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Pr78 Pdf 94728.Pdf Cover page: Sampling of Mr Trino’s experimental ponds at Molo, on the Iloilo River, Panay, Philippines. The results of this experiment are detailed in these Proceedings. Inset: Hatchery-reared S. serrata crablets (C1 and C2) reared at the Bribie Island Aquaculture Research Centre. Photos: Clive Keenan. 1 Mud Crab Aquaculture and Biology Proceedings of an international scientific forum held in Darwin, Australia, 21–24 April 1997 Editors: C.P. Keenan and A. Blackshaw Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canberra 1999 1 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has a special research competence. Where trade names are used this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR PROCEEDINGS This series of publications includes the full proceedings of research workshops or symposia organised or supported by ACIAR. Numbers in this series are distributed internationally to selected individuals and scientific institutions. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 2601 Keenan, C.P. and Blackshaw, A. 1999. Mud Crab Aquaculture and Biology. Proceedings of an international scientific forum held in Darwin, Australia, 21–24 April 1997. ACIAR Proceedings No. 78, 216 p. ISBN 1 86320 233 1 (print) 1 86320 486 5 (electronic) Production editor: PK Editorial Services, Brisbane, Australia Typeset and layout: Sun Photoset Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Australia Printing: Watson Ferguson & Co., Brisbane, Australia 1 Contents Foreword 5 Setting the Scene 7 Aquaculture of the Mud Crab, Genus Scylla — Past, Present and Future Clive P. Keenan 9 Review of Mud Crab Culture Research in Indonesia Fuad Cholik 14 Mixed Shrimp Farming—Mangrove Forestry Models in the Mekong Delta: ACIAR PN 9412 Nguyen Van Trong 21 Malaysian Crab Research Eddy S.P. Tan 25 Mud Crab Research and Development in the Philippines: An Overview Romeo Diño Fortes 27 Genetics and Ecology 33 Morphometrics and Ecology of the Mud Crab (Scylla spp.) from Southeast Asia Julia Lynne Overton 35 Genetic Characterisation in the Mud Crab Scylla (Brachyura: Portunidae) Ketut Sugama and Jhon H. Hutapea 43 The Fourth Species of Scylla Clive P. Keenan 48 Growout in Ponds 59 Monosex Culture of the Mud Crab Scylla serrata at Three Stocking Densities with Gracilaria as Crab Shelter Avelino T. Triño, Oseni M. Millamena and Clive P. Keenan 61 Description of Mud Crab (Scylla spp.) Culture Methods in Vietnam Hoang Duc Dat 67 Preliminary Results of the Rearing of Mud Crab Scylla olivacea in Brackishwater Earthen Ponds Romeo Diño Fortes 72 Preliminary Economic Analysis of Mud Crab (Scylla serrata) Aquaculture in the Northern Territory of Australia Brian Cann and Colin C. Shelley 76 Growout in Mangroves 81 Pen Culture of Mud Crabs, Genus Scylla, in the Mangrove Ecosystems of Sarawak, East Malaysia William Chang Wei Say and Abdullah Mhd Ikhwanuddin 83 Pen Culture Experiments of the Mud Crab Scylla serrata in Mangrove Areas Jerome G. Genodepa 89 Mud Crab Culture in the Minh Hai Province, South Vietnam Danielle Johnston and Clive P. Keenan 95 3 Broodstock 99 Performance of Mud Crab Scylla serrata Broodstock Held at Bribie Island Aquaculture Research Centre David Mann, Tom Asakawa and Alan Blackshaw 101 Diets 107 Suitability of Local Raw Materials for Mud Crab Feed Development Johannes Hutabarat 109 Reproductive Performance of Pond-sourced Scylla serrata Fed Various Broodstock Diets Oseni M. Millamena and Emilia T. Quinitio 114 Larval Rearing 119 Investigations into the Reproductive and Larval Culture Biology of the Mud Crab, Scylla paramamosain: A Research Overview Shaojing Li, Chaoshu Zeng, Hong Tang, Guizhong Wang and Qiongwu Lin 121 Development of Hatchery Techniques for the Mud Crab Scylla serrata: 1. Comparison of Feeding Schemes Emilia T. Quinitio, Fe Parado-Estepa and Veronica Alava 125 Mud Crab (Scylla serrata) Megalopa Larvae Exhibit High Survival Rates on Artemia-based Diets Graham R. Williams, John Wood, Brian Dalliston, Colin C. Shelley and Chris Kuo 131 Larval Rearing of the Mud Crab Scylla serrata in the Philippines Juliana C. Baylon and Alan N. Failaman 141 Preliminary Studies on Rearing the Larvae of the Mud Crab (Scylla paramamosain) in South Vietnam Hoang Duc Dat 147 Development of a Hatchery System for Larvae of the Mud Crab Scylla serrata at the Bribie Island Aquaculture Research Centre David Mann, Tom Asakawa and Morris Pizzutto 153 Effects of Density and Different Combinations of Diets on Survival, Development, Dry Weight and Chemical Composition of Larvae of the Mud Crab Scylla paramamosain Chaoshu Zeng and Shaojing Li 159 Larval Ecology and Nursery 167 Quality Control Using Hazard Analysis Principles for Mud Crab Culture Alan Blackshaw, David Mann and Clive P. Keenan 169 Larval Survival and Megalopa Production of Scylla sp. at Different Salinities Fe Parado-Estepa and Emilia T. Quinitio 174 Transport Mechanisms of Crab Megalopae in Mangrove Ecosystems, with Special Reference to a Mangrove Estuary in Ranong, Thailand D.J. Macintosh, F. Gonçalves, A. Soares, S. Moser and N. Paphavisit 178 Development of Practical Diet for Grow-out of Mud Crab Species Scylla serrata and S. tranquebarica Evelyn T. Marasigan 187 Workshops 197 Workshop 1: Farming systems Donald J. Macintosh and Eddy S.P. Tan 199 Workshop 2: Larval Rearing and Nursery Production Don R. Fielder and Mike P. Heasman 209 Participants 215 4 Foreword Until recently, mud crabs have only been reared from stock captured from the natural environment, in those countries where they are being farmed. This practice may threaten the viability of natural stocks, and contribute to concerns about the sustaina- bility of mud crab aquaculture. Now, as reported in these Proceedings, larval production of mud crabs (Scylla serrata) can be reliably achieved, the rapid growth of mud crabs identified and their taxonomy clarified. These significant events were the result of an international collaborative research effort, involving scientists from the Bribie Island Aquaculture Research Centre and Darwin Aquaculture Centre and their counterparts at two institutions in the Philippines, the Aquaculture Department of SEAFDEC and the University of the Philippines in the Visayas. The commercial implications of this successful research are enormous, as are the implications for preserving the natural resources of the world’s fisheries. The Queensland Government, through the Department of Primary Industries, has con- tributed to this outstanding advance through its commitment to the facilities and the research being undertaken at the Bribie Island Aquaculture Research Centre. The Aus- tralian Government has also contributed to this work through the funding provided by its agency, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, which must be congratulated for its long-term commitment to development through scientific dis- covery and application. I recommend “Mud crab aquaculture and biology: proceedings of an international sci- entific forum held in Darwin”, to all interested in aquaculture, and congratulate those associated with this research. Dr Warren Hoey Director-General, Queensland Department of Primary Industries 5 6 SETTING THE SCENE 7 8 Aquaculture of the Mud Crab, Genus Scylla — Past, Present and Future Clive P. Keenan1 Abstract Crabs of the genus Scylla are strongly associated with mangrove areas throughout the Pacific and Indian oceans and form the basis of substantial fishery and aquaculture operations. Aquaculture production currently relies on wild-caught seed for stocking ponds, as larval rearing at a com- mercial scale is still difficult. One of the major problems for effective mud crab management and aquaculture is the likelihood that there are a number of genetically distinct species. Research has demonstrated the presence of at least four distinct species. Laboratory experiments of the larval stages of each species should provide valuable information on each species’ biological and ecological requirements. There are two basic forms of land-based mud crab aquaculture: fattening of crabs with a low flesh content, and growout of juveniles to market size. Fattening is a very profitable activity, employing high densities of crabs and low costs. However, total production is low because of mortalities due to cannibalism. Growout systems for mud crabs show much more variety and production can be very high. Growout systems are usually pond-based, with or without mangroves, although intertidal pens can also be used. Without mangroves, lower stocking rates provide the best return. In shallow mangrove ponds, there are two distinct forms of aquaculture: (i) intensive, with higher stocking rates and supplemental feeding; and (ii) extensive, in large mangrove silviculture ponds where the stocking rate is very low, and no supplemental feeding is involved. Growth rates under all systems are comparable, with production of commercial-sized crabs three to four months after stocking with seed crabs. Further research is required into the habitat preferences of each species so that production techniques can be modified to suit their respective requirements. With advances in the hatchery production of mud crab juveniles for stocking into ponds and enclosures, the
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