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Análisis Florístico, Estructural Y Biotipológico Foliar De La Vegetación Leñosa En Bosques Ribereños De La Cuenca Baja Del Río Pauto (Casanare-Colombia)

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Análisis Florístico, Estructural Y Biotipológico Foliar De La Vegetación Leñosa En Bosques Ribereños De La Cuenca Baja Del Río Pauto (Casanare-Colombia) ANÁLISIS FLORÍSTICO, ESTRUCTURAL Y BIOTIPOLÓGICO FOLIAR DE LA VEGETACIÓN LEÑOSA EN BOSQUES RIBEREÑOS DE LA CUENCA BAJA DEL RÍO PAUTO (CASANARE-COLOMBIA) Diego Mauricio Cabrera Amaya Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Bogotá, Colombia 2014 ANÁLISIS FLORÍSTICO, ESTRUCTURAL Y BIOTIPOLÓGICO FOLIAR DE LA VEGETACIÓN LEÑOSA EN BOSQUES RIBEREÑOS DE LA CUENCA BAJA DEL RÍO PAUTO (CASANARE-COLOMBIA) Diego Mauricio Cabrera Amaya Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ciencias Biología Director: M.Sc. Orlando Rivera Díaz Línea de Investigación: Ecología Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Bogotá, Colombia 2014 TÍTULO EN INGLÉS FLORISTIC, STRUCTURAL AND LEAF BIOTYPOLOGICAL ANALISYS OF WOODY VEGETATION IN THE RIPARIAN FORESTS OF PAUTO RIVER -LOWER BASIN- (CASANARE-COLOMBIA) Diego Mauricio Cabrera Amaya Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Bogotá, Colombia 2014 …A la memoria de un árbol verdadero… Agradecimientos Quiero agradecer de manera especial al profesor Orlando Rivera Díaz por la dirección de esta investigación; a la Fundación Yoluka, en cabeza de los biólogos Carolina Mora- Fernández, Jhon Alexander Infante-Betancour y Teddy Germán Angarita, y a la Fundación Horizonte Verde, en cabeza de Lourdes Peñuela, por la financiación y apoyo logístico del proyecto; al jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis por el apoyo económico que realizó al proyecto a través del programa de estímulos a la investigación Thomas van der Hammen en su primera edición; a la Universidad Nacional de Colombia por el espacio de preparación académica y profesional; al Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL), en cabeza del profesor Carlos Parra (administrador general del Herbario Nacional durante el desarrollo de este trabajo) por la colaboración en el procesamiento del material vegetal y la consulta del herbario; y finalmente a los profesionales Francisco Castro, Laura Judith Giraldo, Eliana Katherine García y Jorge Fung Uceda por su valiosa colaboración en campo, en el herbario y en la fase de laboratorio. Adicionalmente agradezco a mi familia y mis amigos más cercanos Francisco, Jhon, Carlos, Mauricio, Vladimir y Felipe por su apoyo constante y valiosos consejos durante el curso de esta maestría y el desarrollo de esta investigación. Estructura del documento El cuerpo del presente escrito se encuentra organizado con una sección introductoria general que constituye el capítulo 1, una sección de resultados conformada por los capítulos 2, 3 y 4, y finalmente la síntesis de la investigación en el capítulo 5. En el capítulo 1 se presenta el problema, los objetivos, los antecedentes y el marco conceptual en donde se describen brevemente los fundamentos teóricos de la investigación. Los capítulos 2, 3 y 4 se presentan en forma de artículos científicos independientes de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del Sistema Nacional de Bibliotecas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia; de esta forma se facilita su redacción con miras a una posterior presentación a una revista científica. De acuerdo con esto, cada capítulo cuenta con toda la información pertinente para su comprensión independientemente de los otros capítulos. Finalmente, el capítulo de síntesis relaciona brevemente los principales resultados y conclusiones en un contexto integral a la luz de los componetes florístico, estructural y biotipológico. Resumen y Abstract XIII Resumen Se realizó el análisis de la composición, la estructura y la biotipología foliar de la vegetación leñosa en la cuenca baja del río Pauto (Casanare-Colombia). Se evaluó la composición y estructura de la vegetación a través de colecciones generales y parcelas de 20x50 m y se recolectaron muestras de hojas de un individuo por especie en cada parcela para evaluar la biotipología foliar; el material recolectado se procesó y se depositó en el Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL). Se registraron 79 familias, 207 géneros y 279 especies. Las familias más ricas en especies fueron: Rubiaceae; Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae y Sapindaceae, y los géneros más ricos fueron Casearia, Ficus, Piper, Tillandsia y Annona. Los levantamientos de las llanuras aluviales de desborde presentan diferencias florísticas con las llanuras eólicas. La mayor parte de las especies presenta una amplia distribución en el norte de Suramérica. Con respecto a la estructura, la distribución de clases diamétricas presentó una curva en forma de j invertida, mientras que la distribución de clases altimétricas mostró una tendencia unimodal. Las especies con mayores valores de importancia fueron Attalea butyracea, Euterpe precatoria, Clarisia biflora, Mauritia flexuosa, Sloanea terniflora, Sarcaulus brasiliensis, Discocarpus spruceanus, Maquira coriácea, Dendropanax arboreus y Vitex orinocensis. Hay un predominio de la cobertura en el estrato arbóreo y un estado sucesional temprano, aunque está más avanzado en bosques de vega que bosques de galería o en morichales. El patrón biotipológico foliar responde básicamente al clima y se presenta como hojas mesófilas, simples, alternas, con forma alargada, ápice puntiformes, base angulada, margen entero, área foliar específica (AFE) media-baja y esclerofilia y suculencia bajas. Las especies se agrupan en 10 conjuntos y se destaca una estrategia de uso de los recursos basada en la producción de biomasa de acuerdo con la relación compensatoria: alta AFE y baja esclerofilia. Palabras clave: bosque de vega, bosque de galería, morichales, distribución, valor de importancia, área foliar específica, grupo funcional XIV Análisis florístico, estructural y biotipológico foliar de la vegetación leñosa en bosques ribereños de la cuenca baja del río Pauto Abstract Analysis of the composition, structure and leaf biotypology of woody vegetation was performed in the lower river basin Pauto (Casanare, Colombia). The composition and structure of vegetation were evaluated through general collections and 20x50 m plots, and leaf samples were collected from one individual per species in each plot to assess the foliar biotypology; the collected material was processed and deposited in the Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL). 79 families, 207 genera and 279 species were recorded. The richest families in species were: Rubiaceae; Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae and Sapindaceae, and the richest genera were Casearia, Ficus, Piper, Tillandsia and Annona. The uprisings of floodplains have floristic differences overflow with eolic plains. Most of the species is widely distributed in northern South America. Regarding the structure, diameter class distribution curve provided an inverted J-shaped, while the distribution of altimetric classes showed a unimodal trend. The species with highest importance values were Attalea butyracea, Euterpe precatoria, Clarisia biflora, Mauritia flexuosa, Sloanea terniflora, Sarcaulus brasiliensis, Discocarpus spruceanus, Maquira coriacea, Dendropanax arboreus and Vitex orinocensis. There is a predominance of cover in the tree layer and an early successional stage, although it is more advanced in floodplains forests that gallery forests or morichales. Biotyping leaf pattern responds substantially to the climate and is presented as mesophilic, simple, alternate leaves, elongated, pinpoint apex, angled base, margin entire, specific leaf area (SLA) medium- low and low sclerophylly and succulence. The species are grouped in 10 sets and stands out a strategy for resource use based on biomass production according to the compensatory relationship: AFE high and low sclerophyllous. Keywords: floodplain forest, gallery forest, morichales, distribution, importance value, specific leaf area, functional group Contenido XV Contenido Pág. Estructura del documento ............................................................................................. XI Resumen ....................................................................................................................... XIII Abstract........................................................................................................................ XIV Lista de figuras .......................................................................................................... XVIII Lista de tablas ............................................................................................................. XXI Lista de anexos .......................................................................................................... XXII 1. Introducción ........................................................................................................... 25 1.1 Planteamiento del problema .......................................................................... 25 1.1 Objetivos........................................................................................................ 26 1.1.1 Objetivo general .................................................................................. 26 1.1.2 Objetivos específicos .......................................................................... 26 1.2 Preguntas de investigación ............................................................................ 27 1.3 Antecedentes ................................................................................................. 27 1.3.1 Composición y estructura de los bosques ribereños ........................... 27 1.3.2 Ecología de bosques ribereños ........................................................... 29 1.4 Marco conceptual
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