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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Stacy J. Lundgren for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in Anthropology, Anthropology, and Geography presented on June 16, 2006. Title: Proving Up and Pulling Out: Archaeology and History of Early20thCentury Homesteading in Southwestern Oregon. Abstract appro " Signature redacted for privacy. David R. Brauner The Forest Homestead Act of 1906 precipitated one of the final rushes for free land in American history. A nascent land management agency, the USDA Forest Service, created a systematized process for the review and documentation of purported forest homestead claims. One hundred years later, the forest-homestead examination files of the then-Crater National Forest (now the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest) in southwestern Oregon provide an historical record that exposes the motivations and actions of numerous individuals as they negotiated the steps entailed in the public-land- disposal process. Archival research and archaeological survey form the dual methodological approaches to determine answers to several questions, among them: who were the people who attempted forest homesteading in a rugged mountainous setting, and what were their primary motivations?; what sort of housing did they fashion for themselves in the higher slopes of the Cascade Range and Siskiyou Mountains; where upon the land did they choose to place their habitation areas?; what were the spatial arrangements of those habitation areas?; and, what today is the nature of the archaeological record of the forest homesteading phenomenon of the early century? This research indicates that the high-volume timber lands of the southern Cascades and the rugged Siskiyou Mountains proved a singular enticement to the residents of Jackson County, Oregon. Vernacular housing was typically the standby structure of the American 'pioneer' ---the log cabin---often ineptly built, sparsely furnished, and infrequently occupied. The would-be homesteaders' actual use of the land was light, often less than one per cent of the total 160 acres they each claimed. The archaeology and history of southwestern Oregon in the early century demonstrates that forest homesteading was less an agricultural endeavor than a speculative pursuit to gain free land. And everyone---men and women, farmers and teachers, doctors and lawyers---wanted free land. © Copyright by Stacy J. Lundgren June 16, 2006 All Rights Reserved Proving Up and Pulling Out: Archaeology and History of Early2OthCentury Homesteading in Southwestern Oregon by Stacy J. Lundgren A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies Presented June 16, 2006 Commencement June 2007 Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies thesis of Stacy J. Lundgren presented on June 16. 2006. APPROVED: Major Professor, representing Anthropology / er, representing Anthropology itt- Member, representing Geosciences Chair of the Department of Anthropology Gr2duateSchool I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Stacy J. Lundgren, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is indebted to several people over the course of this multi-year thesis project: In the early stages, Court Smith and David Brauner helped shape the research, Kingston Heath provided encouragement, and the Oregon Archaeological Society provided partial funding. At the very last stage, both Ronald Doe! and Jessica White stepped in to join my committee. Ann Ramage, Medford BLM, allowed access to that agency's homestead files (formerly, of course, Forest Service files). Several Forest Service archaeologists quite willingly made copies of reports and sent them to me as soon as requested: Kevin Bruce, Tombigbee National Forest; Paul Claeyssens and Theresa Holtzapple, Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests; Gerry Gates, Modoc National Forest; and Cathy Lindberg, Willamette National Forest. Andrew Sewell, RPA, sent Volume I of his homestead research in Wisconsin just as promptly. Kay Shelnutt joined me in the field. Brenda Kellar volunteered to edit my draft thesis. Kara Kanaby and Pam Paullin provided emotional support. Four individuals from the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest helped me with ArcMap: Carol Boyd and Dave Knutson patiently helped me navigate the program, and Randall Frick and Mike Mitchell provided the technical support. Lastly, I am deeply grateful for the assistance, guidance, and encouragement of Jeffrey M. LaLande, Forest Archaeologist for the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest. It was Jeff who told me of the homestead files, who wanted someone "to do something scholarly with them." His unflagging belief in my abilities sustained me throughout the long (probably too-long) thesis-writing process. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1:The Project 2 Chapter 2:Theoretical Background and Methodology 19 Chapter 3: The Place 32 Chapter 4: Historical Background 39 Chapter 5: Archival Results: 'The Files' 57 Chapter 6: Analysis of 'The Files' 101 Chapter 7: Archaeological Results: 'The Field' 120 Chapter 8: Discussion and Conclusions 120 References Cited 156 Appendices 168 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1: Cabin and fenced garden area, #27, Watson, 1910 (USDA Forest Service {FS], Rogue River Siskiyou-National Forest [RR-SNF]). 3 1.2: View southwest from Bald Mountain, 1933 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 4 1.3: Crater National Forest Supervisor's Office, Medford, Oregon, 1908. Ranger Gribble seated at right (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 6 1.4: Charles Johnson and family, 1908 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 7 1.5: Sketch map, #14, Johnson, H., 1908 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 15 1.6: Rogue River National Forest Vicinity Map 1 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 18 2.1: Form #655, p. 1, #37, Johnson, I., 1908 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 23 2.2: Form #655, p. 2, #37, Johnson, I., 1908 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 24 2.3: Form #655, p. 3, #37, Johnson, I., 1908 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 25 2.4: Conley and Tern!! site map, 1982 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 27 2.5: Pelican Bay Lumber Company operations ('high wheels'), 1920 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 28 2.6: Reconstructed cabin, #15, Kenney, photograph by the author, 2004. 29 2.7: 'Deafy' Hall cabin, later used as chicken house, #12, Hall, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 30 2.8: Location of artifact concentration, #12, Hall, 2004 (photograph by the author) 31 3.1: View north from Robinson Butte, 1933, Mt. McLoughlin at right (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 32 3.2: View southwest from Mt. Isabel, 1936 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 33 3.3: View north from Fredenburg Butte, 1936 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 34 3.4: Map of homestead geographic groups. 36 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 4.1: Crater National Forest Supervisor's Office, 1908. Ranger Gribble second from left, Supervisor Swenning second from right (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 41 4.2: Rogue River National Forest Vicinity Map 2 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 52 5.1: Overview map of forest homestead locations. (See Figure 5.2 for key.) 58 5.2: Key to numbered homestead locations. 59 5.3: Sketch map, #47, Reynolds, 1916 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 60 5.4: Sketch map, #30, Burton, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 61 5.5: Unpeeled-log cabin (stump in front), #37, Johnson, I., 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 63 5.6: Cabin (left) and barn (right), #45, Peterson, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 64 5.7: Main buildings and fence, as seen from county road in front of cabin, #50, Stannard, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 65 5.8: Back left, Mary Alice's cabin; front right, burned remains of George's cabin, 1911 (USDA FS,RR-SNF). 66 5.9: Cabin and picket fence, #34, Emerson, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 68 5.10: Hawk sawmill, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 69 5.11: Cabin on Dog Creek, #36, Hawk, 1911 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 70 5.12: Cabin, clearing, outbuildings, laundry, and Jones family, #38, Jones, A., 1910, (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 71 5.13: New cabin, #44, Owen, 1909 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 72 5.14: Cabin, barn, and privy, #46, Read, 1909 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 73 5.15: Cabin and barn of Spencer family, 1909 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 74 5.16: Sketch map, #28, Ash, 1908 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 76 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 5.17: Sketch map, #41, Lystig, 1908 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 79 5.18: Sketch Map, #9, Dixon, 1910 (Medford BLM). 82 5.19: Detailed sketch map, #12, Hall, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 84 5.20: Cabin and woodshed, #26, Textor, 1912 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 85 5.21: Sketch map, #4, Bradshaw, 1910 (Medford BLM). 86 5.22: Old cabin (left), cabin (center), barn (right), #17, Palmerlee, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 90 5.23: Detailed sketch map, #27, Watson, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 92 5.24: Buildings, and log and pole fence, #23, Smith, N., 1910 (Medford BLM). 98 6.1: Christian Lystig in front of his cabin, 1908 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 101 6.2: Mahoney family, Butte Falls, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 105 6.3: Cottage (left), restaurant and hail (right) owned by Mrs. Baker, Butte Falls, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 106 6.4: Mr. Albert's cabin, left; ex-Mrs. Albert's cabin, right, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 107 6.5: Cabin, garden, and rail fence, #51, Willits, 1911 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 111 6.6: Hipped roof log cabin, #7, Cievenger, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 112 6.7: The 'Unsurveyed,' Crater National Forest, 1930 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 113 6.8: Cabin and brush fence, #27, Watson, 1910 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 115 6.9: Buildings, slashing, timber in distance, #49, Spencer, H., 1909 (USDA FS, RR-SNF). 116 6.10: Sketch map, #40, Kiter, 1909 (USDA FS, RR-SNF).
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    ICARUS 68, 284--312 (1986) Venus Mesosphere and Thermosphere II. Global Circulation, Temperature, and Density Variations S. W. BOUGHER,*'t R. E. DICKINSON,$ E. C. RIDLEY,§ R. G. ROBLE,* A. F. NAGY, II AND T. E. CRAVENS II *High Altitude Observatory, ~fAdvanced Study Program, $Atmospheric Analysis and Prediction, and §Scientific Computing Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, I P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307; and IISpace Physics Research Laboratory, 2455 Hayward, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 Received February 13, 1986; revised July 11, 1986 Recent Pioneer Venus observations have prompted a return to comprehensive hydrodynamical modeling of the thermosphere of Venus. Our approach has been to reexamine the circulation and structure of the thermosphere using the framework of the R. E. Dickinson and E. C. Ridley (1977, Icarus 30, 163-178), symmetric two-dimensional model. Sensitivity tests were conducted to see how large-scale winds, eddy diffusion and conduction, and strong 15-/xm cooling affect day-night contrasts of densities and temperatures. The calculated densities and temperatures are compared to symmetric empirical model fields constructed from the Pioneer Venus data base. We find that the observed day-to-night variation of composition and temperatures can be derived largely by a wave- drag parameterization that gives a circulation system weaker than predicted prior to Pioneer Venus. The calculated mesospheric winds are consistent with Earth-based observations near 115 km. Our studies also suggest that eddy diffusion is only a minor contributor to the maintenance of observed day and nightside densities, and that eddy coefficients are smaller than values used by previous one-dimensional composition models.