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Preventive Role of Social Interaction for Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference: Correlation with Fosb/Deltafosb and Pcreb Expression in Rat Mesocorticolimbic Areas

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Preventive Role of Social Interaction for Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference: Correlation with Fosb/Deltafosb and Pcreb Expression in Rat Mesocorticolimbic Areas View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 02 March 2012 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00008 Preventive role of social interaction for cocaine conditioned place preference: correlation with FosB/DeltaFosB and pCREB expression in rat mesocorticolimbic areas Rana El Rawas 1*†, Sabine Klement 1†,AhmadSalti2†, Michael Fritz 1†, Georg Dechant 2†, Alois Saria 1† and Gerald Zernig 1† 1 Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria 2 Institute for Neuroscience, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Edited by: The worsening of drug abuse by drug-associated social interaction is a well-studied Antonella Gasbarri, University of phenomenon. In contrast, the molecular mechanisms of the beneficial effect of L’Aquila, Italy social interaction, if offered as a mutually exclusive choice to drugs of abuse, are Reviewed by: under-investigated. In a rat place preference conditioning (CPP) paradigm, four 15 min Mohamed Jaber, University of Poitiers, France episodes of social interaction with a gender- and weight-matched male early-adult Serge H. Ahmed, Centre National de conspecific inhibited cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP, a model of relapse. la Recherche Scientifique, France These protective effects of social interaction were paralleled by a reduced activation, as *Correspondence: assessed by Zif268 expression, in brain areas known to play pivotal roles in drug-seeking Rana El Rawas, Experimental behavior. Here we show that social interaction during extinction of cocaine CPP also Psychiatry Unit, Department of General Psychiatry and Social reduced cocaine-CPP-stimulated FosB expression in the nucleus accumbens shell and Psychiatry, Medical University core. In addition, social interaction during cocaine CPP extinction increased pCREB (cAMP Innsbruck, Innrain 66a, A-6020 response element binding protein) expression in the nucleus accumbens shell and the Innsbruck, Austria. cingulate cortex area 1 (Cg1). Our results show that FosB and pCREB may be implicated e-mail: [email protected] in the protective effect of social interaction against cocaine-induced reinstatement of CPP. †Author Contributions: Rana El Rawas, Gerald Zernig, Thus, social interaction, if offered in a context that is clearly distinct from the previously Alois Saria and Michael Fritz drug-associated one, may profoundly inhibit relapse to cocaine addiction. designed the experiments. Sabine Klement and Michael Fritz Keywords: cocaine, conditioned place preference, social interaction, FosB/FosB, pCREB, relapse, substance-use performed the behavioral study. disorder Rana El Rawas performed the immunohistochemistry. Ahmad Salti performed the qRT-PCR. Rana El Rawas and Ahmad Salti analyzed the data. Rana El Rawas wrote the paper. Gerald Zernig and Alois Saria have critically reviewed the contents of the paper and provided instrumental suggestions. Alois Saria and Georg Dechant provided the infrastructure required to perform the experiments. INTRODUCTION We have recently shown that only four social interaction Drug dependence is a multifactorial disorder resulting from an episodes (15 min each) with a male early-adult conspecific interaction between genetic, social, and environmental factors as an alternative (i.e., non-drug-associated) stimulus com- (Kreek et al., 2005; Enoch, 2006). There is compelling evidence pletely reversed conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine that social experiences modify vulnerability to reinstatement, act- (15mg/kg i.p.) and were even able to inhibit cocaine-induced ing as prevention or risk factors in the development of drug reinstatement of cocaine CPP (Fritz et al., 2011a). The behav- addiction (Swadi, 1999). Using animal models, several stud- ioral effects of social interaction were paralleled by effects on ies have investigated how social interaction, if made available the brain circuitry known to be involved in drug reinforcement together with a drug of abuse, may worsen drug abuse and sub- and reward. Social interaction during extinction of cocaine CPP stance dependence (Gauvin et al., 1994; Thiel et al., 2008, 2009; reversed cocaine CPP-reinstatement-associated Zif268 expression Ribeiro Do Couto et al., 2009). However, there is little research in the nucleus accumbens shell, the central and basolateral amyg- on how social interaction, if offered as an alternative to drug con- dala, and the ventral tegmental area (Fritz et al., 2011a). We have sumption, affects neural circuits involved in drug reinforcement also shown that the sigma1 receptor antagonist BD1047 enhances and substance dependence. reversal of conditioned place preference from cocaine to social Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org March 2012 | Volume 6 | Article 8 | 1 El Rawas et al. Social interaction vs. cocaine preference interaction (Fritz et al., 2011b). These findings suggest that social (Spear, 2000), were obtained from the Research Institute of interaction, if offered in a context that is clearly distinct from Laboratory Animal Breeding of the Medical University Vienna the previously drug-associated one, may profoundly decrease the (Himberg, Austria) and were group-housed (six rats per cage) incentive salience of drug-associated contextual stimuli. at 24◦C. The animals received ad libitum access to tap water and Drugs of abuse are known to cause several neuroadaptations in pellet chow. A 12 h light/dark cycle, with lights on from 0800 h dopaminergic as well in other neurotransmitter systems. One of to 2000 h, was maintained. Single housing commenced at the these adaptations is an altered expression of transcription factors start of the behavioral experiment and continued throughout the that engender changes in gene expression and may possibly lead to experiment which was conducted during the light period of the alterations in sensitivity to drugs of abuse (Hyman and Malenka, cycle. The animals used in this study were cared for in accordance 2001; Nestler et al., 2001). One of these transcription factors is with the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health Animal FosB. In contrast to the other Fos proteins, FosB is induced to Care and Use Program and the NIDA-IRP Animal Program, and only a small degree in response to acute drug administration but thepresentexperimentswereapprovedbytheAustrianNational because of its unique stability, after repeated drug administration, Animal Experiment Ethics Committee. FosB gradually accumulates in the striatum and stays elevated for weeks or months after discontinuation of drug exposure PLACE CONDITIONING APPARATUS (Hope et al., 1994; Chen et al., 1995; Moratalla et al., 1996; Conditioning was conducted in a homemade three chamber Hiroi et al., 1997). Thus, it has been hypothesized that FosB apparatus (63 cm wide × 33 cm deep × 30 cm high) made of functionsasasustainedmolecularswitchthatmediatessomeofthe plywood panels covered with plastic film. The middle (neutral) more persistent adaptations of the brain that underlie addiction compartment (10 × 30 × 30 cm) had gray walls and a gray floor. (McClung et al., 2004). The first study of fosB KO mice found The two conditioning chambers (25 × 30 × 30 cm) had either that these mice develop a robust CPP to a lower dose of cocaine black walls with two vertical white stripes (5 × 30 cm) on each compared with wild type mice (Hiroi et al., 1997). However, it side and a stainless steel floor with 20 holes (diameter 0.5 cm) has been found that over-expression of FosB leads to enhanced or black walls with five horizontal white stripes (3 × 25 cm) and rewarding and reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. Indeed, over- a stainless steel floor with 15 slits (5 × 0.5 cm). Time spent in expression of FosB in the striatum resulted in maximal CPP to a each compartment was taken with hand timers. If the added- low dose of cocaine (Kelz et al., 1999) and facilitated the acquisition up times for all three compartments were less than the total of cocaine self-administration at low doses (Colby et al., 2003). 900 s of the test session, the missing time was distributed equally Another transcription factor implicated in the effects of drugs of among the three chambers to avoid any bias. After every single abuse is CREB (cAMP response element binding protein). CREB is rat, the apparatus was cleaned with a 70% camphorated ethanol a constitutively expressed transcription factor the activity of which solution. is tightly regulated by its phosphorylation at serine 133 (Lonze and Ginty, 2002). In the nucleus accumbens, it has been shown that PLACE CONDITIONING PROCEDURE increased CREB activity decreases the rewarding effects of cocaine Training and morphine in the CPP paradigm (Carlezon et al., 1998; Pliakas Conditioned place preference was conducted as described previ- et al., 2001; Barrot et al., 2002; Dinieri et al., 2009). Furthermore, ously (Fritz et al., 2011a). All experiments were performed by two CREB activity in brain regions other than the nucleus accumbens individual experimenters using white light (15 Watt) and radio- seems to regulate the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse as well. generated white noise. During the pre-training test, rats were Accordingly, it has been found that over-expression of CREB in allowed to move freely between the three chambers for 15 min the rostral ventral tegmental area enhanced the development of (900 s). Pre-test bias for the chambers was
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