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Managing Pierce's Disease

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2/5/2018 Managing Pierce’s Disease Jim Kamas Associate Professor & Extension Fruit Specialist Texas A&M Agrilife Extension Service Viticulture & Fruit Lab Fredericksburg, TX A Historical Perspective From: A Feasibility Study for Grape Production in Texas, 1976‐ R.L. Perry 1996‐2009 A Raging Battle With Vectors & Pathogen Across Much of the State 1 2/5/2018 Xylella fastidiosa Biology • Xylem-limited Bacterium • Native to SE United States • Directly Occludes Vascular Tissue (Xylem) • Obligately Vectored by Insects • Intolerant to Cold Climates • Enlargement of Tyloses Adds Additional Blockage Disease Range in U.S. Now Known to Be Much Greater than Originally Thought 2004‐2011 Texas Pierce’s Disease Research & Education Program • Statewide Mapping & Testing • Vector Trapping‐ Species/Region/Seasonality • Epidemiology • Pathogen Diversity/Strain Relationships • Supplemental Hosts ID • Rootstock Trials • Resistant/Tolerant Variety Testing • Novel Control Methods 2 2/5/2018 The Game Changer in • Introduced California From Texas on Nursery Stock • Distant Flyer • Feeds on Woody Tissue • Vine to Vine Disease Spread All Sharpshooters are Voracious Feeders and Need to Change Feeding Hosts Frequently These Two Subfamilies have Very Different Flight Patterns Cicadellini Proconiini Cicadellini are More Efficient Vectors, But Proconiini Are More Distant Fliers and Feed on More Mature Wood 3 2/5/2018 Texas Sharpshooters‐ Proconiini Cuerna costalis Oncometopia orbona Oncometopia sp. (undescribed) 10 mm 12 mm 12 mm Homalodisca vitripennis Homalodisca insolita Paraulacizes irrorata 10mm 12 mm 10 mm Photos I. Lauziere & F. Mitchell Texas Sharpshooters‐ Cicadellini Graphocephala versuta Sibovia occatoria Ciminius harti 6 mm 6 mm 4 mm Graphocephala hieroglyphica Xyphon sagittifera Draeculacephala navicula 6 mm 6 mm 8 mm Graphocephala coccinea Xyphon flaviceps Draeculacephala robinsoni 10 mm 6 mm 6mm Photos I. Lauziere & F. Mitchell Other Texas Xylem Feeders‐ Clastopterini Clastoptera lineatocollis Clastoptera lawsoni Clastoptera xanthocephala 5 mm 5 mm 4 mm Lepyroniini Fidicinini Lepyronia quadrangularis Pacarina puella 10mm 22 mm Photos I. Lauziere & F. Mitchell 4 2/5/2018 So, What is the Relative Abundance and Variation from Season to Season? What Else We Learned From Insect Surveys Proximity to Riparian Habitat 5 2/5/2018 Do Injectable Neonicotinoids Work? Weather Is Still Has the Greatest Impact 6 2/5/2018 Xylella fastidiosa A Range of Host Responses • Susceptibility – the lack of resistance mechanisms. • V. labrusca, V. vinifera, Fr./Am. Hybrids. Great differences in field longevity • Resistance – the ability of the host to limit colonization by the pathogen. • V. smallii, V. arizonica and others? • Tolerance ‐ the ability of host to sustain infection by the pathogen with no reduction in yield. • ‘Black Spanish’, ‘Blanc du Bois’, ‘MisBlanc’, most wild Vitis species native to Gulf Coast and S.E. United States 7 2/5/2018 Maps of Disease Progress in a Viognier Vineyard During 2003 ‐2005 July 03 August 04 David Appel, 2006 July 05 Texas PD Symposium So Just Where is Xylella Anyway? QRT Plant/Sample Family Common Name ELISA PCR PCR Ratibida columnifera Asteraceae Prairie coneflower Chamaecrista fasciculata Fabaceae Partridge pea Magnolia grandiflora Magnoliaceae Magnolia Ficus carica L. Moraceae Fig tree Coelorachis cylindrica Poaceae Cylinder joint-tail grass Vitis rotundifolia Vitaceae Muscadine grape Vitis mustangensis Vitaceae Mustang grape Magnolia grandiflora Magnoliaceae Magnolia Juniperus ashei Cypressaceae Ash juniper Ratibida columnifera Asteraceae Prairie coneflower Hibiscus syriacus Malvaceae Rose-of-Sharon Pinus taeda L. Pinaceae Loblolly pine Setaria magna Poaceae Giant foxtail Callicarpa americana L. Verbenaceae American beautyberry Magnolia grandiflora Magnoliaceae Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora Magnoliaceae Magnolia Modiola caroliniana Malvaceae Grassland herb N/A Fraxinus pennsylvanica Oleaceae Green ash N/A Ampelopsis arborea Vitaceae Peppervine N/A Carya illinoinensis Juglandaceae Pecan N/A Magnolia grandiflora Magnoliaceae Magnolia N/A Osmanthus fragrans Oleaceae Sweet olive N/A L. Morano, TX PD Mgmt. Guide Xylella Strain Relationships? Peach Phony Disease Citrus Variegated Chlorosis Oleander Leaf Scorch Almond Leaf Scorch Oak Leaf Scorch 8 2/5/2018 Summary of X. fastidiosa genetics at one locus X. fastidiosa Extracted Extracted from: Characterization strain name from: scientific name based on gyrB common sequence* name 3032 Mexican hat Ratibida ELM, MUL, RGW columnifera 2325 Giant Ambrosia ELM, MUL, RGW ragweed psilostachya B4-1 Infected Vitis vinifera Grape Grape B1-50 Infected Vitis vinifera Grape Grape Bacch. Sea myrtle Baccharis ELM, MUL, RGW halimifolia 1318B Infected Vitis vinifera ELM, MUL, RGW Grape and Grape Dr. Lisa Morano, U. of Houston‐Downtown Summary of X. fastidiosa genetics at one locus X. fastidiosa Extracted Extracted from: Characterization strain name from: scientific name based on gyrB common sequence* name 3032 Mexican hat Ratibida ELM, MUL, RGW columnifera 2325 Giant Ambrosia ELM, MUL, RGW ragweed psilostachya B4-1 Infected Vitis vinifera Grape Grape B1-50 Infected Vitis vinifera Grape Grape Bacch. Sea myrtle Baccharis ELM, MUL, RGW halimifolia 1318B Infected Vitis vinifera ELM, MUL, RGW Grape and Grape Dr. Lisa Morano, U. of Houston‐Downtown 9 2/5/2018 X. fastidiosa strain relationships and potential recombination between strains • Host Specificity of Pecan Strains f Xylella fastidiosa subsp. Multiplex. R. S. Sanderlin, Plant Disease May 2017, Volume 101, Number 5. • A pecan strain of X.f. could only infect pecan, even though it is in the subspecies multiplex and should be pathogenic on a number of other typical hosts for that subspecies (sycamore, red maple, plum, blueberry, etc.), • Also, a sycamore multiplex strain could not infect pecan, • Message = seems to be greater host specialization of X.f. isolates than just the subspecies level. • Xylella fastidiosa Isolates from Both Subsp. multiplex and fastidiosa Cause Disease on Southern Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) Under Greenhouse Conditions. J. E. Oliver, P. A. Cobine, and L. De La Fuente. Phytopathology Jul 2015, Volume 105, Number 7. • BLS of blueberry is known to be caused by X.f. subsp. multiplex, • They inoculated blueberry with X.f. subsp. fastidiosa from grape and blueberry and got symptom development equal to that with inoculations with a multiplex isolate, • Natural Competence Rates Are Variable Among Xylella fastidiosa Strains and Homologous Recombination Occurs In Vitro Between Subspecies fastidiosa and multiplex. Prem P. Kandel, Rodrigo P. P. Almeida, Paul A. Cobine, and Leonardo De La Fuente. Molecular Plant‐Microbe Interactions Jul 2017, Volume 30, Number 7. • X.f. takes up DNA from the environment, left there by dead bacterial cells and incorporates it into its own genome, • One subspecies can take up DNA from a different subspecies, thus “merging” the two strains, • More evidence that the subspecies concept of X.f. is probably too simple, and a lot of the variability we observe is a result of recombination of subspecies. Lit. Review Notes Courtesy Dr. Dave Appel Texas grapevine evaluations Focus on traditional breeding Variety Trial Harvest 2014 Variety Parentage Color Vineyard Date Brix pH TA Leakey 7/26/14 24.4 3.72 6.4 U0502‐20 50% Chardonnay White Hye 7/29/14 25.5 4.09 7.8 Industry 8/6/14 18.0 3.42 ‐ Leakey 7/26/14 25.0 3.79 6.3 50% Chardonnay U0502‐38 Red Hye 7/25/14 24.0 4.02 8.0 Industry 8/6/14 22.1 4.00 Leakey ‐ ‐‐‐ 50% Cabernet U0505‐35 Red Hye 7/29/14 24.9 3.97 8.4 Sauvignon Industry 7/28/14 21.5 3.38 ‐ Leakey 7/26/14 24.4 3.72 6.4 50% Chardonnay U0502‐10 Red Hye 7/29/14 25.5 4.09 7.8 Industry 8/19/14 19.8 3.81 ‐ Leakey 7/28/14 23.9 3.81 5.85 50% Chardonnay U0502‐26 Red Hye ‐ ‐‐‐ Industry 8/19/14 19.1 3.8 Leakey ‐ ‐‐‐ U0501‐12 50% Syrah Red Hye 8/19/12 26.2 4.15 4.92 50% Chardonnay Leakey 8/5/14 25.1 3.86 4.85 U0501‐01 Red Hye 8/6/14 23.3 4.13 4.95 10 2/5/2018 2014 Harvest – Hill Country Merlot Sangiovese U0502‐38 U0505‐35 U0502‐10U0502‐01 U0502‐26 U0505-35 • Breeder: Dr. Andy Walker (UC Davis) • Parentage: A81-138 x Cabernet Sauvignon U0505-35 June 15, 2012 Industry, Texas U0502-38 7/12/2013 • Breeder: Dr. Andy Walker (UC Davis) • Parentage: A81-138 x ‘Chardonnay’ 11 2/5/2018 U0502-20 • Breeder: Dr. Andy Walker (UC Davis) • Parentage: A81-138 x Chardonnay U0502-20 June 11, 2012 Industry, Texas U0502-20 Harvest 2012 Fruit Chemistry 2017 94% & 88% Selections • 07355‐75 22.8 ⁰B 3.51 pH • 07713‐51 23.7 ⁰B 3.61 pH • 07370‐84 22.8 ⁰B 3.57 pH • U0502‐38 27.5 ⁰B 3.66 pH • U0505‐35 23.2 ⁰B 3.81 pH • U0502‐20 22.0 ⁰B 3.47 pH First Releases from Andy Walker 12 2/5/2018 First Releases from Andy Walker First Releases from Andy Walker First Releases from Andy Walker 13 2/5/2018 First Releases from Andy Walker And the Orphans……..? • U.C. Patent Attorneys are Open to Releasing a Few 88% (and perhaps 94%) Into Public Domain • Timing? 14.
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  • Homologies of the Head of Membracoidea Based on Nymphal Morphology with Notes on Other Groups of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera)

    Homologies of the Head of Membracoidea Based on Nymphal Morphology with Notes on Other Groups of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera)

    Eur. J. Entomol. 107: 597–613, 2010 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1571 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Homologies of the head of Membracoidea based on nymphal morphology with notes on other groups of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera) DMITRY A. DMITRIEV Illinois Natural History Survey, Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Hemiptera, Membracoidea, Cicadellidae, Cicadoidea, Cercopoidea, Fulgoroidea, head, morphology, ground plan Abstract. The ground plan and comparative morphology of the nymphal head of Membracoidea are presented with particular emphasis on the position of the clypeus, frons, epistomal suture, and ecdysial line. Differences in interpretation of the head structures in Auchenorrhyncha are discussed. Membracoidea head may vary more extensively than heads in any other group of insects. It is often modified by the development of an anterior carina, which apparently was gained and lost multiple times within Membracoidea. The main modifications of the head of Membracoidea and comparison of those changes with the head of other superfamilies of Auchenorrhyncha are described. INTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS The general morphology of the insect head is relatively Dried and pinned specimens were studied under an Olympus well studied (Ferris, 1942, 1943, 1944; Cook, 1944; SZX12 microscope with SZX-DA drawing tube attachment. DuPorte, 1946; Snodgrass, 1947; Matsuda, 1965; Detailed study of internal structures and boundaries of sclerites Kukalová-Peck, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1992, 2008). There is based on examination of exuviae and specimens cleared in are also a few papers in which the hemipteran head is 5% KOH.