Edukujące Owady | Sebastian Pilichowski, Zbigniew Zawada | EDUKACJA BIOLOGICZNA I ŚRODOWISKOWA 3/2014 65

The Educating Insects – edukujące owady | Sebastian Pilichowski, Zbigniew Zawada | EDUKACJA BIOLOGICZNA I ŚRODOWISKOWA 3/2014 65

The Educating Insects Introduction What do we need? The insects are becoming more and more popular 1) An insectarium. A terrarium/ enclosure which is – edukujące owady pets in Poland. Among them, the most popular are ants, adjusted for keeping and breeding the chosen in- butterflies, mantises, orthopterans, phasmids and roa- sects. The insectariums vary in their constructions Didactical material ches. Some other groups, such as bees, are important – that is due to different needs of various groups or domestic animals. Others – like flies – are used as mo- species. – materiał dydaktyczny dels in scientific and criminal experiments. The reasons 2) A place. It can be a shelf, table or teachers desk. for keeping such animals are various. One keeps them Better not to place the insectarium next to the win- in English and Polish for fun, another one for education, research, or as fee- dow because the sun may rise the temperature to – po angielsku i po polsku der insects (for example for mantids, amphibians, repti- dangerous level and kill the insects. les...). 3) The will. The teacher and children, pupils, students Sebastian Pilichowski, Zbigniew Zawada People in Poland, especially adults, are affraid of in- MUST HAVE a will to keep the animals at school.

sects. When ask those people about the base of this fear, Of course, at the beginning the most important is NAUKA they often cannot find an answer. Sometimes they say the teacher who should transfer his/her passion to that the insect can sting or bite. They are not aware that the students. Secondly, the teacher is the one who their own dogs or cats can bite much stronger, leading is mostly responsible for the health and life of the sometimes to very severe injuries. Another reason for class-pet. Polish version: pp. 73–76 fearing the insects is the flying ability. It is not very im- 4) A permission of parents. This is a very difficult is- portant that birds can do that either; birds are beautiful sue. How to explain to the parents the need of kee- Illustrations: pp. 77–81 or „sweet”, but insects are not. Only one group usually ping a class-pet, an insect-class-pet? Many of them exceeds „the ugliness of insects” – these are butterflies. will be sceptical due to the common fear of insects. SZKOŁA They are insects capable of flying, but they fly gently and The teacher should delicately explain the role of the Wersja po polsku: ss. 73–76 their wings show various patterns in different colours. chosen pet in education. Second option is putting Ilustracje: ss. 77–81 But even in this group there are „winners” and „losers”. an insectarium into the biology-class or laborato- The winners are day butterflies, while the losers are ry, or even corridor and exposing it to all children, moths, even though many of them are really colourful! pupils and students (as well as guest of the kinder- To provide some sympathy to these important for garden/ school). This option needs a permission of

biosphere animals, we give examples of insects which the director. KRÓTKO can be breed at schools, or even kindergardens. Here we 5) A permission of the director. The teacher should explain the reasons for breeding, as well as hints how to make it clear to the director that there is a need for mgr Sebastian Pilichowski: Uniwersytet Zielonogórski keep these animals, and most of all, we want to expose keeping an insect-pet. Then the director can help the importance of understanding the roles of insects in the teacher in persuading the sceptical parents. the world which is inhabited by them and us. The strong argument may be that this is still rare method of supporting the education, even though it was described in books from 19th and 20th century.

Part I. The role of insects in the biosphere a huge impact, in the world of nature. At the same time manipulations, such as transfering some flies to another the insects are huge and old part with an unmeasured bottle to establish new population, or to a terrarium to Among known animal species, insects species com- impact on the world of nature. feed a predator. Good solution in the place of a bottle prise over 70% of them (IUCN statistics of main animal with a piece of fabric, is a small plastic container with groups). They inhabited and conquered soil, water and Part II. A guide – how to keep insects at school? an original lid. In that lid, a hole can be cut out (about air. They live in almost all known types of ecosystems. 1 – 1,5 cm diameter). That hole is plugged with a piece of In general, the insects: a kitchen sponge. The sponge will provide a ventilation FLIES. Order Diptera. • are responsible for pollination of large group of and can be sprayed to rise the air humidity within the plants, Which one? Fruit flies Drosophila( spp.), domestic container. Also, the sponge can be easily unplugged to • are partly responsible for decomposition of dead flies Musca( domestica). let some flies fly/ walk out. organisms, Terrarium. Flies are usually bred for genetics-clas- In the case of feeding many young mantises, pre- • are transfering other organisms (often infective for ses purposes or as food-insects for pets. They can be pare some food-mix or squeezed fruit and put them on humans, other animals and plants) in their own bred in the plastic food-containers, cut bottles, etc. the bottom of a cut bottle. Cover the bottle with a mesh

bodies (inter alia viruses, bacterias, protozoans, Conditions. Maggots of the house fly and other si- which will prevent the mantises from escaping, but will NAUKA fungi) or on their body surface (inter alia fungi, milar in size species can be bought in the fishing shop. let the flies get into the bottle. In a short time of few mites, pseudoscorpions), They are not challenging. The maggots from the fishing days, many fruit flies will appear, becoming a resurgent • are food-base for uncountable number of orga- shop are already big and start to pupate soon. The pupas food base. It is important to spray the bottle once a day; nisms, enclosed within pupariums can be put into the terra- the food-mix, feed-fruit must not dry. • are important elements of local and global systems rium (as preys) with mantises, assassin bugs, predatory Common problems. such as food webs. Their role within those systems katydids, and other pets. Fruit flies are easy to keep. On A. Pay attention and close tightly the container with is not limited to „eat or be eaten” but the bottom of the cut bottle put a mix of yeasts, shred flies. They are able to find the smallest opening and fly • the insects also limit populations of some plant (e.g. apple) or squeezed fruit (e.g. banana), sugar and away. It gets worse when many of them escape and fly SZKOŁA species, or let them grow and develop, water. The food-mix should keep moisture, and prevent everywhere. • the same goes for other invertebrates considered the flies from drowning at the same time. A few days B. Too much water added to the food-mix. If there is as pests (for example ladybirds eating aphids, after preparing a bottle with the food-mix and leaving it a risk of flies getting drown, put a paper towel to the mix parasitoids killing various life stages of butterfli- e.g. in the kitchen, cover it with a piece of fabric and tie and let it soak some water up. es, dipterans, coleopterans, etc.), it with a rubber band. It is good to put some wood wool C. There are fungi in the container with flies. It is • at the same time they may be called pests, when or cut a piece of a raschel bag (the potatoes and onions probably due to too long period of using the same food-

appear in big numbers on plantations and sto- are often sold in it). Those elements will help the flies to -mix. Transfer the flies population to another container KRÓTKO rehouses, avoid drowning and will make the walking-space bigger and clean the one with overused food-mix. • transport seeds and spores (for example ants), for unwinged flies. The fruit flies without wings can be Observations. • provide precious products (for example honey, silk, obtained from breeders or institutes teaching and stu- A. Holometabolic insect life cycle. dyes). dying genetics. It is also possible to establish a lineage by B. Learning breeding the feeder insects. collecting wing-less individuals in a second bottle, even C. Observation of the fruit-fly external morphology Each of the above roles may be considered positive though it is an arduous activity. The fruit-flies are light- under the microscope. or negative in our view of interest. Nevertheless, we – -attracted. Thus, they will migrate within a bottle from D. Observation of the fruit-fly maggot external humans – are only a small and young part, but with dark place to the source of light. This feature may help in morphology under the microscope.

E. Modifications of the mouthparts. the day among twigs, branches and leaves. Thus, they The first four species eat leaves of raspberry, rose, F. Modification of the second pair of wings into the need some twigs, bark or roots – but not too much. bramble (evergreen!), you can feed E. calcarata and R. halteres (typical dipteran feature). They may hinder the moulting process when there will nematodes with oak leaves either. P. schultei eats leaves G. Mating behaviour of the fruit fly (male’s mating be too many of them. For Peruphasma schultei, the of privet (some plants are evergreen or almost ever- dance). terrarium may include an egg carton instead of roots green, the leaves can be collected during the autumn etc. The egg carton will keep the moisture and provide and winter and put into the fridge) and lilac in captivity. PHASMIDS. Order Phasmatodea, includes stick insects and leaf a hideout. This species needs less air humidity (40%) Common problems. insects. than other given above species (75-85%). To ensure it A. Too low terrarium (leads to problems with mo- Which one? There are over 350 species breed as pets we must spray the terrarium with water once a day (for ulting and then to deformations of phasmids body or all over the world (they are listed within Phasmid Stu- P. schultei approximately once for three days). Of course even death). dy Group Culture List). Among them we can find spe- it depends on the temperature and humidity in room/ B. P. schultei can spray a defensive liquid. Even cies very easy to breed, as well as very difficult. The best class. On the bottom of the terrarium, it is good to put though it is not so intensive as of some other species, it phasmids for class-pets are: a substrate or soil (for example sand + peat). It will keep can be unpleasant to smear it into the eyes. It is better

- Carausius morosus, moisture; the water will be evaporating from it, rising not to appose these insects to face and eyes. NAUKA - Medauroidea extradentata, the air humidity inside the terrarium. The substrate C. Unexpected problems with moulting, or someti- - Ramulus nematodes, can be replaced with paper towel sheets. Nevertheless, mes occuring canibalism may lead to leg-loss of phas- - Eurycantha calcarata, among given species, E. calcarata does not flick its eggs mid. If the phasmid still grows, it will regain the lost leg - Peruphasma schultei. all over the terrarium. It burries them in the soil, so if during the next moulting. Note, that it will be shorter. Terrarium. The terrarium for phasmids should be the terrarium does not have a substrate on the bottom, D. Delicate L1 nymphs. After leaving the egg, the most of all high enough to ensure successful moulting. the female will keep trying to find it. Then it is better to phasmids are really fragile and can be easily hurt. Ma- The phasmids moult hanging down, so they need to grip put a small box with substrate into the insectarium and nipulate with them really gently. The same goes to older the netting, twigs of food plants, or elements of decora- keep it moist – never let the substrate to be overflowed. insects which have just moulted. Their bodies are soft SZKOŁA tion. To provide good ventilation, the terrarium should C. morosus and R. nematodes are parthenogenetic, it and need some time to harden. have a netting on at least one side (for example in the means that there are only females which produce eggs, Observations. front) and on the top. Of course the phasmids can be from which only females emerge. In the case of M. A. A life cycle of hemimetabolic insects (from egg breed in faunaboxes from zoological shops. Other op- extradentata and E. calcarata, a female can mate with to imago). tion is an open aquarium, however it must be covered a male and produce eggs, from which males and females B. Moulting. with a mesh (small, dense netting) or gauze, tied with emerge. In addition, the females are parthenogenetic. C. Learning the food plants as representatives of lo-

a rubber band, or with a wood frame with an insect It may be important, while the males are not popular cal flora. KRÓTKO mesh. in trade. Finally, P. schultei needs either females and D. Parthenogenesis. For the species given above, the terrarium of ongo- males to produce eggs. E. External morphology of the insects. ing size will be enough for a few insects: 50 cm x 30 cm The eggs can be incubated in the terrarium, as well F. Camouflage strategies (resembling the sticks, lea- x 30 cm (lenght x width x height) (the bigger terrarium, as in the box with the ventilation and netting or small ves parts, etc.). the more insects can live in). openings. The eggs need to be sprayed to keep humidity. G. Defensive strategies (catalepsy – C. morosus, M. Conditions. Most of phasmids live in warm and wet Do not spray too much – this may lead to an attack of extradentata, R. nematodes, striking an opponent with forests. They are nocturnal animals which hide during fungi or nematodes on the eggs. legs with spikes – E. calcarata, spraying a defensive liquid – P. schultei).

MANTIDS. Order Mantodea, family Mantidae (representatives On the bottom of the terrarium/ container, a pa- D. Mantis does not want to hunt but it should – the are called „mantids”). per towel or substrate can be put, as well as nothing mantis has small, „empty” abdomen, moulted some (although it is not appropriate if mantids are sprayed time ago, etc. The mantises can be fed manually, nevert- Which one? Representatives of genera Sphodroman- every day). heless it needs patience. Cut big cricket into the smal- tis or Hierodula. There are situations when mantises do not want to ler parts, resembling a cricket of the proper size. Take Terrarium. It does not need to be very wide but high hunt: i) they are full, ii) they are going to moult or have a cutting with tweezers and slowly touch the mantids enough to let the mantid moult safetely. Sphodroman- moulted recently, iii) they are ill (usually it leads to de- mouthparts with it. It is very important to stimulate an tis and Hierodula insects attack other individuals, they ath), iv) the prey is too big, v) the female is going to lay chewing-reaction; if mouthparts make a contact with should be kept separately – one individual per insecta- eggs. remainings of internal organs and haemolymph, the rium. Small insects should be kept in small containers Although it is said that female always eats a male, mantis starts to chew and after a while catch „the prey”. (for example the urine containers are used), closed with it is far away from the truth. Whether the male will be It is a very useful method for feeding the blind mantids insect mesh or a cover with small holes. Small space eaten, or not – it depends on various conditions. The big (sometimes mantids get black eyes, it is usually a per- is advantageous for a mantis looking for its prey – the success is if the male will copulate with a female and manent illness leading to situation when mantid cannot chance of succuessful hunt is higher. The container sho-

will not be eaten. To ensure that: i) feed the female, ii) see and hunt). NAUKA uld include a stick to help the mantis climb upwards. leave the female on the end of a stick, iii) let the mantises E. Mantids do not want to mate. The male or female When the mantid grows, the container should be repla- mate in a big terrarium or an open-area, iv) put the male are immature, even though they are imagines. After the ced with a bigger one. Cut plastic and straight bottles behind the female in a short distance between them, v) last moulting, the insects need some time for their sexu- are good for adult Hierodula and Sphodromantis speci- the female should not notice the male and has to eat. If al organs to mature. It is safe to let the mantids to copu- mens. the female is ready to mate, male will notice the female late three weeks after the final moulting. In addition, the Conditions. These mantids grow good enough in and jump on her. The copulation can last even half of male learns to mate. I had a Sphodromantis male which the conditions of room-temperature. They like to drink a day. needed almost half an hour to understand „what to do” and need to be sprayed. However, some breeders spray SZKOŁA Common problems. with the female in the front. However, the male jumped the terrarium with water every day, others do it rarer A. Too low terrarium (leads to problems with moul- on the female during his next copulation after 15 minu- – even once a week. Rarer spraying is better because it ting and then to deformations of mantids body or even tes. During third time it took less than a minute, while prevents the fungi and bacterias from inhabiting the death). the male jumped instantly on the female during his last, terrarium. Young males and females eat similar amount B. A mantis has injuries. Possibly there were some fourth mating. of preys, they catch smaller invertebrates (e.g. crickets, crickets left in the terrarium which were hungry and Observations. locusts, roaches, flies). Older females, especially imagi- attacked the mantis during the night. If there is a po- A. Modifications of fore-legs. nes, eat considerably more than males. It is mainly due

ssibility that some feed-insects would hide, there should B. Moultings. KRÓTKO to production of eggs. A female ready to lay eggs packs be food left for them. If so, the crickets will eat carrot or C. External morphology of the insects. them into a ootheca (one female can produce a few oo- apple shreds, instead of mantids legs, etc. Second option D. Hunting strategy. thecas during its life). Newly hatched nymphs eat fruit is too big prey – the mantid may win and eat it, but the E. Mating behaviour and reproduction. flies, springtails and a couple of days-old crickets. Ho- battle with prey would cost a leg. F. Observations of hemimetabolic insect life-cycle. wever the fruit flies are the best for them because: i) they C. When mantids are fed with free-living insects, are not aggresive, ii) cannot harm the mantises and iii) they may be a source of illness and infect mantids, so- are very mobile, and while the mantises depend stronly metimes severely. It is not very often issue, but it hap- on their eyes, they are motion-attracted. pens.

BUTTERFLIES. Order Lepidoptera. Common problems. some space for substrate for the larvae. However, I re- A. Eggs are laid on mesh. It is especially common commend higher terrarium; it is really nice to look at, Which one? Recommended are: native representa- when there are no twigs, branches or food-plants of the when many beetles are not buried, but walk and fly in tives of the Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies) and kept species. Eggs are fragile but they can be transfered the terrarium. Some decorative elements can be added offered in trade Saturniidae (saturniids) family. to the incubation box or terrarium if they are handled – for example a birch twig and moss, those will increase Terrarium. It should be very big, especially for the gently. the contrast of colours between them and beetles. There saturniids. Best thing is building a cage resembling an B. Butterflies damaged their wings. Saturniids are may be a small plastic food-bowl or anything else, made aviary. Build a wooden construction, make the door for especially exposed to such damages when they are kept of plastic, what can be used to put fruit in/ on; it will manipulations. Cover the wooden construction with in too small enclosures. They rub they wings against the help in cleaning the remainings. On the other hand, the insect mesh. If the butterflies of native brush-footed mesh what leads to damages. fruit-remainings can be buried into the substrate to su- butterflies will be used only for show and then released C. Older catterpillars have hairs on their bodies pport a food-base for larvae. in a a short time, establish a 1 m x 1m x 1m cage. For which may sting a skin. Conditions. Temperature 25oC is good for deve- saturniids it should be considerably bigger, while they D. Adult saturniids can squirt a defensive liquid lopment and activeness of the beetles. It is also recom- are bigger than native brush-footed butterflies.

from their abdomens. Do not irritate them too often. mended to spray the terrarium once a day, especially if NAUKA Conditions. Exotic saturniids can be kept outdo- The liquid can dirty clothes. the temperature is high. The imagines eat flower-pollen, or during the summer. They develop and breed well in Observations. sweet fruit, and a jelly, produced for beetle-pets. The lar- 25oC. Spray a terrarium with catterpillars once or twice A. Observations of holometabolic insect life-cycle. vae live underground, in the substrate. They are called a week. When they pupate in silken cocoon, spray them B. External morphology of the insects. grubs. To prepare substrate, the leaves of oaks and more often to keep them moist (but not wet!). The lar- C. Modification of antennae (feather-like). beeches are needed. Before buying larvae or during ma- vae build cocoons on the twigs, leaves and even sides of D. Building the silken cocoon by the saturniid ca- ting time of the adults, collect fallen leaves and keep in the terrarium. You can cut them off gently and hang in terpillar. moist bag or box. They will start to decay soon. Mix the- the cage, where the butterflies will live. Pierce the silken SZKOŁA E. Modifications of the mouth-parts in brush-footed se decaying leaves with soil. During the growth of grubs cocoon in one point with a thin wire or thread and at- butterflies, or their reduction in saturniids. check if there is the substrate still. Add more if there is tach the cocoon to the mesh in terrarium, etc. The food F. Aposematism of some species (colours of catter- only soil. Mature larvae pupate and enclose themselves plants for caterpillars depend on the species, so read pillars and wings of adult butterflies). within a cell made of their saliva and soil granules. This about it before you catch or buy larvae. Adult brush- cell protects them against parasites, predators, and fi- -footed butterflies will drink nectar and honey. You can BEETLES. Order Coleoptera, superfamily Scarabaeoidea, nally, after successfull imaginal moulting, it is a place cut some flowers and put them into a vase or a small family Scarabaeidae. where adult beetle can wait for its body to harden. Thus, container with water (read which plants are visited by

Which one? The flower chafersCetoniinae ( ). by manipulating in the substrate, you should be careful KRÓTKO the species you keep). In the case of saturniids it will Terrarium. It can be a plastic, transparent box with and not damage the cells. be much easier, while they do not eat. They store their a lid, professional terrarium, faunabox or an aquarium Common problems. food-reserves in the larval stadium. The reserves must with a mesh as a cover. The flowers chafers are not big A. Damaged pupa-cell. Take it out from the substra- be enough for a really short time of live as adults (about beetles, but usually colourful. The terrarium/ box of te, lay on the surface, or on a plastic mat, try to cover the 2 weeks). During this time they look for another sex, ongoing size will be good enough: 50 cm x 30 cm x 30 opening of cell-wall with remaining parts and spray it mate and lay eggs. Females lay eggs especially on the cm (lenght x width x height). In a terrarium of that size, to keep it moist. food plants. many flower chafers can be kept, furthermore there is

B. Uncontrolled population of fruit-flies flying eve- severe irritation or temporary blindness. In situations The crickets can be breed in smaller conatiners and fau- rywhere. It is natural that fruit-flies are attracted by of the venom getting into the eye, wash it with water naboxes, if they are kept in small number of individuals. the fruit being the food of the beetles. These flies can and go to doctor. While manipulating in the terra- Conditions. These insects need higher temperatures be used as feeder animals for young spiders, mantises, rium and with these insects, wear goggles or glasses, than room-temperature to breed well. Install warming geckos or amphibians, or use sticky traps to catch them. and use tweezers. cables under the aquarium or appose a lamp with a war- Observations. B. They rarely do it, but they climb the smooth sur- ming or normal bulb (not energy-efficient, it does not A. Observations of holometabolic insect life-cycle. faces. Be sure that the terrarium is covered well enough. give any warmth) to one side of the terrarium. On the B. External morphology of the insects. Remember that crickets may bite through the fabric/ bottom put paper towels or nothing. The crickets do not C. Modification of antennae (club-like, with lamel- mesh and escape, letting further escapes of the assassin need to be sprayed if they regularly eat food-plants, fruit lae). bugs. and vegetables. If they mostly eat the fodder, spray the D. Modification of the fore-wings (elytra). C. Platymeris bugs are not breeding, even though terrarium from time to time. It is usual to breed crickets there are imagines. Maybe there is lack of one sex adult. on the egg cartons. The cartons keep moist (if there is ASSASSIN BUGS. Order Hemiptera, suborder Heteroptera, To lay fertilized eggs, the female need to copulate. a need for water), give a hideout and make the walking- family Reduviidae. Observations. and breeding-space bigger. Do not feed the crickets NAUKA Which one? Platymeris bigutattus, P. rhada- A. Hemimetabolic insect life cycle. with only one type of food, especially if they are used as manthus, P. sp. Mombo. B. Observation of the external morphology. feeder insects. Remember, what the cricket eats, the pet Terrarium. A ready-to-buy terrarium, aquarium or C. Modifications of the mouthparts. eats as well. Feed the crickets with lettuce, Chinese cab- plastic box with lid or wood frame with gauze/ mesh/ D. Predation-behaviour observation. bage, carrot and apple shreds, nettle, dandelion leaves, fabric. Terrarium of 50 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm (lenght x E. Morphology of the wings (first pair – protective, bran and other products. Adult males „play their songs” width x height) size is enough for a small population. second pair – membranous). of various types (mainly: fighting, mating, courting On the bottom put soil, substrate, or mix of peat and F. Aposematism. Platymeris bigutattus, P. rhada- song). Attracted female mates with the male, and se- sand. As hideouts use roots, bark, fallen leaves and/or manthus and P. sp. Mombo are black and yellow/red. condly produce many eggs, which are laid into the soil. SZKOŁA egg cartons. The enclosureMUST BE covered with a lid These are warning signals, „watch out, I am dangerous!”. Thus, put a small container with soil into the terarrium. or wood frame with mesh or fabric, where the latter is Common problems. CRICKETS. Order Orthoptera, family Gryllidae. better. A. The males sing loud. If there are other males in Conditions. These bugs come from warm regions Which one? Acheta domestica, Gryllus assimilis, G. the terrarium, they will compete for females, and thus of Africa. They will develop well in 25-28oC, with air bimaculatus. they will sing. You can select the crickets and leave a few humidity of 60%. The substrate should be moist, spray Terrarium. As crickets are usually kept as feeder in- males or even one adult, then they will be more quiet.

the terrarium with water once a day or every two days. sects, it is recommended to set a big aquarium on war- B. There are only few nymphs, while imagines still KRÓTKO The assasin bugs are predators, the catch and kill with ming cables (better not put them into the terrarium – copulate, and females lay eggs. Separate the stadiums, venom their preys. Then they suck their digested viscera the crickets may bite them). The cables should lay on the put mating crickets into one enclosure and soil with out. They eat roaches and crickets in captivity. aluminum foil to protect the surface of a table or desk. eggs and the youngest nymphs into second enclosure. Common problems. Due to the jumping ability of crickets the aquarium sho- C. Crickets are escaping. Cover the aquarium more A. Their bite is very painful.These assassin bugs uld be covered. It is good to use a wood frame with a fa- tightly, or look for openings in the fabric or mesh (cri- are not very aggresive, when not irritated. Nevertheless bric or aluminum insect mesh. To prevent the crickets ckets have strong mandibles and can easily bite through they can pierce the skin and inject the venom. Moreo- from jumping out the terrarium, use high aquarium. fabric and mesh, especially when they are constantly ver, they can spit the venom into the eyes. It can lead to hungry).

D. Juveniles climb upward, even though they should Common problems. vertebrates (dead and alive), plant-parts, fruit and fun- not. It is possible that they will climb the silicone in the A. Juveniles climb smooth surfaces and escape. As gi. The terrarium should be sprayed with water every corners of an aquarium, or the surfaces are dirty. Try to always in such situations, cover tightly the aquarium or day or at least once every two days. The egg carton will not spray the smooth surfaces with unboiled water – re- box. Other thing is that they do not escape so often if keep the moisture and provide a hideout, so put it into maining limescale will help the crickets to climb. Some they have enough food. the terrarium. The egg cartoon has to be changed when types of plastic enables the climbing either, even though B. Feeding. To develop well, the locusts need high it starts to decay. On the bottom of the terrarium put they seem to be smooth. temperature which stimulate their metabolism. Thus, some paper towels, they are easy to change and keep Observations. they eat a lot. To avoid some problems with feeding re- moisture. Adult female have long tubule-like ovipositor A. Observations of hemimetabolic insect life-cycle. gulate the population, do not breed too many locusts if to lay eggs into the soil or crevices, so put a small con- B. External morphology of the insects. you cannot provide them enough food. They will beco- tainer with soil into the terarrium. The soil should be C. Modification of the third pair of legs (adapted to me cannibal and eat themselves. moist. jumping). Observations. Common problems. D. Mating behaviour- fights between males, singing A. Observations of hemimetabolic insect life-cycle. A. Cave crickets escaped. These insects are well ad-

and song types. B. External morphology of the insects. apted to find holes and openings, so make it sure that NAUKA E. The way of making sounds by males (rubbing mo- C. Modification of the third pair of legs (adapted to the terrarium is closed tightly, and that there are no ves of the first wings pair). jumping). openings in the fabric covering the box or aquarium. F. Learning breeding the feeder insects. D. The way of making sounds by males (third-pair Moreover they are really fast. legs rubbing the first wings pair). B. Female laid eggs but there are no nymphs. It takes LOCUSTS. Order Orthoptera, suborder Caelifera, family F. Learning breeding the feeder insects. a few weeks to incubate the cave crickets. The container Acrididae. G. What do they eat? Convince yourself whether with soil and eggs can be removed from the terrarium Which one? Locusta migratoria, Schistocerca grega- they will eat every plant they get. and placed in a warmer place (25-28oC) for the time of ria. incubation. Remember that nymphs are really expansi- SZKOŁA CAVE CRICKETS (CAMEL CRICKETS). Order Orthoptera, Terrarium. Size: 70 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm (lenght x ve and small, so the container should be closed tightly. family Rhaphidophoridae. width x height) is good for a medium population. An Observations. aquarium or plastic transparent box with a lid or wood Which one? Phaeophilacris bredoides – the most po- A. Observations of hemimetabolic insect life-cycle. frame with mesh or fabric can be used as a terrarium. pular cave cricket. B. External morphology of the insects. Put egg cartons inside the enclosure. Terrarium. I recommend a plastic box (opaque) C. Modification of antennae (very long, adapted to Conditions. Lay the enclosure on warming cables with a transparent lid (with openings) or an aquarium, sense food and other individuals in dark places). o or keep high temperature (28-30 C) using a lamp with box, etc. covered with a fabric. The fabric is good for D. Modification of the third pair of legs (adapted to KRÓTKO normal bulb (40 or 60-Watt bulb, power depends on the ventilation and prevent young cave crickets from esca- jumping). size of enclosure) or warming bulb. Install the lamp in- ping, futhermore it partially limits the number of bur- ROACHES. Order Blattodea. side the enclosure or outside (the bulb directs chosen densome flies getting into the enclosure. A 30 cm X 20 side of aquarium; be careful with plastic boxes, they cm X 20 cm (lenght x width x height) box will be enough Which one? Recommended species is Blatta latera- may melt). Do not spray the terrarium/ breeding box. for a small population. lis. In this species only adult males can fly (and rarely do These locusts do not like moisture. The locusts eat -va Conditions. The cave crickets prefer overshadowed it), moreover this roach does not climb smooth surfaces rious grasses and support their diet with slices of apples places, dark hideouts, etc. They like moisture and eat (i.e. glass, plastic). Other species easy to keep and non- or pears (once a time). everything, what can become edible. They eat small in- -climbing are: Blaberis spp. (df. craniifer) and Blaptica

EDUKACJA BIOLOGICZNA I ŚRODOWISKOWA | ebis.ibe.edu.pl | [email protected] | © for the article by the Authors 2014 © for the edition by Instytut Badań Edukacyjnych 2014 The Educating Insects – edukujące owady | Sebastian Pilichowski, Zbigniew Zawada | EDUKACJA BIOLOGICZNA I ŚRODOWISKOWA 3/2014 72 dubia. These are bigger species and may be more aller- B. External morphology of the insects. Part IV. General benefits from keeping insects at genic than B. lateralis. C. Strategy of repoduction – females of the proposed school Terrarium. Ready-to-buy terrarium, aquarium or species are ovolarviparous, they lay eggs in the ootheca, plastic box with a lid or a wood frame with fabric/ gau- and hold it inside the abdomen for the incubation time. A. Collection of exuviae. ze/ mesh. On the bottom put soil, substrate or paper to- D. Sexual dimorphism. B. dubia and B. lateralis B. Life cycle observations. wels. As hideouts use roots, dry leaves or egg cartons. To females have strongly reduced wings, while males are C. Rising breeding abilities. keep a big population establish a big enclosure. It may winged. D. Increasing biological awareness and understan- be a plastic box of size: 50 cm x 30 cm x 40 cm (lenght x E. Morphology of the wings (first pair – protective, ding for nature. width x height). The box should be adjusted to the kept second pair – membranous, used for flying). E. Decreasing insect-connected phobias and fears. species. B. lateralis is smaller than B. dubia and Blabe- F. Learning breeding the feeder insects. F. Kept insects can be used for dissections during rus spp., but reproduce more rapidly. the biology classes. Conditions. Spray the substrate and decorations Part III. Other insects G. Dead insects can be mounted by students and te- once a day or every two days. They can be kept in room achers, then put into a school collection and exhibited

temperature, however they do not breed well at this There is a high variety of insects in trade and native in the school, or used for education purposes. NAUKA temperature. It is recommended to warm them up, insects which can be found, catch and kept (catch the H. Learning preserving dead insects. using a lamp with a normal bulb (40-Watt bulb) or heat insects unprotected by law!). Among them we can find I. Learning the biodiversity of insects, their adapta- lamp bulb, or installimg a warming cable. Roaches eat ants (order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae), the colo- tions and role in nature. almost everything. They will grow well, if they are given ny can be established by the Lasius niger queen which vegetables (carrot), fruit, bran, hard-boiled egg, fish fla- can be caught during early summer, but I recommend Recommended literature kes, etc. They eat with pleasure just killed insects (other buying a small colony. It is cheap and avoids problems roaches or breed crickets). Remember – what do it the with establishing a new one from the start. Moreover Błaszak, Cz. (red.). 2012. Zoologia t. 2., cz. 2. Stawonogi. Tchawko-

dyszne. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Warszawa. SZKOŁA roaches, eat the roach-eating pets. This is a very impor- many bigger phasmids than proposed earlier and more Chauvin, R. 1966. Życie i obyczaje owadów. Państwowe Wydawni- tant rule if the roaches are feeder insects. difficult to breed mantises are easy to get. The same ctwo Naukowe. Warszawa. Common problems. goes to beetles, spectacular are stag beetles (Lucanidae) Durrell, G., Durrell, L. 1985. The amateur naturalist. A practical guide to the natural world. Penguin Books. Great Britain. A. The roaches escaped. Sometimes it is overlooked (breed only exotic species, do not catch Polish species; Falniowski, A. 1973. Gromphadorrina brauneri Shelf. – endemit ma- that decorations or egg cartons touch the mesh, etc., co- they are rarer in offers) and rhinoceros beetles Dynast( - dagaskarski. Przegląd Zoologiczny 17 (2), 237-242. vering the enclosure. Roaches climb the mesh or fabric, inae), you can catch the European rhinoceros beetle Grosse, E. 1969. Z biologią za pan brat. Państwowe Wydanie „Iskry”. bite through it, or find openings. (Oryctes nasicornis). Rhinoceros beetles imagines eat Warszawa. IUCN. 2013. Threatened species in past and present IUCN Red Lists.

B. Juveniles climb upward, even though they should the same what do eat the flower chafers, but they larvae Table 1 – Numbers of threatened species by major groups of orga- KRÓTKO not. It is possible that they will climb the silicone in the need more biomass in their substrate (mix decaying lea- nisms (1996–2013). Available online, last access 26.04.2014. corners of an aquarium, or the surfaces are dirty. Try to ves with soil and put oak, and beech wood in different http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/summarystats/2013_2_RL_ Stats_Table1.pdf not spray the smooth surfaces with unboiled water – re- stages of decay). Furthermore there is a high diversity Jura, Cz. 2007. Bezkręgowce. Podstawy morfologii funkcjonalnej, sy- maining limescale will help the roaches to climb. Some of roaches to get. Many of them are beautiful-coloured stematyki i filogenezy. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Warszawa. types of plastic enables the climbing either, even though but have abilities of climbing smooth surfaces and fly- Moraczewski, J., Riedel, W., Sołtyńska, M., Umiński, T. 1982. Ćwi- czenia z zoologii bezkręgowców. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Na- they seem to be smooth. ing. However among them we find non-invasive species, ukowe. Warszawa. Observations. unable to overwinter in Poland. Rykow, N. 1956. Metodyka nauczania zoologii. Państwowe Zakłady A. Observations of hemimetabolic insect life-cycle. Wydawnictw Szkolnych. Warszawa.

Stawiński, W. (red.). 2000. Dydaktyka biologii i ochrony środowiska. Wprowadzenie to robić. Jednakże najbardziej zależy nam na wyekspo- Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa, Poznań. nowaniu istotności zrozumienia roli owadów w świecie, Vetulani, I. 1957. Taniec much. Przegląd Zoologiczny 1 (3), 277. Wnuk, A. 1975. Uwagi o hodowli mszycożernych bzygowatych Owady stają się w Polsce coraz popularniejszymi zamieszkanym przez nich i nas. (Syrphidae, Diptera). Przegląd Zoologiczny 19 (2), 266-268. zwierzętami domowymi. Wśród nich przodują mrów- ki, motyle, modliszki, owady prostoskrzydłe, straszyki Czego nam potrzeba? i karaczany. Przedstawiciele niektórych innych grup, jak np. pszczoły, są niezwykle istotnymi dla nas zwie- • Insektarium. Terrarium bądź inny pojemnik przy- rzętami udomowionymi o znaczeniu gospodarczym. stosowany do przetrzymywania i hodowli wybra- Inne – jak muchy – stosowane są jako modele w ba- nych owadów. Insektaria różnią się pod względem daniach naukowych i kryminalistycznych. Powody konstrukcji na skutek specyficznych potrzeb hodo- przemawiające za trzymaniem czy hodowaniem tych wanych owadów. zwierząt są różne. Jedni trzymają je dla samej radości, • Miejsce. Może nim być półka, stół czy biurko inni widzą w nich obiekt edukacyjny czy badawczy, inni nauczyciela. Nie zaleca się ustawiania insekta-

wreszcie traktują je jako owady karmowe (np. dla mod- riów przy oknie, gdyż promienie słoneczne mogą NAUKA liszek, płazów, gadów...). podnieść znacznie temperaturę i doprowadzić do Polacy, głównie dorośli i płeć żeńska, boją się owa- śmierci owadów. dów. Gdy spytać ich, co stanowi źródło lęku, często nie • Chęć. Zarówno nauczyciel, jak i dzieci, ucznio- potrafią go wskazać. Niekiedy przyczyną jest możliwość wie czy studenci MUSZĄ WYKAZYWAĆ CHĘĆ bycia ukąszonym czy użądlonym. Ludzie często nie są opieki nad nowym zwierzęciem. Oczywiście, z po- świadomi, że ich własny pies i kot mogą ugryźć znacz- czątku kluczową rolę odgrywa nauczyciel, który nie mocniej, prowadząc niekiedy do o wiele poważniej- powinien przenieść swoją pasję na uczniów. Po- szych obrażeń. Kolejny powód do strachu to umiejęt- nadto nauczyciel jest głównym odpowiedzialnym SZKOŁA ność latania. Nie bardzo istotnym jest fakt, że ptaki za zdrowie i życie zwierząt klasowych. również latają; ptaki są piękne lub „urocze”, podczas • Pozwolenie rodziców. Stanowi to bardzo istotną gdy owady nie. Jedyną grupę przekraczającą „brzydotę kwestię. Jak wyjaśnić rodzicom potrzebę trzy- owadów” – stanowią motyle. Potrafią wszak latać, lecz mania w klasie zwierzęcia, do tego owada? Wielu ich lot jest wdzięczny a skrzydła prezentują rozmaite z nich okaże się sceptycznych w skutek powszech- wzory w różnych kolorach. Jednakże i w tej grupie znaj- nego lęku przed owadami. Nauczyciel powinien

dujemy „zwycięzców” i „przegranych”. Pierwszymi są delikatnie wyjaśnić rolę wybranego zwierzęcia KRÓTKO motyle dzienne, zaś drugimi ćmy, mimo że wiele z nich w procesie edukacji. Drugą opcją jest założenie in- jest naprawdę kolorowa (ustęp o postawach Polaków na sektarium w klasie biologicznej lub laboratorium podstawie obserwacji własnych)! (a nawet na korytarzu i wyeksponowanie go na By wzbudzić choć trochę sympatii do owadów, zwie- widok ogólnodostępny dla dzieci, uczniów i stu- rząt niezwykle ważnych dla biosfery, podajemy tu przy- dentów, czy gości przedszkola / szkoły). Ta opcja kłady owadów mogących być hodowanymi w szkole, wymaga jednakże zgody dyrektora. a nawet w przedszkolach. Wyjaśniamy powody do trzy- • Pozwolenie dyrektora. Nauczyciel powinien jasno mania / hodowli owadów, jak również wskazówki jak wyjaśnić dyrekcji placówki potrzebę trzymania

klasowego zwierzęcia-owada. Wówczas dyrektor parazytoidy zabijające różne stadia motyli, mu- Część II. Przewodnik – jak hodować owady może pomóc w przekonaniu sceptycznych rodzi- chówek, chrąszczy itd.), w szkole [wersja skrócona]? ców. Mocnym argumentem za może być wyjaś- • jednocześnie są nazywane szkodnikami, gdy nienie, że tego typu akcje są nadal rzadką metodą pojawiają się masowo na plantacjach i w maga- W niniejszej polskojęzycznej wersji artykułu Część wspomagającą proces nauczania, mimo opisów zynach,, II ma formę skrótowego skryptu. Pełen przewodnik zalet hodowli owadów w szkołach z książek z XIX • transportują nasiona i zarodniki (np. mrówki), znajduje się w wersji anglojęzycznej i jest podzielony na czy XX wieku. • dostarczają cennych produktów (np. miód, jedwab, dziesięć części obejmujących poszczególne grupy owa- barwniki). dów z przykładami proponowanych gatunków do ho- Część I. Rola owadów w biosferze dowli. Ponadto każda wymieniona grupa opisana jest Każda z powyższych ról może być postrzegana w kilku akapitach (Proponowane owady; Terrarium; Wśród znanych gatunków zwierząt, owady stano- w pozytywnym lub negatywnym świetle, zależnie od Warunki; Częste problemy; Obserwacje). Wśród wy- wią ponad 70% (statystyki głównych grup organizmów punktu widzenia. Jednakże my – ludzie – stanowimy je- szczególnionych grup owadów znajdziemy: IUCN). Zwierzęta te zamieszkują i podbiły glebę, wodę dynie drobną część przyrody, o dużym wpływie na nią. • Muchy. Rząd muchówki (Diptera).

i powietrze. Żyją w większości znanych typach ekosy- Jednocześnie owady stanowią od dawien dawna ogrom- • Straszyki. Rząd straszyki (Phasmatodea). NAUKA stemów. ną jej część, aczkolwiek o niemierzalnym wpływie na • Modliszki. Rząd modliszki (Mantodea), rodzina Najogólniej rzecz ujmując, owady: świat przyrody. Mantidae. • są odpowiedzialne za zapylanie ogromnej części roślin, • są częściowo odpowiedzialne za dekompozycję, przyspieszając rozkład martwej materii organicz- nej, SZKOŁA

• przenoszą inne organizmy (często zakaźne wobec Muchy Straszyki Modliszki Motyle Kruszczyce Zajadkowate Świerszcze Szarańczaki Śpieszki Karaczany ludzi, innych zwierząt czy roślin) wewnątrz siebie Za niskie terrarium – problem z linieniem. + + (między innymi wirusy, bakterie, pierwotniaki, Kanibalizm (przegęszczenie, słabe karmienie). + + + + grzyby) lub na powierzchni ciała (między innymi Kanibalizm (drapieżnictwo). + + grzyby, roztocze, zaleszczotki), Zagrzybione podłoże, pleśnie. + + + + + + + + + • stanowią bazę pokarmową dla niezliczonej ilości Słaby materiał hodowlany (inbreed). + + + organizmów, Wspinanie się po szybie, ucieczka, zasiedlenie mieszkania. + + + +

• stanowią istotne elementy lokalnych i globalnych Potencjalnie szkodliwe dla zdrowia. * ^ # KRÓTKO systemów – sieci pokarmowych. Ich role nie ogra- niczają się wyłącznie do „jedzenia lub bycia zjedzo- Tabela 1. Podział z uwagi na powszechne problemy: nym”, ale: * wśród straszyków znajdujemy gatunki z rodziny Pseudophasmatidae tryskające drażniącą cieczą, która po wtarciu w oczy może prowadzić nawet do tymczasowej ślepoty. • owady często ograniczają populacje niektórych ^ hodowane pluskwiaki z rodzaju Platymeris (i nie tylko te) mogą bardzo boleśnie ukłuć oraz tryskać jadem. Nie są one szczególnie agresyw- gatunków roślin lub wspomagają ich wzrost ne, niemniej wprowadzenie jadu do oczu wywołuje ostre pieczenie, co w przypadku osób uczulonych może mieć poważne skutki (również i rozwój, po ukłuciu). • podobnie niektórych bezkręgowców uważanych # niektóre karaczany mogą zostawiać w terrarium alergizujące odchody powodujące duszności czy reakcje skórne. Stąd ważne są zabiegi za szkodniki (np. biedronki zjadające mszyce, higieniczne w terrarium.

• Motyle. Rząd motyle (Lepidoptera). • Kruszczyce. Rząd chrząszcze (Coleoptera), nadro- dzina Scarabaeoidea, rodzina poświętnikowate

(Scarabaeidae). Muchy Straszyki Modliszki Motyle Kruszczyce Zajadkowate Świerszcze Szarańczaki Śpieszki Karaczany • Zajadkowate. Rząd pluskwiaki (Hemiptera), rodzi- Cykl hemimetaboliczny + + + + + + + na zajadkowate (Reduviidae). Cykl holometaboliczny + + + • Świerszcze. Rząd prostoskrzydłe (Orthoptera), ro- Hodowla owadów karmowych + + + + dzina świerszczowate (Gryllidae). Mikroskopowanie + + + + + + + + + + • Szarańczaki. Rząd prostoskrzydłe (Orthoptera), Modyfikacje aparatu gębowego + + + Budowa skrzydeł + + + + + + + + + + podrząd krótkoczułkowe (Caelifera), rodzina sza- Budowa zmodyfikowanych odnóży + + + + rańczowate (Acrididae). • Śpieszki. Rząd prostoskrzydłe (Orthoptera), rodzi- Tabela 2. Podział z uwagi na obserwacje: na śpieszkowate (Rhaphidophoridae).

• Karaczany. Rząd karaczany (Blattodea). pary u liśćców przypominające nerwację blaszki liścia); karmowych bezkręgowców w sklepach zoologicznych NAUKA partenogeneza u niektórych straszyków; aposematyzm lub prowadzenia własnej hodowli. Druga opcja jest Ze względu na pobierany pokarm można je podzie- motyli i zajadkowatych; zachowania rozrodcze – taniec żmudniejsza, ale zdecydowanie lepsza, gdyż doskonale lić następująco: samców muszek owocówek, obalenie poglądu obliga- wiemy, co podajemy „karmówce”. Pamiętajmy o złotej toryjnego zjadania samca przez samicę modliszki przy zasadzie – „co zje owad karmowy, otrzyma to drapież- kopulacji (wiele czynników zależnych, nawet grubo nik”. Niestety, świerszcze ze sklepu zoologicznego stoją Owoco- Zgryza- Pokarm Pożywki / Drapieżne żerne jące mieszany substrat poniżej 50% przypadków kończy się śmiercią samca); tak dwa, trzy, niekiedy więcej dni – zamknięte pier- Kruszczy- Szarań- Zajadko- zróżnicowanie melodii u świerszczy – wabienie sami- wotnie przez dostawcę, od tamtej pory niekarmione. Karaczany Muchy SZKOŁA ce^ czaki wate cy, przypodobanie się, walka z innymi samcami i inne; Podając takie świerszcze naszym modliszkom, poda- Świer- Kruszczy- Straszyki Modliszki zrzucanie wylinek. jemy bezwartościowy pokarm (bardziej ekstremalnym szcze ce^ Powyższe tabele obrazują uogólnione informacje. przykładem są jaszczurki karmione takimi owadami). Motyle* Śpieszki Motyle* W samych grupach, takich jak straszyki spotykamy się Hodując karaczany i kruszczyce spotkamy się z proble- ^ Kruszczyce: pędraki rozwijają się w murszu powstałym ze zmie- ze znaczną różnorodnością potrzeb, wielkości i masyw- matyczną często dodatkową linią hodowlaną – muszek szania liści dębowych i bukowych na różnym etapie rozkładu ności właściwej gatunkowo, strategii rozrodczych (par- owocówek, które rozwijają się na owocach podawanych z ziemią, z kolei imagines żywią się przede wszystkim słodkimi owocami i pyłkiem kwiatów. tenogeneza, partenogeneza fakultatywna, zapłodnienie wyżej wymienionym owadom. Może być ona jednak

krzyżowe fakultatywne i obligatoryjne). Pamiętajmy przydatna, gdy posiadamy młode modliszki (ponadto KRÓTKO * Motyle: gąsienice zgryzają liście wybranych gatunków roślin, z kolei imagines piją nektar kwiatów, roztwory miodu, specjalne – w przypadku roślinożerców – o dostępności pokar- rzekotki, drzewołazy, młode gekony czy pająki i tępo- pożywki lub nie pobierają pokarmu wcale (pawice Saturniidae). mu zimą – dla wielu straszyków jest to jeżyna (liście są odwłokowce). Pewnym problemem okazać może się zimozielone), dla innych ligustr (niektóre zimozielone również głośny śpiew samców świerszczy walczących Ponadto wiele innych obserwacji: długie czułki lub późno więdnące), dla jeszcze innych liście palm, pa- o samice – niewielu zechce nocować w pokoju z dużą śpieszków jaskiniowych jako adaptacja do mieszkania proci czy ogników. Dla szarańczy zasadniczy pokarm hodowlą świerszczy. w jaskiniach, szczelinach skalnych itd.; specjalne mo- stanowi trawa, więc będzie nas czekać jej odgrzebywa- Po obszerniejsze informacje dotyczące poszczegól- dyfikacje skrzydeł (przezmianki muchówek, pokrywy – nie spod śniegu i / lub wysiew pszenicy w domu. Hodu- nych grup owadów zapraszamy do angielskiej wersji elytry – chrząszczy, specyficzne użyłkowanie pierwszej jąc zaś owady drapieżne zmuszeni jesteśmy do zakupu artykułu.

Część III. Inne owady Część IV. Ogólne korzyści z trzymania i hodowli Wydawnictw Szkolnych. Warszawa. Stawiński, W. (red.). 2000. Dydaktyka biologii i ochrony środowiska. owadów w szkole Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa, Poznań. W handlu dostępna jest bardzo szeroka gama bez- Vetulani, I. 1957. Taniec much. Przegląd Zoologiczny 1 (3), 277. kręgowców przeznaczonych do hodowli domowych, A. Kolekcja wylinek. Wnuk, A. 1975. Uwagi o hodowli mszycożernych bzygowatych niemniej, również można pozyskiwać je ze środowiska B. Obserwacje cykli życiowych. (Syrphidae, Diptera). Przegląd Zoologiczny 19 (2), 266-268. (pamiętając o nie łapaniu gatunków objętych ochro- C. Podnoszenie umiejętności hodowlanych. ną gatunkową). Wśród nich znajdziemy mrówki (rząd D. Podnoszenie świadomości biologicznej i zrozu- Hymenoptera, rodzina Forminicidae). Na początek do- mienia przyrody. skonale nadaje się hurtnica czarna (Lasius niger), któ- E. Obniżenie fobii i strachu związanego z owadami. rej królową można złapać na początku lata, jednakże F. Owady trzymane w klasie mogą posłużyć do sek- polecamy zakup niewielkiej kolonii. Wbrew pozorom cji pokazowych lub realizowanych w ramach zajęć. nie jest to duży wydatek, a omija tym samym proble- G. Martwe owady mogą być rozpinane przez ucz- my z założeniem kolonii od podstaw. Ponadto możliwy niów i nauczyciela, następnie zdeponowane w gablotach

jest zakup dużych i znacznie trudniejszych gatunków i szkolnej kolekcji albo wyeksponowane w szkole, albo NAUKA straszyków i modliszek, innych niż opisanych (w wersji użyte w celach edukacyjnych. anglojęzycznej). Podobnie dla chrząszczy; szczególnie H. Nauka konserwowania martwych owadów. spektakularne są jelonki (Lucanidae) (unikaj hodowli I. Poznawanie bioróżnorodności owadów, ich adap- polskich gatunków odławianych ze środowiska natu- tacji ewolucyjnych i roli w przyrodzie. ralnego, niekiedy trafiają się w handlu linie hodowlane – zazwyczaj za granicą); gatunki egzotyczne często po- Literatura uzupełniająca siadają potężne żuwaczki, dzięki czemu stają się pożą- danym obiektem w hodowli, podobnie rohatyńce (Dy- Błaszak, Cz. (red.). 2012. Zoologia t. 2., cz. 2. Stawonogi. Tchawko- SZKOŁA dyszne. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Warszawa. nastinae) z uwagi na kleszcze tworzone przez wyrostki Chauvin, R. 1966. Życie i obyczaje owadów. Państwowe Wydawni- głowowe i tułowiowe samców. W Polsce możliwe jest ctwo Naukowe. Warszawa. pozyskanie rohatyńca nosorożca (Oryctes nasicornis) ze Durrell, G., Durrell, L. 1985. The amateur naturalist. A practical gui- środowiska albo zakup różnych gatunków na giełdach de to the natural world. Penguin Books. Great Britain. Falniowski, A. 1973. Gromphadorrina brauneri Shelf. – endemit ma- lub przez internet. Dorosłe rohatyńce jedzą podobny dagaskarski. Przegląd Zoologiczny 17 (2), 237-242. pokarm co kruszczyce, jednakże ich larwy potrzebują Grosse, E. 1969. Z biologią za pan brat. Państwowe Wydanie „Iskry”. Warszawa.

więcej biomasy w substracie (zmieszaj rozkładające się KRÓTKO IUCN. 2013. Threatened species in past and present IUCN Red Lists. liście z glebą, dodaj drewno dębowe i bukowe w róż- Table 1 – Numbers of threatened species by major groups of orga- nych fazach rozkładu). Ponadto, niemałym bogactwem nisms (1996–2013). Available online, last access 26.04.2014. charakteryzują się karaczany. Wiele z nich jest pięknie http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/summarystats/2013_2_RL_ Stats_Table1.pdf ubarwionych i posiada umiejętność chodzenia po gład- Jura, Cz. 2007. Bezkręgowce. Podstawy morfologii funkcjonalnej, sy- kich powierzchniach oraz lotu. Co więcej wśród kara- stematyki i filogenezy. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Warszawa. czanów znajdziemy sporo gatunków nieinwazyjnych, Moraczewski, J., Riedel, W., Sołtyńska, M., Umiński, T. 1982. Ćwi- niezdolnych do przezimowania w Polsce lub przetrwa- czenia z zoologii bezkręgowców. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Na- ukowe. Warszawa. nia na dłuższą metę w mieszkaniu. Rykow, N. 1956. Metodyka nauczania zoologii. Państwowe Zakłady

2. Actias selene. 3. Dicronorrhina derbyana layardi.

Actias selene – pawica, zwana pawicą selene, gatunek Dicronorrhina derbyana layardi – chrząszcz z podrodziny azjatycki. kruszczycowatych Cetoninae. Actias selene – Indian moon moth, an asiatic species of Dicronorrhina derbyana layardi – giant emerald fruit chafer, saturniid moth. this beetle belongs to the subfamily Cetoninae. SZKOŁA

1. Acheta domesticus.

Acheta domesticus – świerszczyk domowy, samica imago. Acheta domesticus – house cricket, an adult female. KRÓTKO

4. Eurycantha calcarata ssp. 5. Gryllus bimaculatus 6. Heteropteryx dilatata

Eurycantha calcarata ssp. – straszyk indonezyjski, Gryllus bimaculatus – świerszcz śródziemnomorski, Heteropteryx dilatata – straszyk olbrzymi, samica. Ranę po podgatunek straszyka nowogwinejskiego, samice. imagines o białych oczach (cecha pojawiła się utraconym odnóżu przy linieniu można posypać mąką Eurycantha calcarata ssp. – a subspecies of the giant spiny spontanicznie w hodowli – Z. Zawada). ziemniaczaną. phasmid, females. Gryllus bimaculatus – Mediterranean field cricket, imagines Heteropteryx dilatata – Malayan jungle nymph, a female. with white eyes (the trait occurred spontaneously in culture The leg-loss wound can be dusted with potato flour. – Z. Zawada). SZKOŁA KRÓTKO

7. Locusta migratoria 8. Pachnoda marginata 9. Periplaneta australasiae

Locusta migratoria – szarańcza wędrowna. Pachnoda marginata – kruszczyca afrykańska, poczwarki Periplaneta australasiae – przybyszka australijska, karaczan Locusta migratoria – migratory locust. w kokolitach. wspinający się po gładkich powierzchniach. Pachnoda marginata – sun beetle, the pupae enclosed Periplaneta australasiae – Australian cockroach, a roach within soil cocoons. species able to climb the soft surfaces. SZKOŁA KRÓTKO

10. Peruphasma schultei 11. Platymeris biguttatus 12. Platymeris Mombo

Peruphasma schultei – straszyk diabelski, odmiana Platymeris biguttatus – pluskwiak dwuplamy / białoplamy; Platymeris sp. Mombo – pluskwiak żółtoplamy; na o różowych skrzydłach (przeważnie skrzydła drugiej pary osobnik młodociany przystawił się do ofiary (świerszcza) pierwszym planie “świeże” imago. są czerwone). imago. Platymeris sp. Mombo – orange spot assassin bug; in the Peruphasma schultei – black beauty stick insect, a specimen Platymeris biguttatus – white spot assassin bug; an foreground a “fresh” imago can be seen. from the pink-winged lineage (usually the hind-wings are immature individual taking advantage of the prey SZKOŁA red). (a cricket) caught by an imago bug. KRÓTKO

13. Platymeris Mombo oczy 14. Sphodromantis gastrica kopulacja 15. Sphodromantis gastrica pogryziona

Platymeris sp. Mombo – efekt chwilę po tryśnięciu jadem Sphodromantis gastrica – tzw. modliszka gwinejska, Sphodromantis gastrica – samica pogryziona przez w prawe oko (autor). kopulacja (samiec zielony). świerszcza podczas linienia. Platymeris sp. Mombo – an instant effect of spitting the Sphodromantis gastrica – common African praying mantis, Sphodromantis gastrica – a female severely bitten by venom into the right eye (author). mating (green male). a cricket during the moulting. SZKOŁA KRÓTKO

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