UNIVERSITY OF CRAIOVA DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES FIELD OF HISTORY DOCTORAL THESIS Romanian-American diplomatic relations during 1850-1914 ABSTRACT Scientific Coordinator, Prof. univ. dr. habil. Sorin Liviu Damean PhD Student, Marilena Cornelia Rizescu CRAIOVA 2020 1 CONTENT Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5 I. Consular presence and the first American consulates in the United Principalities. Period 1850-1870 .................................................................................................................... 17 I.1. The premises of the evolution of the Romanian-American diplomatic relations .......... 17 I.2. The interest of the American ministers for the knowledge of the Romanian Principalities ... 23 I.3. The contribution of American ministers in affirming the Romanian national identity ........... 58 II. The moment of Benjamin Peixotto – redeeming or instigator of the Jewish cause? ........... 71 II.1. Adolphe Crémieux and the Universal Israelite Alliance in Romania ..................................... 79 II.2. Missionary activity undertaken by Benjamin F. Peixotto ........................................................ 97 II.3. The Berlin Congress reported to the Jewish Question ........................................................... 116 II.4. John Hay: diplomatic protest for the Jewish cause in Romania ........................................... 130 II.5.The presence of American war correspondents on the Balkan front ..................................... 143 II.6. The report of the consular agent Adolf Stern after obtaining Romania's independence ....... 153 III. The beginning of the Romanian-American diplomatic relations ......................................... 158 III.1. Recognition of Romania's independence by the U.S.A. .......................................................... 159 III.2. Eugene Schuyler - the first American diplomatic representative in the Romanian independent state ........................................................................................................................................................... 167 III.3. Sergiu Voinescu - the first Romanian diplomatic representative in the USA ........................ 177 III.4. The first consular convention between Romania and the U.S.A. ........................................... 187 III.5. The report of the consul general E. Schuyler regarding the Romanian trade in the period 1880- 1884 ........................................................................................................................................................... 199 IV. American diplomats in Bucharest and the evolution of Romanian-American diplomatic relations. Period 1885-1914 ................................................................................................................. 215 IV.1. John Walker Fearn .................................................................................................................... 215 IV.1.1. The closeness between Fannie Fearn and Queen Elizabeth .......................................... 218 IV.2. Archibald Loudon Snowden ...................................................................................................... 220 IV.3. William Woodville Rockhill....................................................................................................... 224 IV.4. Arthur Sheburne Hardy ............................................................................................................. 229 IV.4.1. The Romanian immigration phenomenon in America at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century ............................................................................................................ 223 IV.5. Charles Spencer Francis ........................................................................................................... 247 IV.5.1. The economic situation of Romania at the beginning of the 20th century .................... 248 IV.6. John Brinkehoff Jackson ........................................................................................................... 254 IV.6.1. Fighting the Jewish question by US Minister Jackson ................................................... 266 IV.6.2. Monopolization of the oil industry: Standard Oil Company .......................................... 273 IV.7. John Wallace Riddle .................................................................................................................. 282 IV.7.1. The evolution of the Romanian trade ............................................................................... 282 IV.7.2. The 1907 uprising - a source of propaganda in the New York press ............................ 286 IV.8. Horace Greeley Knowles .......................................................................................................... 295 IV.8.1. Reviewing the conditions of Romanian trade .................................................................. 295 IV.9. John Ridgely Carter ................................................................................................................... 305 IV.9.1. The dilemma of American products imported on the Romanian market ...................... 305 IV.9.2. The context of the visit of the American diplomat Oscar S. Straus from the perspective of the Romanian-American bilateral relations ........................................................................................... 308 V.10. Charles Joseph Vopicka ........................................................................................................... 311 V.10.1. Appointment of the US Minister in the Balkans. Assuming the function of the Legation - receptions and ceremonies ...................................................................................................................... 322 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 331 Annexes ................................................................................................................................. 333 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 361 2 ABSTRACT Diplomatic relations inevitably imply an equality of relations in the international act, becoming a formative code of the principles that supervise the conduct of nations. There is no more striking illustration of this than the diplomatic history of the United States, offering through its evolutionary implications, integrating a new nation into a new world, unrestrained by the traditions and institutions of past eras, which, since its inception political placed in a champion of free trade, highlighted by an original signature. The US government's policy of developing large-scale trade relations and engaging in restrictive terms of European political commitments has given the U.S. an energetic manner of promoting and guiding its own success. Specifically, American diplomacy was characterized by a complex phenomenon delimited by the validity of economic stability measures, a sine qua non condition of national interests in the complex interstate relations of the period studied. The American diplomatic experience in Eastern Europe is an almost forgotten saga, often overlooked, the statement of the Monroe Doctrine and the Truman Doctrine being inextricably linked to the American diplomatic experience in this area. But a careful examination reveals a number of interest groups, encompassing commercial, economic, cultural, philanthropic, religious issues, gaining the support of American diplomats who sought to materialize these interferences. In the doctoral thesis entitled “Romanian-American diplomatic relations during 1850- 1914”, I propose a thematic approach to diplomatic negotiations that inevitably involves equal relations in the international act, becoming a formative code of principles that govern the conduct of nations. There is no more striking illustration of this than the diplomatic history of the United States, offering through its evolutionary implications, integrating a new nation into a new world, unrestrained by the traditions and institutions of past eras, which, since its inception political placed in a champion of free trade, highlighted by an original signature. US diplomacy has also had a strong influence on the adoption of simple and direct methods of conducting negotiations, with US diplomats relying rather on the strength of their cause, clearly argued by modeling modern trade practices. Undoubtedly, trade with Europe was the dominant feature of US export activity during this period, with the "American invasion" of the European system representing a major change in the pattern of international trade. Undoubtedly, the most important connection between the United States and Romania during the research period was based on trade. While a decline in interest in Western Europe was reported in the United States in the early 19th century, the interest of American diplomacy in the Mediterranean, the Levant, and the Black Sea, as well as for the events generated by the Oriental Crisis with all its consequences. The United States Government gave priority to commercial interests because economic activities were in full accordance with the US national interest. Through trade operations, missionary activities, and