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AVRUPALI Gezgønlerøn Seyahatnamelerøne GÖRE 19. YÜZYILDA BATI Türkøstan HANLIKLARI Gülay Karadaö Yüksek Lisans Tezi D

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AVRUPALI Gezgønlerøn Seyahatnamelerøne GÖRE 19. YÜZYILDA BATI Türkøstan HANLIKLARI Gülay Karadaö Yüksek Lisans Tezi D AVRUPALI GEZGNLERN SEYAHATNAMELERNE GÖRE 19. YÜZYILDA BATI TÜRKSTAN HANLIKLARI Gülay KARADA Yüksek Lisans Tezi Danman: Doç. Dr. H. Mustafa ERAVCI Afyonkarahisar 2006 AVRUPALI GEZGNLERN SEYAHATNAMELERNE GÖRE 19. YÜZYILDA BATI TÜRKSTAN HANLIKLARI (Alexander BURNES, Arminius VÁMBÉRY, Eugene SCHUYLER) Gülay KARADA YÜKSEK L0SANS TEZ Tarih Anabilim Dal Danman: Doç. Dr. H. Mustafa ERAVCI Afyonkarahisar Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Haziran 2006 ii YÜKSEK LSANS TEZ ÖZET AVRUPALI GEZGNLERN SEYAHATNAMELERNE GÖRE 19. YÜZYILDA BATI TÜRKSTAN HANLIKLARI (Alexander BURNES, Arminius VÁMBÉRY, Eugene SCHUYLER) Gülay KARADA Tarih Anabilim Dal Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Haziran 2006 Danman: Doç. Dr. H. Mustafa ERAVCI Çalmada, 19. yüzylda Bat Türkistan Hanlklarnn siyasi, sosyal ve kültürel tarihi, seyahatnameler bata olmak üzere vakayiname ve aratrma eserlerin nda incelenir. Ana kaynamz oluturan balca seyahatnameler Alexander Burnes, Arminius Vámbéry ve Eugene Schuyler’a aittir. Be bölüm olarak kararlatrlan çalmann birinci bölümünde bölgenin corafi ve etnik yaps üzerinde durulur. kinci bölümde gezginlerin ve seyahatnamelerin nitelikleri incelenirken dier bölümlerde, hanlklarn siyasi yaps, Bat Türkistan’n önemli ehirleri ve bölgenin kendine has sosyal ve kültürel unsurlarna deinilir. Aratrma sonucunda Özbek hanedanlar yönetimindeki Bat Türkistan hanlklarnn hem komu ülkelerle hem de kendi içerisinde sürekli sava halinde oldu/u, 19. yüzyln balarnda güçlü bir konumdayken ikinci yardan itibaren siyasi güçlerini yitirdikleri ve bamszlklarn kaybettikleri görülür. Yine bu yüzyl sonlarnda en eski tarihlerde ticari ve kültürel öneme sahip bölge ehirlerinin de duraklama içerisinde iii olduu tespit edilmitir. Bizim bu sonuca ulamamz salayan olgu, tarihi süreç içerisinde ehir nüfusunda görülen azalma ve halkn içerisinde bulunduu ekonomik imkânszlklardr. ehirlerin bu geri kalmlnn bir sebebi de kuzeyde bozkr güneybatda ise çöl corafyasna yerleen yamac Türkmen ve Krgzlarn oluturduu tehdittir. Bu durum Avrupal gezginlerin bölgeye giri çklarn da olumsuz etkilemekte, zor corafi artlarla birlikte almas güç ikinci engeli tekil etmektedir. Böylece Avrupallar nazarnda gizemli ve ulalamaz olan Bat Türkistan ehirlerine duyulan merak daha da artmtr. Aratrmam z neticesinde varlan bir dier sonuç Bat Türkistan Hanlklarnn, yöneticilerin engellemeleri sonucunda sosyal ve kültürel açdan Avrupa’daki gelimelere ayak uyduramadklar ve mutaassp yaplarn korumu olmalardr. iv ABSTRACT ACCORDING TO EUROPEAN TRAVELER’S BOOKS WEST TURKESTAN KHANATES IN 19th CENTURY (Alexander BURNES, Arminius VÁMBÉRY, Eugene SCHUYLER) Gülay KARADA Departmant of History Afyon Kocatepe University, The Institute of Social Sciences June 2006 Advisor: Associate Prof. Dr. H. Mustafa ERAVCI In this study, West Turkestan Khanates were dealt with political, social and cultural characteristics in 19th century and investigated according to travel’s books, chronicle and research books. Travel’s books were restricted to works of Alexander Burnes, Arminus Vámbéry and Eugene Schuyler. It is about geographic and ethnic characteristics of the region in first chapter of the study that was decided as five chapters. It was mentioned khanates’ political structures, West Turkestan’s important cities and social and cultural elements of the region in other chapters while it investigates the travelers and the characteristics of their works in the second chapter. As a result of this study, it was observed that The West Turkestan Khanetes has been ruled by Uzbek dynasties, was struggling with enemies within and out of the borders. Although The West Turkestan Khanetes were powerful in the first 19th century, they lost their independence in the second half of 19th century. Nevertheless we can say v that West Turkestan cities, which had commercial and cultural importance from the period of history BC., were standstilled in the 19th century. A possible evidence can be that the population in the region and welfare has declined in this period. One reason for this structure of cities in the region was plunders of Turkmen and Kirghiz. Apart from this reason and tough geographical conditions, European travelers faced difficulty in traveling in the region. Therefore, the curiosity for West Turkestan cities, which are thought to be mystic and unreachable in the eye of Europeans, increased. It can be said that The West Turkestan Khanates was not kept up with social and cultural development of Europe and protected their conservative structures because of the inhibition of Khanates’ rulers. vi TEZ JÜRS VE ENSTTÜ MÜDÜRLÜÜ ONAYI vii ÖNSÖZ 19. yüzylda Bat Türkistan’ tarihi corafi ve kültürel olarak Avrupal Gezginlerin bizlere aktarm olduklar bilgilerden ve mevcut dier kaynaklardan yola çkarak tantmay amaçladmz bu çalma iki yllk bir aratrmann sonucunda ortaya konmutur. Aratrmam z neticesinde medeniyetlerin beii ve ticari güzergâhlar n mühim bir noktasn oluturan Bat Türkistan sahasn n, sahip olduu öneme ramen tarihçiler tarafndan özellikle kültürel tarih alannda gerekli ilgiyi görmediini tespit ettik. Bu nedenle son bölümde sadece seyahatnameleri dikkate alarak bölge halknn sosyal ve kültürel hayatna dair tantc bilgiler aktarmaya çaltk. Bu srada doru bilgiye ulamak maksadyla seyahatnameleri birbirleriyle k yasladk. Bölgenin corai yaps, mevcut siyasi unsurlar ile önemli ehirleri ele aldmz birinci, üçünçü ve dördüncü bölümleri ise seyahatnamelerin yan sra bir vakayiname ile telif eserler nda ele aldk. Karlatmz en büyük s knt Türkçe telif eserlerin sayca az olmas ve zamann snrl olmas hasebiyle tüm yabanc kaynaklar inceleyememizdir. Günümüz tarih aratrmalarnda önemli bir yere sahip seyahatnameler bu aratrmam zda görülecei üzere Bat Türkistan’ tanmakta da oldukça büyük önem arz etmektedir. Biz çalmann en banda bu deerini bildiimizden seyahatnamelere dayal bir çalma yürüttük. Tabi bu srada gezginlerin seyahat amaçlar hakknda da ilginç bilgilere ulatk. Bu konuyu “Gezginler ve Seyahatnameleri” ismini tayan ikinci bölümde ayrntl olarak deerlendirdik. Temel kaynaklarmz oluturan Burnes, Vámbéry ve Schuyler’a ait seyahatnamelerin orijinal dili ngilizce’dir ve çalma esnasnda ngilizce basklarndan yararlanlm tr. Ayn ekilde Burnaby, Jenkinson ve Marco Polo’ya ait eserlerin de ngilizce basklar kullanlmtr. Bunun dnda Blocqueville ve Mac Gahan’a ait eserlerin çevrilerinden istifade edilmekle birlikte Mehmet Emin Efendi’ye ait seyahatnamenin ise transkripsiyonu deerlendirilmeye tabi tutulmu2tur. Yararlanlan viii eserler arasndaki bir dier temel kaynam z vakayinemedir. 19. yüzyln ilk yarsnda Hive Hanlnn tarihine k tutan bu vakayinemenin ngilizce basks kullanlm tr. 19. yüzylda Bat Türkistan’a gelen seyyahlar arasndan Burnes, Vámbéry ve Schuyler’ seçmemizin bir takm gerekçeleri söz konusudur. lk aamada dikkat ettiimiz husus, ele alnacak seyahatnamelerin hemen hemen tüm yüzyla k tutmasn salamaktr. Ayrca gezginlerin bölgenin tantm ve siyasi gelimelerin yan sra sosyal- kültürel hayata dair ayrntl bilgiler sunmalar ve aktardklar hususlarn büyük çounluunun kendi gözlemlerine dayanmas önemli rol oynamaktadr. Büyük güçlerin (Rusya, ngiltere ve Çin) 19. yüzyldaki sömürge yar srasnda Bat Türkistan’n dikkatleri üzerine çekmesi neticesinde yüzyln sonlarnda bölge sömürgeye açk bir hale gelmi ve bura halknn pek çok kültürel nitelii yok edilmitir. Bu balamda çalmam zn son bölümünde yer verdiimiz Bat Türkistan’n sosyo- kültürel yap snn büyük ilgi çekecei kanaatindeyiz. Ayn ekilde siyasi tarih ve ehirler bölümünde de pek çok yeni bilgilere ulalmas mümkündür. Böyle zevkli ve ilginç bir aratrmaya beni sevk eden, yakn ilgisini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen ve çalmann bandan itibaren sürekli yol gösteren saygdeer hocam Doç. Dr. H. Mustafa Eravc’ya çok teekkür ederim. Ayn zamanda seyahatnameler üzerinde younlamam hususunda beni destekleyen ve çalmalarm esnasnda yardmc olan sayn hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gürsoy ahin’e ve çalmann bilgisayar ortam na aktarlmasnda ve haritalarn oluturulmasnda yardm eden nianlm Ar. Grv. Said Mahmut Çnar’a teekkürlerimi sunarm. Afyonkarahisar 2006 Gülay KARADA ix ÖZGEÇM01 Gülay KARADA Tarih Anabilim Dal Yüksek Lisans Eitim Tezsiz Yüksek Lisans: 2003 Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih Anabilim Dal Lisans: 2002 Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü Lise: 1997 Darca Lisesi, Sosyal Bilimler Bölümü /stihdam 2002-Aratrma Görevlisi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü Mesleki Birlik Kurulu Dernek Üyelikleri Alnan Burs ve Ödüller Yaynlar Kiisel Bilgiler Doum Yeri ve Yl: Kars 01.12.1980 Cinsiyet: Bayan Yabanc Dil ngilizce x ÇNDEKLER YÜKSEK LSANS TEZ ÖZET ...................................................................................ii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................iv TEZ JÜRS VE ENSTTÜ MÜDÜRLÜÜ ONAYI................................................vi ÖNSÖZ ..........................................................................................................................vii ÖZGEÇM1 ...................................................................................................................ix ÇNDEKLER ............................................................................................................... x SMGELER ve KISALTMALAR..............................................................................xiii GR ..............................................................................................................................
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