Special Libraries, July 1933
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Nazi Privatization in 1930S Germany1 by GERMÀ BEL
Economic History Review (2009) Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany1 By GERMÀ BEL Nationalization was particularly important in the early 1930s in Germany.The state took over a large industrial concern, large commercial banks, and other minor firms. In the mid-1930s, the Nazi regime transferred public ownership to the private sector. In doing so, they went against the mainstream trends in western capitalistic countries, none of which systematically reprivatized firms during the 1930s. Privatization was used as a political tool to enhance support for the government and for the Nazi Party. In addition, growing financial restrictions because of the cost of the rearmament programme provided additional motivations for privatization. rivatization of large parts of the public sector was one of the defining policies Pof the last quarter of the twentieth century. Most scholars have understood privatization as the transfer of government-owned firms and assets to the private sector,2 as well as the delegation to the private sector of the delivery of services previously delivered by the public sector.3 Other scholars have adopted a much broader meaning of privatization, including (besides transfer of public assets and delegation of public services) deregulation, as well as the private funding of services previously delivered without charging the users.4 In any case, modern privatization has been usually accompanied by the removal of state direction and a reliance on the free market. Thus, privatization and market liberalization have usually gone together. Privatizations in Chile and the UK, which began to be implemented in the 1970s and 1980s, are usually considered the first privatization policies in modern history.5 A few researchers have found earlier instances. -
Inflation Expectations and Recovery from the Depression in the Spring of 1933: Evidence from the Narrative Record
Inflation Expectations and Recovery from the Depression in the Spring of 1933: Evidence from the Narrative Record Andrew J. Jalil and Gisela Rua* January 2016 Abstract This paper uses the historical narrative record to determine whether inflation expectations shifted during the second quarter of 1933, precisely as the recovery from the Great Depression took hold. First, by examining the historical news record and the forecasts of contemporary business analysts, we show that inflation expectations increased dramatically. Second, using an event- studies approach, we identify the impact on financial markets of the key events that shifted inflation expectations. Third, we gather new evidence—both quantitative and narrative—that indicates that the shift in inflation expectations played a causal role in stimulating the recovery. JEL Classification: E31, E32, E12, N42 Keywords: inflation expectations, Great Depression, narrative evidence, liquidity trap, regime change * Andrew Jalil: Department of Economics, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, CA 90041 (email: [email protected]). Gisela Rua: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Mail Stop 82, 20th St. and Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20551 (email: [email protected]). We are grateful to Pamfila Antipa, Alan Blinder, Michael Bryan, Chia-Ying Chang, Tracy Dennison, Barry Eichengreen, Joshua Hausman, Philip Hoffman, John Leahy, David Lopez-Salido, Christopher Meissner, Edward Nelson, Marty Olney, Jonathan Rose, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Jeremy Rudd, Eugene White, our discussants Carola Binder and Hugh Rockoff, and seminar participants at the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, the California Institute of Technology, American University, and Occidental College for thoughtful comments. -
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8. a) Convention for limiting the Manufacture and regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs Geneva, 13 July 1931 ENTRY. INTO FORCE: 9 July 1933, in accordance with article 30. REGISTRATION: 9 July 1933, No. 3219.1 TEXT: League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 139, p. 303. Note: In accordance with its article 44 (1), the provisions of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as amended by the Protocol amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 of 8 August 1975, as between the parties thereto, terminates and replaces the provisions of the above Convention. See chapter VI.18. Ratifications or definitive accessions Afghanistan 6. The plenipotentiaries of the United States of America (June 21st, 1935 a) further declare that the participation of the United States of Albania America in the Convention for limiting the Manufacture and (October 9th, 1937 a) Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, signed on United States of America this date, does not involve any contractual obligation on the (April 28th, 1932) part of the United States of America to a country represented 1. The Government of the United States of America by a régime or entity which the Government of the United reserves the right to impose, for purpose of internal control States of America does not recognise as the Government of and control of import into, and export from, territory under that country until such country has a government recognised its jurisdiction, of opium, coca leaves, all of their derivatives by the Government of the United States of America. and similar substances produced by synthetic process, measures stricter than the provisions of the Convention. -
The Rise of the Nazis Revision Guide
Rise of the Nazis Revision Guide Name: Key Topics 1. The Nazis in the 1920s 2. Hitler becomes Chancellor, 1933 3. Hitler becomes Dictator, 1934 @mrthorntonteach Hitler and the early Nazi Party The roots of the Nazi party start in 1889, with the birth of Adolf Hitler but the political beginnings of the party start in 1919 with the set up of the German Workers Party, the DAP. This party was one of the many new parties that set up in the political chaos after the First World War and it was the joining of Adolf Hitler that changed Germanys future forever. The early life of Hitler Hitler wanted to In 1913, he moved to Hitler was shocked by become an artists but Munich and became Germanys defeat in WWI was rejected by the obsessed with all things and blamed the Weimar Vienna Art School German Republic Hitler was born Between 1908- He fought in the First In 1919, Hitler begins to spy in Austria in 13, he was World War, winning the on the German Workers 1889 to an homeless and Iron Cross but was Party (DAP) but then joins abusive father. sold paintings wounded by gas in 1918 the party, soon taking over. Who were the DAP? The DAP were national socialists: The German Workers Party Nationalists – believed that all policies should should (DAP) was set up by Anton be organised to make the nation stronger Drexler in 1919 in Munich. Socialists – believed that the country's land, industry At first there were only a small and wealth should below to the workers. -
4. the Nazis Take Power
4. The Nazis Take Power Anyone who interprets National Socialism as merely a political movement knows almost nothing about it. It is more than a religion. It is the determination to create the new man. ADOLF HITLER OVERVIEW Within weeks of taking office, Adolf Hitler was altering German life. Within a year, Joseph Goebbels, one of his top aides, could boast: The revolution that we have made is a total revolution. It encompasses every aspect of public life from the bottom up… We have replaced individuality with collective racial consciousness and the individual with the community… We must develop the organizations in which every individual’s entire life will be regulated by the Volk community, as represented by the Party. There is no longer arbitrary will. There are no longer any free realms in which the individual belongs to himself… The time of personal happiness is over.1 How did Hitler do it? How did he destroy the Weimar Republic and replace it with a totalitarian government – one that controls every part of a person’s life? Many people have pointed out that he did not destroy democracy all at once. Instead, he moved gradually, with one seemingly small compromise leading to another and yet another. By the time many were aware of the danger, they were isolated and alone. This chapter details those steps. It also explores why few Germans protested the loss of their freedom and many even applauded the changes the Nazis brought to the nation. Historian Fritz Stern offers one answer. “The great appeal of National Socialism – and perhaps of every totalitarian dictatorship in this century – was the promise of absolute authority. -
Historical Article Sir Ludwig Guttmann's Publications Under the Nazis
Spinal Cord (2001) 39, 602 ± 608 ã 2001 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/sc Historical Article Sir Ludwig Guttmann's publications under the Nazis JR Silver*,1 1Wendover, Bucks, UK Spinal Cord (2001) 39, 602 ± 608 Keywords: Guttmann; publications; Nazi Germany Introduction I wrote a historical review (Spinal Cord (2000) 38, haus in Breslau, he received a notice informing him 581 ± 596) on the history of Guttmann's and Whitter- that under Nazi laws his hospital appointment would idge's discovery of autonomic dysre¯exia which was cease on 30 June 1933. based on an application by Ludwig Guttman in 1943 This was deeply shocking to Guttmann who regarded to the Medical Research Council for a research grant. himself as `a German who happened to be a Jew'.1 As part of the application, there was a list of his Foerster appealed to the authorities to try and get publications while he was working in Germany. After them to withdraw the dismissal. As a result it was the rise of the Nazis to power, Jews were persecuted agreed that the notice of dismissal would be and not allowed to practise medicine or to publish temporarily suspended until a replacement for Gutt- scienti®c papers in Germany and the fact that these mann could be found. were published at all is remarkable. Guttmann was furious and absolutely refused to In view of the fact that Guttmann is such a accept this humiliation but he agreed to stay until the dominant in¯uence on the formation of ideas on the ocial leaving date of 30 June 1933.1 treatment of spinal injuries and was the founder of this On 10 July 1933 he started work at the Jewish journal, how these papers came to be published is of Hospital in Breslau. -
Dictatorship and the German Constitution: 1933-1937
DICTATORSHIP AND THE GERMAN CONSTITUTION: 1933-1937 KARL Lo wENsTEIN* FTER National Socialism had seized power in Germany on Janu- ary 3o, 1933, the transformation of the constitutional law of the German Reich was accomplished at an exceedingly rapid rate. During the first two years of National Socialist rule there was an enor- mous output of statutes of basic importance. This rather hectic process of constitutional reconstruction evidently had reached a climax when, on August i, 1934, Adolf Hitler united the functions of the Reich President and of the Reich-Chancellor in his person, because the plenitude of ab- solute power bestowed on the Supreme Leader of the Reich (Reichsfiihrer) was incapable of being further increased. Since then the pace in rebuild- ing the constitutional structure has ostensibly slackened and it seems safe to state that the outlines of constitutional law as they appear today em- body the governmental form of the Third Reich in its final shape. Among the vast mass of statutes passed during the first four years of National Socialist rule some are considered as of fundamental nature and are spoken of as the basic or organic acts of the Third Reich (Grund- gesetz). This official designation, however, does not imply that these acts became integral parts of the fundamental charter (Verfassung im formel- len Sinn). Although it has been repeatedly hinted that a completely new constitutional document will be drawn up which would supersede the Weimar Constitution of August 11, 1918, the plan, if ever seriously con- templated, has not as yet materialized. Should a new constitutional charter be adopted, it would scarcely differ much from the constitutional set-up reflected today in the so-called basic acts, ordinary statutes and to a large extent also, in governmental habits or conventions. -
Semester 1 Life in Nazi Germany 1933
Box A: Key words and definitions Box C: Hitler’s steps to power 1933 - 1935 Box B: Nazi Beliefs 1. Germany was still suffering from World War One with 6 million 1. Aryan – Blonde, Blue eyes, ‘superior’ race 1. Bread and work for all unemployed people and an economic depression. 2. Untermenschen – lower races e.g. Jews 2. Destroy Communism 2. 1932 – The Nazis won 230 seats in the Reichstag elections 3. Ubermenschen - superior races e.g. Germans 3. Get rid of the Jews 3. 1933 – Hitler persuaded von Papen and Hindenburg to make 4. Censorship – limiting the information people have access to 4. Ensure Racial supremacy him Chancellor of Germany. Hindenburg was still president. 5. Indoctrination – to brainwash 5. Fight for Lebensraum 4. 1933- Hitler called more elections. This time he used the SA to 6. Reichstag – German Parliament 6. Strengthen the Government intimidate opponents. 7. Communism – A political party, main enemy of the Nazi’s politically 7. Nationalise important industries 5. The Reichstag Fire - Feb 1933 – Blamed on a communist called 8. SA – brown shirts 8. Improve Education Van Der Lubbe. This made people dislike communists. Van Der 9. SS – Hitler’s bodyguard Lubbe was executed. 10. Gestapo – Secret police 6. Reichstag Fire Decree – it had 6 parts. One of them limited 11. Lebensraum – Living Space for German people Year 11: Semester 1 people’s rights, meaning they could be arrested with out trial 12. Gleichshaltung – Brining Germany into line and limited freedom of speech. The government was given 13. Trade union – an organisation which fights for worker’s rights Life in Nazi Germany 1933 - 1939 more power and there were harsh punishments for arson, 14. -
Wall Street Crash Nazis Used Their Effective Propaganda Against Weimar Government and Other Groups (Jews) to Get Support
So why did support for the Nazi party increase:- Wall Street Crash Nazis used their effective propaganda against Weimar Government and other groups (Jews) to get support. Mistakes by Politicians like Von Papan and Hindenburg Violence and the Financial strength of the Nazi Party You have to decide which one of these is the most important. START WITH THE WALL STREET CRASH. Could argue that on its own it was not enough to bring down the Weimar Government. REMEMBER THE FINANCIAL CRISIS OF 1923 HAD NOT DONE SO. THERE MUST HAVE BEEN OTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTORS. FACTOR EFFECT WALL STREET CRASH This meant American loans of 25 million gold marks had to be repaid within 90 days NAZI PROPAGANDA This appealed to virtually every section of society! There was something for everyone:- Jobs for the unemployed Scapegoats – The Jews were targeted The November Criminals who signed the armistice and hated Treaty of Versailles and kept paying reparations. They had also stabbed the army in the back who had never contemplated surrender. Also the Nazi could draw on the fact that they were well organised at every level and get their message across the whole country. They had special interest groups – Teachers; Lawyers etc. Hitler visited 21 towns during the 1932 Reichstag campaign. He was seen and heard by thousands who loved his simple solutions and attacks on Jews; the Weimar Government and others like the Communists. Mistakes by Politicians Election of 31st July 1932 Nazis (NSDAP): 230 seats and 37.3% of the vote Election 6th November 1932 Nazis (NSDAP): 196 seats and 33.1% of the vote. -
Living Under Nazi Rule 1933-1945 Revision Book
Living Under Nazi Rule 1933-1945 Revision Book Topic 1: Dictatorship Briefly explain who these men are: Adolf Hitler Hermann Göring Joseph Goebbels Heinrich Himmler Ernst Röhm Main Nazi beliefs/demands [After November 1918]… the consequences of the betrayal of the nation became more and more evident… The Jew was at fault for all our misery. [In the 1920s]… we all shared the same desire to wipe out the existing system which had come to power by betrayal of the people and country. We wanted…no social groups and classes but only the German people. The leader spoke of the threatened ruin of our nation and of the resurrection under the Third Reich. How insignificant had all parties become to my eyes. How despicable was communism. From Why I Became A Nazi written by a farmer in 1934 What can this source tell us about why people voted for the Nazi party? 1._________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2._________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3._________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Summarise the causes, events and consequences of the Reichstag Fire Causes Consequences Events What was the Enabling Act? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ -
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8. b) Protocol of Signature Geneva, 13 July 1931 ENTRY. INTO FORCE: 9 July 1933. REGISTRATION: 9 July 1933, No. 3219.1 TEXT: League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 139, p. 345. Note: In accordance with its article 44 (1), the provisions of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as amended by the Protocol amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 of 8 August 1975, as between the parties thereto, terminates and replaces the provisions of the above Protocol. See chapter VI.18. Ratifications or definitive accessions Albania Canada (October 9th, 1937 a) (October 17th, 1932) Austria Australia (July 3rd, 1934) (January 24th, 1934 a) United States of America New Zealand (April 28th, 1932) (June 17th, 1935 a) Saudi Arabia Union of South Africa (August 15th, 1936) (January 4th, Belgium 1938 a) (April 10th, 1933) Ireland Brazil (April 11th, 1933 a) (April 5th, 1933) India Great Britain and Northern Ireland2 (November 14th, 1932) Chile (April 1st, 1933) (November 20th, 1933) Same reservation as for the Convention. Colombia (January 29th, 1934 a) British Honduras, British Solomon Islands Protectorate, Costa Rica Ceylon, Cyprus, Falkland Islands and Dependencies, (April 5th, 1933) Gambia (Colony and Protectorate), Gibraltar, Gold Coast Cuba [(a) Colony, (b) Ashanti, (c) Northern Territories, (d) (April 4th, 1933) Togoland under British Mandate], Hong-Kong, Kenya Czechoslovakia3 (Colony and Protectorate), Leeward Islands (Antigua, (April 12th, Dominica, Montserrat, St. Christopher and Nevis, Virgin 1933 a) Islands), Mauritius, Nigeria -
Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1945
NAZI GERMANY AND THE JEWS, 1933–1945 ABRIDGED EDITION SAUL FRIEDLÄNDER Abridged by Orna Kenan To Una CONTENTS Foreword v Acknowledgments xiii Maps xv PART ONE : PERSECUTION (January 1933–August 1939) 1. Into the Third Reich: January 1933– December 1933 3 2. The Spirit of the Laws: January 1934– February 1936 32 3. Ideology and Card Index: March 1936– March 1938 61 4. Radicalization: March 1938–November 1938 87 5. A Broken Remnant: November 1938– September 1939 111 PART TWO : TERROR (September 1939–December 1941) 6. Poland Under German Rule: September 1939– April 1940 143 7. A New European Order: May 1940– December 1940 171 iv CONTENTS 8. A Tightening Noose: December 1940–June 1941 200 9. The Eastern Onslaught: June 1941– September 1941 229 10. The “Final Solution”: September 1941– December 1941 259 PART THREE : SHOAH (January 1942–May 1945) 11. Total Extermination: January 1942–June 1942 287 12. Total Extermination: July 1942–March 1943 316 13. Total Extermination: March 1943–October 1943 345 14. Total Extermination: Fall 1943–Spring 1944 374 15. The End: March 1944–May 1945 395 Notes 423 Selected Bibliography 449 Index 457 About the Author About the Abridger Other Books by Saul Friedlander Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher FOREWORD his abridged edition of Saul Friedländer’s two volume his- Ttory of Nazi Germany and the Jews is not meant to replace the original. Ideally it should encourage its readers to turn to the full-fledged version with its wealth of details and interpre- tive nuances, which of necessity could not be rendered here.