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THE LIFE and TIMES of DR. WILLIAM HARVEY by SIR WILMOT HERRINGHAM, K.C.M.G., C.B., MD., F.R.C.P

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THE LIFE and TIMES of DR. WILLIAM HARVEY by SIR WILMOT HERRINGHAM, K.C.M.G., C.B., MD., F.R.C.P THE LIFE AND TIMES OF DR. WILLIAM HARVEY By SIR WILMOT HERRINGHAM, K.C.M.G., C.B., MD., F.R.C.P. HAMSTEAD, ENGLAND Part iv * vi . The Colle ge of Physi cia ns (Continu ed ) What did Galen mean by the term? The prospective candidates had He did not know. Where were the three oral examinations before the humours generated? In vcntriculo. Censors, and a fourth, probably formal, Does not the liver take part? Yes. before the College, before they were But the liver is causa univoca and so admitted. Thereafter they were sum- would produce effectum univocum moned to the College Comitia, and (i.e., would not generate all the four could be fined two shillings, like the humours). No answer. In how many Fellows, for absence. They were usually ways are the bones connected? Two. elected to the Fellowship in order of How many kinds of joints are there? their seniority. “Plane ignorabat.” What change did Those physicians who received “pituita” undergo in the ventricle? merely a license to practice were Did it get thicker or thinner? Thicker. called Licentiati, or more commonly Then how did the ventricle get rid of Permissi. They, too, underwent an it? “Monet Doctor (the examiner) fieri oral examination before the Censors, crassiorem.” Referred for further study. and in one or two cases the details are This record is interesting because it recorded in order to satisfy the mag- shows that Harvey’s discovery had nates who had recommended them not yet been accepted by his col- that they were justly rejected. leagues or they would not have asked Thus Thomas Lambe, strongly rec- such questions. ommended by the Bishop of Durham, Country practitioners also came up was asked where he was educated, to the College in order to obtain the and given a piece of Latin to translate. credit of the license. Many of them had He replied that he did not know Latin, not the m.d . They had a single oral and did not pretend to any knowledge examination before the President and of Medicine. As he was a notorious three electi. astrologer he was asked a question or Letters testimonial were issued to two in astrology, of which he showed successful candidates, according to a entire ignorance, and also a simple statutory form, and there is also a question in surgery with the like form of letter to be written to corpo- result. When questioned about his rations stating that x .y . practicing large practice he said he could not in their town is not a licensed practi- help people coming to him, and that tioner. The College evidently tried to all he did was but “trifling and support its licentiates against their babbling to get a little money.” rivals in the country, as well as in A man called Boett was examined London. in 1632. He was asked if he had read The obligation to obtain a license Galen de inaequali intemperie. Yes. from the College for London practice * Parts 1, 11 and in of this article appeared in the Anna ls of Med ica l Hist ory , vol. iv, No. 2, p. 109, March, 1932; No. 3, p. 249, May, 1932; and No. 4, p. 347, July, 1932. The final installment will appear in the November issue. extended to everyone, even to an Clenard terms them), wizards, alcumists, m.d . of Oxford or Cambridge. A good poor vicars, cast apothecaries, physicians’ deal of ill-feeling existed at the uni- men, barbers and goodwives, professing versities on this account, and when in great skill, that I make great doubt 1621 their cooperation was asked in how they shall be maintained, or who getting the new charter through Par- shall be their patients.* liament and opposing the petition of Quacks were supported by great the surgeons for the right to adminis- persons from the King downwards. ter medicine internally, they consented One of the most ignorant produced for the latter object, but refused for royal letters, another claimed to be the former. Gulston and Baskerville the King’s surgeon, and before the canvassed the Oxford graduates with- College could prosecute him it had to out success, Harvey, Clement and obtain leave from the Lord Chamber- Wilson, the Cambridge men. lain. Judges, bishops, noblemen and With these powers it would be noble ladies including the Queen, thought that the College would have wrote asking that this or that man little difficulty in putting down igno- might be admitted to practice, and rant practice. But it was not the case. the College with great courage replied Almost every week complaints came that on examination he had been before the Censors, offenders were found too ignorant to be admitted. summoned, fined and imprisoned, and Others were druggists who pre- yet the abuse went on. scribed, some were tradesmen without The prevalence of quacks is men- any knowledge at all, and many were tioned by Burton35 in 1621: women. * Sir G. Newman quotes this passage in his Now for physicians there are in every pamphlet on Sydenham, 1924, but omitting village so many mountebanks, empericks, the first three words, refers the difficulty of quacksalvers, paracelsians (as they call maintenance wrongly to the quacks. It really themselves) causifici et sanicidae (so refers to the physicians. Death was frequently ascribed to The College had several meetings, this kind of practice, and in some such giving him patients to touch, and cases the Censors advised that the examining others whom he brought matter was “too high” for them and himself. They also examined the parish should be taken before the Courts of register at St. Clements, Eastcheap, Law. One man twice tapped the and found that he was not the seventh abdomen. Both patients died. He was but the fourth son of his father. a shoemaker. Their verdict was that he was an The drugs commonly used by these arrant imposter. He had been by people were either violent purges, or trade a gardener. mercurial ointment. One complainant, The College was by its own statutes who is but one of many similar, stated forbidden to license anyone who was that his sister being troubled with in Holy Orders. A clergyman named shortness of breath, sent for the John Burgess, a Cambridge m.a ., who accused (Boett) who gave her what for conscientious objection to cere- he called a gentle purge, which acted monies had given up his cure, and had so violently that at midnight she obtained his m.d . at Leyden, was appeared to be sinking. She died a day refused a license on this account in or two later having suffered intoler- 1612. The sequel is curious. He at able pain all the while. Another quack first practiced outside the limit, but when asked what was the disease for subsequently conformed, took the liv- which he treated the patient “sayed ing of Sutton Coldfield, and became a it was such as he neither dare nor will prebendary of Lichfield, and in 1634, expresse.” as incumbent of Sutton Coldfield, he The College was often defied and was examined and given a license to sometimes apparently with impunity. practice in the country. In the letters One druggist, charged with making up testimonial he is described as “vener- prescriptions for a notorious quack abilem virum” instead of the usual named Butler, defied the College and “probum.” its warrant, saying it was “not worth A similar laxity appears in the three skipps of a louse.” Such offenders matter of “Papists.” The question were discommoned and Fellows were was once raised whether they should forbidden to deal with them. be examined as they could not legally Sometimes the College took it upon be licensed. But in 1626 Parliament itself to decide upon a complaint of asked for the names of papists in overcharge, and there are two cases practice, and a list of 13 physicians in the Annals in which the charges and 5 apothecaries was returned. of medical men were found to be This probably reflects the reluctance excessive. of the College to carry out the bigoted In 1637 a man called Leverett was laws passed by Parliament. Cade- sent to the College by the Star man, the Queen’s physician, was a Chamber. Clowes, the King’s Ser- papist. jeant Surgeon, had complained of him In 1618 a Dr. Moore offered £20 for pretending to cure the King’s evil to the College asking to be admitted by touching. He said he was the to practice. It was said by some pres- seventh son of his father, but did not ent that he had been inhibited by pretend to any virtue on that account. the Archbishop (Abbott) to whom a letter was written. The Archbishop A large number of foreigners appear replied that he heard “that several also in the lists of those prosecuted, who do not conform either from a and a few among the “permissi,” who Puritan vein or from Popishness,” were not a numerous body. In 1632 try to obtain admission to practice. Winston, a Fellow, complained of the He begged the College not to admit or number of foreigners in practice, and license either sort. Dr. Moore was not it was found that there were three admitted to examination. He sub- Fellows, one Candidate, the younger sequently wrote that the gift was an Harney, afterwards a great benefactor expression of respect and asked the to the College, and six Licentiates, College to accept it as such. If Dr. as well as twelve who were unlicensed. Moore had, like Dr. Burgess, been in The number of foreigners was prob- Holy Orders, the College would with- ably due to the want of medical out reference to the Archbishop have education in England.
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