Equivalency Values and the Command Economy of the Ur Iii Period in Mesopotamia
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An Owerview of the Cryptocurrencies; the Theory of Money Perspective
Cilt/Volume:1, Sayı/Issue:2, Yıl/Year:2020, Sayfa/Page:147-165 ISSN: 2717-7890 Gönderilme Tarihi (Received): 07/08/2020, Kabul Tarihi (Accepted): 07/09/2020, İnceleme Makalesi (Review Article) AN OWERVIEW OF THE CRYPTOCURRENCIES; THE THEORY OF MONEY PERSPECTIVE Necip İhsan ARIKAN1 Abstract Before the invention of writing, which took place around 3200 B.C., commercial activities were carried out with small symbols named "Token", each representing different goods and services. It can be claim that the crypto tokens and crypto coins used today are digital and current versions of historical Tokens. As there is no regular transition from commodity money to fiat money, the transition from paper money to digital will not be outright just like a symmetrical line. Indeed, history is not a linear process. 2008 and 2009 were the years when both the global crisis happened where the trust in the traditional financial system was shaken and Bitcoin and its derivatives emerged as alternative de facto fiscal instruments. It is observed that crypto currencies still cannot fulfil the three basic functions of money. However, in the historical process, the definition and characteristics of money have changed and developed. Based on this thesis and the effect of smart contracts, the cryptocurrency community claims that cryptocurrencies are / will be more than money. Key Words: Cryptocurrency, the theory of money, blockchain, bitcoin, money 4.0 PARA TEORİSİ IŞIĞINDA KRİPTO PARALARA DAİR GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Özet M.Ö. 3200 yıllarında gerçekleşen yazının icadından önce ticari faaliyetler; her biri farklı mal ve hizmeti temsil eden “Token” isimli küçük sembollerle yapılmaktaydı. -
South Head Youth Parasha Sheet
BS”D South Head Youth! Parasha Sheet Parashat! Pekudei The Jewish people spend a whole three months building the Mishkan for Hashem. They sew together the clothes for the Kohanim and the Kohen Gadol, they constructed the holy vessels for the Mishkan, they built the gold-coated wooden beams and silver coated sockets that held the beams together and they embodied the curtain which served as the roof of the Mishkan. The clothing of the Kohanim and Kohen Gadol were designed and sewn by two great craftsman, Betzalel and Ohaliav. When it comes to making the Kohen Gadol’s apron, a very intricate design is used. The apron is blended with six different colors of thread, one which is a fine gold. They ask to make the Kohen Gadol’s Chosen (breastplate) on their own - they weave the breastplate, ” cut the the stones engraving them with the names of the twelve tribes and then secure them on the woven breastplate. Finally when all the work is finished by the Jewish people Moshe performs a quick inspection of all the items. To his amazement, each item exactly matches the fiery visions that Hashem had shown him on Mount Sinai! Moshe is so filled with awe that he blesses the Jewish people that Hashem should indeed dwell in the Mishkan which they have so lovingly built for Him. Now that they have been blessed, the Jewish people try to connect the beams to erect the Mishkan, but unfortunately, every time they try to do so the Mishkan just collapses. Every craftsman, builder and developer who had played a large role in the building of the Mishkan attempted to erect the Mishkan but to no avail. -
The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC. -
A History of Money in Palestine: from the 1900S to the Present
A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Mitter, Sreemati. 2014. A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12269876 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present A dissertation presented by Sreemati Mitter to The History Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts January 2014 © 2013 – Sreemati Mitter All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Roger Owen Sreemati Mitter A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present Abstract How does the condition of statelessness, which is usually thought of as a political problem, affect the economic and monetary lives of ordinary people? This dissertation addresses this question by examining the economic behavior of a stateless people, the Palestinians, over a hundred year period, from the last decades of Ottoman rule in the early 1900s to the present. Through this historical narrative, it investigates what happened to the financial and economic assets of ordinary Palestinians when they were either rendered stateless overnight (as happened in 1948) or when they suffered a gradual loss of sovereignty and control over their economic lives (as happened between the early 1900s to the 1930s, or again between 1967 and the present). -
Treasures of Iran
Treasures of Iran 15 Days Treasures of Iran Home to some of the world's most renowned and best-preserved archaeological sites, Iran is a mecca for art, history, and culture. This 15-day itinerary explores the fascinating cities of Tehran, Shiraz, Yazd, and Isfahan, and showcases Iran's rich, textured past while visiting ancient ruins, palaces, and world-class museums. Wander vibrant bazaars, behold Iran's crown jewels, and visit dazzling mosques adorned with blue and aqua tile mosaics. With your local guide who has led trips here for over 23 years, be one of the few lucky travelers to discover this unique destination! Details Testimonials Arrive: Tehran, Iran “I have taken 12 trips with MT Sobek. Each has left a positive imprint on me Depart: Tehran, Iran —widening my view of the world and its peoples.” Duration: 15 Days Jane B. Group Size: 6-16 Guests "Our trip to Iran was an outstanding Minimum Age: 16 Years Old success! Both of our guides were knowledgeable and well prepared, and Activity Level: Level 2 played off of each other, incorporating . lectures, poetry, literature, music, and historical sights. They were generous with their time and answered questions non-stop. Iran is an important country, strategically situated, with 3,000+ years of culture and history." Joseph V. REASON #01 REASON #02 REASON #03 MT Sobek is an expert in Iran Our team of local guides are true This journey exposes travelers travel, with over five years' experts, including Saeid Haji- to the hospitality of Iranian experience taking small Hadi (aka Hadi), who has been people, while offering groups into the country. -
Biblical Coinage Coins That Have Links to Israel and the Bible
Biblical Coinage Coins that have links to Israel and the Bible By Colin E Pitchfork 1) Quarter Shekel Unique in the British Museum struck before 333 BCE. The reverse (or tail side) portrays a seated deity on a winged wheel with bearded mask lower right Described by Hill (1914) and others as the first Jewish coin following the description in Ezekiel 10:16 Barag (1991) suggests the deity as the God of Yehud ie. The God of Israel. Gitler & Tal (2006) suggest it is a product of the Philistian mint produced by Edomite Jews and one of the earliest coins of the Yehud series. 2) Persian Empire gold daric struck in the time of Darius I to Xerxes II 485-420 BCE The obverse (or head side) shows the Persian king kneeling with spear and bow. The shekel is a weight when mentioned in the Bible but the daric is mentioned in Chronicles I (29, 7); Ezra 2,69 and 8, 27, Nehemiah 7, 70-72.Ezra 2,69 mentions in the verse “one thousand darics of gold and 5000 pounds of silver. 3) Yehud silver half gerah (issued before 333 BCE). With obverse a lily (symbol of Jerusalem) and reverse a falcon with Hebrew “yhd “ script. “YHD” is the Persian name for the province of Judah. 4) Bronze prutah of the Maccabean king John Hyrcanus I (135-104 BCE) “ Yehohanan the High Priest and the Council of the Jews” Biblical Coins - Coins that have links to Israel and the Bible by Colin E Pitchfork 5) A bronze prutah of Alexander Jannaeus (104-76 BCE). -
Blockchain's Regulations Trends and Reality Checks (Focus on Israel)
Blockchain’s Regulations Trends and Reality Checks (Focus on Israel) Patricia de Hemricourt Follow Dec 6 · 9 min read As regulators and legislators increasingly accept that blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies are far from being an epiphenomenon, legal and scal rules are being drafted and implemented at an increasing rate. For those involved in developing or using cryptocurrencies and tokens, it is hard to keep up with the changes and ensure that they are up to date with the latest developments. Fortunately, some lawyers are generous enough to invest time in giving detailed explanations of the upcoming changes. Adv. Adrian Daniels, Partner at Yigal Arnon & Co., is one of these individuals. He began his presentation about “Altcoins — regulatory and legal developments in Israel” at the “Blockchain legal and investors event” hosted by Rise Tel Aviv on November 6, 2018, with a short evaluation of the state of the crypto-currency market today. Please note that the information below is not intended as a solicitation, nor does it convey or constitute legal advice, and is not provided as a substitute for obtaining legal advice from a qualied attorney. You should not act upon any such information without rst seeking qualied professional counsel on your specic matter. Blockchain trends in 2018 The Bad News Daniels began by drawing attention to salient negative sides of the blockchain market tendency in the past year, raising. Has the hype about the bright future heralded by blockchain and cryptocurrencies ballooned and is this promising new market doomed to zzle out or is it undergoing a fundamental transformation. -
Twenty-Sixth Dynasty Necropolis at Gizeh
VERÖFFENTLICHUNGEN DER INSTITUTE FÜR AFRIKANISTIK UND ÄGYPTOLOGIE DER UNIVERSITÄT WIEN 29 WA FA A el-SADEEK Twenty-Sixth Dynasty Necropolis at Gizeh BEITRÄGE ZUR ÄGYPTOLOGIE BAND 5 WIEN 1984 VERÖFFENTLICHUNGEN DER INSTITUTE FÜR AFRIKANISTIK UND ÄGYPTOLOGIE DER UNIVERSITÄT WIEN NR. 29 WAFAA EL-SADEEK TWENTY-SIXTH DYNASTY NECROPOLIS AT GIZEH ANALYSIS OF THE TOMB OF THERY AND ITS PLACE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAITE FUNERARY ART AND ARCHITECTURE BEITRÄGE ZUR ÄGYPTOLOGIE, BAND 5 WIEN 1984 C Copyright 1984 by AFRO-PUB Verein zur Förderung und Publikation wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten aus den Fächern Ägyptologie und Afrikanistik Verleger und Eigentümer: AFRO-PUB Herausgeber: H. Mukarovsky Verantwortliche Schriftleiter: D.Arnold, J. Holaubek alle: A-1010 Wien, Doblhoffg.5 und Frankgasse 1 Druck: 0. Schanz To my parents V CONTENTS Acknowledgment IX Introduction 1 Chapter I Gizeh necropolis: its history 3 Chapter II The Tomb of Thery 11 a. History of excavation and discovery 13 b* Description of the tomb 17 c. Decoration of the tomb 22 Exterior 22 Interior 32 d. Thery1 s burial: contemporary and geographical setting 89 Chapter III Dynasty XXVI at Gizeh 101 a. General introduction 103 b. The Isis Temple 105 c. Individual tombs 114 Chapter IV Dynasty XXVI throughout Egypt 149 a. General introduction 151 b. Graves at Saqqara 155 c. Graves at Thebes - Asasif 166 d. Graves at Heliopolis 183 e. Graves at Bahriya Oasis 186 Chapter V Analysis of the architecture of the Tomb of Thery within the Dynasty XXVI pattern 205 a. Introduction 207 b. Building materials and local conditions 208 c. Architectural features 209 d. Comparison of likely use 212 Chapter VI Analysis of scenes from the Tomb of Thery within the Dynasty XXVI pattern 215 a. -
The Code of Hammurabi: an Economic Interpretation
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 8; May 2011 The Code of Hammurabi: An Economic Interpretation K.V. Nagarajan Department of Economics, School of Commerce and Administration Laurentian University, Sudbury Canada E-mail: [email protected], Fax: 705-675-4886 Introduction Hammurabi was the ruler of Babylon from 1792 B.C. to 1750 B.C1. He is much celebrated for proclaiming a set of laws, called the Code of Hammurabi (The Code henceforward). The Code was written in the Akkadian language and engraved on black diorite, measuring about two-and-a-quarter meters. The tablet is on display in the Louvre, Paris. The stone carving on which the laws are written was found in 1901-1902 by French archeologists at the Edomite capital Susa which is now part of the Kuzhisthan province in Iran. The Code was determined to be written circa 1780 B.C. Although there are other codes preceding it2, The Code is considered the first important legal code known to historians for its comprehensive coverage of topics and wide-spread application. It has been translated and analyzed by historians, legal and theological scholars (Goodspeed, 1902; Vincent, 1904; Duncan, 1904; Pfeiffer, 1920; Driver and Miles, 1952). The Code is well- known for embodying the principle of lex talionis (“eye for an eye”) which is described as a system of retributive justice. However, The Code is also much more complex than just describing offenses and punishments and not all punishments are of the retributive kind. The Code has great relevance to economists. However, very few studies have been undertaken from an economic or economic thought point of view. -
A Bank of Israel Digital Shekel Potential Benefits, Draft Model, and Issues to Examine
A Bank of Israel Digital Shekel Potential Benefits, Draft Model, and Issues to Examine The Bank of Israel Steering Committee on the Potential Issuance of a Digital Shekel May 2021 Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 7 1. What is a central bank digital currency? ..................................................................... 10 2. Recent developments regarding central bank digital currencies ................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Joint publication by seven leading central banks and the BIS................................ 15 2.3 Main developments around the world .................................................................. 17 3. Potential benefits and motivations for issuing a Bank of Israel digital currency ........... 22 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 22 3.2 Main motivations ................................................................................................ 23 3.3 Additional possible reasons for issuing a CBDC .................................................. 29 4. Draft model of a Bank of Israel digital currency, and issues to be examined ............... -
Why Are Central Banks Interested in Digital Currency?
Chappuis Halder | May 2020 | Why are central banks interested in digital currency? Why are Central Banks Interested in Digital Currency? May 2020 Patrick Bucquet, Sebastien Meunier, Marie Lermite, Andrew Gillick, Selome Gizaw and Rachel Kim 1 Chappuis Halder | May 2020 | Why are central banks interested in digital currency? Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................3 Why CBDCs are being considered .......................................................................................................4 Digital Payment Trends ............................................................................................................................. 4 What is money .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Objectives pursued with CBDC ................................................................................................................. 7 Design and Architecture choices for CBDC ...........................................................................................8 Design choices for CBDC ........................................................................................................................... 8 Architecture choices for CBDC .................................................................................................................. 9 To blockchain or not to blockchain ........................................................................................................ -
Taxation in the Bible During the Period of the First and Second Temples, 7 J
UIC School of Law UIC Law Open Access Repository UIC Law Open Access Faculty Scholarship 1-1-1998 Taxation in the Bible during the Period of the First and Second Temples, 7 J. Int'l L. & Prac. 225 (1998) Ronald Z. Domsky John Marshall Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.uic.edu/facpubs Part of the Law and Society Commons, Legal History Commons, and the Tax Law Commons Recommended Citation Ronald Z. Domsky, Taxation in the Bible during the Period of the First and Second Temples, 7 J. Int'l L. & Prac. 225 (1998). https://repository.law.uic.edu/facpubs/180 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UIC Law Open Access Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in UIC Law Open Access Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of UIC Law Open Access Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TAXATION IN THE BIBLE DURING THE PERIOD OF THE FIRST AND SECOND TEMPLES Ronald Z. Domsky* Part I: Period of the First Temple ....................... 228 A. Fiscal Policies of the Kingdom ............... 228 B. Revenue Sources of the Priesthood ............ 236 1. Tax Laws ............................. 236 Part II: Period of the Second Temple .................... 240 A. Governmental Validity/Force for Tax Laws During the Days of Ezra and Nehemia ......... 240 B. Explanation of Tax Laws .................... 244 1. First Fruits ............................ 246 2. Contribution/Offering ................... 247 3. Challa ............................... 247 4. Tenth ................................ 248 5. Support for Those in Need ............... 250 6. Sum mary ............................. 250 C. Smuggling of Taxes and its Prevention ......... 251 D. The Shekel and the Vows ..................