘Trials for witchcraft, 1596–1598’, Miscellany of the Spalding Club, i (1841), 82–193 Trial, Confession, and Execution of Isobel Inch, John Stewart, Margaret Barclay & Isobel Crawford, for Witchcraft, at Irvine, anno 1618 (Ardrossan and Saltcoats, n.d. [c.1855]) A. E. Truckell (ed.), ‘Unpublished witchcraft trials’, Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society,3rdser.,51 (1975), 48–58, and 52 (1976), 95–108 Michael B. Wasser and Louise A. Yeoman (eds.), ‘The trial of Geillis Johnstone for witchcraft, 1614’, Scottish History Society Miscellany, xiii (2004), 83–145 David Webster (ed.), Collection of Rare and Curious Tracts on Witchcraft and the Second Sight (Edinburgh, 1820) Louise A. Yeoman (ed.), ‘Witchcraft commissions from the register of commis- sions of the privy council of Scotland, 1630–1642’, Scottish History Society Miscellany, xiii (2004), 223–65

3. Published secondary works

Isabel Adam, Witch Hunt: The Great Scottish Witchcraft Trials of 1697 (London, 1978) Priscilla Bawcutt, ‘Elrich fantasyis in Dunbar and other poets’, in J. D. McClure and M. R. G. Spiller (eds.), Bryght Lanternis: Essays on the Language and Literature of Medieval and Renaissance Scotland (Aberdeen, 1989), 162–78 Priscilla Bawcutt, ‘ “Holy words for healing”: some early Scottish charms and their ancient religious roots’, in Luuk Houwen (ed.), Literature and in Late Medieval and Early Modern Scotland (Leuven, 2012), 127–44 G. F. Black, ‘Scottish charms and ’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 27 (1892–1893), 433–526 Roy Booth, ‘Standing within the prospect of belief: , King James, and witchcraft’, in John Newton and Jo Bath (eds.), Witchcraft and the Act of 1604 (Leiden, 2008), 47–67 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 237

John Brims, ‘The Ross-shire witchcraft case of 1822’, Review of Scottish Culture,5 (1989), 87–91 J. W. Brodie-Innes, Scottish Witchcraft Trials (London, 1891) Alan Bruford, ‘ witch stories: a provisional type list’, Scottish Studies, 11 (1967), 13–47 Alan J. Bruford, ‘Workers, weepers and witches: the status of the female singer in Gaelic society’, Scottish Gaelic Studies, 17 (1996), 61–70 Hugh Cheape, ‘Lead hearts and runes of protection’, Review of Scottish Culture,18 (2006), 149–55 Stuart Clark, ‘King James’ Daemonologie: witchcraft and kingship’, in Sydney Anglo (ed.), The Damned Art: Essays in the Literature of Witchcraft (London, 1977), 156–81 Edward J. Cowan, ‘The darker vision of the Scottish Renaissance: the and Francis Stewart’, in Ian B. Cowan and Duncan Shaw (eds.), The Renaissance and Reformation in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1983), 125–40 J. G. Dalyell, The Darker Superstitions of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1834) Thomas Davidson, Rowan Tree and Red Thread (Edinburgh, 1949) Kirsty Duncan, ‘Was ergotism responsible for the Scottish witch hunts?’, Area, 25 (1993), 30–6; Ian D. Whyte, ‘Ergotism and witchcraft in Scotland’, Area, 26 (1994), 89–90, and rejoinder by Duncan, 90–2; W. F. Boyd, ‘Four and twenty blackbirds: more on ergotism, rye and witchcraft in Scotland’, Area,27 (1995), 77 Rhodes Dunlap, ‘King James and some witches: the date and text of the Daemonologie’, Philological Quarterly, 54 (1975), 40–6 John Ferguson, ‘Bibliographical notes on the witchcraft literature of Scotland’, Proceedings of the Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, 3 (1895), 37–124 R. Menzies Fergusson, ‘The witches of Alloa’, Scottish Historical Review, 4 (1907), 40–8 Daniel Fischlin, ‘ “Counterfeiting God”: James VI (I) and the politics of Daemonologie (1597)’, Journal of Narrative Technique, 26 (1996), 1–27; also published in Graham Caie et al. (eds.), The European Sun: Proceedings of the Sev- enth International Conference on Medieval and Renaissance Scottish Language and Literature (East Linton, 2001), 452–74 Keely Fisher, ‘Eldritch comic verse in older Scots’, in Sally Mapstone (ed.), Older Scots Literature (Edinburgh, 2005), 292–313 Mary Floyd-Wilson, ‘English epicures and Scottish witches’, Shakespeare Quarterly, 57 (2006), 131–61 William Gillies, ‘The Land of the Little People in medieval Gaelic literary tra- dition’, in Alasdair A. MacDonald and Kees Dekker (eds.), Rhetoric, Royalty, and Reality: Essays on the Literary Culture of Medieval and Early Modern Scotland (Leuven, 2005), 51–68 Julian Goodare, ‘Women and -hunt in Scotland’, Social History,23 (1998), 288–308 Julian Goodare, ‘The Aberdeenshire witchcraft panic of 1597’, Northern Scotland, 21 (2001), 1–21 Julian Goodare, ‘The framework for Scottish witch-hunting in the 1590s’, Scottish Historical Review, 81 (2002), 240–50 238 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft

Julian Goodare (ed.), The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester, 2002). Contents: • Ronald Hutton, ‘The global context of the Scottish witch-hunt’, pp. 16–32 • Stuart Macdonald, ‘In search of the Devil in witchcraft cases, 1560–1705’, pp. 33–50 • Julian Goodare, ‘The Scottish witchcraft panic of 1597’, pp. 51–72 • Lauren Martin, ‘The Devil and the domestic: witchcraft, quarrels and women’s work in Scotland’, pp. 73–89 • Joyce Miller, ‘Devices and directions: folk healing aspects of witchcraft practice in seventeenth-century Scotland’, pp. 90–105 • Louise Yeoman, ‘Hunting the rich witch in Scotland: high-status witchcraft suspects and their persecutors, 1590–1650’, pp. 106–21 • Julian Goodare, ‘Witch-hunting and the Scottish state’, pp. 122–45 • Michael Wasser, ‘The western witch-hunt of 1697–1700: the last major witch- hunt in Scotland’, pp. 146–65 • Brian P. Levack, ‘The decline and end of Scottish witch-hunting’, pp. 166–81 • James Sharpe, ‘Witch-hunting, witchcraft and witch historiography: England and Scotland compared’, pp. 182–97 • Edward J. Cowan and Lizanne Henderson, ‘The last of the witches? The survival of Scottish witch belief’, pp. 198–217 Julian Goodare, ‘John Knox on demonology and witchcraft’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 96 (2005), 221–45 Julian Goodare, ‘The Scottish witchcraft act’, Church History, 74 (2005), 39–67 Julian Goodare, ‘Men and the witch-hunt in Scotland’, in Alison Rowlands (ed.), Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe (Basingstoke, 2009), 148–70 Julian Goodare, ‘The cult of the seely wights in Scotland’, Folklore, 123 (2012), 198–219 Julian Goodare, ‘Witchcraft in Scotland’, in Brian P. Levack (ed.), The Oxford Hand- book of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America (Oxford, 2013), 300–17 Julian Goodare, Lauren Martin and Joyce Miller (eds.), Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland (Basingstoke, 2008). Contents: • Julian Goodare, ‘Scottish witchcraft in its European context’, pp. 26–50 • Lauren Martin and Joyce Miller, ‘Some findings from the Survey of Scottish Witchcraft’, pp. 51–70 • Edward J. Cowan, ‘Witch persecution and popular belief in Lowland Scotland: the Devil’s decade’, pp. 71–94 • Lizanne Henderson, ‘Witch hunting and witch belief in the Gàidhealtachd’, pp. 95–118 • Lauren Martin, ‘Scottish witchcraft panics re-examined’, pp. 119–43 • Joyce Miller, ‘Men in black: appearances of the Devil in early modern Scottish witchcraft discourse’, pp. 144–65 • Brian P. Levack, ‘ in early modern Scotland’, pp. 166–84 • Owen Davies, ‘A comparative perspective on Scottish cunning-folk and charmers’, pp. 185–205 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 239

• Michael Wasser, ‘The mechanical world-view and the decline of witch-beliefs in Scotland’, pp. 206–26 • Hugh Cheape, “‘Charms against witchcraft”: magic and mischief in museum collections’, pp. 227–48 Alaric Hall, ‘Getting shot of : healing, witchcraft and in the Scottish witchcraft trials’, Folklore, 116 (2005), 19–36 Alaric Hall, ‘Folk-healing, fairies and witchcraft: the trial of Stein Maltman, Stirling 1628’, Studia Celtica Fennica, 3 (2006), 10–25 Alaric Hall, ‘The etymology and meanings of eldritch’, Scottish Language,26 (2007), 16–22 Alison Hanham, ‘ “The Scottish ”: a wild witch chase’, Scottish Studies,13 (1969), 59–65 R. L. Harris, ‘Janet Douglas and the witches of Pollock: the background of scepti- cism in Scotland in the 1670s’, in S. R. McKenna (ed.), Selected Essays on Scottish Language and Literature: A Festschrift in Honor of Allan H. MacLaine (Lewiston, NY, 1992), 97–124 Lizanne Henderson, ‘The road to Elfland: fairy belief and the Child Ballads’, in Edward J. Cowan (ed.), The Ballad in Scottish History (East Linton, 2000), 54–72 Lizanne Henderson, ‘The survival of witchcraft prosecutions and witch belief in southwestScotland’,Scottish Historical Review, 85 (2006), 54–76 Lizanne Henderson, ‘Charmers, spells and holy wells: the repackaging of belief’, Review of Scottish Culture, 19 (2007), 10–26 Lizanne Henderson (ed.), Fantastical Imaginations: The Supernatural in Scottish History and Culture (East Linton, 2009). Contents: • Edward J. Cowan, ‘The discovery of the future: prophecy and second sight in Scottish history’, pp. 1–28 • Louise Yeoman, ‘Away with the fairies’, pp. 29–46 • George M. Brunsden, ‘Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century and the Scottish popular almanac’, pp. 47–69 • Hugh Cheape, ‘From natural to supernatural: the material culture of charms and amulets’, pp. 70–90 • Colin Kidd, ‘The Scottish Enlightenment and the supernatural’, pp. 91–109 • Douglas Gifford, ‘ “Nathaniel Gow’s toddy”: the supernatural in Lowland Scottish literature from Burns and Scott to the present day’, 110–140 • Lizanne Henderson, ‘Witch, fairy and folktale narratives in the trial of Bessie Dunlop’, pp. 141–66 • Margaret Bennett, ‘Stories of the supernatural: from local memorate to Scottish legend’, pp. 167–84 • John MacInnes, ‘The Church and traditional belief in Gaelic society’, pp. 185–95 • Juliette Wood, ‘Lewis Spence: remembering the Celts’, pp. 196–211 • Valentina Bold, ‘The Wicker Man: virgin sacrifice in Dumfries and Galloway’, pp. 212–20 Lizanne Henderson, ‘ “Detestable slaves of the Devil”: changing ideas about witchcraft in sixteenth-century Scotland’, in Edward J. Cowan and Lizanne Henderson (eds.), A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland, 1000 to 1600 (Edinburgh, 2011), 226–53 240 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft

Lizanne Henderson, ‘The witches of Bute’, in Anna Ritchie (ed.), Historic Bute: Land and People (Edinburgh, 2012), 151–61 Lizanne Henderson and Edward J. Cowan, Scottish Fairy Belief: A History (East Linton, 2001) Michael Hunter, ‘The discovery of second sight in late 17th-century Scotland’, History Today, 51:6 (June 2001), 48–53 Ronald Hutton, ‘Witch-hunting in Celtic societies’, Past and Present, 212 (August 2011), 43–71 Clare Jackson, ‘Judicial torture, the liberties of the subject, and Anglo-Scottish relations, 1660–1690’, in T. C. Smout (ed.), Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900 (Oxford, 2005), 75–101 Laura Kolb, ‘Playing with : interrogating the supernatural in Jacobean drama’, Forum for Modern Language Studies, 43 (2007), 337–50 Christina Larner, ‘English and Scotch witches’, New Edinburgh Review,11(Febru- ary 1971), 25–9 Christina Larner, ‘James VI and I and witchcraft’, in Alan G. R. Smith (ed.), The Reign of James VI and I (London, 1973), 74–90 Christina Larner, ‘Two late Scottish witchcraft tracts: Witch-Craft Proven and The Tryal of Witchcraft’, in Sydney Anglo (ed.), The Damned Art: Essays in the Literature of Witchcraft (London, 1977), 227–45 Christina Larner, ‘ “Crimen exceptum”? The crime of witchcraft in Europe’, in V. A. C. Gatrell, Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker (eds.), Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Europe since 1500 (London, 1980), 49–75 Christina Larner, Enemies of God: The Witch-Hunt in Scotland (London, 1981) Christina Larner, ‘Witch-beliefs and witch-hunting in England and Scotland’, History Today, 31:2 (February 1981), 32–6 Christina Larner, The Thinking Peasant: Popular and Educated Belief in Pre-Industrial Culture (Gifford Lectures in Natural , 1982) (Glasgow, 1982) Christina Larner, Witchcraft and Religion: The Politics of Popular Belief (Oxford, 1984). Contents: • ‘James VI and I and witchcraft’, pp. 3–22 • ‘The crime of witchcraft in Scotland’, pp. 23–33 •“‘Crimen exceptum”? The crime of witchcraft in Europe’, pp. 35–67 • ‘Witch beliefs and accusations in England and Scotland’, pp. 69–78 • ‘Witchcraft past and present: (i) Is all witchcraft really witchcraft? (ii) Was witch-hunting woman-hunting? (iii) When is a witch-hunt a witch-hunt?’, pp. 79–91 • ‘Relativism and ethnocentrism: popular and educated beliefs in pre-industrial culture (The Gifford Lectures in Natural Theology, 1982)’, pp. 95–165 Christina Larner, ‘Healing in pre-industrial Britain’, in Mike Saks (ed.), Alternative Medicine in Britain (Oxford, 1992), 25–34 Jacqueline E. M. Latham, ‘The Tempest and King James’ Daemonologie’, Shakespeare Studies, 28 (1975), 117–23 Brian P. Levack, ‘The great Scottish witch-hunt of 1661–1662’, Journal of British Studies, 20 (1980), 90–108 Brian P. Levack (ed.), Witchcraft in Scotland (New York, 1992). Reprints. Contents: • F. Legge, ‘Witchcraft in Scotland’, Scottish Review, 18 (1891), 257–88 • Christina Larner, ‘The crime of witchcraft in Scotland’, in her Witchcraft and Religion: The Politics of Popular Belief (Oxford, 1984), 23–33 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 241

• John Ferguson, ‘Bibliographical notes on the witchcraft literature of Scotland’, Proceedings of the Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, 3 (1895), 37–124 • G. F. Black, ‘A calendar of cases of witchcraft in Scotland, 1510–1727’, Bul- letin of the New York Public Library, 41 (1937), 811–47, 917–36; 42 (1938), 34–74 • Edward J. Cowan, ‘The darker vision of the Scottish Renaissance: the Devil and Francis Stewart’, in Ian B. Cowan and Duncan Shaw (eds.), The Renaissance and Reformation in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1983), 125–40 • Christina Larner, ‘Witch-beliefs and witch-hunting in England and Scotland’, History Today, 31:2 (February 1981), 32–6 • Brian P. Levack, ‘The great Scottish witch-hunt of 1661–1662’, Journal of British Studies, 20 (1980), 90–108 • W. N. Neill, ‘The professional pricker and his test for witchcraft’, Scottish Historical Review, 19 (1922), 205–13 • M. A. Murray, ‘The “Devil” of North Berwick’, Scottish Historical Review,15 (1918), 310–21 • William Roughead, ‘The witches of North Berwick’, in his TheRiddleofthe Ruthvens and Other Studies (Edinburgh, 1936), 144–66 • Helen Stafford, ‘Notes on Scottish witchcraft cases, 1590–91’, in Norton Downs (ed.), Essays in Honor of Conyers Read (Chicago, Ill., 1953), 96–118, 278–84 • A. E. Truckell (ed.), ‘Unpublished witchcraft trials’, Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society,3rdser.,51 (1975), 48–58, and 52 (1976), 95–108 • James Hutchisone, ‘A sermon on witchcraft in 1697’, ed. George Neilson, Scottish Historical Review, 7 (1910), 390–9 Brian P. Levack (ed.), New Perspectives on Witchcraft, Magic and Demonology, vol. iii: Witchcraft in the British Isles and New England (London, 2001). Reprints. Contents include: • P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘The fear of the king is death: James VI and the witches of East Lothian’, in W. G. Naphy and Penny Roberts (eds.), Fear in Early Modern Society (Manchester, 1997), 209–25 • S. W. McDonald, A. Thom and A. Thom, ‘The Bargarran witch trial: a psychiatric reassessment’, Scottish Medical Journal, 41 (1996), 152–8 Brian P. Levack, ‘Judicial torture in Scotland during the age of Mackenzie’, Stair Society Miscellany, iv (2002), 185–98 Brian P. Levack, ‘State-building and witch-hunting in early modern Scotland’, in Johannes Dillinger, Jürgen M. Schmidt and Dieter R. Bauer (eds.), Hexenprozess und Staatsbildung: Witch-Trials and State-Building (Bielefeld, 2008), 77–95 Brian P. Levack, Witch-Hunting in Scotland: Law, Politics and Religion (London, 2008). Contents: • ‘Witch-hunting in Scotland and England’, pp. 1–14 • ‘Witchcraft and the law in early modern Scotland’, pp. 15–33 • ‘King James VI and witchcraft’, pp. 34–54 • ‘Witch-hunting in revolutionary Britain’, pp. 55–80 • ‘The great Scottish witch-hunt of 1661–2’, pp. 81–97 • ‘Absolutism, state-building, and witchcraft’, pp. 98–114 • ‘Demonic possession and witch-hunting in Scotland’, pp. 115–30 242 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft

• ‘The decline and end of Scottish witch-hunting’, pp. 131–44 • ‘Witch-hunting and witch-murder in early eighteenth-century Scotland’, pp. 145–61 Emily Lyle, Fairies and Folk: Approaches to the Scottish Ballad Tradition (Trier, 2007) J. A. MacCulloch, ‘The mingling of fairy and witch beliefs in sixteenth and seventeenth century Scotland’, Folk-Lore, 32 (1921), 227–44 Stuart Macdonald, The Witches of Fife: Witch-Hunting in a Scottish Shire, 1560–1710 (East Linton, 2002) Stuart Macdonald, ‘Torture and the Scottish witch-hunt: a re-examination’, Scottish Tradition, 27 (2002), 95–114 Stuart Macdonald, ‘Enemies of God revisited: recent publications on Scottish witch-hunting’, Scottish Economic and Social History, 23 (2003), 65–84 S. W. McDonald, ‘The Devil’s mark and the witch-prickers of Scotland’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 90 (1997), 507–11 S. W. McDonald, ‘The witch doctors of Scotland’, Scottish Medical Journal,43 (1998), 119–22 S. W. McDonald, A. Thom and A. Thom, ‘The Bargarran witch trial: a psychiatric reassessment’, Scottish Medical Journal, 41 (1996), 152–8 William Mackay, ‘The Strathglass witches of 1662’, Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, 9 (1879–80), 113–21 Hugh V. McLachlan, ‘Witchcraft belief and social reality’, Philosophical Journal,14 (1977), 99–110 Hugh V. McLachlan, ‘The Bargarran witchcraft scare of the 1690s’, History Scotland, 7:5 (May 2007), 14–19 Hugh V. McLachlan and J. K. Swales, ‘Witchcraft and anti-feminism’, Scottish Journal of Sociology, 4 (1980), 141–66 Hugh McLachlan and Kim Swales, ‘The bewitchment of Christian Shaw: a reassessment of the famous Paisley witchcraft case of 1697’, in Yvonne G. Brown and Rona Ferguson (eds.), Twisted Sisters: Women, Crime and Deviance in Scotland since 1400 (East Linton, 2002), 54–83 J. M. McPherson, Primitive Beliefs in the North-East of Scotland (London, 1929) M. A. Manzaloui, ‘St. Bonaventure and the witches in “Macbeth” ’, Innes Review, 14 (1963), 72–4 Lauren Martin, ‘Witchcraft and family: what can witchcraft documents tell us about early modern Scottish family life?’, Scottish Tradition, 27 (2002), 7–22 W. Matheson, ‘The historical Coinneach Odhar and some prophecies attributed to him’, Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, 46 (1969–1970), 66–88 P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘The fear of the king is death: James VI and the witches of East Lothian’, in W. G. Naphy and Penny Roberts (eds.), Fear in Early Modern Society (Manchester, 1997), 209–25 P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘Witchcraft and the kirk in Aberdeenshire, 1596–97’, Northern Scotland, 18 (1998), 1–14 P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, Satan’s Conspiracy: Magic and Witchcraft in Sixteenth-Century Scotland (East Linton, 2001) P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘Witchcraft and magic in eighteenth-century Scotland’, in Owen Davies and Willem de Blécourt (eds.), Beyond the Witch Trials: Witchcraft and Magic in Enlightenment Europe (Manchester, 2004), 81–99 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 243

P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, Abundance Of Witches: The Great Scottish Witch-Hunt (Stroud, 2005); reprinted as The Great Scottish Witch-Hunt (Stroud, 2007) P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘King James’s experience of witches, and the 1604 English Witchcraft Act’, in John Newton and Jo Bath (eds.), Witchcraft and the Act of 1604 (Leiden, 2008), 31–46 Joyce Miller, Magic and Witchcraft in Scotland (Musselburgh, 2004) Scott Moir, ‘The crucible: witchcraft and the experience of family in early modern Scotland’, in Elizabeth Ewan and Janay Nugent (eds.), Finding the Family in Medieval and Early Modern Scotland (Aldershot, 2008), 49–59 Chris Neale, The 17th Century Witch Craze in West Fife: A Guide to the Printed Sources (Dunfermline District Libraries, 1980) W. N. Neill, ‘The professional pricker and his test for witchcraft’, Scottish Historical Review, 19 (1922), 205–13 W. N. Neill, ‘The last execution for witchcraft in Scotland, 1722’, Scottish Historical Review, 20 (1923), 218–21 Lawrence Normand, ‘Modernising Scottish witchcraft texts’, EnterText, 3 (2003), 227–37 D. J. Parkinson, ‘ “The Legend of the Bishop of St Androis Lyfe” and the survival of Scottish poetry’, Early Modern Literary Studies, 9:1 (May 2003), electronic journal Coleman O. Parsons, Witchcraft and Demonology in Scott’s Fiction (Edinburgh, 1964) Diane Purkiss, ‘Sounds of silence: fairies and incest in Scottish witchcraft stories’, in Stuart Clark (ed.), Languages of Witchcraft: Narrative, Ideology and Meaning in Early Modern Culture (London, 2001), 81–98 Diane Purkiss, ‘Losing babies, losing stories: attending to women’s confessions in Scottish witch-trials’, in Margaret Mikesell and Adele Seeff (eds.), Culture and Change: Attending to Early Modern Women (Newark, Del., 2003), 143–58 Anthony Ross, ‘Incubi in the Isles in the thirteenth century’, Innes Review,13 (1962), 108–9 Walter Scott, Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft (London, 1884; first published 1830) Charles K. Sharpe, A Historical Account of the Belief in Witchcraft in Scotland (London, 1884; first published 1818) Jacqueline Simpson, ‘ “The weird sisters wandering”: burlesque witchery in Montgomerie’s Flyting’, Folklore, 106 (1995), 9–20 Alex Sutherland, The Brahan Seer: The Making of a Legend (Bern, 2009) Margo Todd, ‘Fairies, Egyptians and elders: multiple cosmologies in post- Reformation Scotland’, in Bridget Heal and Ole Peter Grell (eds.), The Impact of the European Reformation: , Clergy and People (Aldershot, 2008), 189–208 Michael Wasser, ‘The privy council and the witches: the curtailment of witchcraft prosecutions in Scotland, 1597–1628’, Scottish Historical Review, 82 (2003), 20–46 Emma Wilby, ‘The witch’s and the fairy in early modern England and Scotland’, Folklore, 111 (2000), 283–305 Emma Wilby, and Familiar Spirits: Shamanistic Visionary Traditions in Early Modern British Witchcraft and Magic (Brighton, 2005) Emma Wilby, The Visions of : Magic, Witchcraft and Dark in Seventeenth-Century Scotland (Brighton, 2010) 244 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft

Liv Helene Willumsen, ‘Witches in Scotland and northern Norway: two case stud- ies’, in Peter Graves and Arne Kruse (eds.), Images and Imaginations: Perspectives on Britain and Scandinavia (Edinburgh, 2007), 35–67 Liv Helene Willumsen, ‘A narratological approach to witchcraft trial: a Scottish case’, Journal of Early Modern History, 15 (2011), 531–60 Liv Helene Willumsen, ‘Seventeenth-century witchcraft trials in Scotland and northern Norway: comparative aspects’, History Research, 1:1 (December 2011), 61–74 Liv Helene Willumsen, Witches of the North: Scotland and Finnmark (Leiden, 2013) Juliette Wood, ‘A Celtic sorcerer’s apprentice: the magician figure in Scottish tra- dition’, in Roderick J. Lyall and Felicity Riddy (eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Scottish Language and Literature (Glasgow, 1983), 127–42 Jenny Wormald, ‘The witches, the Devil and the king’, in Terry Brotherstone and David Ditchburn (eds.), Freedom and Authority: Scotland, c.1050–c.1650 (East Linton, 2000), 165–80 Louise A. Yeoman, ‘The Devil as doctor: witchcraft, Wodrow, and the wider world’, Scottish Archives, 1 (1995), 93–105 John R. Young, ‘The Scottish parliament and witch-hunting in Scotland under the ’, Parliaments, Estates and Representation, 26 (2006), 53–65

4. Unpublished theses

Michelle Brock, ‘The Fiend in the Fog: A History of Satan in Early Modern Scotland’ (University of Texas at Austin PhD thesis, 2012) Anna L. Cordey, ‘Witch-Hunting in the Presbytery of Dalkeith, 1649 to 1662’ (University of Edinburgh MSc by Research thesis, 2003) John , ‘Witchcraft and the Church in Scotland subsequent to the Reformation’ (University of Glasgow PhD thesis, 1948) Lizanne Henderson, ‘Supernatural Traditions and Folk Beliefs in an Age of Tran- sition: Witchcraft and Charming in Scotland, c.1670–1740’ (University of Strathclyde PhD thesis, 2004) Paula Hughes, ‘The 1649–50 Scottish Witch-Hunt, with Particular Reference to the Synod of Lothian and Tweeddale’ (University of Strathclyde PhD thesis, 2008) Paul M. Kidd, ‘King James VI and the Demonic Conspiracy: Witch-Hunting and Anti-Catholicism in 16th- and early-17th-century Scotland’ (University of Glasgow MPhil thesis, 2004) Margaret C. Kintscher, ‘The Culpability of James VI of Scotland, Later James I of England, in the North Berwick Witchcraft Trials of 1590–91’ (San Jose State University MA thesis, 1991) Christina Larner (née Ross), ‘Scottish Demonology in the Sixteenth and Seven- teenth Centuries and its Theological Background’ (University of Edinburgh PhD thesis, 1962) Lauren Martin, ‘The Devil and the Domestic: Witchcraft, Women’s Work and Marriage in Early Modern Scotland’ (New School for Social Research, New York, PhD thesis, 2003) Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 245

Joyce Miller, ‘Cantrips and Carlins: Magic, Medicine and Society in the Presbyteries of Haddington and Stirling, 1600–1688’ (University of Stirling PhD thesis, 1999) Laura Paterson, ‘The Witches’ Sabbath in Scotland’ (University of Edinburgh MSc by Research thesis, 2011) Sarah Rhodes, ‘King James VI of Scotland, His Treatise Daemonologie, and the Subsequent Influence on Witchcraft Prosecution in Scotland’ (College of Charleston and the Citadel MA thesis, 2009) Jane Ridder-Patrick, ‘Astrology in Early Modern Scotland, ca. 1543–1726’ (Uni- versity of Edinburgh PhD thesis, 2012) Elizabeth Robertson, ‘Panic and Persecution: Witch-Hunting in East Lothian, 1628–1631’ (University of Edinburgh MSc by Research thesis, 2009) Liv Helene Willumsen, ‘Seventeenth Century Witchcraft Trials in Scotland and Northern Norway’ (University of Edinburgh PhD thesis, 2008) Index

Note: Asterisks ∗ denote persons accused of being witches.

Aberdeen, 121, 124, 167, 180, 181, Argyll, of, see Campbell 183–4, 196, 205–7 Armstrong, Anne,∗ 163 county of, 19, 24, 55, 143 assizes, 19, 25, 45, 71, 72, 79, 226 Acheson, Agnes, 108 Atholl, 59, 166 Acheson, Janet,∗ 71–2 Auldearn, 7, 140–1, 144, 152, 161 Adair, Mr William, 210 Ayr, 180 Adam, Isobel,∗ 226 Adams, Margaret, 108–9 Bain, Margaret,∗ 202 Adie, Lilias,∗ 227 Bainzie, Robert,∗ 219, 220 admiral, 57–60 Bairnis, Gilbert, 196 adulterers, adultery, 17, 21–2, 24–6, Balcanquall, Robert, minister of 35, 87, 131 Tranent, 100 Aikenhead, Thomas, 213 Balfour, Alison,∗ 9–10 Airlie, earls of, 18 Balmerino, 163 Alexander, Agnes, 107 parish of, 196–7 Alexander, Elspeth,∗ 163 Banff, 180 aliens, 7, 121, 124, 129–30, 132, 135 county of, 19 Alloa, 131, 156, 163, 164, 180 Bannatyne, Margaret,∗ 114 Amazonia, 146, 153, 155 Barbour, Margaret,∗ 113–14 America, 152 Barclay, Margaret,∗ 203 Amsterdam, 195 Bargarran, see witchcraft panics Anderson, Agnes,∗ 113–14 Barker, Janet,∗ 191 Anderson, Elizabeth,∗ 172, 176 Barns, 50, 55 Anderson, Grissel,∗ 227 see also East Barns; West Barns Anderson, Isobel,∗ 220 , Isobel,∗ 207 Angus, county of, 18, 23–4 Baron, Jacob, merchant of Edinburgh, countesses of, see Erskine, Mary; 41 Leslie, Margaret; Lyon, Jean Belhaven, 73 earls of, see Douglas Bell, Bessie, 106, 109 Annan, 181 Bell, William, bailie of Pittenweem, Anne of , queen of Scots, 28, 227 34, 55 Bellenden, Adam, bishop of (Easter and Wester), 180, Dunblane, 72, 82–3 186, 192, 217 benandanti, 137, 143, 145–7, 154 anthropology, 4, 7, 69–70, 82, 145–6, Benbecula, 148 153, 158 Benevento, 166 Antwerp, 195 Bergen, 53, 58 apparitions, 127–8, 135, 137, 151, 216 Berwick, county of, 184 see also hallucinations bierricht (cruentation), 106, 119 Arbroath, 24, 27, 180, 183 Biggar, presbytery of, 89, 91, 93, 97

246 Index 247 birlawmen, 76 Calderwood, David, historian, 38 Bishop, Janet,∗ 10 calendar customs, 73 Bizet, Jean, 227 Christmas, 56, 58, 61 Black, Elizabeth,∗ 61, 163 Hallowe’en, 34, 168 Black, Thomas,∗ 129 Lammas, 44 Blackie, Janet,∗ 113 Lent, 131–2 Blair, Robert, minister of Holywood, Martinmas, 120 221–2 Midsummer, 44 Blåkulla, 166 Callendar, Bessie,∗ 227 blasphemy, 21, 22, 87 Calmar War, 52 Bohuslän, 60 Campbell, Archibald, 4th of Bologna, 166 Argyll, 23 Bo’ness, 180, 184–5, 192, 217 Campbell, Archibald, 5th earl of Bonnyman, Jean, 206 Argyll, 19, 23, 31 Bonnyman, Marjorie, 168 Campbell, John, 1st earl of Loudoun, Bordeaux, 166 chancellor, 99 Borders, 22, 184 Canada, 52 Borthwick, Alexander, 89 Canon Episcopi, 131, 162 Bothwell, earl of, see Stewart, Francis Canongate, 33, 165, 180, 188, 190, bourtree, see elder tree 195 Bowndie, Barbara,∗ 60 Carberry, battle of, 22 ‘Boy of Leith’, 166 Carmichael, Mary,∗ 227 Braidhead, Janet,∗ 151 Carrington, parish of, 119 branks, 104–5 Cass, Robert, of Fordell, 2 Brechin, 180, 204, 206 Castle Hill (Edinburgh), 191, 196, Bridge of Awe, 141 201–3, 208 Brisbane, James, 225 Cathie, George, witch-pricker, 92, Brown, Isobel,∗ 101 93–4, 96 Brown, Jean,∗ 219 cats, 126, 165, 167, 219 Brown, Katherine, 218 witch riding on cat, 161–3, 169, 171 Brown, Robert, 163 see also shape-shifting Brown, Thomas,∗ 226–7 cattle, 67, 71, 74, 77, 78, 83, 141, 148, Broxmouth, 76 190, 217 Bruce, Elspeth,∗ 166 see also dairying Bryson, John, 76 Chalmers, William, 125 Bryson, Margaret, 77 charity, refusal of, 217 Bryson, Patrick, 76–7 Charles I, king of , 85 Bryson, Patrick, , birlawman, Charles II, king of Great Britain, 94, 76 97, 99, 166 Buchanan, Janet,∗ 114 charmers, charming, see magical Burntcastle, 199 practitioners Burntisland, 180, 183, 185, 187 Chartes, Geillis,∗ 109, 112–13 Burroughs, George,∗ 223 Christen the Tailor,∗ 52 Bute, 142, 150, 167 Christian IV, king of Denmark-Norway, 50–3, 55, 56 Caerlaverock, parish of, 221–2 Christsonday, 129 Caithness, 227–8 circuit courts, see justice ayres Caithness and Orkney, synod of, 228 Clark, Margaret,∗ 220 Calderwood, Alexander, 105 Clerk, Christine,∗ 98 248 Index

Clochtow, 125 Cullen, 180 Cock, Janet,∗ 5, 84, 106, 109, 110, 112, Culross, 180, 185–6, 198, 199 116–17, 118, 125 Cumming, Isobel,∗ 169 Cockburn, John, 126–7, 135 Cunningham, Alan, 50 cocks, 161, 162–3, 171 Cunningham, Alexander, 50, 63 Coke, William,∗ 198, 200 Cunningham, John, of Barns, 50 Colden, Janet, 116 Cunningham, John, governor of Colden, Mary, 116 Finnmark, 3, 49–66 passim Colville, Alexander, of Blair, justice Cunningham, William, of West Barns, depute, 72, 83, 97 50 confessions, 88–9, 93, 99, 103, 114, Cupar, 180, 186, 196–7, 218 118, 170–2, 196–7 presbytery of, 93, 186 and demonology, 49, 53, 55, 61–2, Currie, Agnes,∗ 227 87–8, 112, 129, 149 Currie, Janet,∗ 108 and folk belief, 6–7, 58, 129–31, curses, 58, 68, 71, 72, 75, 77–8, 103–6, 133–6, 140–3, 160–9 219, 223 retraction of, 113, 189, 203 Cuthbertson, Margaret,∗ 10 of specific witches, 7, 10, 26, 38, 56–8, 61–2, 71, 90, 93, 98, 101, Dail, Janet,∗ 113–14, 115–16 109, 112–13, 115–16, 120, 129, dairying, 74, 75, 78, 79–80 131–2, 134, 140–3, 149, 151, Dalkeith, 1, 5, 125, 180 155, 161–9, 175, 184–5, 189, parish of, 105 191, 203, 226–7, 228 presbytery of, 1–2, 8, 10, 97, 103–20 see also memory; torture passim, 189–90, 200 consulting witches, 36, 39, 42, 44–6, dancing, 58, 110, 126, 143–4, 167, 171 85–6, 204, 213 ‘Davidson, Archibald’, 38 Copenhagen, 51 Dawson, John, 200 Corbridge, 163 dead, the, 138, 143–4, 165, 209 Cornfoot, Janet,∗ 226–7 demonic pact, 12, 13, 49, 53, 54, 56, Corsica, 150–2 71, 72, 87, 112, 141, 218 Coutts, Janet,∗ 89–90, 91–3, 96 demonic possession, 117, 127, 215, covenanters, covenants, 85, 87, 89, 218–19, 221–2, 224–9 141, 184, 190 demons, 124, 131, 135–6, 165 Cowan, Walter,∗ 114 Denmark, 36, 52, 192 Cowie, Janet,∗ 167 see also Anne of Denmark; Cowper,Patrick,ministerof Christian IV Pittenweem, 226 Deuart, Alexander,∗ 220 Craig, Jean,∗ 100 Devil, 7, 12, 28, 42, 68, 86, 117 Crail, 50, 55, 180, 185–6 appearance of, 56–8, 60, 127–9, 135, Cranston, parish of, 220 137, 167, 218, 227 Crawford, Isobel,∗ 203 in shape of dog, 57–8 Crichton, parish of, 114 in shape of horse, 217, 228 Crighton, Robert, 217 in shape of rat, 126, 129 crimen exceptum, 24–5, 27, 28–9, 30 Devil’s mark, 6, 71, 72, 80, 87, 93, Crockett, Elizabeth,∗ 131 99, 129, 131–2 Cromwell, Oliver, 94, 97–100 sex with Devil, 60, 129, 130–4, 172, crows, 151, 164, 174 219, see also incubi and succubi see also shape-shifting see also demonic pact; demonic cruentation, see bierricht possession; demons Index 249

Dick, Alison,∗ 198, 200 Duncan, Geillis,∗ 34, 202–3 Dick, Elizabeth,∗ 217 Duncan, Margaret,∗ 126 Dickson, Alexander, 105 Dundas, 125 Dingwall, 180 Dundas, Robert, king’s advocate, 227 ∗ Dobson, Margaret, 164 Dundee, 19, 180, 181, 183 dogs, 59, 115, 219 Dunehill of Spot, 72 see also Devil; shape-shifting Dunfermline, 180, 185–6 Donaldson, Robert, 144 presbytery of, 90, 93 donas de fuera, 143, 154 earl of, see Seton, Alexander Dornoch, 181, 225 Dunhame, Margaret,∗ 197, 199 Douglas, Archibald, 5th earl of Angus, Dunkeld, 24 40 Dunnet, parish of, 220 Douglas, Archibald, 6th earl of Angus, Durie, Marjorie,∗ 90 40 Dysart, 180, 182, 185–7 Douglas, Archibald, 8th earl of Angus, 3, 34–6, 38–9, 40–1, 42–3, 44–5 earthquakes, 145 Douglas, James, 106 East Barns, 67–71, 73–81, 168 Douglas, James, 4th earl of Morton, East Lothian, county of, 34, 55, 164, regent of Scotland, 29 184, 189, 224 Douglas, Janet, 43 Easter Ross, 226 Douglas, Margaret, 40 Edinburgh, 1–2, 5, 35, 55, 97, 178, Douglas, Margaret, countess of 180–2, 183, 197, 198 Lennox, 40 Douglas, Robert, 35 executions in, 191, 196, 201–3, 204, Douglas, William, 9th earl of Angus, 3, 208, 220 40–6 justiciary court in, 71, 72, 77, 88, Douglas, William, 10th earl of Angus, 126, 220 43, 45–6 presbytery of, 97 Douglas, William, 7th earl of Morton, proximity to, 1–2, 103, 186 35, 43 witchcraft cases in, 188–92, 193, 195 see also Castle Hill Douglas, William, of Lochleven, later ∗ 6th earl of Morton, 35, 42–3, Edisdatter, Karen, 56–7 44, 46 Eglinton, earl of, see Montgomery, doves, 77 Hugh dovecotes, 77, 83 elder tree, 161, 163, 171 see also shape-shifting Elgin, 164, 165, 167, 180, 206 Dowlach, Janet,∗ 219 county of, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24 ∗ dreams, 106, 122–4, 127, 137, 143–5, Elliot, Isobel, 164 ∗ 150–1, 156, 160, 170, 219 Elphinstone, Agnes, 110 Drew, William,∗ 223–4 elves, 144 Duchill, Margaret,∗ 61, 156, 163 arrows, 140–2, 144, 148–50, 162, Duffus, , see Sutherland, James 163 Dumbarton, 98, 180 Engagement (1648), 85, 87 Dumfries, 125, 169, 180, 181, 192, England, 3, 22, 29, 45, 60, 85, 94, 166, 200, 202, 205, 220, 221 179, 207, 210 county of, 217, 221–2 witch-hunting in, 3, 6, 9, 69, 91, Dunbar, 72, 73, 180 104, 127 parish of, 67–8, 71, 73–4, 77, 79 Erskine, Annas, 201, 204 presbytery of, 71–2, 97 Erskine, Isobel, 201, 204 250 Index

Erskine, John, 1st earl of Mar, regent France, 166, 226 of Scotland, 29 Frank, John, 199 Erskine, John, of Dun, superintendent Fraser, John, 216 of Angus, 20, 23–4, 27 Frazer, James, 228 ∗ Erskine, Margaret, 106, 109–11 ‘Frisland’, 50, 63–4 Erskine, Mary, countess of Angus, 35 Friuli, 137, 143, 145 Erskine, Robert, 201, 204 Fulton, Margaret,∗ 166–7 estates, committee of, 88, 89–90, 92, 94, 97–8, 101, 199 Estonia, 54 Gaelic, see Highlands Ewen, Katherine, 126 Gagge, Claus, governor of Finnmark, execution of witches, 1, 6, 10, 19, 71, 52 191, 196–214 passim, 220 Galloway, 97 Eyemouth, 101, 164 Galt, Maud,∗ 90 general assembly, 19, 20–2, 25–7, fairies, 6, 7, 128, 133–5, 140–58 85–6, 89, 99 passim, 162, 165–6, 169, 216, 234 commission of, 85–6, 89, 99, 222 fairy archers, 141, 151, 156 Geneva, 189–90, 195 fairyland, 129, 166–7, 172 ∗ , Janet, 126 see also elves; seely wights Germany, 4, 104, 187, 191, 208 Falkland, 181, 185 Gillies, Neil, 225 familiar spirits, 86 fatalism, 152–5, 172 Gilmerton, 190 Ferguson, Agnes,∗ 27 Glamis, Lord and master of, see Lyon Ferguson, Isobel,∗ 105–6, 109, 112–13 Glasgow, 22, 31, 55, 126, 180, 181, Fian, John,∗ 165, 167, 196, 205 192 Fife, county of, 17, 18, 19, 22, 50, 55, presbytery of, 90 ∗ 93, 97, 110 Glass, John, 226 towns in, 183, 188, 192–3 Gordon, Ambrose, 126 Finlayson, Janet,∗ 187 Gordon, George, 5th earl of Huntly, 28 ∗ Finlayson, Margaret, 90 Gordon, Janet, 206 ∗ Finnie, Agnes, 84, 126–7, 137, 190–1 Gowdie, Isobel,∗ 7, 9, 140–58 passim, Finnmark, 3, 49–66 passim 160, 161–4, 166, 167, 172 fish, fishing, 53, 54, 57, 73, 79, 168, Graham, Sir David, of Fintry, 28 179, 184 ∗ ∗ Graham, Elspeth, 116 Flinker, Bessie, 165 Graham, James, 5th earl of Montrose, flying, 6–8, 9, 58–9, 122–3, 129, 141, 94, 97, 99 159–76 passim Graham, Richard,∗ 35, 39 Forbes, Harry, minister of Auldearn, Grangehill, 144 141, 145 Grant, Sir Francis, of Cullen, 225 Forfar, 181 Grant, Marion,∗ 121, 128 county of, 18, 19, 23, 24, 27, 163, ∗ 166, 183 Gray, Helen, 125, 126, 205 fornicators, fornication, 87, 131, 220 , 3, 51–2 Forres, 180 Greenlaw, parish of, 220 Forrest, Jean, 106 Greenock, 181 ∗ Forth, Firth of, 178, 183–4, 186, 193 Grintoun, Christian, 75–6 ∗ Fortrose, 181, 226 Guthrie, Helen, 166 Fortune, Alexander, 71 Guyana, 146, 157 Index 251

Haddington, 114, 179, 180, 188 horses, 74, 77, 106, 110, 148, 156, 217 presbytery of, 89, 93–4, 96–8 fairies riding on, 149 sheriff court of, 205 witch flying on horse, 162 earl of, see Hamilton, Thomas see also Devil; shape-shifting Hairstains, Janet,∗ 221–2 Howat, Janet,∗ 163 Haldane, Isobel,∗ 169 Howie, Janet,∗ 114 Haliburton, Elspeth,∗ 113–14 Humbie, parish of, 164 Hall, James, 51 Hume, David, of Godscroft, 34, 38–9, hallucinations, 8, 122–3, 136 40 Hamilton, 180 Hume, Patrick, of Polwarth, 168 Hamilton, Alexander,∗ 223 Hungary, 145, 155, 168 Hamilton, Mr Patrick, of Little Hunt, Robert, 4 ∗ Preston, 2 Hunter, Marion, 162 Hamilton, Thomas, 1st earl of Huntly, earl of, see Gordon, George ∗ Haddington, 2 Hutcheson, Elizabeth, 184 Hammerfest, 54 Hanseatic League, 53 , 54 Hardie, Robert, 117 idolatry, 22, 222 Hardie, William, 117 imprisonment, 88, 98, 108, 114, 141, Harper, Janet, 222 196–7, 202 Harries, Richard, 222 incest, 22, 25–6, 87, 138, 204 hawthorn tree, 161, 163, 171 incubi and succubi, 130–1, 137 Hay, Bessie, 144 Innes, William, minister of Thurso, Hay, John, of Park, 142, 145 228 Hay, William, canon lawyer, 130–1, interrogation, see confessions 162 Inveraray, 181 headgear (caps, hats, kerchiefs), 71–2, Inveresk, parish of, 108, 113–14 75, 78, 82, 162, 165–6, 173 Inverkeithing, 20, 180, 182, 185–6 healing, 5, 6, 67, 71, 75, 80, 143–4, Inverness, 180, 181, 192, 222 146, 153, 155, 191 Ireland, 97, 220 see also magical practitioners Irvine, 180, 203 Helsingør, 57 ∗ Henderson, Bessie, 205 Jack, Margaret,∗ 226 heresy, heretics, 28, 202, 207–8 James VI, king of Scots, 2–3, 28, 29, herring, see fish 34, 36–7, 40–3, 198 ∗ Heslope, Bessie, 221–2 Daemonologie (1597), 2, 45, 56, ∗ Hewison, Jean, 114 130–1 Highlands, Highlanders, 11, 23, Jedburgh, 180, 184 141–2, 148, 183 presbytery of, 93 Gaelic culture, 152, 162, 163 Johnston, Arthur, 183 Hill, Agnes,∗ 108 Johnstone, Agnes,∗ 107, 113–14 Hodge, Janet, 78, 80 Johnstone, David,∗ 113–14 Home, Margaret, 74 Johnstone, Geillis,∗ 25 Home, Thomas, 75, 77 juries, see assizes Honningsvåg, 54 justice ayres, 18, 19, 22, 26 Hopkins, Matthew, 3 circuit courts, 220, 222, 223 ‘Horne, Janet’,∗ 162–3, 225 justice general, 19, 116 Horseburgh, Janet,∗ 226–7 Justice, Jon, 198 252 Index justiciary, commissions of, 2, 9–10, 72, Lanark, 162, 180, 190 88, 178, 226, 229 presbytery of, 93 general commissions, 89–90 Langside, battle of, 27 court of, 9, 72, 88, 116, 127, 188, Lauder, 180, 184 189, 191, 201, 220 Lawrie, John, 109 Lawson, Agnes,∗ 108 kanaimà, 146–7, 153, 155, 157 Lawson, Meg,∗ 220 Keill, Mary,∗ 226 Lawson, Nicolas,∗ 226–7 Keith, George, 4th Earl Marischal, 35 lawyers, 2, 72, 130, 162, 188 Keith, Janet, Glamis, 35 Leach, Marion, 105 Kelso, 180, 184 Leirmont, Mr Robert, 43 Kennedy, Janet,∗ 44 Leith, 42, 180, 181, 183, 189–90, 201 Kennoway, James, 212 see also ‘Boy of Leith’ Kennoway, John, 199, 212 Lennox, countess of, see Douglas, Kiberg, 56–7 Margaret Killilan, 166 lesbianism, 101 Kilmalcolm, 166 Leslie, Alexander, 206 Kilrenny, 181 Leslie, Beatrix,∗ 107–8, 112–13, 119, Kilsyth, battle of, 194 126 Kincaid, John, witch-pricker, 197 Leslie, Margaret, countess of Angus, 35 King, William,∗ 113–14, 116 Lhuyd, Edward, antiquary, 141, 151, Kinghorn, 180 153 Kinross, 180 Liberton, parish of, 129, 165, 189 county of, 183 Lindsay, Alexander, 1st Lord Spynie, kirk sessions, 5, 33, 71, 83, 85, 87–8, 36, 37–8, 40–1, 42, 46 92, 104–5, 108–12, 143, 178, Lindsay, James,∗ 169 187–8, 200 Lindsay, Robert, of Pitscottie, Kirk, Robert, minister of Aberfoyle, historian, 19 216 Lindsay, Thomas,∗ 164 Kirk, William, 198–9 Linlithgow, 180, 188 Kirkbean, parish of, 221 presbytery of, 97 Kirkbride, parish of, 220 Lithgow, Walter, 109 Kirkcaldy, 180, 185–6, 198, 200 Livingston, 159 presbytery of, 55 Lochleven, 41 Kirkcudbright, 180, 192, 198, 217, castle of, 23, 27 223–4 Lochmaben, 181 Kirkmichael, parish of, 219 Lockie, Janet,∗ 161 Kirkpatrick, Helen,∗ 220 Logie, Catherine,∗ 199, 200 Knowis, Lilias, 80 London, 108, 192, 195 Knox, John, reformer, 11, 20, 23, 32 Lothian and Tweeddale, synod of, 92, Kofoed, Hans Olsen, governor of 97, 98 Finnmark, 52 Louddon, Alexander, 199 Kola, 52–3 Loudoun, earl of, see Campbell, John Louvine, John, 110 Lachlan, Jean,∗ 161 Lowrie, James, 200 Laing, Beatrix,∗ 226–7 Lowther, Christopher, 1, 5, 6, 10, 13 Laing, Margaret,∗ 220 Lucas, Janet,∗ 124–5 Laing, Megot,∗ 164, 171 Lumsden, James, of Airdrie, 40–2, 46, Laird, Margaret, 218–19, 225 48 Index 253

Lyder Horn, 58 Masterton, Bessie,∗ 90 Lyle, Janet,∗ 113–14 Maxwell, Elizabeth,∗ 169 Lyon, Jean, countess of Angus, 3, Maxwell, George, of Pollok, 169 34–48 passim Maxwell, Sir John, of Pollok, 225 Lyon, John, 8th Lord Glamis, 35 mazzeri, 150–2 Lyon, Thomas, master of Glamis, 37, Mearns, 23 38 Melrose, Margaret,∗ 71–2 memory, 113–14, 144, 150, 186 MacCalzean, Euphemia,∗ 35, 36, 59, false memory, 124, 126, 132–3, 135, 168, 189 138, 142 execution of, 44, 45–6, 202–3, 204 Mercator, Gerhard, 63–4 McGhie, Rosina, 125 Meslet, William, 74, 76, 77–8 McGhie, William, 125–6 Messindiu, 167 McGill, Thomas, 219 midwives, 107–8, 210 McGuffock, Janet, Lady Tonderghie, Millar, Janet,∗ 125 12 Minnigaff, parish of, 12 McIlmichael, Donald,∗ 204 Mitchell, Christian,∗ 167, 207 McInlay, Margaret,∗ 98 Mitchell, James, 138 Mackenzie, Sir George, of Rosehaugh, Mitchell, William, 224 114–15, 164 Moffat, Bessie,∗ 116 McKeoner, Janet,∗ 223–4 Monro, Margaret,∗ 226 Maclay, Alexander, 226 Montgomerie, Alexander, 168 MacMillan, John,∗ 113, 120 Montgomery, Hugh, 3rd earl of McMurich, Margaret,∗ 98 Eglinton, 26 McMurray, Janet,∗ 217 Montgomery, William, 227–8 McNairn, John, 219 Montrose, 180, 181, 183 McNairn, Mary, 219 earl of, see Graham, James McQuicken,∗ 222 Moray, earls of, see Stewart McRobert, Janet,∗ 217–18, 220 Morrison, William, merchant of McRorie,∗ 222 Dysart, 187 McWilliam, John,∗ 98 Morton, Andrew, 78 Madrid, 195 Morton, earls of, see Douglas magical practitioners, 71, 76, 82, 110, Morton, Patrick, 226 144, 166–7, 189 Muir, John, of Caldwell, 26 attempt to criminalise, 85–6 Muirhead, Helen,∗ 200 comparison with witches, 10, 12, Murdoch, Margaret, 218–19, 225 107–8, 217–18 Murray, Annabell, countess of Mar, 29, see also midwives 33 Maitland, John, of Thirlestane, Murray, James, of Pardewis, 33 chancellor, 35 Murray, Robert, of Abercairny, 29 Man, Andrew,∗ 128–30, 135, 143 Murray, Sir William, of Tullibardine, Mar, countess of, see Murray, Annabell 33 earl of, see Erskine, John Musselburgh, 115, 116, 189 Mar, Violet,∗ 29 Myles, Margaret,∗ 220–1 Marischal, Earl, see Keith, George marriage, 37–8, 83, 187–8 Nairn, 180 marital status of witches, 12–13, county of, 144 184–5, 187–8, 200 Napier, Barbara,∗ 35, 36, 38, 43–5, 189, Mary, queen of Scots, 21–3, 27–8 203 254 Index

Naples, 195 Paisley, 181, 218 Nauchtie, Christian,∗ 165 Paiston, 20, 164 NcCuill, Marie More,∗ 142 Paiston, Janet,∗ 112, 129 NcLevin, Margaret,∗ 142 Paplay, Marjorie,∗ 60 NcWilliam, Margaret,∗ 142, Paris, 195 148–9 Parish, Barbara,∗ 159, 167 necromancers, , 11, 86, parliament, 18, 21, 22, 24, 32, 85–7, 222 89–91, 94, 97–9, 101, 223 , 4, 166, 179, 184, Paterson, Christian,∗ 112–13, 120 217 Paterson, Mailie,∗ 161 neuroscience, 8, 123 Paton, Robert, minister of Dumfries, New England, 127 221–2 New Galloway, 181 peasants, 53, 104, 110–11, 115, 117, Newbattle, parish of, 105 160, 171, 189 Newburgh, 181, 182, 185 peasant society, 4, 80–1, 177, 191 (c.1591), 166, 168 Peebles, 89, 91–2, 96, 180, 184, 190, Newton, parish of, 108–9, 113–14 199, 205 Nicinnarich, Mary,∗ 226 county of, 184 nightmares, see dreams; sleep paralysis presbytery of, 93–4, 97, 100 ‘Niknevin’,∗ 19, 26, 30–1 Penicuik, parish of, 110 Nilsdatter, Lisbet,∗ 62 Penman, Gideon,∗ 164, 166 Nimmo, Robert, 217 Penninghame, parish of, 219 Nin-Gilbert, Margaret,∗ 228 Perth, 149, 169, 180, 181, 183 Nisbet, William, birlawman, 76 county of, 55, 183 Nithsdale, 200 Petmurchie, goodman of, 124–5, 126 Normandy, 54 Philp, Margaret, 168 North Berwick, 34, 168, 180 physicians, 188 North Berwick panic, see witchcraft Pinkerton, 74 panics Pittenweem, 180, 185–6, 192, 226–7 Norway, 3, 28, 55 plague, 79, 190, 192 see also Finnmark Pogavie, Agnes,∗ 129 notaries, 29 Polwarth, see Hume, Patrick population, 96–7, 178–84, 189–90, Ogill, Margaret, 77–8, 80 192–3 Ogilvy, James, 5th Lord, 23–4, 27 possession, see demonic possession Ogilvy, Sir John, of Inverquharity, 23, Pratt, Katherine, 165, 174 27 presbyteries, 5, 85, 87–9, 92, 98, ointments for flight, 170, 173 186 Old Testament, 20 , 85, 87, 216, 219, Olsdatter, Gundell,∗ 61 222, 226, 229 Olsen, Morten,∗ 52 see also kirk sessions Olson, Margaret,∗ 228 Prestonpans, 77, 129, 165 Omgang, 57, 62 privy council, 2, 12, 19, 20, 41, 72, 89, Or, Marion,∗ 143 101, 169, 187, 197, 200, 204, Øresund, 52 222–3, 225, 226 Orkney, 9, 60, 134, 218 property of convicted witches, 89, Oswald, Margaret,∗ 84 116, 187, 199–200, 212 out-of-body experiences, 169–71, 176 proverbs, 37, 47, 152 Oyne, parish of, 219 Provost, Margaret,∗ 226 Index 255 psychoanalysis, 8 Russia, 53–4 psychology, 121, 134–6, 150, 159, Rutherglen, 180 169–71 see also neuroscience; sabbath, breach of, 22, 226 psychoanalysis ∗ witches’ sabbath, see witches’ Purdie, Christian, 110 meetings Saers, Janet,∗ 203 quarrels, 5, 58, 67–8, 70–2, 75–81, 83, Salem, 127, 223 103–8, 116–17, 125–7, 125 Salisbury Crags, 1, 5 see also curses Sami people, 52, 53, 54, 56 Sampson, Agnes,∗ 3, 35, 38–9, 43–5, Rae, Peter, minister of Kirkbride, 220 158, 168, 175 ragwort, 162 Sandie, George, 79 Ramage, Margaret,∗ 113–14 Sandilands, James, 7th Lord rape, 124, 226 Torphichen, 224 Rathven, parish of, 128 Sandilands, Patrick, 224 rats, see Devil Sanquhar, 181 Ratter, Andrew,∗ 223 Savoy, duchy of, 189 Ratter, Elizabeth,∗ 223 Sawrey, Colonel Roger, 203 Ratter, Katherine,∗ 223 ∗ Scientific Revolution, 215 Rattray, George, 222–3 ∗ scolding, see quarrels Rattray, Lachlan, 222–3 Scot, Michael, 165–6 ravens, 151, 164 Scotland, Elizabeth,∗ 184 see also shape-shifting Scott, Elspeth,∗ 109–10 Redcastle, 24 ∗ Redmond, Molly, 12 Scott, Margaret, 114 Reformation, 2, 21, 23–4, 86–7, 153–4, Scott, Sir Walter, 120 190, 208 Scott, William, 126 see also heresy Scott, William, bailie of Dalkeith, 5, Reid, John, minister of Lochrutton, 116 221–2 second sight, 151–2, 216 Renfrew, 180 seely wights, 7, 162 ∗ county of, 218–19, 225 Seith, Elspeth, 163 Reoch, Elspeth,∗ 134, 135, 138 Selkirk, 180, 184 reputations of witches, 4–6, 10–11, county of, 184 103–20 passim, 127, 177, 192 Sempill, William, 169 reputations of specific witches, 5, session, court of, 2, 28, 40 68, 71, 74, 76, 78, 83, 217, 218, Seton, Alexander, 1st earl of 220, 226 Dunfermline, chancellor, 25 Rhynd, Mary,∗ 166 Seton, David, bailie of Tranent, 34, 36 Richardson, William, 106 shamanism, 7, 15, 162 Ritchie, James, 116–17 dark shamanism, 140–58 passim Robertson, Margaret,∗ 126–7 following-the-goddess shamanism, Rome, 195 143–5, 153, 157 Ross, county of, 224 warrior shamanism, 142–3, 145, 153 see also Easter Ross see also benandanti;CanonEpiscopi; Rothesay, 181 donas de fuera;fairies;mazzeri; , county of, 184 táltos Rule, Elspeth,∗ 220 Shanks, Meg, 109 256 Index shape-shifting, 58–9, 67, 72, 75, 126, Spott, parish of, 224 164, 172 Spottiswoode, John, historian, 39 witch as ape, 126 Spynie, Lord, see Lindsay, Alexander witch as bee, 164 , 19, 26, 180, 183, 185–6, witch as cat, 58, 61, 75, 106, 126, 208 156, 162, 164, 217, 227–8, 233 presbytery of, 55 witch as crow, 164 university of, 50 witch as dog, 58, 61, 125–6 Stein, Marion,∗ 200 witch as dove, 164 Stensgar, William, 218 witch as hare, 164 Stevenson, Margaret,∗ 113 witch as hen, 164 Stewart, Alexander, 5th earl of Moray, witch as horse, 163 144 witch as raven, 164 Stewart, Christian,∗ 165, 167 witch as sow, 126 Stewart, Francis, 5th earl of Bothwell,∗ witch as wolf, 58 3, 28, 35, 39, 42, 45, 60 Shaw, Christian, 218–19, 225–6 Stewart, Helen,∗ 205 sheep, 74 Stewart, James, earl of Moray, regent Shetland, 205, 220, 223 of Scotland, 17–20, 22–8, 31, 32, Shirie, Isobel,∗ 160, 163, 171 33 Siberia, 7, 147, 152 Stewart, John,∗ 169 Sicily, 143 Stewart, Mary,∗ 218 sieves, 12, 159, 168, 175 Stewart, Colonel William, 42 Simpson, Cuthbert, 78 Stewart, Sir William,∗ 18–19 Simpson, Elspeth, 105 Stirling, 61, 180 Sinclair, George, 173 county of, 55 Satan’s Invisible World Discovered Stirling, John, 165, 174 (1685), 137, 216 Stirt, Euphemia,∗ 227 Skirving, James, 89 Stockholm, 195 Skirving, Richard, 89 storm-raising, 28, 34, 55, 59, 79, 155, slander, 71, 88, 104, 108–9, 112, 168, 167–8 206, 220 Stout, Janet,∗ 163 sleep deprivation, ‘watching’, 90, 99, Stranraer, 180 133, 197 Stratton, Janet,∗ 35, 38, 44 sleep paralysis, 7, 106, 108, 121–39 straws (for witches’ flight), 140, 159, passim, 169–70, 172, 174, 176 161–5, 171 see also out-of-body experiences Stromness, 218 Smellie, Janet,∗ 210–11 Sutherland, county of, 162, 225 Smith, Elspeth,∗ 101 Sutherland, James, 2nd Lord Duffus, Smith, George, 67, 73–8 166 Smith, James, 72 swallows, 162, 167 Smith, John, 67, 74–5, 77 Sweden, 52, 60, 174 Smith, William, 76 see also Blåkulla Smith, William, birlawman, 76 swine, 74, 76 Somerville, John, minister of see also shape-shifting Caerlaverock, 221 Szabó, Katalin,∗ 155 Sørensdatter, Kirsten,∗ 57–9, 60, 61 South Queensferry, 180, 182, 199, 200 Tacitus, 208 Southside, 218 Tain, 180 Spark, Agnes,∗ 163 táltos, 145–6 Index 257

Tarbot, James, 218–19 Walker, Margaret,∗ 108 Taylor, Helen,∗ 101, 164 Wallace, Lilias,∗ 226 Taylor, John,∗ 151 Walls, 220 ∗ Taylor, Katherine, 218 Wanton, Bessie,∗ 218–19, 220 ∗ Thom, Bessie, 207 Warao, 146 Thompson, Christopher, 223 water ordeal, 55, 56, 57, 59 Thompson, Hugh, 223 Watson, Janet,∗ 106, 115 Thompson, Thomas, 107 Watson, Margaret (1),∗ 161–4, 171 ∗ Thomson, Agnes, 113 Watson, Margaret (2),∗ 161 ∗ Thomson, Bessie, 202–3 Watson, Margaret (3),∗ 220, 223 ∗ Thomson, Elspeth, 125–6 Watt, Isobel, 109 ∗ Thorgiersdatter, Mette, 61 Webster, Agnes,∗ 205 Thurso, 192, 228 Weir, Jean,∗ 11, 201, 204 Tonderghie, Lady, see McGuffock, Weir, Major Thomas, 10–11, 204 Janet Wemyss, 181, 186 Torphichen, Lord, see Sandilands, West Barns, 50, 73 James , county of, 178, 185, Torryburn, parish of, 186, 227, 228 188 Torthorwald, parish of, 222 Westminster, 166 torture, 9–10, 25, 28, 34, 57, 59, 61, ∗ Wharrie, Janet, 222 90, 113, 129, 132, 185, 203, whirlwinds, 140, 141, 145, 162, 164–6 234 White, Janet,∗ 227 see also sleep deprivation Whithorn, 181 towns, 1, 4–5, 81, 145, 177–95 passim, Wigtown, 180 197–8 ∗ presbytery of, 222 Traill, Janet, 149 Wilkieson, Christian,∗ 220 trances, 7, 133, 144–5, 148, 150, Williamson, Elspeth,∗ 227 224 ∗ Tranent, 93, 94, 100, 165 Wilson, Christian, 106, 112 ∗ Wilson, Helen, 109 Tweedie, Marion, 110 ∗ Twynholm, 217 Wilson, Helen, 129 Wilson, John, 108–9 ∗ Uist, 148 Wilson, Margaret, 151 Umpherston, George, 78, 80 Wilson, Marion, 105 ∗ Ure, Marion,∗ 126 Wilson, Mary, 227 ∗ Urral, Grissel, 168, 206 Wishart, Janet, 126 witchcraft act (1563), 2, 21, 86, 204, Vadsø, 54 211, 213 Vardø, 54, 56, 58, 61, 66 witchcraft panics, 1, 3–4, 112–13, 118, Vardøhus Castle, 50, 53–4, 57, 59, 185–6, 190, 228 62 of 1568–1569, 2, 17–33 passim Veitch, Marion,∗ 164 of 1590–1591 (North Berwick), 1, Venice, 192 2–3, 17, 20, 26, 28–30, 33, visionary experience, 6–7, 143–54, 34–48 passim, 55–6, 165, 166, 219, 231 168, see also Newes from Scotland processions, 143, 151, 156 of 1597, 2, 3, 17, 25, 55–6 see also apparitions; dreams; of 1628–1631, 3, 8, 17, 72 out-of-body experiences; second of 1649–1650, 3, 5, 17, 85–102 sight; shamanism; trances passim, 103, 199 258 Index witchcraft panics – continued motherhood, 125 of 1661–1662, 3, 4, 5, 17, 103, 129 women’s work, 79–81, 185, 206 of 1697 (Bargarran), 164, 166, 169, see also Devil, sex with; lesbianism; 172, 220, 225 marriage of 1699–1700, 4, 215, 218–19, 225 Wood, Anna,∗ 217 witches’ meetings, 53–4, 55, 58–62, Wood, Christiane, 63 72, 120, 161, 163–5, 167, 169, 227 Wood, Elspeth,∗ 166 witches’ sabbaths, 55, 142, 154–5, Wrath, Agnes,∗ 226 160, 166, 172 see also dancing Young, Isobel,∗ 5–6, 9, 13, 67–84 witch-hunters, 1–4, 13, 17, 62, 97, 99, passim 111, 187, 212 Young, James, 73 witch-pricking, 88, 91–3, 99, 109, Young, Margaret,∗ 187 114–15, 197, 200, 228 Young, Thomas, 73 see also Devil’s mark Young, William (1), 73 Wodrow, Robert, minister of Young, William (2), 108, 126 Eastwood, 137, 224, 228 women, 53–4, 69, 104–5, 108–10 Zeno, Nicolo, the younger, 63