PROBLEMS OF THE NORTH-EAST STATES OF

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OP Masittt of Hihtuvp mh infotmatton Science 1993^94 •v HABIBURRAHMAN KHAN RPN No. 83 LSM-13 Emolmtnt No; U*2404

Und«r th« Supervision of Mr. S. HASAN ZAMARRUD (READER)

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIOARH (INDL^) 1994

CONTENTS Pcge No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 - il

SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 111— Vll

LIST OF PERIODICAL DOCUMENTED VliL-iX

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS X PART -ONE

INTRODUCTION l" M 1 PART- T;\^0

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4Z-1^9 PART-THREE

INDEXES AUTHOR INDEX 150-155 TITLE INDEX 156-16^

****** a)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all let me thanks to the Almighty Allah whose mercy bestowed on me the opportunity and privilege of the completion of this dissertation. The work took its present shape solely and exclusively due His kindness.

I express my most sincere and profound gratitude to

my teacher and supervisor Mr- S.Hasan Zamarrud, Reader in the

Department of Library and Information Science, A.M.U.,

Aligarh for suggesting the topic, extending his guidance,

encouragement and perceptive advice, during the entire period

of this dissertation work.

I am also grateful to Prof. Mohd. Sabir Husain,

Chairman, Department of Library and Information Science, AMU.

Aligarh, for the way he helped me by words and deeds.

I pay my heartiest thanks to my respected teachers

Mr.Al Muzaffar A.G.Khan, Mr.Shabahat Husain, Mr.S.Mustafa K.Q

Zaidi, all Readers, Department of Library and Information

Science, A.M.U., Aligarh, for their kind attitude, affection­

ate encouragement through my stay in the Department.

I take delight in expressing my thanks to all my

class mates, friends, well wishers, room partners and my

younger brothers Arshad and Rashid, who have helped in so many different ways. tii)

My special thanks goes to Mr.Tariq Mahmood Usmani,

Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Mr.Javed Akhtar

Khan, Research Scholar, Department of Library and Information

Science, A.M.U,, Aligarh and Miss. Bushra Maqbool, for their valuable co-operation during the accomplishment of the present work.

I am also thankful to the services of Seminar

Librarian, Department of Geography, Incharge Coaching & Guidance Centre, Maulana Azad Library, A.M.U., Aligarh, ICWA

Library, Nehru Museum and Library, to reach and collect the relevant sources for this work.

Lastly, sincere thanks are due to my inspiring parents for their collective and cultivative support, moral backing to continue my studies and getting the pleasure of completion of this dissertation.

( HABIBUR RAHMAN KHAN ) Ciii)

SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

SCOPE X The North-East region covers the seven states namely Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya# , Nagaland, Tripura and these states facing various problems. The basic aim of the Study is to bring together at one place the documents and periodi- odicals, articles published in Indian and foreign Journals on the subject. Since the topic is so vast, I have tried to include all the relevant sxibtoplcs and in each a few representative articles have been docian- ented. Keeping in view the toplcalty of the study Instead of plain annotations, informative abstracts have been prepared for the articles.

It was given the task of preparing an annotated bibliography of 205 articles on "Problems of the North- East states of India^as it was thought that it might be of great use to research scholars in this field.

Part one deals with introduction of the topic and problems of the topic. Part two which is the main part of the present study consists ot an annotated bibliogt-aphy of 205 articles on the topic. Part three however deals with indices. (IV)

2, METHODOLOGY i The primary sources were consulted in the following libraries.

(a) Maulana Azad library, Aligarh Muslim University,

Aligarh. (b) Nehru Musetim and Library, Teen Moorti,New Delhi (c) Central Library, Jawahar Lai "ehru. University, New Delhi. (d) Indian Council of World Affairs Library, Sapru House, New Delhi. (e) Indian Council of Socxal Science Research,NASSDOC Mandi House, New Delhi.

2-A. STANDAFO) FOLLOWED t The Indian standard recommehdations for bibli­ ographical references (13:2381-1963), Indian statdard recommended for abbreviation for titles of periodicals (15:18-1949) and classified catalogue code (CCC) of Dr. S.R. Ranganathan have been followed. . ., '

2-B. SUBJECT HEADING :

Attempts nas been made to give co-existensive subject headings as much possible. And allowed by natural language if more than one entry comes under the same subject headings, there are arranged alphabet ically by the authors name. CV)

2-C. ARRANGEMENT t The entries in this bibliography are arranged

strictly alphabetically among the subject heading.

The entry element ot the author (s) is in

capitals, (i.e. surname) followed by the secondary

element in parenthesis using capital and small letters

(i.e. forename) and then the title of the article,

subtitle (it any), then name of the periodical in

abbreviated form (if needed) being underlined follo­

wed by the volume number, issue nxanber, date of

publication, giving by using inclusive notation of the

pages of the articles. Then each entry is followed

by an indicative abstract of the article.

The items ot the bibliographical references for each entry of a periodical article are arranged as follows;

(a) Serial number (b) Name of the author/authore (c) A full stop (.)

(d) Title of articxe including subtitle and alternative title if any. (e) A full stop (.)

(f) Title of the periodical being underlined. wi

(g) A full stop (.) (h) Volume number (i) A comma (») (J) Issue ntimber (k) Semi colon (;) (1) Year (m) A comma (#) (n) Month (o) Semi colon (;) (p) Inclusive pages of the articles. (q) A full stop (.)

SAMPLE ENTRY : NORTH-EAST STATES, PROBLEMS, ELECTION, ASSAM 70. SETHI (Sunll). North-East: Violence stops elections. India Today. 5, 1; 1980, Jan, 1-15; 53.

EXPLANATION This article is taken from tne periodical "India Today* which Is entitled as "North-East* Violence stops elections." written by "Sunil Sethi", in the in t*»e 1st number of the 5th volume of the January, 1980 year, on the pages 53, against this entry.

2-D. ABSTRACT: The entries in the bibliography contain abstracts giving the essential information about the articles (vi

doctunented, I have given Indicative abstracts as well as information abstracts. After searching the literature , entries were recorded on 7* x 5** cards.

2-E. INDICES; The part three of the bibliography contain Author, and title indexes in alphabetical sequence. Each index guides to the specific entry or entries in the bibliography.

A list of £>eriodical8 has been given with their place of publication and frequency. Another list of the abbreviations with their full form is also provided. ^viiii

LIST OP PERIODICALS DOCUMENTED

NAME OP PERIODICALS FREQUENCY PLACE OF PUBLICATIOtI

1. Commerce V/eekly Bombay 2. Democratic World Fortnightly New Delhi 3. Economic and Politi­ Weekly Bombay cal weekly 4. Economic Times Daily New Delhi 5. Far Eastern Econo­ Weekly Hongkong mic Review

6. Prentier Weekly Calcutta 7. Frontline Fortnightly Madras 8. Hindu Daily Madras 9. Hindustan Times Daily New Delhi

10. Illustrated Weekly Weekly Bombay of India

11. Indian Express Daily New Delhi 12. India Today Fortnightly New Delhi 13. ISDA Journal Quarterly Thiruvanthapuram 14. Krukshetra Monthly New Delhi 15. Link Weekly New Delhi 16. Mainstream Weekly New Delhi 17. Man and Development Quarterly Chandigarh 18. Nation Fortnightly New Delhi 19. New . Age Weekly New Delhi 20. New Wave Weekly New Delhi MX '

21. Onlooker Fortnightly Bombay 22. Political Science Quarterly Jaipur Review 23. Prout Weekly New Delhi 24. RadJUxmce Weekly New Delhi 25. Rashtriya Sahara Monthly New Delhi 26. Sentinel Daily Guwahat i 27. Socialist Perspec- Quarterly Calcutta tive 28. Statesman Daily New Delhi 29. Sunday Weekly Calcutta 30. Telegraph Daily Calcutta 31. Times of '.[ndi a Daily New Delhi 32. USI Journal Monthly Delhi 33. Yojana Fortnightly New Delhi (X)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED AASU All Assam Student Union. AGP AEOtn Gana Perished APHLC All party Hill Leaders, Conference BAG Bodoland Autonomous Council BSF Bodo Security Force CHT Chittagong Hill Tracts DMK Dravida Munnetra Kazgham GTAC Guwahati Tea Auction Centre. HVC Hynniewtrep Volunteer council ISG Internal Security Group ISI Internal Services Intelligence NSCN National Socialistcouncil of Nagaland Pim Peoples Militife of Nagaland TNV Tribal National Volunteers ULFA United liberation Frorttof Assam

JAN January FEB February

AUG August

SEPT SEPTEMBER

OCT OCTOBER

NOV NOVEMBER

DEC DECEMBER '^aH o^rve

(^^ril^y<>da^ytw^ 1

1NTR0DUCT3DN

The North-Eastern region of India comprises the seven states o£ Assam« Manipur# Meghalaya* Nagaland* Tripura# Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram. The whole region is situated between latitude 29° and 20° North and longitude about 90° and 97° East and covers an area of about 2«50«000 sq« km. It contributed 8% of India's total geographical area and about 4*7% of the country's total population* This region has a long international boundary with Bangladesh on the south­ west« Burma in the east* China on the North and north­ east and is connected with the mainland by the *Silliguri neck' in West Bengal*

The seven States in the north eastern part of India* fondly called as the seven sisters* had been a victim of the century-long neglect and callousness on the part of the British colonial rulers* It was only after independence that careful attention was given to these States by the leaders of our national Government with a view to bringing about a rapid socio-economic change in this proverbially baclcward region of the country.

Nature bestowed her abundant blessings on the land of the seven sisters In the shqpe of breathtakingly z beautiful forest land and blue hlllst mighty rivers •nd gorgeous water* green fields and a vast reservoir of natural resources beneath the earth. But then all these resources* both human and natural have remained mostly untapped awaiting their proper harnessing for the benefit af the country as a whole*

PROBLEMS

The North East Is not a homogenous region. Each of the seven states In the region has a distinctive character and personall'y* shaped by the composition of Its population. Its culture and traditions* and the history of Its political evolution. It may be added that practically all the states have had disputes with their neighbours* sometimes leading to violent conflicts.

The crisis has been building up In Assam since October 1979. The movement started by the different organisations IDce Assam Jatlyabadl Dal* Purbandial Lok Parishad* Assam Sahltya Sabha* and Assam Students Union have certainly gone astray* Bengali speaking Hindus and Muslims and Hindi speaking Marwarls* Bihar Is and Oriya speaking Hindus from Orlssa have been subject to assult* intimidation and brutal treatment* Exodus from Assam might encourage adventurist organisations in 4

West Bengftl to whip up the feelings «g«lnst minority groups. 'Aliens* and 'foreigners' have been applied to non-Assamese Indians- The agitation has been spear­ headed against all settlers^ be they Bengalis* Hindus* Bangall Muslims* Marwarl* Slndhl or Panjabl business community* Blharls* Nepalls. The AAGSP have raised voch alogans as 'Assam for Assamls" and even demanded that non-Assam Government employees* business men and studdnts leave the state* Assam Is troubled by ethlnlo question long back from 1848* wher* there was an antl- Bengall riot at Gauhatl and In some other places. In 1950 tfaere was an antl-Musllm riot when about Five lalch Muslims were allegedly killed In police firing In Goalpara district. In 1<^^5* there was an antl-Bengall riot throuigh out the state of Assam. In 1960* a state wide agitation began on the Issue of official language and continued for several months, 'families were destoryed or demaged or burnt. Looting* arson was at the peak. In 1965* an agitation started against Marwarls In upper Assam.

One of the demands of student leaders Is cons­ titutional safeguard for Assain on the lines of Jamnu and Kashmiff. This has serious Ipipllcations I.e. every 5

Other state will demand so» resulting In disintegration of India* The Student leaders should realise whether we are Bengalis* Assamese* or Bihar Is* we are all sons of the same soil and have the same right to live* more about and earn out of living freely in any part of the country* The Prime Minister declared that outsiders residing in Assam can not be removed by stroke of pen. she made it clear that the proposed 1971 baseline should be the basis for determining the fore­ igners issue and the could not accept the demands for taking the decision* Propaganda by a communal organisation *Amra Bengali* to include Assam in a plan for greater Bengal has stained the relations between the Bengalis and the Assamese. English and Assamese literature is reported to be in circulation in Assam instigating secesslonism. Some of the foreign countries and christian missionaries are working to whip up communal feelings* Allegations have been made that R.S.S. is involved in inciting the Assamese fbr the expulsion of the Muslin population from Assam. The principal political parties have become irrelevant and are virtually living under house arrest largely because they are bot sure of their personal safety. The distur­ bances were not confined to Assamese and non-Assamese in Assam in recent years* There were Tlolent Incidents first in Assam-Magaland border on January 5, 1^79« followed by border conflicts between Assan and Hag^alaya an«^ Assam Government had served 'Quit India* notices on a large ntaaber of i»n-Assaraese people in Assam in the month of February and March, 1980 and Bengali speaking people who were bom and brough up in Assam. Many of those people migrated to West Bengal with families and took shelter in refugee camps.

Since August« 1979» Assam has been blockading the rest of the country # other states have been deprived of diesel# Kerosine and other petroleum products. History* Geography, and Culture have made all Indians proud without pointing at each other as foreigners within our own country. The people of Assam must realise that their problems will not be solved by.the expulsion of non-Assamese residents who have contributed to the economic development of Assam and enri

Recently» Prently« Morch«« m local organisation In Darjeellng Is demanding the creation of a separate state names 'Gurkha Land* • Kukl National Assenbly is demanding a separate Identity tor Kukl Tribes living m the Northern Mizoraa and bouthern Manipur.

MOVEMENT AGAIMST FOREIGNERS

The question of foreign Infiltration In Assan dates back to the partition days* The Whole purpose of the present agitation In Assam seems to pressurlee the Election Commission throu^ the State administration to bring about a qualitative change In the State's popular tlon structure to favour a political segment as against those who had tolerated the Infltix of outsiders In the State because It suited them politically* A parlia­ mentary by election In Mungaldal in March» 1978 led to public furore that the voterd list should be revised and foreign elements weeded out* Out of 70«000 objec­ tions raised* 45»000 were sutalned by courts after police verification*

Shrl S*L* Shakdhar* the Chief Election Commi­ ssioner « at a press conference In September* 1978 stressed the Immediate need for the administrative set up at the lowest possible level for tne purpose of Identifying each foreign national In the country 9

and for expeditious grant o£ certificates of citizen­ ship under the citizenship Act to all eligible persons by adopting an effective and uniform procedure. Resent­ ment against immigrants was first noticed in 1978. The National flag was burnt at public places in the several towns of the state* On January 26» 1980 Assam's citizens bycotted all official celebrations. The agitators dis­ rupted road and road transport. Postal# telegraph, bank services and inter-state trade and Commerce came to a grinding halt. Uninterrupted picketting of oil installations over several weeks at Dula Jan, Narang and other places led to the closoure of refineries at Digboi and Baraimi. The demonstrators did not allow movement of essential goods to Cachar# a predominently Bengali populated district. The term 'Foreigner* is used for Bangladesh (both Hindus and Muslims) and Nepali Immigrants who have been comming Into the state over HxB decades but in practical terms the agitation boiled do%m to a diauvinistic battle against all Bengalis* The movement is also against all non-Assamese including the business community from different parts of the country and Hindi and Oriya speaking labout working in tea gardens* The basic issue involved is Bengali dominant over all aspects of social life and Marwari domination over economy of the state. 10

The early Immigrants* mostly poor cultivators# had mixed freely with the local population and even speak Assamese language. The more sophisticated Bengalis* tended to a separate cast* not willing to speak Assamese language nor Interested In Assamese culture.

Broadly speaking* there are three types o£ foreign nationals. First* Muslims who Infiltrated from former East Pakistan Into Assam after partition. Second* refugees of displace persons who have not acquired Indian citizenship either through l^^^^rance or oversight or both. Third Nepali Immigrants and infiltrators must be deported according to the law. The second category of non-citizens la the core of the problen since Bangla Desh will not accept any one who came to India before March 25* 1971. These non-citizens* run the risk of becoming stateless. Political parties found It expedient to keep a low profile on the issue* and oollected the block votes of the Immigrants. The Assamese are appre­ hensive that they may be swamped by foreign nationals* mostly Muslims from Bangla Desh. The Assamese recall that in 197'* when there was a move to delete the names of foreigners at the Instance of the Government of India* the Assam Oovernment did not comply with this directive as Muslim members of the State Assembly threatened enblock to withdraw their support to the ruling party. 11

BODOLAM) ACCORDt

The signing of an agreement between Assam Govern­ ment and the All-Bodo Students* Union (ABSU) on February 20# 1993# for the creation of Bodoland Autonomous Council is designed to end the six year old bloody^ ethnic oonfllcti It has come as a relief to lakhs of people« but there are doubts whether the accord will last and prove effective.

Backoronndi Assam* lllce the *'orth-Bast region of which lb is a part and which can boast of being the hone of well over two hundred tribes and a myriad sub-tribal formations is a veritable ethnic kaleidosoope!» Little wonder# therefore* that Assam has been a fertile ground for strong* and prolonged secessionist and separatist movement* Four of the 'Seven Sisters* of MOrth-Castern India have been carved out of Assam* Not that the new states are distinguished by ethnic homogeneity, tfagaland is inhabited by no fewer than thirty-nine tribes* the Nagas being the most nximerous of then* In turn* the Nagas themselves are a collectivity made up of eight tribes ead) of which comprises of several sub-tribes* MizOram has seven major tribes(Lushais* Hamars* Pakis* Fanais* Tlanglans* Pangs and Lakhers) aprt from the non-Mizo Reangs and Chakmas* Naga and Mlso are* in fact* hold-all terms each enfolding a plurality of trib­ al groups Meghalaya Is the home land of three ancient trlbes-Khasls* Jalntlas and Oaros - besides having a 12

sprinkling of other tribal entitles* Arunachal Pradesh w«s the last to achieve statdileve statehood* £.ven under the British rule it was« in effect^ segregated from the rest of Assam and was administered directly by the central government* It was then known as the Itorth Sast Frontier Area (HBFA) • Arunachal Pradesh h«s as many as 110 tribes* the better known among them being the Monpas* Apatanis* Adis, Kaiq?tis# Sinfphos» Nishis and Wan^os.

Even in what remains of Assam* after all the cho­ pping and carving it has undergone* there are twenty different tribal communities eleven in the hills and nine in the plains* The latter category (Plains tribals) includes besides the Bodos whom the Bodoland movement brought into prominence* Kacharis* Karbis* Mishings* Dimasas and others* The two major non.tribal commani- ties in Assam are Assamese and Bengalis* Assamese them> selves being a composite of upper caste Assamese and back­ ward class groups like the Ahoms* The ethnic situation In Assam is further complicated by large Infiltrations from the erst%rtille Bast Bengal or present-day Bangla­ desh as also from Nepal*

Thus*despite the successive amputations to which the state has been subjectea* Assam is far trom having oeoome etnnically Homogeneous* Its sociO'-ethnlc melange has continiJed to be tailorfoede for inter-ethnic tensions* separatist demands for regional autonomy or bids for outright secession from India* The Bodoland movement 13

provides the archetype for the fixst category while UU'A (United Liberation Front of Assail) is an example of the second*

The Causest The Bodos# a plains tribal oomnmnity* who claim to be one of the oldest ethnic groups In the Brahmapura valley and are concentrated on the upper bank of the river and t%«o districts on its lower bank# presented a tough, challenge to the state government and New Delhi* The Bodos are highly articulate and resen- ful of being neglected by the Assamese elite* Their articulatidn of distinct Bodo identity took a clear shape In 1960 when Assamese was adopted as the official Ian* guage for the entire state* It was during the agitation against the in^xssition of Assamese on Bodo area that the Plains Tribals Council of Assam(FTCA) came into existence* The agitation resulted* In 1968* in a compromise - the Assam govemmet conceding the right of Bodos to use their own languaf« as medium of instruction up to the secondary level and the Bodos* on thexr part, accepting the Devanagari instead of the Assamese script for their language*

In addition to language* issues like the alienation of their lands to innigrants* rising unemployment* econo­ mic backwardness of their region and* above all* the 14

feeling that they were treated as second class citizens provlde4 the amnunition for escalating resentment whidi* in 1983* burst into one of the %forst and bloodiest co­ mmunal clashes in the country's history resulting in the infamous Nellie killings* The sane year, the FTCA urged Frlme Minister Indira Gandhi to set u^^ a Union Terri­ tory for the plains tribal population of Assam* Events moved rapidly during the next few years* By. 198$« the All Bodo Students* Union (ABSU) came to replace the PTACA as the spearhead of the Bodo movement for re­ gional autonomy.

The Bodo Movement! The movement was formally launched on March 2, 1987 with district level mass rallies followed, in quick succession* by sub-divisi3nal level# bloc level and anchal level mass rallies* Memozi^nda spel­ ling out the main political goals of the movement were stilsnltted to the President and the Prime Minister of India and the Governor and the Chiet Minister of Assam* In addition* two related demands* (a) extension of the provisions of the Sixth Schedule to the # to *the tribal compact areas* on the southern bank of the Brahmaputra* and (b) the "Creation of a regional council for Bodo* Rengma and other non-Karbi tribes'* in the Karbi Angiong Autonomous District Countoil, 15

Assuming an Increasingly virulent form in 1986« Bodo militancy peaXed in 1989« the rise and declne in militancy being linked with changei in its objectives and actidn plants*

The Twentieth Annual ABSU Conferences In its twentieth annual conference held at Bashari (Dhubri district) , the ABSU raised its earlier demand for a Union Territory to one for 'Bodotand* which would be a fiull-fledged state. Until then they had been speaking vaguely of a "plains tribal homeland'** The conference- also called for the "inclusion of Bodos of Karbi-Anglong in the Scheduled Tribes (Hills) list** although the demand hitherto has been for a regional council for non-Karbis in the Karbi - Angolong Autonomous District Council* Further# "creation of Nilandial and Lal\ing autonomous districts'* replaced the earlier demand for extension of the Sixth Schedule provisions to "tribal compact areas on the southei-n bazdc of the Brahmaputra"* Finally, and most significantly« the conference established the Bodo Peoples* Action Committee(BPAC) to launch and lead a movement for Bodo land hand-in-hand with ABSU* It was evident that the structxxre of the Bodo movement was modelled on that of Assam anti-foreigners compalgn and that the relatidnship between the two (ABSU AND BPAC) broadly would replicate the e^n^ation between the All Assam Students' Union (AASU) and All Assam Gana 16

S«ngr«iB Farishad (AAGSP) — both o£ vfalch were later merged into the Assam Gana Parlshad (AGP) which came to power In Assam a£ter the 1985 state assembly election.

The process of settlementt During the seven odd years of the Bodo agitation there were several rounds of talks to arrive at a settlement* However* successive Chief Ministers of Assam and the leaders of varioms political parties were justifiably opposed to further division of the State.

The repeated rounds of negotiations failed because of (a) the Centre's refusal to b4dge from its stand that there must not be any further fragmentation of the country* and lb) that the acceptable solution would be formation uf an autonomous council within the State of Assam*

In October* 1989 the Centre arranged tripartite talks on the issue in Delhi among its spokesmen* the Assam Chief Minister and the ABSU President. After pro­ longed negotiations a provisional agreement was reached* The mam features of the agreement were (a) The Centre* while expressing sympathy for the tribals* cause* made it clear that there was no questilon of creating a new State of Bodoland by bifurcating Assam territory or otherwise; (b) the ABSU promised to give up violence; 17

and (c) the Assam Government promised to release the detained Bodo agltators« except those guilty of major crimes* ^he Assam Government vas also directed to evolve a solution of the problem on the lines of the Darjeellng Hill Council* But the agitation leaders, made It clear nothing short of separate political entity would meet the Bodos* political aspirations*

Unfortunately* the provisional accord soon broke down* During 1990 there was prolonged violence and acts of terrorism by Bodo students' Union workers* Their secessionist activities posed complex p'^oblems* It was tlnally at the eleventh round of tripartite talks held at New Delhi on 23rd May# 1992« that some progress was made*

Dropping their demand for a Bodoland state* the Bodos now demanded that 4493 villages (falling within nine districts In 37 assembly constituencies) besides 109 tea gardens of this area be brought under the juris­ diction of the proposed Bodoland Autonomous Council* The state government was* however* able to show that more than a thousand of these villages simply did not exist* that in 776 of th^n between 10 and 50 percent Inhabitants were Bodos* that 470 had a Bodo population of between 1 and 9 per cent and that 978 had no tribal 18

population at all* After prolonged and hard bargaining the ABSU-BPAC agreed to tlie Inclusion of 2296 villages (In which the tribal population Is 50 per cent or abovfe) and 25 tea gardens within the territory to be administered by the Bodo Autonomous Council Agreement was also achieved on the composition and powers of the new set-up and a Menoradum of Settlement was signed at Guwahatl on 20 February^ 19^3«

Bodo Accord! On February 20, the accord signed between the president of the All Bodo students* Union VABSU) # Mr* S«K« Bwismutlary and the Union Minister of State for Home# Mr* Rajesh Pilot, appears to have ended the six year Bodo ethnic Issue which had disruptCKS peace and normal life In many parts of the north-east region* The following are highlights of the agreement*

1* The agreement envisages creation of a Bodoland Autonomous Council (BAC)• This falls well short of the demand of the movement leaders for a full fledged state of Bodoland*

2* Legislative power Is to vest In 40 member conncll (equivalent to the legislative assembly of a state), 35 of whom are to be elected on the basis of adult franchise, the remaining five being nomi­ nated by the Oovernor of Assam* 19

3* Executive power is to vest in a smaller Bodoland Executive Council IBSC)•

4* The autonoroous territory* which will cover at least 2^00w village inhabited by tribals will stretch from SanJcosh river m Dhui^ri district to Panchnoi river in Darrang district. Some villages where tribals are less than half the population have also been brough under the territory's Jtiris- diction for the sake of contiguty and compact­ ness*

5« The new body will have control over 38 subjects including education and socio->economic develop­ ment.

Hurdles to tha KncorAt Though the Bodo tribals' spokesmen appear to be satisfied with the accord, the fact is that there are many doubts about its successful implement at Hn.

* Experience in recent years has shown that com­ promises of this type often break down and the dissatisfied elements resume their violent acti­ vity after a short respite* In this case the millitant "Bodo Security Force"« stated to be responsible for many violent Incidents« it still active and may again resort to lawless actions. 20

The demands of the trlbals have been conceded only, partially and their outspoken leaders have already stated that the accord is only "the first step" towards the achievement of their real goal which is the creation of a separate full-fledged State* What and whesi will the sxibsequent steps be taken 7 This remains a ^ot point and imparts tincertainty to the arrange­ ment*

The trlbals have« for the present* agreed to accept 2000 villages instead of the 4t30 villages (lat«r reduced by over 50 percent) they had originally demanded* Moreover, they have agreed, for the present, to accept only 25 tea gardens instead of the 109 they had demanded in the beginning of of the negotiations*

There are some apprehensions about bthe rights of non-tribal people* In many villages the trlbals comprise less than 50 per cent of the population. The accord is also vague on the issue of the sotithern border of the proposed Council* At places it Impinges on non-tribal area that can be a bone of contention at one time or another*

The accord envisages the laying down of weapons 21

by all Bodo activists* But this again is a doubt­ ful proposition. Tn several accords of such types (the Sri Lanka agreement for instance) # only a part of the weapons possessed by the militants were laid downy a good proportion remained with activists. On March 7« 1993 an abandoned World W^r II airfield in Kokrajhar district was the scene of surrender of weapons by 11 proinineut Bodo militants before a manmoth gathering In cele­ bration of the Bodo accord* Soon thereafter Assam Chief Minister announced an amnesty for those who had surrendered and also offered a general amnesty to all militants who laid down arms*

These are factors for potential trouble in the months to come* A renewal of violence would nullify the accord and bely the ^opes of the peace makers* Already there are signs of growing militancy from the Bodo Se­ curity Force which was not a party to the accord and has been stridently staking its claim for a separate state for the Bodos*

Its main complaint seems to be that the initia­ tive had passed into the hands of the ABSU as a result of which it has been relegated to the background* Long after the ABSU and the Bodo People* s Action Commi­ ttee (BPAC)had given up violence as a means to achieve 22

their political ob^ectives# the BSF was still Induldging In terrorist activities*

Not only have Bodo Security Force millitants been on a killing spree in the districts of Darrang and Sonitpur on the north bank, they have also struck terrot in Assan* s tea industry by their extortidm demands* preliminary Investigations show that this outfit is res­ ponsible for the sensatidnal kidnapping of the Tata Tea executive* The abductors are reported to have demanded a ransom of Rs. 15 crore in US dollar for the release of Mr* Bordoloi, son of Assam*s first Chief Minister, '^r. Goplnath Bordoloi* The outfit has also slapped a Rs*5 crore-extortldn demand on the W illiamson Magor group* Zt was responsible also for the kidnappings of two senior executives of a tea estate In the Barpeta district of Assam, recently*

The Bodo Security Force, believed to be armed with a wide range of sophisticated weapons like the AK-47, AK-56 and light madiine-guns, has already been involved in over 40 violent Incidents in the last one year and killed several security personnel in ainbushes* S o powerful is this outfit that Its very mention sends shivers down the spines of many a tea industry official* 23

Whorse is the fact that the BSF has forged links with a few other militant outfits like the ULFA and the NSCM and has become a big security risk. The BSF leaders sees to have enough funds to carry on with their disrupting activity. However, tne State Govern­ ment cannot adopt a complacement attitude and will have to tackle the menace in right earnest. It is also possible that the delay in coming to an agreement with the ULFA by the Chief Minister has contfibted to the BSF's menacing posture. Mr. Saikia should lose no time in removing the main irritants in the larger interests of peace in the State by breaking the formi­ dable HSCH-UU^A-BSF combine.

The interests of BODO areas development and of the economy of the state as a whole demand that the militants should be isolated and dealt with sternly and the new insurgency problem nipped in the bud. The political groundwork for maintenance of law and order have to be strengthened for the smooth Implementation of the Bodo Accord.

ASSAMt MORE DEMANDS FOR AUTONOMY t Following the signing of the Bodo accord, demands for autonomy in various forms are coming up from different other plains and tribal oormunities in Assam Representative 24 organIsatior. of trlbals« including the Mlslngs* Rabhans* Deurls« Tlwas and Amrl Karbls« have come together and formed an "Autonomy Demand Coordination committee" VADCC) to press these demanls* The demands range from constitution of autonomous states within Assam to formatiikn of autonomous districts*

The Misings# a plains tribal connunity inhabiting the north-eastern part of Assam and contiguous area in Arunachal Pradesh* are organised under the Takeaa Rising Porin Kabang (All Misings Studoit's Union) and Mising Mlmag Kebang (Mising National Action Committee) Their demand is for the constititution of the areas claimed to be predominantly inhabited by the Missing^ including areas in Arunachal Pradesh* into an "autonomous state within Assam" under a provision of Article 244-A of the Constitution* That this provision was applicable or.ly to the hill tribes of Assam \inder certain special circumstances# is ignored by those seeking its appli­ cation for the creation of an autonomous state for the Misings.

The Rabhast another plains tribal community inhabiting the southern parts of erstwhile united dist­ ricts of Goalpara and Karmrup, are organised under the All-Rabha Students*• They too are demanding the consti- tuion of areas claimed to be predominantly Inhabited by the Rabha people into an autonomous state within Assam. 25

The Tlwas# formerly knovn as Lalungs« organised under the All Tiwas Studedt s Union* aredemandlng the constitutlion o£ areas claimed to be predominantly Inhabited by the Tlwas* The proposed autonomous area Includes the present Morlgaon district* parts of Marup district and blocks 1 to 2 o£ the Karbi Anglong district*

The Amri Karbi, a Karbi tribe inhabiting the plalos of Assam and organised under the Autonomous Amri Karbi District Demand Committee and the Amri Karbi Student's Union* are also demanding an autonomous district comprising the present lago Raod area* parts of Meghalaya south of Hongpoh and western part of Rani block In Kamrup district* and contiguous areas claimed to be inhabited by the Amri Karbi people*

The Deuris* organised under the Deun Autonomy Demand Committee* are yet to formally formulate their demands*

The ULTA Menacet The Assam Chief Minister* Mr* Hiteshwar Salkla* can esqpect. 1993 to be another year of tuk-bulence* with the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULPA) taking a stridently millitant stance and threatening to intensify its violent campaign. The ULPA has rejected Mr* Salkla*s threat that unless its hardliners and exiled 26

leaders surrendered by January 3l« they would be dec­ lared proclaimed of fender s# and their properties con­ fiscated. The cabinet has meanwhile decided to allow t he army to renew Its "vigorous operation" against the recalcitrant ULFA activists with Immediate effect. The ULFA In a sharp rejoinder has reiterated that for the sake of achieving their goal of an "Independent Assam"* It Is ready to face the entire state's armed might* It also turned down the offer of negotiations as a means to resolve the conflict.

The ULFA still instils terror In the minds of the people#lf not sympathy* And the pro-talk factldtn has criticised the Union Home Ministry's decision to extend the ban on the ULFA for two more years and said New Delhi's "undemocratic actions" may force them to go xinderground.

Intelligence source say that ULFA is considering launching a "Kashmir-type movement" with the help of Pakistan next year* Through the Dhaka based High Corrani- ssion of Pakistan^ ULFA leaders holed in Bangladesh» are working out tnexr strategy* Some, sort of nexus already exists between ULFA mlllltants and the ISI, Documerfcs seized from ULFA militants last year Indicated that Pakistan had devised a strategy to destablise north­ east in tandem with Kashmir and Punjab* 27

Roye of AASUt Foreigners* Issue* The Assamese are coming back to their original grievance; the presence o£ foreigners* that ia, the Bangladeshis* in their midst* It la an Issue on vhlch they have hung all their fallings* Since the 1985 accord of with the then All Assam Students Unlnn (AASU) , the government has not detected much less deported* non-Indians living In the state* The Issue Is building up* In the forefront Is the AASU again* But since the erstwhile AASU did little to Implenent the accord even when In power« the present AASU Is having a hard time in regaining cre­ dibility.

The point the AASU has In Its favour Is the general ingressInn that the people are still coming frcm across the border* The border is open« the diecking half-hearted* and the Border Security Force (BSF) is corruptible* These are the charges made by AASU*

However* the 1991 Census figures belief the impression* The growth rate In the last 10 years has been 28*4 per cent* which tallies with the population Increase In other parts of India* The Assamese object to the projections made between 1971 and 1981 because there was no census in 1981* They also point out to the observation in the north-estern Congress Committee's report of July* 1992 that "between 1971 and 1981* Bangladesh 28

census records showed reduction of a 39 lakhs in the minority population."

The Assam Chief Minister« Mr* Hiteshwar Saikia« does not deny the illegal migration but puts the flow at a trlcklet His bibl:^ is the 1990 electoral rolls, AASU challenges the rolls and feels gratified over the Chief Election Commissioner's directive to the State Election Officer to delete the names of foreig­ ners from the electoral rolls* Mr* SaiXia is not unnece­ ssarily worried* He believes that the 1^90 electoral rolls will have to be accepted and he claims to have satisfied . the Chief Election Commissioner on the score* AASU ana other organisation in the State want to scxcip even the Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act« 1983, seen to be favouring non-Indians* They want the whole «[uesti

From where the thread is to be picked up is a matter of controversy within Assam itself* Most accept the cut-off date to be 1971 when Bangladesh was constituted* But some want to go further back questioning the credential of those who have seen born and brought up in India* This type of attitude angers even a liberal In Bangladesh* After the Bangladesh Prime- Minister* Begum Khaleda zia« accepted in a joint statement with Mr* Narasimha Rao the presence of 29

Bangladeshis In India, the principle o£ Dhaka taking back Bangladeshis has been established. All that is now required is that the two countries should set up Joint tribunals to determine whether the people sought to be sent back are the Bangladeshis or those who once came from that area but have earned India* s citizenship since. There has to be a proper scrutiny.

The AASU is bent upon pursuing the issue* It feels that the Assamese speaking population has become a mino^ rity in Assam itself. Although Mr. Saikia says he will never allow that to happen* AASU*s fears may be genuine. But is efforts to oust non-Indians from Assam will have support only if its battle is legal and non-violent.

What Assam can legitimately be proud of is the absence of Hindu-Muslim tension. The BJP has tried to create a communal divide by equating the Bangladeshis with Muslim and describing Hindus from across the border as refugees. But the presence of Muslims in the AA5U sustains the hope that Bangladeshi problems will not end up in oommanalism. AASU* s efforts for a federal structure in India will also repair regional and tribal animosity in the north-east, which appears more settled after the introductida of a sub-state concept in the strife-ridden Bodoland in Assam. It is expected 30

that a regional oohesiveness may also throw up a solution to the problem o£ foreigners*

MANlPUR 1 MILITANT RULE AND MASS ALIENATIgHt

Slowly but steadily^ Manlpur« once the most peaceful state In the north-east is witnessing a wide­ spread disenchantment with the rest of the country. A sort of mass alienation has set in« breeding cyncism in the process* According to developmental exp«rts« Manipxir's main problem is massive unemployment and economic back' wardness of the state* While the unemployed youth consti­ tute the backbone of the insurgents# it is the perceived sense of neglect by the Centre that has given a cause for insurgent groups operating in the state*

The population break-up of Manipur is 62 per cent Meiteis or Hindus^ 28 per cent tribals# who are mostly Christians« 9 per cent Muslims* and I per cent others who have settled in the state* This 1 per cent ofthe total population* mostly comprising businessmen and others/ control 62 percent of trading activities In the state* and lead a fairly comfortable existence. This is resented by Manipuris* and they call* in a de­ rogatory manner* all non-Manipuris '• as "Mayangs" or outsiders. 31

Historical Backgrounds Till Independence* the Meiteis were the ruling comnunity cind the King of Hanipur was a Neitei« It was dtiring the rule of Maharaja Garib Nawaz# who was on the throne from 1709 to 1748« that the Meiteis were converted to Hinduism and adopted the conrnon "Singh" title* The Meiteis also adopted the Bengali script and many Ben­ gali customs and traditions* In 1891,with the defeat of the Manipxiri forces in the Angfto Manipuri was# Manipur* till then an independent state# became part of British- India and was given the status of a native state* In 1947, Manipur merged with India* though it was offered the choice by the British rulers to be merged with Burma*

Causes of Alienations The real alienatidn began immediately after independence* The reasons were non- recognition of Manipuri language, and the status given to it as a C-Class state* In 1957, it was upgraded to a Union Territory status, and it was only in 1972 that Manipur was given statehood* Regarding the demand for re­ cognition of the Manipuri language, even neutral obser­ vers felt that it was once again a case of lack of understanding of the people's mood. The demand was conceded on;ly last year* 32

Slowly the rising tide or unemployment« poverty and enotlonal Issues turned the state into a cauldron of discontent. KUKI^NAGA TANGLE Manipur in the North Eastern State of India has become the scene of serious ethnic conflict between the Nagas and the Xukis# particularly since themiddle of 1993 and continues in its worst form of killing inno­ cent civilians* exhorting the so-called "loyalty tax" from the common people* business people and the govern­ ment officials. Initially the Government of India was a little soft towards the entire scene but from September 1993 onwards* it has given a serious thought to the entire scenatio. Initially it appointed Lt* Gen. V.K. Nayar as the Governor of the State of Manipur and later imposed Presidents Rule* but still the fighting is on despite massive combing operations by the army and para­ military troops*

It is true that the Kuki-Naga tangle has a long history* The erstwhile Naga hill district of Assam when it became a State of the Union of India in 1963« some of the Kukl leaders also aspired for a Kukiland. The demand for the creation of the Kukl homeland com­ prising of the districts of Churachandpur. Chandel* Sonapati, Tamenglong and some parts of Ukhrul in Manipur and parts of Nagaland and Assam and a portion 33

Of Myaomar^ has been presented to the Government of India In various forums such as the "KuXl Refugee Settlement"« "Creation of New Districts - Sadar Hills". etc. It is worth noting that the Kukl militant orga- nlsatlon8# namely«the Kukl National Army (KNA)« Kukl National Organisation (KMO) and Kukl National Front (KNF) have often laid their emphatic claim on these areas. But this contention has been opposed by the Nagas both in Nagaland and Manlpur in general!^ more par­ ticularly by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-lM) • The present crisis is between the NSCNilM) group and the Kukis.

The current escalation of violence in Manlpux had its roots in what had happened in Moreh in May 1992, when some of the Kukl militants asked the Nagas to vacate Moreh town forthwith. It should be noted that the Kukis are in the majority in Moreh# a small town near the Burmese border. Moreh thrives mainly on smuggling activities. It is disheartening to note that about six kilogrammes of heroin is smuggled out of Moreh and into Manlpur every­ day 1 Nearly half of it is consumed all over Manlpur and the balance is smuggled into the rest of India and even to other countries* Our security forces and para­ military forces instead of having their watdiful eyes on such dreaded activities, merely turn a blind eye to tHis business and are satisfied by filling their pockets. It IS a sad thing to note that on certain occasions^ army 34

vehicles and Manlpur battalion vehicles were used in transporting ganja and drugs* Militants were rather haPPy in getting the usual . tax and commission from smugglers in order to procuretheir arms and amrotinition from Cox Bazar. The Kukis say that the violence in Moreh started after the KiaJcls refusard to pay "loyalty tax" to the NSCN; the latter started harassing the former^ etc* But whatever may be the reason* the fact is clear that both of than wanted to maintain their de facto rule in Horeh for three basic reasons; to get control over monetary support from smugglers* to get their arms and ammunition and to have easy access of crossing over to Myanmar and South East Asia*

A grievous point to note is that the entire scene is politicised* The State Government legislators - both ruling and Opposition - overtly or covertly* are supporting the militants for their survival* Some of the documents issued by the All Naga Students* Association* Imphal* clearly reveals that two prominent legislators of the previous government had paid one lakh and two lakhs respectively to the self-styled "Conanander-in-Chief" of the Kuki Federal Council* though the previous govern­ ment vehemently denied and described them as "concocted and without even the slightest trace of truth"• However the 35

Important thing that our political leaders failed to note is the warning from history^ Support ing one insur­ gent group In order to neutralise another will not pave the way £or restoring peace and normalcy.

The problem in Manipur is not a mere insurgency problenu it has deep-rooted historical* political* econo­ mic and social problems* which need top priority on the government agenda* Xt Is time for the State Government and the Central Government to comeforward witii a £re«h package of economic proposals to alleviate poverty* Unem­ ployment and other related maladies* Even If the Centre Is going to send a score additional battalions of paramilitary forces/ and create a separate force for North East* it Is not going to yield any immediate solution to the ongoing crisis; rather* it will create absolute anardiy and chaos* Counter-insurgency operations* Presidents Rule and Army rule may bring only a "temporary respite" but not permanent so lut ion.

Generally scholars on North-East feel that the cause of insurgency movement In Manipur and Magaland is the direct result of unemployment and underemployment of educated youths and the economic backwardness of the region* The National Committee on the Developtaent of Backward Area in its Report on Development on North-East region sayst 36

Though the North Eaatern region is exceptionally rich in natural resources yet as £ar as Industrial badcwardness goes« the whole of the North-East has been categorised as Industrially backward as per the National Committee's Report on Industrial Dispersal*

The Committee fxirther rightly mentioned that the problems of development (In North East) lie not In the lack of natural resources but In the large Investments required for Infrastructure develop- ment« the Inadequacy of labour^and neoessea:y skill needing an extensive programme of man power deve­ lopment. ..•• the principal prbblems in the region the inadequacy of communlcatlcbn facilities.

ThJL^ cas% Is very much true 4s far as Manlpur is concerned. The Government of India should follow the recommendation of the above said Committee In preparing a comprehensive and Integrated area transport plan for the region by the Planning Commission and the NEC. The progress of the Implement at Inn of the area transport plan should be monitored by some Independent expert committee under the Planning Commission at least annually. So it Is not the economic backwardness but the industrial backwardness which is the result of inadequacy of communication. People are not motivated and# as a result in many cases they are 37 not aware of the various schemes of the government in pro­ moting industrial units.

It Is time for the Centre to expedite an Integrated plan of action against insurgency alongwlth an integrated socio-economic plan for the uplift of this regldin* An ethical solution to the present socio economic and socio­ political malady appears to be the only permanent alter­ native and the ansver to the present Kukl-Naga tangle in Manipur.

Militant's Rule» The National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCM) , whldi Is by far the strongest mili­ tant group In the region* has been extracting "taxes" trom Kukls* It also recently served a quite notice on the Kukls and imposed an economic blockade on the roads leading to Moreh. The Kukl National Array (KNA) vhlch has demanded a separate "Kuklland" within India and the upgradatlon of the Kukl-domlnated Sadar Hill sub-division of Senapatl district to a full tledged district, has told the people of Moreh not tp pay taxes to the NSCN. This has led to vident conflict between the two ethnic groups* The feud between the two underground groups* the NSCN and the KNA# threatens to assume a dangerous txurn. While the Kukl Students Federation had demanded resignation of all Kukl ministers from the government* theNNagaland- baseu Naga Students Federation has alleged that the 38

security forces are vising the KNA to tackle the NSCN.

Despite deployment of army and paramilitary forces* the task of restoring peace is unlikely to be easy# consi­ dering that there are 17 armed outfits operating in Mani- pur. Apart form the powerful National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN)« the PLA, the UNLF and many other equally powerful militant outfits^ a whole range ofnnew organisations have sprung up of late*

Indo-Burroa Liberation Front i With the Indo-Burma Revolutionary Frohg (IBRF) virtually ceasing to exist, exercises are on to form yet another Joint front of insurgent groups in the North-East. The initiative this tlmelihas been taken up, quite expectedly, by the Mulvah faction of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) which was left out of the earlier conglomeration, According to sources In the Home Ministry, at a meeting in Bangladesh the setting up of the Indo-Burma Liberation Front (ZBLF) was endorsed by a number of secessidnlst groups operating in the North East, These Include NSCNm), the prime mover, ULFA, which fomed part of the now defunct IBRF and tne Bodo Security Force, a comparative new-comer in the Insurgency scenario.

The Indo Burma Revolutionary Frontt The IBRF 39

was formed on May 22, 1990 by the NSCN(K), ULFA and the United National Liberation Front iManlpur) to "bullfl up a united struggle on the land between India and Burma and unite the trlbals to achieve an Independent country", The IBRF declaration was signed by S.S. Khaplang, Arbindo Rajkhowa lULFA) and Yalma (UNU) . The people's Liberation Army (PLA) # in a last minute bid, had decide4 against joining the IBRP, although evidence Indicated its pro­ longed Interaction with the conglomeration. The PLA has lately sponsored an alliance exclusively of Meitei insurgent bonds.

The ZBRF has become a dead organisation long before it could be enlivened to act as a collective body. The IBRF* Chairman, Khaplang, is now accused by his detractors of hobnobbing with the government of mdlA. Another top functionary of the IBRF, Kalpajyoti Neo (ULFA^ has surrendered to the authorities with his followers. THE SOCIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EOONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT Some of the social scientists are covinced that sociological factors Influence directly or indirectly in the development preaess to a great extent. Others are of the opinion that the pace of change israrely conditioned by sciologlcal and cultural diffcultie*. there areexaples ofresistance to Imposed changes. In some societies the technical innovations adversely 40 affect the normal social life of the people. On the other hand there are numerous exan»ples to demonstrate that an average person would not hesitate to accept what Iseconomic interest dictates* even though it may ccmflict with so called social interest. There are people In many social groins who xcpress their dissatisfaction with the traditional beliefs and customs and feel that economic development may be induced only after the removal of these s\:^erstitiona. The studies carried out by the Agro Economic Research Centre for North-East India clearly point out that the rural people living either in the hills or the plains are* today aware ofgrowing need for rapid progress. We have evidencesto demonstrate that when people have an opportunity that seems to them to be liglcal and economically beneficial they readily accept it. People in the rural areas of North-East India are observed to be guite willing to adopt technical Innovations and in most cases economic obtaclesare found to be dominant th«n the social and cultural obstacles in the process of change and development. Given the opportunity and necessary resource*. rural people react favourably to the forces of change. ecu CLU Slow

The North-East has assumed for larger and grave dimensions* the entire region has become de^ly involved in the trouble. It has affected every area of country's economy* its agrrlculture* Industry and transport* are suffering from shortage offuel and electricity. The leaders of the agitagion in 41 in Aasam over 'Foreign national issue* have be«i given a chance to resolve their dlfferaices in the Ceitre in a spirit of'Give andtake*. Tension is bulling \xp dangerously and if it goes on much longer it will defeat the very cause which A.A.S.U, and A.A.G.S.P. seek to promote the integrity ofthe State in the security as well of its people. The Central Police forces and the Army arefinding if difficult to operate because of the false allegations brought against them from time to time.

North-East problem is a complex one and will not yield an easy solution* Numerous attempts have heen made to solve the oitangled issue. Ihere have been a nximber of negotl«t tion-between the agitation leaders* Government and the national apposition partes.

The Central Govexnemtn must take \3p its mind and also decide what it wants* to allow the situation to drift \«>uld prove to be dangerous. Army and State police should not be involved in arson* looting* and r^e and should be provided protection so that they can function effectively.

We may also conclude that sociological problems may not be a great hindrance to economic developrooit if Adequate measures to suit the socio-economic structure of the people are taken into account. two

&^^[^rimA)^£d€a' iyOiouoofmiJiAm 42

MORTH-EJ^ST STATES, PROBLEMS, ABDUCTION, BORDOLOI (Bolin Chandra) PRABHAKARA (MS). Tea and terrorj An abduction and its aftermath. frontline. 10,12; 1993, June, 5-18; 37-40.

Bolin Chandra Bordoloi, branch manager in Guwahati of Tata Tea Limited and the youngest son of Lokapriya Gopinath Bordoloi, the Prime Minister (in pre-independence days) and the first Chief Minister (Post-indenpendence days) of Assam, was abducted, while on his way home from office. His car was obstructed by another car on a narrow road off the main Belt- ola Road where the company's offices are situated; and in a Jiffy he was forced out of his car at gun point and driven away.

, ADJUSTMEMT, CIVIL SOCIETY, MNF, MIZORAM RAY (Tapas). Mizoram Portents: Towards violence again Frontline. 8,21; 1991, Oct, 12-25; 34- 9. State Governor feels former MNF insur gents have been facing adjustment problems with civil society and a little responsiveness from the Governments at the state and the centre would heal their sense of hurt. Kaushal is confident there will be no return to insurgency if the former (under grounds) are shown a little sympathy and are helped to adjust to the present society in Mizoram, with when they came face to face only five years ago. 43

—^—, ADMINISTRATION effecton GOVERNMENT,RIFT, MANIPUR 3. SERAM (Kishore) . Rift in Manipur ^vernment, as armed rebell­ ion escalates. Link. 31,43;1989, June,4; 10-11.

Deals with the insurgency issue will be a prominent rallejing point in the coming December polls. In fact, the issue has driven a wedge between the Home Minister and the Chief Minister. But the on going tussle for power and growing dissidence is hampering the administrative functions ot the dout and only weakens the efforts to end insursabotage of the Chief Minister's peace initiative.

AGITATION, AASU, ASSAM 4. ASSAM NARROWING Identities. EPW. 25,20;1990, May,19;1060-61- The one time AASU agitatinists spearheading the Assam movement have in their reincarnation as ministers of the Assam Gana Parishad government proued themselves unequal to the consequences of the agitation on which they rode to power. Undeniovoly the ethric exclusivism that is today splin tering Assamese society is largely the outcome of the Assam frovement

5. DANGEROUS DEMAND. Indian Express. 58,142;1990, May, 14;8. The ruling AGP demand tbat the next chairman of the Duliajan based public sector oil India limited, must be an 41

Assamese, is perhaps the results of its regional political corrpulsions. New Delhi, however, will create a dangerous pre­ cedent if, for whatever reason, it concedes it, particularly since it had at the height of the Assam agitation, buckled to pressure from the AASU and had arbitrarily removed the then incumbent, ma j-Gen. S.C.N. Jatar, in favour of a local itian.

ANTI-LIQUOR, FANIPUR 6. SWAMINATHAN (T.P.). Manipuri Women's crusade c^^ainst husband':^ boozing. Democratic world. 21,16;1992, Oct,15;42. Anyman caught drinking by militant iManipuri women on their nightly temperance patrols across Manipur is likely to find himself stripped; tied atop a donkey and paraded through the streets. iManipuri women have threatend hundreds of recidi- uist liquor dealers with death if they did not cease trading in alcohol and in some cases even advanced them some money to start new ventures. They were sucessful even in stopping senior politicians from serving liquor at parties, long before prohi­ bition,

LANGUAGE, RECOGNITION, MANIFUR 7. PRAMAR (Suresh K). Manipurdemands linguistic identity. Onlooker. 53,11;1992,June,15;52-< 3 . Discusses the demand of Manipuri language should be included in the 8th Schedule. Over the years the control leader ship and successive Prime Ministers from Indta Gandhi to the age will be accorded recognition at the "right time". i«hat has annoyed the leaders of the agitation is the fact that the central leadership has been dragging its feet on the demand.

POLICE, TRIPURA 8. MAHAPATRA (Meera), Implications of Police Unrest in Tripura. Link. 35,15;1992, Nov, 22; 18- 9. Amidst political uncertainties,rising militancy and growing socid-economic problems the non-gazetted policemen and homeguards of Tripura launched a month long agitation with a 13-point charter of demands. Ultimately the agitation was withdrawn under tremendous government pressure. The disgrxinted cops have joined duty. But in the absence of a mutually satis­ factory resolution of the problem, the future stability of the state looks bleak.

—,—,—/ VIOLENCE, ASSAM 9, VIOLENCE IN Asaam. Indian Express, 57,240;1989, June,30; 8. There is a bomb blast, which killed 10 police personnel in Assams Kokra district as well as the uiolence during the ongoing 360-hour "Assam" bandth once again underline the alar­ ming route the agitation by the Upen Brahma Wing oi the All- Bodo Students Union for a separate state for Assam's plains tribals ia taking, 46

ARMED FORCES, OPERATION RHINO, ASSAM 10. PRABHAKARA (MS). Unending in Assam: Operation Rhino into a groove. Frontline. 8,22;1991,Cct,26-Nov,8; 30-31. Indeed, apart from the killings when have legitimately provoked universal ccmdemnation, even routine searches by the armed forces in connection with operation Rhino are now couered with odium insofar as reports in the local press go.the armed forces are invariably referred to as the * '; every action is described as an atrocity, indeed as 'inhuman atrocity ; No interrogation is conducted without the suspect being subjec­ ted to inhuman torture, without being given electric shocks without the suspect being suspended upside down, without being beaten.

OPERATION, BAJRANG, ASSAM 11. PRABHAKARA (MS), Entrenched in Assam on the impact of Operation Rhino. Frontline. 8,26;1991; Dec, 21--1992, Jan, 3; 44-^7. The author expresses the view that three months of operation Rhino have apparently caused more damage to the ULFA than the five months of operation Bajrong. Indeed, the Gout readily released most of those arrested during operation Baj­ rong as part of 'general amnesty' in partiol fulfilment of the Governments own estimation most of those arrrested during oper­ ation Bajrong were relatinely low-level activists. 47

ASSAM ACCORD 12. So-called Assam accord. Indian Express. 53,299;1985,Sept,2. The Assam accord is a cruel Joke on all three parties the immigrants themselves, the govfemment of West Bengal and and the Assamese people. Leaders of AASU and AAGSP can be excused for accepting the accord. They have been fighting with their backs to the wall for six long yea*.-s and have made enor­ mous sacrifices and have morever been under pressure to give up the agitation. They are the uictims of the Government of India's dilatory tactics. They have been frankly worn dov/n to the point of accepting any term», provided they helped save face.

ANTI-MINORITY 13. VASFI (Ausaf Saied). Assam Occord likely to inject Un-certainty fcesides consolidating anti-Muslim Atmosphere. Radiance. 21,18; 1985, Sept, 8-14; 1,11. Analyses that Assam Accord has injected a fresh anti- Muslim element which might result not only into massive state­ lessness and uncertainty but also help consolidate on anti- minority atmosphere in the state."The operation Detection", as the A-I Muslim Majlis -e - Mushwarat resolution points out might expose the entire Muslim minority to the possibility of persecution and harassment. 48

ASSAUfirS, TRIPURA 14. ASSAULTS IN Tripura Indian Express. 57,185;1989, May,6;8.

The Recent attack on f'r.S, Subramanium, Tripura's

Additional Chief Secretary/ who is now in a Calcutta,Hospital

with serious head injuries, has come in the wave of several

similar assaults on senior government officials of the state

by "Unidentified youths". The victims include another IAS

officer, the Secreta?7 of the state public works department,

an IPS officer and two executive engineers, one or whom is

still in hospital.

ASSEf«LY ELECriONiS, ASSAM, 1990

15. NCTQUITE THE remedy. Statesman. 119,9109;1990; Sept, 13;6.

Mufti Mohammad Sayeed's somewhat unexpected pronoxoncement

on the inadvisability of holding Assembly elections in Assam

in Decernber must have promped Mr.Prafulla Kumar: Mahanta at latt

to talk of banning the various extremist organisations in his

state. But both steps might prove to be counter productive if

the purpose is to shelve problems for the time being and not

firmly to deal with a dangerously lawless situation.

AUTCHOMCUS DISTRICT COUNCIL, DEMAND, HMAR, MIZORAM

16. PRAMAR (Suresh K). Hmar «lemand feejected. On1coder. 52,12; 1990,

July,15; 33-f4.

Leading members ot the Mizoram government,Including the

Chief Minister, have categorically rejected the demand for an

autonomous district council for the Pixar tribals. So relations 49

between the hianipur and Mizoram governments are likely to come under spain because of the open support being extended to the rebels by members of the Manipur cabnet. Mizo leaders are unhappy over the fact that Manipur leaders are adding fuel to the fire only to create lawlessness and political uncertainty in Mizoram.

BANKING 17. SARMA(Bibekananda). Banking in the NorthrEast«Yolana. 35, 22; 1991, Dec,15;24- 5.

In some of the states of the region increase in bank couerage and credit deposit ratio have only limited impact because of the fact that deposit base of the banks are sig­ nificantly low. It will be pertinent to mention here that few bank branches located in the rural and unbanked certres of this region have not been able to mobilise the minimum amount deposits but they have lent money to the customers under various government schemes. This indirectly means that some of the bank offices have divermaking branches.

BODOLAND ACCORD, ASSAM 18. KAKATI (Satis ch ) close look ^ ;ttieBodoland accord. Illti-^I'V'Jb-L •^-e^l^l^ c4 >^cU-t^^Al) 1^93. 3u>^ 3-9; ^8-9.

Author examines that the Eodo problem is seen as the beginlng for meeting the aspirations of the ethnic elements of

Assam and, at the some time, in keeping the Assamese society 50

will approach the new experiment with a proper and realistic understanding, not allowing emotion to cloud a right decis­ ion on the senslture issue on the tribals of Assam.

19, KAKATKSatis Ch ). close look at the Bodoland accord, Times of India. 156, 154;1993, June, 30; 8-9. The concept of autonomy to ethnic group of Assam is considered by many observers of Assam's political scenario as unavoidable considering the peculiar population complex of the state and the imperative of a federal type machanism of gouemornce for Assam. However, to have found out a scheme towards solution of the Bodo problem is seen as the begining for meeting the aspiration's of the ethnic elements ot Assam and, at the same time, in keeping the Assamese society in peace, but it all depends on whether the different segments ot the socifet^y will approach the new experiment with a proper and realistic understanding, not alloulng emotion to cloud a right decision on the sensitive issue on the tribals ot Assam.

20, SAVING THE accord. Times of India. 157,174;1994, July,25; 10, The latest Incidldents or seation violence In Borpeta in Assam once again underscore the of hoping that the Bodo accord in its'preseht""form can bring peace to the troi±)led state. In fact, events have taken a dangerous turn with the settlers usually the target of attacks by Bodo extremists 51

and who have displayed considerable resfraint untill now-

organising themselves afnd striking back. While the present

BODOLAMD, AGITATJON, ASSAM 21. ASSAM : Understanding Bodonationalism. EFW.19,35;1994, Aug,27; 2253. Many factors have contributed to Eodonationalistic assertion. To see the violence as merely a calculated move to drive out non-Bodos and ensure that the Bodos would form a majority"in the BAG area would be not meraly a mechanical reading of a complex situation but would also be ignoring the hard demagraphic realities. A most disturbing fall out of the riots is the near complete communal divide. Almost every Bodo leader has traced the origions of the riots to the corrtoing operations 13 in which, it is alleged, the police incited minority youth to attack Eodo settlements.

22. BODO AGITATION. Economic Times. 15, 334; 1989, i-larch,2;5. Discusses the two-decade long Bodo agitation claimed national attention wherf, at the annual conference of ABBSU in December last, a decision was taken that hence forward the movement would work fof realising its three major political demands. The AGP'-government has alleged that :;ew Delhi has encouragf^d the ABSU leafdership to drop the economic, cultural and social demands and 'mount pressure for the creation of a 52

new state,

23. FRABHAKARA(MS). What did the Bodos achieve.Hindu. 116, 59;1993,

March,11; 8.

It appears like a deal hastily entered into by the

agitation leaders, who realised that the time was running out

for them and the agitation too v/as running out of steam.

BCDCLANT), ASSAM 24. BHATTA (Suren). Assam has yet to go a long way. New wave. 22, 31, 1993, March,28; 5,11. Ultimately in the wake of the Assam agitation and encanraged by the suceers of AASU, the birth of ABSU had been facititated, which launched the agitation for a separate Bodo- itne. The scrupulus and sincere implementation of the agrement in its letter and spirit is therefore of crucial and decisive importance, because failure to yield the desired results to the expectation of the Borop«ople will only furnish the favour able conditions for BSP to carry on its compaigra of violence and depredations,

25. DAS (Indira). Why the Bodos are angry. Link. 31,31; 1989, M«rch; 12; 15—6. Perhaps one of the gravest problems the Bodos have had to f.Tce over the years relates to land. Despite restrictions on land transfers between tribal.'- and non-tribals, immigrant 53

Bengali Muslims and Hindus have gradually taken over large areas of agricultural lands. Laws protictirig tribals land here misinterpreted and misused to deprive the tribals of their land with unfortunate results almost 60 percent of their land was taken over by non-tribals.

26. GUPTA (Barxin Das), Tripartite talks on Bodo issue. Link. 31 47; 1989, July,2; 10-11. Discusses amidst unabated violence the AB'SU has spons­ ored a 340-hour bandh f rom Jione, 26. Mean while tripartite talkson the problem are likely to be held in the first week of this month. While the congress is undoubtedly tring to ex­ ploit the Bodo agitation to entjarrags'the AGP Government, the latter can not be absolued of its snare of the blame.

27. MANDA(Mira Rani). Bodoland: A nest of problems. Link. 34,45; 1992, June, 21; 13—4. Experience shews that as and when the moderate leader­ ship in any kind of movement is deliberately or otherwise weakond, the harliners takeup the governments. Bodoland agit­ ation seems to be going the same way. Unfortunately, the Bodos do not even get the constituatlonal protection of any kind because of the fact that the sixth schedule of the Indian constltlon provides for the settingup of the district tribal 54

councils only In the hilly regions of the country.

—, , BODOLAND, DEMAND, ASSAM 28, BEY (Hanvdi) . Everybody is poaching on Bodo preserve.Times of

India Magazine. 152,178;1989, june^28;3. Discusses the Bodos are a much fragmented family, who in the past, oceupied larger area in the countty then they do today Even now they inhabit a territory extending from Haridwar to Dibrugarh, narrow in the west but broadening eastward. A river's name which begins or ends with a 't^) or'di* was originally a Bodo name. There are more than 50 such names in north India. The scene or the presBBt Bodo agitation is what used to be called the eastern Duars, a strip ot territory ceded by Bhutan after the 1865 war. The Eodos in Assam are the lone tribal community in the plain and must be preeerued.

29. DA^TGER OF BODOLAND. Democratic world. 18,37; 1989, Sept, 10; 1-2. After the first round of tripartite taks, the ABSU pre­ sident upendra Nath Brahma declared that there would be armed revolt it the centre did not concede Bodoland, a separate state in Assam, by next year. The student leader is eeholng tn? senti- rnehts. Hundred of tham have died in various classes. Brahma warred that the entire Assam would burn if Dodoland was not

conceded. The AGP Government in Assam is showing signs of 55

weakness and if the centre pushes the Dode card^ the Assam Government rray collapse. But such a political mainpulation will set a dangerous precedent.

30. GOHAIN(Hiren) . Bodo Atir in t>-^spective. EPW. 24,25;1989, July, 24; 1377-9. Discusses the Bodo grievances can be best redressed through a package deal which may include euiction of non-tribal people who have encroached on tribal land after a cutt off year creation of small autonomous regions where the Bodo population is comparatively numerous, special safeguards for Bodo unguage and culture and most important, sharing power with the tribals at the highest level in the state, with Bodo members having permanent berths in the state cabinet and the smaller tribes being represented on it by rotation,

31. KAMAROOPI ASsam: Now there, now not there. EPW.27,30;1992, July, 25;1593. There themes dominated the depate on the no confidence motion in the Assam assembly: the Chief Minister's contortions on illegal migrants from Bangladesh, the statemate over formal taks with ULFA and the demands for a separate Bodoland and an autonomous till district region. se

32. mSRA(Udayon). Bodo:stir ; complex issues, Unattalrable.

demands.EPW. 24,21;1989, May, 27; 1146-9.

It was perhaps too much to expect that the AGP

government in Assam would be able to shake off the legacy

inhereted from decades of congress rule of neglact of the

tribal people and of tribal areas. But it could have made a

sincere effort towards reducing the more glaring inequities

Instead it wa"^ too enmeshed in its own narrow political cal­

culations to pay need to genuine tribal grievances.

BODOS, CHARACTERISTICS- CULTURAL/SOCIAL

33. MCSAHARY (RM). Bodos in the North-East: Their predicaments

and aspirations. Man and Development.11,4;1989; 84-96.

The author hightlights the social and cultural cha­

racteristics of the Bodos and their changing demographic

conposltion nistorlcally. Tracing the genesis of the Assamese

etite, domination of non-tribals in Jobs and education, land

alienation and cultural alienation as the major factors

contributing to movement of the Bodos for a separate state.

TERROR, ASSAM

34. PRAMAR(S). Assam: Bodos stride terror tn tea belt.Onlooker.

53, 9;1992, May,15; 48.

Deals with the recent gory killing of the manager

of the panbarl Tea Estate, CS chakraborty, has spead terror 57

and anger among the employees of the tea gardens in the area. In an angry outburst Irate workers attached nearby Bode uill- ages and burst down over ICO houses. Cne of the major hundles in operation? against the BSF is the fact that they have established bases in the wooded areas of Bhutan,Security forces are not able to follow the Bodos to their training camps.

BUPEAUCPACY, POLITICAL, 1993 35. DAYAL(Gyanesh war). North East; Images '93. Rashtrya Sahara. l,9;1994,Jan, 80. Indicates states lying at the north eastern periphery of the nation remained sandliched between political and bure­ aucratic failure. There seemed to be some drift with the Boco accord but it was drowned in the inter tribal warfare. The worse come to the wort with rise in drug trafficking and att­ endant AIDS cases.

TRIPURA 36. BARMA(S Dev) . Tripura >ieport. Frontier. 12/5-7;1979, Sept,29- Cct,13; 3-8. Analyses that in Asarambari class leadership has helped mass struggle achieve a truly rerolutionary character and class basis. Dv/ell on one simple fact in Asarimbari and wherever the krishak. Mukti samits is strong, there is no trace of Amra Eangall, that danger which elsewhere in Tripura requires massive mobilisation of police and burencracy by a 'popular government; 58

BUSIK^SS effect Of ABDUCTIONS, ASSAM FARZAND AHKAD.

37. /ISSAM LOOSTNGii Business: kidnappings and extortions force capital

to flee. India Today. 18,14;1993^July, 16-31 ; 78—9.

If a trade and in dustry are dying due to terrorism, the

militants themselves are doing good business. Trade and indus­

try sources say that under the cover of stage-managed surrenders,

Saikia in fact gave licence to the militant out fits to operate.

According to a senior police official, the various groups

have their syndicates control tne fish, coal and fresh coal

markets. And nobody can do business without their consent.

TERRORIST ACTIVITY, MILITANT GROUPS

38. FARZAND AHNED. Assam: losing business. India Today. 18,14;

1993, July,16-31; 78—9.

Discusses the terrorist activity and militant groups

who have their syndicates control the fish, coal and fresh

market. And nobody can do business without their consent."one

day" warns a Guwahati-based industrialist,"Saikia and the mili-

torts will wave up to find themselves all alone. Everyone elese

would have pacled his boys and left."

CLASHES, COMfWNAL, BARPETA, ASSAM

39. BHATTA(Suren). Unique Combination of Communal Hoodlums with terrorist Marauders. New Wave. 24,41994, Sept,4;5.

Deals corrbatlng terrorist menace has been made all

more difficult by dinlslve forces and unlnerabllity of the 59

ruling party congres(I) to infiltration into it of all kinds of alien elements and persona non-grata, and un­ hindered scope for indulging in factionabsion in the name of exercising democratic right to dissent. As the dust of the storm is settling at Barpeta now, Saikia government will do well to make a probing and critical revie'- of its omissions and commissions.

MANIPUR,MAY,3-6, 1993 """# III

40. ABDI(SNM) . Massacre in Manipur. 11 liMt^o^j' 1^-^<<^ °-f 3^'^ 27; 1993, July,3-9; 7-9.

In orchestrated attacks on the ting Muslim population in the Manipur Valley, Hoodlums of the maj­ ority Hindu vaishnaluite community clobbered to death a 100 victims, including several children, in may this year. The national media virtually missed the story. The police administration and political leadership did nothing to pre-empt or Halt the billing spree.

41. MAZARBHUIYAN (Nl). More light on Manipur Carnage.Radiance, 28,32;1993, June, 13 — 9; 7.

According to a preliminary surning, TTearly 500 60

houses belonging to 200 families, have been burnt tog­ ether with seven mosques.

The communal genocide that has strained the narre of r^^nipur on May 3-6 is not a sudden out bracK but a successful end of a well thought plan nourished for the last one year. The plan was latched by certain profess­ ional groups in communalism after their failure to erect a temple at leimachin Hillock used for long as Muslim graveyard on the face of strong reistance from the Muslim.

TRIPURA

42. RAM(Mohan). Plague on all the parties. For Eastern Economic REVIEW. 112,16;1981, April. 10;36.

Since the June 1980 carnage in which indigenous will p^^ople and Bengali-speaking outsiders (mostly from Bangladesh) massacred each other there has been a tenuous trice in Tripurra state. However fears linger that the incipient insurgency might flare again and that inter- communal killings could resume. Resumption ot inter-commu­ nal violence in Tripura seems possible as the ethnic hill people lose faith in the politicians. 61

CLASHE S, NAGALAND

43. NAGALAND: Continuing violence. JjPW^- 19,3;iS9'4,

mmfk Jan, 15; 68.

The ambush of a column ot the 12 maratha light

by Maga insurgents near mokokchung on the morning of

Decerrtoer 20, in which 14 army personal including a

colnel were killed and their weapons tooted, is only the

latest ot continuing clashas that have been going on

between the armed forces and the insurgents for sevral

mc-ths new in the Mokokchung Zunhebotc-'..'okha area ot

Magaland.

,—, CCrKUMAL SITUATION.

44. GOKHALE (Nitin A). Keeping vigil. Sunday. 21,23;1994

June, 5-11; 88—9.

The army raises a new unit to mojitor the comfr-

unal situation in the north est new unit called the

Internal Security Group is set up. The job of the ISG

is to keep a watch on the communal situation. Defence

experts say that the ISG could provide valuable infor­

mation to the trops before it moves in foi action.

The ISG will also act P^S a foil to the Pakistani ISI. 62

CONFLICT, CCMGRESS-TUJS TRIFURA

45. PRAMAR ( Suresh K). Tripura: Strains In Congress-TUJS alliance. On 1 coder. 53, 9; 1992, May, 15; 51—2.

The changing attitude of the congress party is causing sett inking among the leadership of the TUJS. The CPM has taken advantage of this uncer tainty within the TUJS to renew its c^ll to the party to quit the coalition and join the CFM in a new setup pointing out to the possibilities that the congress will dump the TUJS in the next elections anc go it alone the CPM tribal leader, Dasarath Deb, hass called upon the TUJS to join hands with the CPM.

INTER-TRIBAL, MANIPUR

46. SIMHA (Shiresh). Dances of the wolves. Rashtriya Sahara 1,7;1993, K^ov, 17-20.

This paper examines,as the golden rays of the sun light up the day, Manipurls wave up to near that a vllla^jo nas been painted crimson with the blood of one tribal group at the handy of another. This has become the order of the day. 63

NAGA MILITANCY, UKKRUL, T'lANIFUR

47. TARUN KUMAR. Blood-Feud among Haga rebels. Hindustan

1*10163. 62, 214; 1985, Aug, 4; 4-.

Western Tangkhul in ukhrue district of Manipur

is the cradle of Naga militancy, some recent events

however, have resulted in the errergence of two groups,

both of whom are fighting for supremacy. This paper also

shows the ideological differen cas between the rival

factions,

NSCN, IBRF

48. KAMAPCOFI. North-East disturbing Portents. EPW, 28,52;

1993, Dec, 25; 2856-^.

Author discusses the recent exbhange of polemies

between the muivah faction of the :iational socialist

council of >Tagaland (f:sCM) and the Indo- Burma Revolut­

ionary Front (JBRF) suggests that more cerficts between

the two may be in the offing,

DEMA^TD, ALTCNOMOUS, DISTRICTS ASSAM

49. HUSSAIN (Wasbir) . Autonomy for 2 Assam districts.

Teleqrph.13, 58;1994, Sept, 3;1.

Dl5;cusses long awaited Hill Tribal Accord is 64

likely to be signed in new Eelhi at a tripartite meeting

between the centre, the Assam government and the agitating

Autonomons state Demand committee (ASDC) conuened by the

Union Hom ministry. The accord, when signed, will elevate

Assam's two v/ill districts, Karbi Anglong and North cacher

Hills, into autonomous territories, bring the curtain down

on the eight year long autonomous state moven-;ent launched

by the ASDC on .Vay 17, 1986.

IMPLEMEHTATIOM, ASSAM ACCORD, AGITATION, ASSAM

50- MENON (Raesh). Assam: failed accord. India Today. 12,20;

1987, Oct, 16-31; 70.

After 24 months of peace, the AASU plans to renew

its agitation this time to demand the implementation of

the accord, with the AASU announcement, the AGP Government

is clearly under pressure. But caught as it is between the

angry sturients and an indifferent centre, it finds itself

with limited space for manoeuvre.

JOB RESEaVATIOM, LAHGUAGE, BODC STUDE^r^, ASSAM

51. MEMQN (Ramesh). Assam: "Role reversal. India Today. 14, 5; 1989, March, 1-5; 85—7.

Analyses that besides a separate state, t he 65

agitating Bodo students demand gracter job reservations

and inclusion of the Bodo language in the Eight schedule

of the Indian Constitution. Both flahanta and Phukan have

said that they are ready to consider all the socio-economic

demands of the tribals but simply cannot agree to any

further division*

MONEY, POLITICS

52. PANT (Sudhir). North-East in the maelstrom of strange

politics. Link. 35,32/1993, i^rch, 21;6-7.

Caught between shifty, self seruing governments

and various groups of extremist hotheads, are the hapless

people of the >:orth-East. The former have made them ride

the hobby horse ot instability and the latter have taken

them on a Joyride of terror, with recurring demands of

protection money, extortion money and h-ad money. At one

level are the surtuval games played out by the proactical

politicions and, t the other, are the more sinisterly

idea? that a community can only be defined by the geogr-

phic of limits it occupies.

POLITICAL, SEPARATE AHOM STATE, ASSAM

53. DAS (Indira) .Last glory hau/its Ahoms. Link. 31,33;1989,

March, 26; 15.

Although the dem^and for an Ahom land is still a 66

faint cry, there Is no gainsaying that this poncerful

race, which one ruled Assam and which new finds itself

reduced to the unenviable status of a baciward community

is smarting with resentment. And can indeed, at the first

opportunity spread like forest fire in search of a dream

for a separate Ahom state.

REGICNAL COUNCIL, LUSAI, LANGUAGE, TRIPURA

54. CHAKRABCRTY (Suj^Jt Kumar). TUJS Opposes seperate regional

council plan. Link. 31,19;1988, Dec,18;29.

The remote Mizo-dominated Jampui Hill area of

Tripura is hotting up again with the demand for setting

up a seperate regional council and the introduction of the

lusai (Mizo) language as the medium of instruction at the

primary level. The state Government is yet to announce its

decision in this regard although the coalition partner, the

TUJS has clearely opposed the demand because the idea of

setting up of another regional covincil within the aufono-

mous district councial area whould create chaos and brekk

the compactness of the tribal mass.

SOVEREIGNTY, INDEPEMDENT STATE,

55. ROY (Singh). Sinister designs of Burmese, North Eastern rebels. Link. 33,22;1991, Jan, 6; 29-31.

Thn rebpl outfits in the North-Eastern States and 67

the Burmese border are demanding a sonereign indepencent

state compriring some reas of Burma and these states.

This is obviously a challenge to the integrity and so­

vereignty of this country. All precantions should be

taken against these sinister designs.

TRIBAL, AirrCNOiMOUS STATE, ASSAM

56. HUSSAIN(Monirul). Tribal riovement for Autonomous State

in Assam. EPW. 22,32;1987; Aug, 8;1329—^Z-

Express the demand of the hill peoples of

Karbi Anglong and North cachar hill district for an

autonomous state in Assam is rooted in the long history

of similar movements in the north-east which have led

first to the separate state of tiagaland, then yiizoram

and later the constitutional experimeiit with an autono­

mous tribal state which become T'leghaya. The demand for an

autonomous tribal state has been renlved as a result of

among other developments, the decline of the congress,

the erosion of left forces and success of the youth

dominated AGP in Assam.

,—, ^ ULFA, TEA HEADQUARTERS, ASSAM

57. BHATTA CHARYA (Sinchita V).ULFA, Terror: Tea Industry In Peril. Onlooker. 52,29;1991, April; 15; 28—9. 6S

This articles describe the ULFA demands included stift-

Ing of all headquarters of tea companies to Assam within

a year. Their outrage also includes exfortion of F.s.5

lakh from each tea garden, ULFA claims to have a natural

hatred towards the non Assamese business community who

"carpot the economy and the lives of the people of

Assam".

DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURE, HORTI CU'LTURE; ALLIED

ACTIVITICS.

58. SAFKAR (AN). Development in the North-East: Friori*:v

Areas.Yojana. 34,20; 1990, Nov, 1-15; 29-30.

The author examines the polential and prespects

of the development of agriculture, horticulture and

allie: actlvitie?^ in the North-Eastem. Region, He says

there is vast scope for diversification ot tradional

agriculture with suitable technological back-up.

COmUNISM, NATIONALISM, TRIFUPA.

59. BHATTA CHARYA (Harihar) . Communism, TJationalism and trlbal^stion in Tripura. EPW. 25, 39; 1990, Sept, 29; 2209— 14.

This paper examines the development of the 99

communist movement in Tripura during 1930-48 and seeks

to explain the developments in terms of the nationalities

question and tribal nationlism and to highlight the

problems of communist identification with regional

-'ationalism (s) .

ECONOMIC, LAND, MARKET, MEGHALAYA

60. NAIR (Wk Sukumaran). constraints on the development of

a land market in Meghalaya. EFW. 21,30; 1986, July,26;

60— 66.

In a large parts of India the penetration of

colonial markets and the emerging bourgeois property

relations have led to extensive alienation of tribal

lands reducing the tribal people to v/age labour. In the

north east however, more particularly in ^:eghalaya, the

traditional kinship-based land relations have largely

b»=en preserved. Even though private ownership has e/nerced

to some extend, especially in urbom and semi-urbcn areas,

only comparatively rarely does land appear to be acquired

or disposed of through purchase or sale. The paper looks

at the precise nature of this process of preservation of

traditional land reltiions as they have unfolded in .Vegh-

alaya. 70

ir^USTRIAL, FACILITIES/ INFRASTRUCTUPAL

61. VERMA (JD) . Industrialising backward north-eastern region,

Corrroerce. 146, 3745; 1983, Inarch, 12; 452—6.

There are numberous disadvantages from which the

region suffers. The region has some very rich natural

resources in the form of forests, minerals and yet econo­

mically it is perhaps the most backward area of the cou­

ntry. The complaints made by the units on the industrial

essates referred bosically to lack of adequate infrastru-

ctural facilities, in adequate supply of raw materials,

unhelp ful attitude of the banking sector, and most imp­

ortantly the difficulties associated with traispcrtation

of raw material--^ and fineshed products.

TEA AUCTIO!^ CENTRE CLOSURE, ASSAM t t I t 62. GCKHALE (Nitin A). Under threat: The Guwahati tea auction

centre recives a Jolt. Sunday. 20,48;1993, 6ec, 5-11; 58.

Proposed opening of a new tea auction centre at

Ahmedabad has sent jitters down the collective spine of

the Assam government, the GTAC and local entrepreneurs

la«t month. The decision, which came literally out of the

blue, raised quite a hue and cry in the local tea circles 71

in Assam and led to the forrratlon of several comir.ittes

to combat the threal. If the Ahmedabao centre comes up,

the Guwahati auction centre stands to lose about one

third of its business and about 3,000 people might be

confronted with unemployment.

RURAL

63P. GUPTA (RP) . Financial institutions; Role In North-Sast.

Democratic V.'orld. 20,4; 1991, Jan, 27; 9-10.

Deals v/ith the problems of regional disparities

in rural development are to be tackled at different

levels as on integral part of development process of the

country. The first step '^as the change in the style of

banking operations from V v.'holesale or " class banking "

to "retail" or '• mass banking". The region is charact­

erised by difficult hilly and n>=ntlon terrain and deep

valleys making communication and transpartation difficult

:'odern technology is not yet k"OV/n to most of the parts

Karketing of products poses a big problem. All these

fictors make the task of development difficult. Honce

it emphasises the need for prompt and concerted efforts

by both financial as hill ^s government agencies to deal

with the problem on a different footing and special 72

treatment in implementing measures of development.

POLITICAL, TRIBAL, MSBHALAYA

64. BHASKAPAK Nair (M). Tribal Polities in India: A

study of Meghalaya. ISDA Journal. 2,1; 1992, Jan,- J-arch.

17-23.

The Paper is a preliminary attem.pt to analyse

the emergency of a middle cla-^^s in Meghalaya and to

asess its charatter and role in the political and

social organisation of the state in the context of

regional pulls and pressure.

RUPAL, FACILITIES, IMFRASTRUCTURAL, ARUNACHAL

PRADESH

65. JAHAGIPDAR (MP). Rural development scenario in Arunachal Pradesh. Kurukshetra. 40,11; 1992, Aug, 39-41.

Aru'richal Pradesh which is endowed with rich n^^tural and mineral resources, flora and fauna, conti- ness to be poor am.idst the plenty. The "conomy of the region with excessive dependance on agriculture is a characteristic of its back wardness. The absence of infrastructural facilities like transport and communi­ cation, power, ,pjarkeking and credit facilities lack of 73

industries, skilled manpower, etc. have also contri­ buted to the backlegging of the development efforts.

, , , TRIBAL

66. BURI

1; 693-7.

Analyses that problems and prospects of tribal development may be considered along two exes: as ethnic entities and as status class. Vvhen the tribal situation in north-east India is examined, some constraints in the development of the profonational process among the tribal entities, positively oriented to the state process of India, ccmes out in sharp focus. National committee on Development of Backward Area.^ has recommended indini- dualisation of commiund overship in the north-east for the save of 'progress". As a result i^ttempts are made to implement developm.ent programmes by short circuiting the community.

TRIBAL,ASSAM , , , 67. RATTAM (Kamaljeet). Assam; Striking a separatist stance. India Today. 14,6;1989, March, 16-31; 53—4.

Observes that, the state government "etup a ftv^ 74

merrtoer tribal Development coixmittee last rronth that will

be formulating guide lines for the uplift of the tribal.

But it was the original agitation that had forced the AGP

to take the belated move '•circumstantial evidence proves

very clearly that the centre's hand is behind the entire

agitation", by the Bhisigu Phukan Home Minister. Accord­

ing to S.V.Subramarium" The police have unearthed half

a- dozen gun making factrles and seized cartridges and

explosive in tribal areas".

DISCCRD, AGP-AASU, ASSAM

68. DISCORD IN Assam. Economic Tlrties. 16,221;1989, Nov,8;7.

The grovv'ing sfchism between the AGP and the AASU

will pncourage the dissidents in the party to fish in

troubled waters congress(l), which is making renewed

attempt to stablish itself in the state has reasons to

qloot over the open criticism of the AGP government

by AASU/ particularly b'^'cause of the tardy implement­

ation of the 1985 accord.

DRINKING WATER, DARJEELIMG, ASSAiM

69. BHATTA CHARYA (Malabika). Dry taps in the hills. Hindu

Survey of the environment 1994.

Some of the grim pointers to one of the major 75

crises in the history of the 163 year old town. Bu most

accounts, if the drinking water crisis is not takled

quickly and effectively, through a mix of short and

long term tneasures, Darjealing's current efforts to

become an economic success story on the strength of

tourism will be in Jeopardy before long,

ELECTION, ASSAM

70. SETHI (Sunil). North-East; violence stops elections.

India Today. 5, 1;1980, Jan, 1-15; 53^

Remarks that elections in the state will not

take place due to violence. The candidates were detained

at their horres. A Bengali ^l-^eaking Doctor was killed by

mib in the campus of Gauhati t-ledical College. Students

were also killed in a series of explosions.

CORRUPTlOM, TRIPURA """/ ~^/ ~*~/

71. CHAKRABCRTY (SOJtJit Kumar ). Marxist lose control of

council. Link. 32,49;1990, July,15; 28- 9.

The marxlsts have lost control of the Tri^ura

tribal autonomous district council and the coT-gres-

TUJS conbine has secured an absolute majority. The

elections were .aarred by mass rigging and violence. 76

TRIPURA

72. PRABHAKAR/\(MS) . Balancing act: The new arrangerrent in

TrlPura. Frontline. 9,5; 1992, Feb, 29- iMarch,13; 1C5.

I he author express the view that the change in

Tripura has to be seen only as a temporary and even

opportunistic reordering of factional arrangen^nts

within the state congress(I) with which the TUJS has

agreed to go along. The alternative would only have

been dissolution of the Assenrbly and fresh elections

a pro5^pect neither the congress (I) nor TUJS is willing

to face.

ELECTORAL ROLLS, A.NT I-FOREIGNER, AASU-AGP, ASSAM , , 73. FRA3HKARA (MS). Issues in Assam. Frontline. 9,24;1992,

Nov, 21-Dec,4;48.

The preparation of an electoral roll sons the

names of "illegal aliens" has b-=en a longstanding obj­

ective in Assam. Mowever perceptions about v/ho they r

are have varied. It was over this that the All Assam

students Union (AASU) conducted Its -mt if pregner agit­

ation betv/eon 1979 and 1985. It culminated in the Assam

accord. The emergence of the Assam Gana Parishad (AGP), 77

whose leadership comprised almost entirely that of the

Assam agitation, the AGP's electoral triumph within

weeks of its birth and the formation of a government

by the AGP in Decerrber 1985.

ENVIRONMEOT, POLLUTION^ OIL, ASSAM

74. PRABHAKAPA (MS) Oil Pollution: callousness in Assam.

Hindu Survey of the environment 1994.

OMGC installations in Assam have bonsformed

paddy fields into wastelands and streams and ponds

into muck and slime. Th^ very nature of oil exploration

creates environmental problems of the exploration pro­

duction and transportion steges of the ONGC activities

in short/ at every stage.

ETHNIC CLASHES, KUKI-NAGA/ MAISTIPUR

75. BISWAS (Soutik). Kuki-Naga conflict: Living on the .9ta2or'5 ^dge.India Today. 18,19;1993, Oct, l-15;81-e5 .

The author examines that the Kuki-Maga conflict is taking manipur towards civil was as the .?ecurety forces face mounting odds in their bid to resfore order The recent mayhem exposes the 'Tdmin ist rat ion ' s helpless-

^C Ace No. "» n

ness and lack ot political hill in coinbating the ethnic violence.

76. FARZAND AHMED and DAS (Saibal). Manipur: The hidden war India Today. 18,12; 1993, June, 16-30; 64-71.

The main objective of the paper are to highlight the asscient Kuki-Vaga enmity has flared up into a bloody ethnic conflict, A hidden war am.ong its multi-ethnic groups ha? plunged this hill state into turmoil and thr­ eaten? to disrupt the peace of the entire ::orth-eastern region. So bloody has the conflict turned in recent months that at least 85 lines have been lost and entire villages "^et aflame in bitter clashes between the Magas and minority Kukis in the border districts,

77. KAMARCOPI/ Ethnic cleansing. EPW. 28,41;1993, Oct,9/ 2172-3.

Any attempt to understand the cruetties being per petrated In Kanlpur on all sides must begin with a bit of historical backgrond. For, even to describe these as 'Kuki-Waga' clashes As strietty not accurate since it assumes that 'Kukis* and Magas; both collective 79

nomenclatures encompassing roughly a dozen each of dist­ rict tribes, are in their collective identity as a people engaged in deadly cor.bat.

78. RAY (Tapas). Abyss ahead: Man^pur's Kukl-Naga strife. Frontline; 10,21;1993, Oct, 9-22; 114-1»

The Kukis, who retaliated by burning down Naga villages and killing aexbers of that tribe, have been more successful in churachaedpur, ch.mdel and senapati districts However, their loses are for greater. Iheir leaders explain this by painting to the "incomparably greater" battle experience and superior arm? of the ::s C.V (:•;) .

79. RAY (Tapas). Manipur tussles: And the continuing blood letting. Frontline. 10,18;1993,Aug, 28-Sept,10;29-30.

The articles attempts to discuss the ethnic violence between Kuki and Naga tribesmen, ^ven as anb- ushes on the security forces continue with grim regul­ arity. The violf^nce rocked three eastern districts chandel, Ukhrul and senapats: It was not a sudden deve­ lopment. Kuki villag?s were being attacked over the past year and many lives had br-en lost. 80

8C. THCMAS (C Joshua). Kuki-Naga Tangle. Mainstream. 32, 13; 1994, Feb, 12; 17— 8.

Observe that it i? time for the centre to expe­ dite on integrated plan of action against insurgency dlong with on integrated socio-economic plan for the upligt of this region. An ethical solution to the present socio-economic ad socio-political malady appe­ ars to be the only permanent alternative and the answer to the present Kuki-:'aga tangle in Manipur.

TRIBALS - BENGALI, TRIPURA

81. GUPTA (Shekhar) . Tripura: t^arvest of hatred,India Today, 12,2;1987, Jan, 16-31; 68-71.

Less than six years after the shatting tribal Bengali violence of June 1980 which ccnsurred more than 3,000 lives, the disfant state of Tripura is threatened with an equally bloody encore. Guerilla of the TNV are killing Bengali settlers in a calculated way to incite ethnic clashes between the state's 5.50 lakh tribals and 18 lakh Bengali's. The til was 111 last year,70 of the fillings oceuring in November and December alone, 81

82. MENCN (Ramesh). Tripura: Hit squads.India Today. 12/ 21;

1987; Nov, 1-15; 55—6.

Analyses that twenty nine non-tribals all of

them Bangalis and C.P.I.(m) supporters- were gunned down

by the cutlav;ed T.M.V. iii ditferent parts of the sfate.

Cree again, hatred flared up in the state wh^ch has seen

frequent ethnic clashes between its 5.5 lakh tribals and

18 lakh Bengalis.

TRIBAL- MCNTRIBAL, MEGHALAYA , , / 83. VEMUGOPAL (KV) . Shillong iaurning, Prout. 4,44;1993,

Jan, 16-2 2; 3 0-3 2.

Shillong has been in the grip of ethnic violence

i'^volving tribals and non-tribals (Bengalis, ;!ep?.le50

and others) since October last v;ith its concomitant,

ceaseless curfew; imposed upon this charming hill state

which attracts tourists galore from all over the world.

ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS CHA:^GE

84. SINGH(BP) . Problem of change: A study of Horth-East India EPW. 22, 48,1987, Wov, 28; 2058-5-9. ,

Examines by sounding a warming on the reviv.Tl 82

of primordial values and on the attempt to organise

the masses purely on ethnic and religions lines one

only wishes that he ha5 worked on a slightly restricted

canvas. "Jewerthless, he has acquitted himself well and

given us a readable and informative book on the north­

east .

EXTREMIST ACTIVITY

85. PRAMAR (Suresh K). North-East: Turmail continues. Onlooker

52, 18; 1991, Sept, 30; 46—7.

Contrary to expectations, a congress government

at the centre has not brought an end to extremism in the

Morth Pastern region. Baring Arunachal Pradesh and to a

limited extend Meghalaya the five states of the region

are plagued with extremest actinity. During the non-

congress rule over the past two years the extremists of

the North East had gained time to reorganise themselves

and sharpen their fighting power. The week government at

the centre and thiir lack of a policy for the r§gion

only aided them.

FEARS, BEMOLLIS,ASSAM

86. MEEDLESS FEARS. Indian Express. 53, 314;1985,Sept^16, 6.

The Assam Governm-nt and AJISU and AAGSP leaders 83

have a special responsibility to reassure all those who feel threatend. Equally the left front in west Bengal must realise that alanmist forecasts of danger will militate against a climats of goodwill essential to the accords faithful implementation, this triggering an Involuntary exodus. It is however, reassuring that the resolution emphasises abstinence from mything which night disterb the peace in Assam.

FEDERALISM

87. ROY EURMAN (E K). Federalism in Perspective: Problems and pros^cts for North-East India. Mainstream. 31/39; 1993, Aug, 7; 7-10.

Discusses that fedralism is to be enuisaged in a continium of month-level synthesis starting from the local to the global. Also community. Unless the erosion of the state apparatus at the national, international, regional and local leveis harmonises, with the enpower- ment of the commtmity from the local to the global levels nege monies of different lypes will fill up the vacum Unitary trends of the state will be replaced by hegem­ onic impositionss of the monopaly concern in the private sf>ctor. 84

^ , GOVERNMtJNT, LEFT-FROOT, PERPORKANCE, TRIPURA

88. DAS GUPTA (Sunil) . Tripura LF Governoneint^ Xacks dyna-

Tirasm. New Age. 41,37; 1993, Sept, 12;5.

The Tripura state executive committee of the

CFI has said that though four months are not enough

for any government to perform" the left front govemrr.ent

In Tripura has not shown the dynamism that was expected

from it so as to pull up the stgte from the rut into

which the precuious cargress. TUJS government had dri­

ven it down.

HISTORICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, POLITICAL

85« SINGH (DN). Splintered North-East. Hindustan Ttmes. 65,

292; 1988, Oct, 20; 13.

"The problem of North-East India need to be

viev^ed in the context of history, demographic change, the

existing political system, security requirements and the

aspirations of the people of the region: one also has to

appreciate the role of moderaisation, which has sharpened

encounters between the imparatlves of the past ethnicity

religions and gesgraphy with the imperatives of the present

and future political, scientific and economic. The process 85

of shaping a collective consciousness in North-East

India, which was slow and obscore in the past, has

cecome repid and strident in present circv-mstances".

HMARS, MIZCPAM

90. PRAMAR (Suresh K) , Kizoram. Lalthanhawla stays -firm.

Onlooder. 53,13;1992, JulylS; 56—7.

Political observers have pointed out that unlike

the chakmas, Lakhers and pawis, who have separate ADC,

the Hmars are not concentrated in any one particular

area In the state. They are scattered all over the

state. V.'hen the state govemaent refused to concede

their demands for an ADC, the Hmars upped their demands

and are no^^ asking for a seperate Kmar state.

It]DEPEM)£NCE DAY, NAGALAND

91. CHINAI (Rupa). Voices of Nagaland. Indian Express. 53, 27e;1985, Aug, 11; 6.

In the village of >Jagaland" Independence day" Is still celebrated with ouch festivity, not on August 15 but on August 14 on this day, 38 years ago, a group of Magas declared independence from the British. 8fi

so ycung Magas, bom after 1947 and educated outside

Nagaland/ still feel emotionally attached to this

concept of ,independence Nagaland poses, in many ways

a challenge to the maturity of Indian democracys,

irCDUSTP.IES, SMALL SCALE

<52. SAIKIA (Sunil K) . Problems of small Units in North-Eastem

Reqion.Yolana. 36,21;1992;Mov/30;27—9.

Article malyses that despite its vast natural

resources the region remains industrially and economi­

cally backward. The in dustrial backwardness of the

region is reflected in its total nuriber of industrial

units. Only 2 percent of the country's medium and large

scale industries and about 1.5 percent of small scale

industries have been setup in the entire region.

INFILTRATION

93. TURNING THE Heat on Saikia. Sentinel. 12, 153; 1994, Sept, 15; 4.

The press conference held by Arunachal Pradesh

Chief Minister Gegong Apomg on Tuesday at Guwabati

could well have the sabutory effect of turning the heat

on both the centre and the Assam Chief Minister on their

lackadaisical attitude to the problem of foreign 87

infiltration in the North east. Mr Apang, who is the

Chairman of the North-east congress (I) coordination

committee reacted predictably and spongly to Assam Chief

Minister Hitaswar Saikia's recent statement that Assam

could not be allowed to become the dumping ground of

foreignors expelled from other st;,tes, and that shoot

at sight orders had been issued by the Assam Government

against the chakmas fleeing into Assam from Arunachal

Pradesh.

INFILTRANTS, ILLEGAL, DEPORTATION, ASSAr4 ~"~, • ', 94. BARTHAKUR (PB) . Darjeeling - A no man's Land. Prout;

4,14;1992, June,20-26; 8-9.

Explain the departation of illegal infiltrants

from Assam is a complicated process. The Foreigners Act

of 1940, which governs swich cases throughout the country

is not applicable to Assam.

INHABITACTS, TRIPURA

95. PRABHAKARA (KS). Task before the new regine. Hindu. 116,

16; 1993, April, 18; 9.

The most important task before the new Government

In Tripura would be to justify in action the reassertlon

of the loyalty of the stafs original Inhabitation to

broad left and democratic parties. 88

INSURGENCY

96. KARLE KAR(Hiranmy). Unquiet north-east*Indian Express

53, 297; 1985, Aug,30; 6.

Analyses that insurgent groups large enough

to cause serious concern. Besic'as, Be joy Hrangkhal has

repartedly sought negatiations with the centre on

"tribal problems in Tripura". Talks with Laldnga of the

M>TP are said to be in their last stages; an agreement

could be only a matter of days. Pressure is mounting

on the underground Mizos for peace. The CNT be becoming

a bit too overcrowddddwith insurgents. Also communist

activity in the chin Hills in Burma and the growing

strength of the pro-Beijing Burmese communist party

north of the chin Hills, must seriously worry the

christian Mizos.

97. PRABHAKARA (MS). Morth-east: The foreign hand.

Frontline. 11, 3; 1994, Jan,29-Feb,11; 26-8.

The insurgent groups in the region every one of

which while seaking to distance itself ffom India,

also shares to creat the problem in this region. For

example Dengladesh have exploited these tensions 89

to their advantage in their fight against India, even

while being fully aware that they too are being used

by Bengladesh, and Pakistan, in their own problems

with India.

98. TK^^^^^^ MQfeTti-PAST. H

"^ This paper examines the best hope would be

that the signs ot a renival of insurgency in the

north-east are like the last flickers of a dying lamp

However, if these turn out to be otherwise, there

would be serious dangers of a turmoil in the region.

CONTROL, MEGHALAYA

99. SUKLA (UK). Meghalayai Insurgency at a low ebb.

Rashtriya Sahara. 2,2:1994, Jione; 53—4.

The sporadic incidences of violence in the state

are mostly sparled by Pakistan's Inter sernices Intel­

ligence to undermine the loyalty of tribal youths, but

there are triminal elements on the provel, So far

Meghalaya has bttnessed five armed outfits. Thanks to

strict security mea^^ures, none of them have been able

to cause damage on a large .-^eale. The first among 90

the armed groups of the state is now almost defunct HVC/ Though sporadic violent actinities started In 1989, the creation of HVC in 1992 has made a quali- fative change in militancy.

, —, , FOREIGN

100. CIA and the North-East Link. 22, 37;1988, April,20; 8.

Analyses that foreign missionaries, the CIA and picketing are the forces behind the present ferment in the North-East. Sedition and secession are openly preached in Assam. There is an alliance between USA and China to achieve the common objective of helping the process of insurgency.

NAGALAND ~""#^^/"•""/ 101. CHAKRAVARTY (Sujit). Nagaland: The Political cost. Holrt^WftTnn. 26,44;1988, Aug,13;4,6.

Deals with the Imposition of centrol rule in Nagaland is being regarded as an affront to the Waga people's capability to manage their own affairs, and this is being exploited by the insurgents spearheading the National Socialist* council ot Nagaland. Note worthy in this context is the Governor's own 91

acknowledgeiTient that '•some move? of insurgent groups

were being reported secently, particular by after the

present turmoil in the state".

, / / KEITEI, MAxMIPUR

1C2. CHAKRA BCRTY (S-Ujit). Peace talks with MeLtei rebels

in Kanipur Link. 32, 36;1990, April,15;26—7 .

The iManipur coalition Government is making

earnest efforts to solue the Meitei insurgency problem.

It has also requested the centre toi^art:t:he rebel

organisation of Ngas the National Socialist Council

of Nagland which has been indulging in violence and

murders in the state.

MIZO ACCORD, MIZORAM

103. MEMON (Ramesh). Mizoram: fiiorm signals. India Today.

16, 19; 1991, Oct, 1-15; 66.

The insurgency is long over but another steu-

ngle may have Just begum. President of the Mizo National

Front (MHF). Zoramtharga, along with former commonder-in-

Chlef of the disbanded mizo National Army (MMA) and

now MNP Vice-presedent, Tawnluia, was in the capital n

to discuss the non-implementation of the 1986.

Kizoram accord with Prime Minister P.V.Narasimha Rao

with their veiled threat that some who dropped their

guns may now go vendergroxind again/ the portents for

state sum rather Cminous.

IJAGA-MIZC, ASSAM

104. PRABHAKARA (MS). Assam Impasse: But operation Rhino

continAjLes. Frontline. 8,21;, 1991, Oct, 12-25; 20—Z3.

Analyses that the I'aga and Mizo insurgencies

were termed by a calculated application of pressure and

persuasion and major factions of the insurgency leader­

ship were incorporated into the network of patronage

that passes for Government in Magaland and Mizoram.

But because of factors unique to Assam, that, solution

will not work there.

MSCN, I;AG ALAND ~~"/•""",—^ »

105. NCW A Nagaland accord. Indian Express. 57,128;1989,March,

9; 8.

Some of the top leaders of the NSCN are in Delhi

for t^ilks with the central Government, does not come as 93

a surprise. It Is not difficult to uncierstand why the NSCN should be intirested in peace. While the ULFA continues to be active, the centes accords with the MNF and the INV of Tripura have considerably reduced the tempo o± insurgency in the JTorth-East. Despite all this ?^ome MSCN leacers are sti] apposed to a settle­ ment with the centre within the fram.ework of the Indian constitution. One hopes they will come round. Meanwhile, the centre ought to rember that signing an accord with the NSCN may not end insurgency in Nagaland if undemo­ cratic measure?;, like the Imposition of President's rule on the st^te in August 1989. Which undermine people is faith in constitutional means, contine to be tiiken,

TRIBAL, TRIPURA

106. PARMAR (Suresh K). Tripura: Against akll Odds. Onlooker. 53, 21, 1992, b?ov,15.

The tribal extemists are the biggest enemies of the tribals, particularly future generation of tribals These extremists are not allowing the pace of economic development to be increased in the interior areas where the conditions of the tribal people is very bad. it is heretched. 91

ULFA vs_ NSCN #—' t '

1C7. DUBEY (Suman ). Unquiet North-East. Indian Express.

55, 62; 1987> Jan, 9;6.

A new dimension has been added by the growing

co-operation between the various insurgent groups active

in the region. For quite some time, men of the people's

liberation Army (PLA) of Kanipur have been trained in

guerilla worforc by the MSCN at its headquarters at

challam, beyond the Somrah Tract, in Morth Burma. A

couple of months back the ULFA and the KSCN had prepared

a joint operation bank" plan to overcome financial

difficulties.

UNDERGROUND MOVEMECTS

108. REDDY (GK). Insurgents in Morth-East trying to forge

Unity. Hindu. 1986, Dec, 15.

A potentially serious insurgency situation is

developping in the North-East region, which is troubled

by mony under ground movements espovsing different causes,

but drawn together by real or imaginary grievances of

K^eglett or exploitation leading to a shared sense of

alienation from the national mainstream. 95

IirTEGRATION OPPOSITION, NSCN

109. MAYAR (Kuldip) . Distant TTorth East Radiance. 28,48;

1993, Oct, 10—6; 3.

Discusses the different types of problems which

are going on such as problem of Tamenglong people,

munlah faction of Magas, Kukl, ULFA etc. Tamenglong,

like the nleld west, at bristles with guns, nivalries

and reck lossness. Mu4rah faction of ^Tagas killed more

than 300 kukls, the age old rivals. There were enough

strany in the vivad to warn the government that the

Muniah were on the provel. The Government of India

acts like a fire brigade, putting out flames whenever

and where her it erupts. The Bodoland accord is many

month's old. The Bodo militants are seeking assistance

from other inilitants in Assam. The NSCM comprising the

two }7aga factions Muivab and Khaplong, have stuck to

their opposition to the riagaland's into gratlon with

India.

ISOLATION, NEGLECT, ASSAM

110. CHAUDHURY (Sreerupa Mitra). North-East: Valley of death

and dllema: a study of relative deprivation in Assam.

Democratic world. Jojf; iggf, A)>^' IH) 1»-11*

Express the problems of Assam are neither wholly political nor purely economic, but, a product of a feeling of isolation and neglect. Moreover, the Assamese people are feeble and behave '-omewhat ignor- antly in the decision making process. So the sense of assimilation and culture contact' needs to be developed among them.

Lkl^ SCAKDAL, BUR:-IAN (SamJJi. ^o.To/y, ^ • TRIPUPA —I——'I o ^ 111. CHAXRA BCRTY (Sivjic Kumar). Land Scandal rocks State ^vernment. Link. 31, 36; 1989, April, 16; 25.

Discusses in Tripura a house probe committee has been proposed by the State treasury benches to inquire into the alleged land scandal involving the Home and law iMinister-Samer Rajan Barman. In spite of Barmans strong denials and clarifications on the issue CPI(M) MLA Bimal sinha has quoted documents and alleged that the Minister tried to influence the Judiciary to get a compensation for his two cousins.

LAMD, TRIBAL, TpiPURA

112. Engineer (Asghar Ali) . Tripura: Reversing tribal land

O-lienation. ER^: 29 , 28; 1994 , Ju] ii,9; 17C9-— ic.

The amendment to the Tripura land Revenue and land Rehorms Act, 1974, recently passed in the state 9 7

leggislature will strengthen provisions in the act faci­ litating the return of alienated land to tribals.

LANGUAGE, MANIFUR

113. RAY (Tapas)• Lan guage troubles: Seeking recognition for Manipuri. Frontline. 9,8; 1992,April,11-24; 120.

Discusses, the only way to him the war against secessionism is to win own the people by meeting their democratic demand of recognition for their language, on the one land, and redress the tribals grievances, if necessary through the formation of autonomous district councils on the other.

LCCAL ISSUES, ULFA;ASSA>1

114. PRABHAKARA (MS). Changing face of ULFA. Hindu. 116,

6; 1993, Jan,17;9.

The ULFA strategy has undergone a sea-change

with recorganisation of district committees, primacy

to the 'political wing over the • armed wing' and greater

autonomy to the constituent units for tackling local

i s s ue s . MANAGEMENT, RECRUITMECT, PRIVATE, COMPANY ASSAM,

1839-64

115. SIRCAR (Kalyan K). Tale of two boards: Some early management problems of Assam company limited, 1839-1864. EPW. 21,10, and 11; 1986, March, 8-15; 453-9.

In discussions of early nineteenth century British private investment in North-East India, much has been said about the scarcity of labour in JJssam and the problem of recruitment elsewhere. The earrly transport difficulties and the absence of any business sense among the indigenous Assamese are other impe diments usually mentioned to account for the deades of lean time for British investment. In the midst of such formid=»ble odds the heroic role of the modern ent­ repreneur Is then stressed and homage is paid to the men whose energy and enterprise not only brought .^uce.cs to the business enterprise, but also brought the Isolated and undeveloped tropical land into the World of exchange and thus stimulated production and raised the standard of living of the in habitants.

MASSACRE, BCDO, ASSAM

116. HAZARIKA (Sanjoy). Dangerous developments. Hindustan 99

Times. 1994, Aug, 21; 9.

Discueses the recent massacre of Bengali speaking Muslim settlers in Assam by Bodo Militants reized national and international headlines. It was not the first of its kind, ^:or is it going to be the last. Hundreds of p^asent families, fleeing assaults on their villages, are sheltering in a school building, exhausted, tense and huddled together for security. Out side, the night is himiid and silent. The crackle of gunfire and fierce cries disturb the night, waking men, v;omen and children.

MIGRANTS, ASSAM.

117. COMFUSICN in Assam. Times of India. 153, 177; 1990, June, 29;8.

The 12- hour Assam burdh called by the ruling Assam Gana parishod (AGP) was in essence a bid to con­ solidate its standing in the state. The ostensible purpose of the stoppage was to reiterate its demand that the illegal inigrants act should be scropped and crude from Assam's oilfields in excess of what its refineries can handle should not be sent out of the state . 130

BANGLADESHI

118. SHARMA (Rakesh). Problem people: The iaigration from Bangladesh. Frontline. 9,21;1992, Oct, lC-23; 130.

The Home Minister said it was for a shorterm objective of finding sanctuary across the border and to gain the sympathy of Bangladeshis that the ULFA faction was supporting the migration. These were anti- national portents and would have to be resisted uni­ tedly. Many Bangladeshis found it easy to overstay on account of a liberal visa agreement. And agents on both sides organised migration with forged travel documents. Visa regulations had now been tightened.

BANGLADESHI, VIEWS, CC.VGRESS (l) ~"~, """,•""*, 119. KAMA ROCPI: North-East. Broader J-dentities. EFW. 28, 26; 1993,June,26; 1338.

The ability of the congress (I) leaders to speak in several vaices at the same time has once again become evident in some of the forulations of the Eighth General conference (Special) of the ?lorth- Eastern congress (I) co-ordination committee (NEccc-.!), Which met in blmapur on June 22, on the issue of illegal migration into the region from across the border, especially Bangladesh. 10 i

^JEPALIS, ASSAM

12C. HUSSAIN (Monirul). Nepalis In Assam and Asamiya r\atlonal^stion. Mainstream. 27,29; 1989, April,

15; 14-18.

Highlights the Assam movement brought into

sharp focus the question of the Nepalis as foreigner/

Indian together v;ith the question of East Pakistanis

and Banglacfeshis in Assam. The protest against the

Nepali migration to Assam has never been strong. In

the wave of the Chinese aggression of 1962, many

Nepali soldiers sacrificed their lives to protect the

north east frontier of India. This generated tre­

mendous sympathy for the l\repalis in Assam . They were

largely well-accepted and well treated in the larger

Assamese society.

MIGRATION, MINORITIES, BENGALI, ASSAM

121. PRABHAKARA (MS). Age-old movement; The concerns in the

North-East. Frontline. 9,22; 1992, Oct ,24-i:ov,6; 29-3 0

The issue of illegal migrants from Bangladesh

in Assam and other areas of the North-East is extremely

complicated, with historical, cultural, linguistic and 10u'

camural ramification?:. The issue, however, has always been a time one. The anxlities about the influa, bath of 'refuges' and 'infiltrators; have never been for below the surface. However, as long as the dominance of the congress in the polities of the state remained unchallenged, the istue has played up or played down according to the calculated requirements of the party in the state.

122. PRABHAKARA (MS). Border brinkmanship blowing hot and cold in Assam,Frontline. 9,4; 1992, July, 4-17; 38-40.

The disclosure about illegal migrants in Assam' was only intended to rub in the message that the ULFA leadership, which had not sued for peace on his terms, was being in league with the 'enemy with such a huge fifth column already entrenched within the state, beyond the pale.

MUSLIMS, ASSAM

123. KUMAR (Kinesh). Accord non-implementation fuelling Bodo militancy. Times of India. 157, 195; 1994, Aug, 18;11.

While the Army has managed to restore order and a semblance of peace in this sensitive region €t 103

lower Assam which witnessed the massacre or Muslim migrants on Jxily 23, the situation has not quite returned to normal Although the land is fertile and plain, the thick under­ growth, foliage, the scattered hamlets and the dense forest reserve arreas make it a difficult terrain for the security forces. Added to this is the p?\thettc condition of the link roads ad the slush spread over the low-lying countryside.

REFUGEES, CHAKMA# ASSAM

124. GILANI (ICtikhar). Chakma Refugee* The spectre of deport­ ation. Nation. 3, 29; 1992; Dec, 1; 16—7.

Highlight the past 28 years have not made much difference in the status of these migrants. They are still being viewed as aliens and refugees. Ironically, even the Assam Accord has recognised Janxiary 1, 1966 as the cut-off date for accepting migrants from East Pakistan as Indian citizens.

MINORITIES, FEAR AND ANGER, ASSAM

125. MENON (Ramesh). Asaami Warning signs. India Todav. 12, 5; 1987, March, 1-15; 42.

Highlight that the rallies were easily the biggest held in Assam in recent times, clearly Indicating that Ilia

fear and anger among various sections in the state predominantly the minorities was on the rise. Organised by tribals and farmers organisations and the C.P.I, the demonstrators sotinded a warning to the Mahanta Government against the recent large-scale evictions ordered by it, rendering aboixt 60,000 people from 12,000 families homeless in the state.

MINORITY POLICY, SEPARATE STATEHOOD

126. BARUAH (Sanjib). Minority Policy in the North-East: Achievements and dangers. EPW. 24, 37; 1989; 2087-91.

This article offiers a study or the practical effects of Indian's minority policy by examining the impact or these polities on cultural Issues in the North-Eastem states. The post colonial Indian state has more or less continued British p61i61es aimed at protecting Vulnerable indigenous people. Dissenting minorities have been successfully integrated at the political level by granting them separate statehood and therby maintaining a partial exclusionary status of the North-Eastem states. Statehood has not only 105

allowed elected representatives to gain power and determine policy, but has also given the In dlgenous people a role in decesslon regarding the preservation abandoning or Invention of cultural forms.

MOVEMENT, MAYANG, MAMIPXJR

127. SENGUPTA ( Uttam). Manlpuri Anarchic state. India Today. 15,22; 1990, Nov,16-30; 67.

Discusses the spurt or violence has broken the Uneasy calm In Imphal. with the revival of the antl- mayang (outsider) movement In Manlpur, last fortnight a Chinese- made grenade was hurled at a non-Manipurl businessman, Surlnder Singh. As the threat of violence grows, Manlpur Rifles Jawan and the pollc patrol the streets. Sand bags fortify the Imphal Jail where some of the under ground leaders are incarcerated.

.^ TRIBAL

128. REVOLT OP the trlbals. Democratic World. 18,38;1989, Sept,17; 4.

Some of the movements In North-East and central India have the tacit support of outsiders. The keen in­ terest beingtaken by the outside world on the Bodo agitation, the Jharkkand movement and other organised 106

agitations gives a new dimension to the whole problem. The congress may have adopted many schemes xinder the 20- point programme and the centre has been urging on the states to implement quickly the tribal uplift- ment programmes. But very little was done on the ground as a resxilt of which the tribals have turned aginst the authorities. They come with money and other inducements for encouraging agitations. The authorities should see the writing on the wall and do something to pacify the tribals.

NAGA FOLKLORE* ^lAGALAND

129. KUMAR (B B). Naga Falk Lore. Journal of social Research, 27,1;1984, 158-175.

This paper suggests a classification ot the Naga Polk lore according to the area diffusion, as follows!

(i) Polk literature shared by more than one tribe; (ii) the folk-lore of a particular tribe; and (111) Village based folklore. It also deacribal some Naga legends and tales related to their orlgon and relation­ ship with the supernatural and ends up with the English renderding of some ^7aga folk songs. VJI

NATIOimLITY* ASSAM

130- WHERE NOT to dxomp aliens. Sentinel* 12#151;1994,

Sept« 13;4.

The most amusing part of the whole business is that Chief Minister Saikia should now be talking of Assam not being*allowed to become a dumping groxmd of foreign nationals ot other neighbouring states*. He seems to have overlooked the fact that Assam became such a dumping ground long ago* And people tend to look for dumping grounds when they have garbage to dump*

OIL BLOCKADE, AASU« ASSAM

131* BANERJEE (Nltmalya)• AASU threatens oil blockade* Statesman* 127, 8467; 1987; April, 30;7.

Mr* Atul Bora, general secretary of the All Assam students Union said that "we can not be silent if the Assam accord is not implemented* We will not hesitate to block the movement 8 oil, plywood and tea once again"* He thought that the Assam Government should "fight collectively" and pressure the centre Into implementing the accord. 108

EEACE ACCORD, REACTION, SAILQ, MIZORAM

132. NARAYAN (Hamendra) . BrlQ^ SailO'.^ resej^vations on Mlzo accord, Indian Express. 54, 332; 1986,Oct,6;9.

Brig Sailo, the farmer chief minister has wel­ comed the Mizoram peace accord but expressed the sce­ ptical view that the document had Its points of weekness which might harm Mizo interests. In the first assembly after the accord was signed, the party adopted a resolution welcoming the memorandum of settlement between the centre and the for restoration of lasting peace In the \anion Territory.

PEACE, MIZORAM

133. PRABHAKIIA(MS) . Elusive Peace: Mizoram, half a decade the accord. Frontline. 9,11; 1992, May,23-June,5; 42—7.

The political indictment apart, financially too the state is in a bad stope. Gone, it appears, are the dgrs when Alzahel at least was flush with cash and the foods and services available in Aizawl simply did not match the splurging of the fortxmate I'Jil

the all too familiar combine of politicians, bure- ancrats and contractors and suppliers.

PLAN, PEACE, NAGALAND

134. RAY (Tapas). To scuttle a peace Plan: President's rule in Nagaland. Frontline. 9,8> 1992, April,11-24;

28- 9.

It is an ominous sign that the centre was so amxlous to bring the Nagaland administration under its control at a time when the peace plan was about to take off. Had the vomuzo Ministry continued in a caretaker capacity, as thomas had directed, and elections held in the coming months, the congress(I) would have had a Chanes to be elected 16 power. That is chose instead to impose Presidents Rule, runing further bitterness with the entire opposition at a time when it Is on the defensive over Madhavsinh Salamkl•s note to mention the economic policy, points to the fact that it was under great compulsion to senttle the peace offernsive. 110

POLITICAL, AGITATION ULFA DECLI^3E, ASSAM

135. PHUKAN (Niranjan). Decline of ULPA. EFW. 28,38;1993

Septals; 2014.

Chronologically the ULFA had its origion in the waring phase of the Assam movement, when political agitation no longer reemed capable of fulfilling the aims of the movement and asmed struggle appeared to be a logical and inable alternative. The armed militants were thus a branch of the movement, and colleagues of the leaders who later became ministers ot the AGP government in Assam. They were neither more adventures not anti-socials, whatever their mistakes and crimes. The real root of the problem is thus the perception of the people of Assam that they are now powerless to take any significant decision on matters affecting their present life and future desting.

ASSAM. •"""#•""","""#

136. BARUAH ( Nlrode k) . Nehru, Bardoloi and Assam's problem with cabinet Mission plan. Mainstream. 30, 43; 1992, Aug,15;23— 7,

Examines that assximptlons like Assam being responsible for the conwliunal dlcision of the country Ill

or that the pre-independence Assamese congresemen were anti-Nehru are by no means uncocomroon* Only by going into the sources and through through research can we except to get rid of the harmful Influence of banal generalisations.

ASSAM ACCORD 1985, ASSAM

137. PESHIMAM ( Masood) . Thoughts on the Assam accord. Radiance. 21, 20; 1985, Sept, 22-28; 5.

When Mr. Rajlve Gandhi succeeded in reaching an accord with the Akalies over Punjab which later on culminated into the tragic assassination of Smt Harchand Singh Langowal. It was equally hoped that a settlement would also be fovmd to resolve the nexed issue ot foreign nationals in Assam. It was not however, ulsualized that the two settlements that of Punjab and Assam would follow in such quick succession.

B J P VS, ULFA, ASSAM

138. KAMAROOPI. Assam on <;ollision course. EPW. 27,36;1992 Sept, 1880. The ongoing war ot words between the BJP and the ULPA, which can well turn Into a more violent confrontat­ ion if the piiblic posturings are to be acted upon, has to be seenin the background of both the permanent interests as well as the shifting political calculations of these parties.

BRITISH VS BURMESE, ASSAM

139, CHAWLA ( Prabhu) . Assam and the North-East: The danger of secession. India Today. 5*4; 1980, Feb, 16-29; 38—9.

Analyses that while the majority of the Assamese people still consider themselves to be Indians, ambitions direct the movement against foreigners close to secess- ionesm on August 15, the National flag was burnt official functions cancelled and cancelled and a separate flog was used. Assamese today recall that they were thrown into India not by choice, not following military defeat but through arrangements between the British and the Burmese K King at Yandaboo in 1822.

CRISIS, MANIPUR

140. CRISIS IN Manipur State<;mar|.119, 8933; 1990, Feb,19; 6.

Even without the constitutional problems posed by the expiry of the Manipur Assembly's term, spell of 113

President's Rule# rather than the formation of a ministry on the basis or a half formed leglstature was unoubtedly the best solution for the state. The case for central intervention was strength during the week by the unprecedented nature of the violence which rocked Imphal.

CORRUPTION, TRIPURA

141. CHAKRAVARTY (Sujit) . TUJS raps congress ministers for corruption. Link. 31# 45;1989, June, 18; 26.

Tripura upajati Jnba Samiti (TUJS). coalition partner in the Government has levelled serious charges of corrupcion against their congress colleagues. fromlcally the congress considers it as an unwarranted interference in its internal affairs.

DISSIDENCE, AGP, ASSAM

142. BORA (Dual). Dissidence rocks State ruling party. Link. 31, 20; 1988, Dec, 28-9.

The AscvnGana Parlshad, the ruling party Voi ikx If4

tft-^t-hp- er&atfft^ has- toow> -Tockod wX'th • ditreldepee». yiAvow ^fptpnom ministers have charged Chief Minister Profiilla Kum«r Mahanta with violating party decipline by making insinuations against them in the Press Moreover the dissidents have been exploring ways of replacing Mahanta with Speaker Pulakesh Barua as the leader of the party. The position of the Chief Minister has become all the more vulnerable as there have been allegations of nepotism against him.

ELECTIONS —# — ,-"•# 143. KAMARDOpI. Assassination and After In NorthEast. EPW. 26,22; 1991, June, 1-8; 1383.

With the stakes in the present elections, especially there or the State assembly being very high, and with every section of the people very highly politicised, it is unlikely that the sympathy. Vote will be a major factor in Assam.

PEACEFUL, ASSAM 1991.

144. KAMAROOpx. Assami Polities ot "Peaceful' Poll. EPW. 26,24; 1991, June, 15; 1443-4.

The self congratulation in Assam over peaceful It5

conduct or the pous may not be entirely xinjustified, but more Important it is to note the ULFAIS role in keeping the elections peaceful and the calculations underlying it.

INSTABILITY , NAGALAND

145, INSTABILITY IN Nagaland. Hindustan Times. 67,65;1990# June/ 16; 11,

•Operation tapple' going on in Nagaland is a sad reflection on the political parties in the state. The congress-I Government headed by Mr.S.C. Jamir appeared to be stable but with the change of Govern­ ment at the centre, some ot Mr.Jamies supporters de­ serted him with the result that his Government fell. Barely, a month after its formation, the chisi ministry has found itself In a crisis Mr.Jamir was quich to retaliate.

LINGUISTIC STATE MCe<}:o'r[ SECULARISM, ASSAM,

146. BARUAH (Sanjib) , Lessons of Assam.EPW. 21,7;1986,Feb,15; 282— 4.

Deals the Assam events raise a number of issues that lie at the core of Indian political life: the ll*!

that lie at the core of Indian political life: the meaning of regional political parties* the phenomenon of cultural sub-nationalism, the question of citizen­ ship laws and the legacy of partition, and the principles of linquistic states and secularism that are basic planks of the Indian pattern ot accommodation of cultural plur­ alism. In the long run, however, Assam's new leadership will be Judged also in terms of its ability to go beyond the passions (M the tumultous past six years. The time has now come to address other equally imfortant issues. Will Assam's new leaders show as much Innovation and skill in dealing with problems like Assam's economic londer deve­ lopment that will be what people will ask of them the next time roxind.

MANIPUR ""~***~~#'*'^# 147, RAT (Tapas). Operation topple in Manlpur# a repeat of Meghalaya. Frontline. 9,2;1992, Jan, 18-31; 19-20.

This paper examines the country will have a heavy price to pay if the congress(I) persists with the topping games in its quest for power. The chbnet committee on political Affairs is likely to consider the cases of the all three states-Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland- to Evdue uv

a common sbategy for ending the Imposse. It is only to be hoped that long term national interests will take precedence over narrow partisan ones at a time when sece- ssioanists in the region are on the offensive and Gover­ nment has more that it can handle in Kashmir, Punjab and Assam.

—,—,—, MITHI (Mukut) , EXIT, ARUNACHAL PRADESH

148• ANAND (Lalit), Arunachal Pradesh* Thungon touch-fcnsures Doom* Onlooicer> 53, 2; 1992/ Jan, 31; 48,

Analyses that the latest victims ot the Thungon touch is the up and coming former forest Minister Mukxit Mithi, Many in the state had considered Mithi to be the most obuious sucessor to the present Chief Minister till he fell into Thungon's hands.

PARTIES, CONGRESS (I), TRIPURA

149. MUKHERJEE (Amltava). Tripurai Deb- illtating controversy, Onlooker. 54, 18; 1993, Sept, 30; 53.

Analyses that the • iron man* of the North East congress is no more in control of the politics of the

state. The changed political scenario in Tripura after the last assembly election has led to certain coalescence 118

of apposition against Deb. Some of the lesser lights owing their political rise to the Union Minister for steel have been publicly defying his wishes. This development has Manifested Itself In the question of deciding upon upon who the congress tegislature party chief will be

MIZO NATIONAL FRONT

150. PRASAD (RN) . Mlzo National Front Party and its a^ctivitles; A study. Political Science Reglew. 28,1-2; 1989, Jan,- June,; 61-74.

This article deals with the reglonat political parties such as D.M.K., A.G.P., A.P.H.L.C., Mlzo National front etc. which are the j^ase of our polity. Their Impect has been limited since, given their class character which is much the some as that of the congress and other non- left parties, basic restructirlng of existing socio­ economic relations Isnoc on their agenda. Regional part­ ies may well claim some credit for hinlng a meassure of legitimacy for the view that, given over plural social structure, nation building has to be a process of aggre­ gation, not assimilation. 119

MANIPUR

151. SINHA ( Abhay). Manlpur: Unprecedented Uncertainty. Link. 32, 29; 1990, Feb, 25; 15—6.

There are fears in the opposition that even if the congress gets less then help the 12 seats, it would resort to its old tactics' of 'buying* nearly elected legistators of other parties.

POST- GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1989

152. NORTH-EAST POSER.Economic Times. 16,251; 1989, Dec,8;7.

This article discuss the position of north-east region after the Lok Sabba Elections. The Chief Ministers of the north-eastern states, namely Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mlzoram, Manipur, Arunacnal Pradesh and Trlpura held a conclave in New Delhi to tell the new government at the centre that " any attempt on its part to destabilise the govejmments in the region held not be taken kindly 1 There was no provocation for them to make a statement to this effect, since the V.P. Singh Government did not have a chance to spell out its policy for the north­ east. 120

SECURITY

153. KULKARNI ( R V) . Security of the North-East. U S I Journal. 22, 508; 1992, April, - June; 142-153.

Analysis of each of the movements indinidually as also collectively Indicate nexuses ammongst themsel­ ves as also of more serious a nature with the prominent personalities in ptiblic life. This is a mather of concern. Although all such issues need political involvement and solutions, the present involvement is not with view to seeking resolution of the problem through dialogua bxit for deriuing mileage for power base.

The develppmenis in the N.E. states, can not be treated as amere law and order problem and thus left to indtvisual states or ministry. It is a problem of national security.

TERROR, TRIPURA ""•,**"",'"", 154. CHAUDHURI ( Kalyan). Terror in Tripura. Frontline. 8,13; 1991, June, 22- July, 5; 102-5.

The election was held on June 12 IR an atmosph­

ere of terror and fear The election comm-lssion claimed

the roter turn out has quite satisfactory and the polling 121

60 and 65. But to one who had visited polling boths in the rural and urban areas of Tripura on June 12, this claim wood seem tall*

TRIPURA

155. PRABHAKARA (MS) • Troiible ahead when politics and hunger mix. Frontline. 9,4; 1992# Feb, 15-28; 43—7.

This article highlights the most notable feature of the political situation In Tripura Is that while the gomal opposition Is beset by numerous problems, the many lapses and misdeeds ot the Government are attract­ ing criticism from sections of the ruling coalition Itself.

TUJS, TRIPURA

156, CHAKRABORTY (SJL«^it KumcUt). Coalition in throes of crisis Link. 32, 32; 1990, March, 18; 22-3.

Author says that according to political observers, the TUJS was tyylng to cover up Its Inflgstlng between two factions, one group led by party president Shyama Charan Tripura ana the other by general secretary Harlnath Debbarrma. 122

UNDE RGROUND, NAGALAHD

157. CHAKRABORTY (SU-jit Kximar) . President nale In Nagaland. Llnk» 31,2; 1988, Aug, 21; 25-6.

Analyses the eight day political crisis in Nagaland ended with the imposition of presiuent's rule. The Governor has assured the people of Nagaland in his first speech that a normal democratic Government wotld be fcjrought about in the state within a very reasonable time frorae. He also said that a clean, efficient and responsible administration would function for the interest of the people during the president's rule. He added that we would try his level best to solve the underground problem in the near future. But the people it appears, accepted the President's rule, and majority of the masses were highly critical about the rule played by the congress dissidents.

ETHNICITY, MIZORAM *•*"#""","**",

158. KUNDU (Dilip Kumar). Ethnicity, and Politics in Mlzoram. Socialist Perspective. 20, 3-4; 1993 Dec,-March; 155-162.

It is now evident that ethnic distinction among : Mizos is still a very significant factor in the politics of Mlzoram. The complex ethnic composition or the Mizos 123

comprising many tribe, subtribe, clan and lineage groups has further complicated the process of identity form­ ation among them. The process of identity formatian is layered and still in a fluid state depending upon political exigeness and crgnitive orientation and perception of belonging to settor different levels o£ layalties have been erokad and used by various ethnic groups.

POWER POTENTIAL —#—", 159. SYED ZUBAIR AHMAD. Vast power potential in N-E lies untapped. Times of India. 157, 143; 1994, June, 18; 11.

The transmission and distribution losses in the region are one of the highest 3 0 percent. However the region has made remarkable progress since Independence. "The region requires a major threst in the exploitation of renewable resources or energy as otherwise the supply of conventional energy with eostly transmissions lines to distantly, located population will only remain a pipe- dream and the region's economy will never catch up with the rest of the country. 121

REFUGEES, CHAKMA, ARUNACHAL PRADESH

160. MUKHERJEE (Amltava). Arunachal Pradesh: The chakma dllema. Onlooker. 54, 22; 1993, Nov, 30; 52.

After the Triputa, Chakma refugee problem has now began to offeet politics in Arunachal Pradesh too. High pitch tension has taken over the picturesque state on the with-eastem most part of the country's border for quite some time. In Arunachal there are reports that some of neighbours have been trying to contact the Chakma leadership. Government circles do not totally discount the possibility of the chakmas > becoming a part of the larger game plan of insurgency in the North-East as a whole.

161. RAY (Topas). Refugees aliens at home : Chakmas, HaJongs of Arunachal Pradesh. Frontline. 10,19; 1993, Sept, 11-24; 44-6.

The paper discusses the problem of chakmas, HaJongs of Arunachal Pradesh who are the regugees. They built villages and cleared the Jungle to take up farming. It was a hard life, but rewarding where the earth was kind, seeking citizenssip rights, 125

Cha)anas and Hajongs of Ariinachal Pradesh on a dharna In Delhi, facing hostility and violence. Whatever the reason for Delhi's current silence on the refugees, the fact is that it is complicating the situation with every passing daVr*

CHT TRIBES, TRIPURA ""• # "^^ # "^ #"""" 162. ROY (Chittapriya) and PRAMANIK (Bimal). Chittagong problems of chalana and other ttibes. Mainstream. 28, 9; 1989, Dec, 23? 20-24-

Describe the onstaught of the Bangladesh armed and para-militory forces combined with pre-plammed encroachment by the non-tribals on the tribal land and property backed by the Bangladesh Government: and also internal strife among different tribal groups have made the danger of the tribals losing their identities more cretical than ever. Chakma and other tribals in thousands are fleeing in the neighbouring Indian State of Tripura, Mizorara, etc and India is already burdend wit with over 70,000 Chakma refugees sheltered in different camps in these states. The problem ot the chakmas and other CHT tribes require urgent attention of the international community. 126

SURVIVAL, HUMAN RIGHTS, SELF DETER-

MINATION

163. GHOSE (AJoroblndo) and GILLANI( Syed Iftlkhar). Life and Times of the Chalanasj Sumlval, human hights and self duetermlnatlon.Mainstream, 31# 34; 1993, July, 3; 25-7.

This paper highlights that the chakamas are An ancient tribal community, Buddhist by religion, their own district way of life language values and culture who have made the area known as the chlttagong Hill Tracts their homeland since the eleventh century ab after migrating from the frakan hills of Burma. Besides the CHT area of Bangladesh and the Aakan region of Myanmar or Burma, by migration over different periods, the Chakmas have settled in Assam, Trlpur and Mlzoram of present day India's North-Eastern region and acquired Indian citizenship. The chakmas are also living in Arunachal Pradesh but here they are yet to aqure the status either of refugees or of citizens' and remain in a condition of state lessness.

TRIPURA

164. MENON (Ramesh). Chakmas i Shattered Lines. India Today. 12,5; 1987, March, 1-15; 76-8p.

For the past nine months, Chakama refugees have been fleeing Bangladesh terrorised by the Bangladesh 127

terrorised by the Bangladesh Army last fornight the Buddhist tribals come in waves into Tripura swelling to over 45#000. The plight of thousands of chakmas/ who prefer to huddle in the discomfort of moveshift refugee cams rather than return to their homes across the border, underscores the enorimous hxmian dimens­ ions or the tragedy.

165. RAMMIiil JAHANGIft."^^^^® ^"*^ troubles. Sunday. 21, 11; 1994, March, 13-19; 94.

Four batches of the chakma refugees were repat­ riated from India between 15 and 22 February. But there are apprehensions that the official eupporia may be short lived as most of them still remain in Tripura.

166. RAY (Tapas) . Refugees Chakma stoJ-eraate : An intra- citable problem.Frontline. 10.13, 1993, June, 19-July 2; 26-8.

In the southemmest part or Tripura, ther are 56,000 tribes people, who have fled perecution at home in the Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) . pass their days in 128

a haze of hopelessness. The majority 60 percent are Chatanas and the rest belong to about a dozen other indigenous tribes and clans or the CHT such as Marma* Tonchangya# Tripura* Lushai (Known as Mlzo in India)* Bawn, Pang, Mru, ChaK» Khyamg and Khumi. The refugees have made it clear that they more eager to return, but could not trust the Bangladesh autharities or security forces in the absence of a written tripartile agreement, signed by Bangladesh, India and the Jana Samhati Samiti Shanti Bahini.

RELATIONS, AASU and AGP, ASSAM

167. ASSAM} Survival strategies, . EPW, 25,29; 1990, July 21; 1556.

The AGP sponsored Assam bandh and the AASU sponsored blockade ot the movement of oil have to be §een as not merely preliminary flexing of muscles for the coming electoral bathles but also necessary political gestness to establish once again warking relations between the two organisations.

^ RESOURCES, NATURAL, NAGALAND

168. SHARMA-THAKUR (GC).Some Reflections on the battern of Utilisation of human and "natural Resources of Nagaland. 129

Journal ot Social Research. 21, 1; 984; 38-46,

This article pursues the problem ot the utiliza­ tion ot human and natural resources in Nagaland. An apparent absence ot improvement and lack ot the implementsion of development scneme is due to factors ranging from insurgent activities to the nature of terrain and heavy dependence ot population on the prim­ ary seefors of economy,

SECURITY, ARMY DEPLOYMENT, MANIPUR

169» MEHTA (Ashok k). Winning back the north-east«Sunday. 21,36; 1994, Sept, 4-10> 86-7.

Explain the recent spate ot ambushes in Manipur hill areas is bhe direct outcome ot the flawed decision or the army to uproot the 8 mountain Oivislon from there in March 1990 and deploy it in the Kashmir Valley. The option to direct the 57 mountain Diuslon, deinducting it from Srilanka, was at the time not favoured, AS a result, the time-terted coutoter insurgency grid was disturbed arit was replaced by an adhoc Assam Rifles sector comprising a conglomerate of forces. The secnrlty 130

grid in the north east, disturbad by events in Srilanka# Pxinjab and Kashmir, has to be firnly reestablished and the Assam Rifles pepped up. In stauing off the threat to Kashaitr nie should not lose control ot the north-east,

SEPAOATISM

170. DIXIT (JN) . Drift in the North-East: Past and prejudice. India Express. 52, 325; 1994, Sept, 27,8.

Since the mid-sixties, there is a motivates and even pernicious curiority about the North-east in western academic circles. The arientation ot their projects is to question the validity ot the North­ east remaining part ot India.

SMUGGLING, DRUGS, MANIPUR

171. IRENGBAM (Arun). Manlpur: Outport of drug corruption. Link. 3 2, 43; 1990, June, 3; 4-8.

The there or the paper is that fro a tranlst point in the international drnag smeggling route, Manipur has not come to engoy the dubious distinction of being the major distribution centre of al the major psy­ chedelic drugs, gold and pre-cious stones. The focus of the infamous Golden Tripgle has shif ted from Ams 131

terdam to Imphal. The drug barons ot India and Burma have taken advantage of an Internljlonal law which allows triball living within the 20 kg bllt on both sides of the Indo. Burmese border to travel freely without permits under the prectext of rice exchange from Burma, heroim* gold and precious stons are smuggled in.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC, POLITICAL

172. HAZARIKA (Sanjoy) . North East: Behind the fire.Telegraph.

1994,A'Ji^* 14; 4-10.

Discusses the different types ot problem such as relating to the socio economic conditon of the region as well as political problem which are going to take this region beside the fire. All these factors may indeed have a part in creating the difficult conditions thtit exist these days. But the essential responsibility for getting out of the quagmire is up to the people or the region and their leaders. A practical vision that forces cooperation among the states and nations that are by nature bound. Is the only way forward. That ways lies some chance of saving the situation before it becomes unman- geable. 132

SOCIO- POLITICAL SITUATION, NAGALAND

173. NANDA (Mlra Rani). Nagaland: A time bomb in the

North-East. Link. 34, 47; 1992, July, 5; 13—4.

The author expresses the view that precarious

socio-political and law order situgtionsnave turned

Nagaland into a time bomb. Unless necessary steps

are taken in witness widespead violence.

TENSION, UNION V£ STATE, GCVER.^»ffiNT, AGP

174. ASSAM* Quitting game. EPW. 25, 35-36; 1990, Sept,1-8;

1921-2.

The resignation drama, despite its apparent

resolution also reflects the mireaninghly camplex

tensions that characterise the relations between the

AGP and the Union government, tensions no way eased

because the AGP is one ot the components ot the NF

government.

TERRORISM, GUERILLA WARFARE

175. RAY (Tapas) . Tripura Portents* chaos as (Assembly elections approach.Frontline. 10,2; 1993,Jan, 29; 44-6,

Tripura seems to be entering a difficult

phase ot separatist guerilla worfore again, with 133

similar activities going on in several other states of the iregion Assam, Manipur and Nagaland- This can only be bad news for the country, faced as it is with the challenge of communalism. A democratically elected government alone can have the will and the ability to stop the drift in this direcclon. It is therefore imperative that the people of Trlpura are able to exercise their fromchise in the coming elections without the fear of violence.

IBRP vs ASSAM RIFLES "•"#~~#~~# ""~

176. KAMAROOPI«North-East Qrowing Vtetwork. E PW .28,29T 1993, July, 17-24; 1481-2.

The paper discusses the claiming of responsibi­ lity by the Indo-Burma Revolutionary Front (IBRF) for the ambush of an Assam Rifles patrol party near lazi in Ttrap district or Arunachal Pradesh on June 18 in which four persons including there soldiers of the Assam Rifles, were killed, indicates that a more actvist phase of the outfit, going beyond more verbose statements or intent, is in the offing. 134

PMN VS NSCN, h/AGALAND

177, BANERJEe ( Indranie). Magaland : Rebel wars. India Today. 11»1; 1986, Jan, 1-15; 56.

The birth of a new rebel group is normally bad news for the trox±»led administrations or the ansurgency prone nortn-eastern states. But the formation of an outfit called the peoples militia aot of Nagaland (PMN) night actually be a welcome develop­ ment; for in its manifesto circulated openly In Manipur and Nagaland recently, the PMN has declared Its sole enemy to be the NSCN the regions largest and most act** Insurgent group. This intrlguring rebet versus rebel scenarl. Intelligence officials believe; Is a denovement of the 1975 Shilling Accord which was later denounced by a group led by Isaac Chishi Swunt T.Mulvah who went on to form the NSCN In 1980

_ TRIBAL, MIZORAM

178. RAM(Mohan). Trouble on the north-east frontier. Far eastern economic Review. 105, 37; 1979, Sept, 4; 30.

violence has returned to the remote hilly region of morth east India bordering Burma and Bangla­ desh. After a tnree year ceasefire and attempts to 13-^.

bring abotit a political solution/ tribals in Mizoram

are once again flighting to resist integrfeion with

India*

TRIPURA

179. CHAKRABORTY (SUjit K) . Year o£ the guerillas. Link.

29,25; 1987, Jan, 25; 49-51.

Obserue that occurrence or the raids in the state's three districts indicated the hit-patential or the TNV in pure geographical terms ana proued that the rebels, though short ot wealons and alarge under­ ground core like the NSCN or the MNP (inbygone days), could strike simultaneously in all the three district ot Tripura.

ULFA, TEA TRADERS, ASSAM

180. GUPTA (Supriya) . Perilous balancing atrt in Assam.Link. 33, 18; 1980; Dec, 9; 4-8.

Discusses over the past one year the ULFA had begun to roiihe enomous suns through ultimatums to tea gardens and non Assamese troders with Its new found source

or wealth the ULPA engged In maruti borne terrorism. Along with the dissatisfaction, the lure QL a flashy 13S

life style drow more and more youth to the folds of

the ULFA.

URBAN

181. GURUDE? (S) . Extremists for chaos in N-E area. Statesman. 127> 8365; 1986, Dec, 31; 1.

While the over all objective ot the Na^fional Socialist council of Nag aland and the United Liber­ ation Front ot Assam is to "Liberat The North East from Indian colonization*, and reconstiruct the politics and socio econimic system, the immediate aim is to empRasize extremism and Urban terrorism to corfuse and destabilize conditions and exploit the " ambivalence* over ground.

TRAINING, ULFA for INSURGENCY

182. JHA ( Padmanand). Assam liberation Front flirts with Naga group and China. Link. 29,23; 1987, Jan,11; 4-6.

Highlight that about one hundered so called United liberation front ot Assam recruits have croesed Into Burma on the way to china for training in subuerslon They are expected back later this year to lunch 139

Insurgency efforts on the other side in the United Tribals Nationalist biberation front, one among several ••Liberation fronts* stoking the fire of violence and separatism in the North Eastern states.

TRIBALS

183. MUKHOPADHYAY. (Ashim). North-East. Frontier. 12#21;1980, Jan, 19; 2-6.

Observe that It" is high time for the tribals as a whole to realise that in their struggle agiinst injustic, exploitation, bondage and colonisation they should look across the moxinfain barriers and below on the plains, where the hungry famished and teeming millions should be prepared for a iast of strength with the ruling clique and their preign masters. It is here and not insidto the tribal cocoon that the key to emancipation lies.

Effect of Death, GANDHI (Rajiv )

184, PRAMAR (Suresh K). North-Eastx Bajiv Gandhi's death orphans tribals. Onlooker. 53, 34; 1991» June, 15; 46-7.

Discusses the killing ot Rajive Gandhi has caused a sense or doom among tribals of the six stftes of the m

North East. The news from Madras spread fast all over the region leaking the people stunned and annoyed, There Is the fear that the tragedy would lead to greater consolidation of reginal forces. It is likelj that some or the congress units would cannot themselves into regional outfit.

PEACE

185. CHATTERJEE (NN). Peaceful transformation in N-E States. Yojna. 38,12; 1994, July, 15; 23-5.

The people of these states/ specially the younger generation no longer conform to the anthoodpbgist's definition of a backward tribal people. Their percep­ tions of the people have undergone a sea change. Still capitltals are humming with activity. More and more people ore now coming torword to hhare the responsi­ bility of the economic development or the county*

UNDERGROUMD JANASAMHATlAND MILITARY GOVERNMENT

186. CHAKRABCRTY (SU.Jit Kumar). Atrocities on tribals as peace talks fall. Link. 31, 9; 1988, Oct, 9; 28.

Bangladesh has launched a massive •annitilation drive in the battle scarred CHT after the fifth round nn

or peace taks between the underground Jana Samhati Samlti and the military government. The Jana Samhati samhati Samiti Sources claim that over 1000 tribal villagers, affected in the Baghaicherri massaere were trikking, through Jungles towards Indian territory for shelter. Over 45#000 tribal refregees of the chlttagong will tracs have already been staying in south Tripura for the last two years. The Bangladesh government has not taken any serious initlatine for the repatriation of the refugees altnough assurance was given many times.

RESERVATION, ASSAM

187. RAMAN (Vasanthi). Assam: Reservation Struggle. EPW. 21, 27;1986, July, 5; 1147-8.

Explains the provision for reservations for the indigenous tribals of Assam has been scuttled by the invidious distinction that has been made between the plains tribals and the hills tribals. Thus the Garos, the karbis, the Hajongs, the Dimases, the mon Tai speaking peoples, the singhos, tne Hanars the Nagas, etc, essentially hill tribals lose their scneduled status once they came down to the plains. Besides, 140

reservation should be extended to past graduate education in all the Universities of Assam, also to central Government and semi-government under takings like banks, L.I.C/ ONGC, Reilways, etc The back log in Jobs reserved for Scs and STs shoxild also be filled immediately.

SOCIO- ECONOMIC,

188. DHAR (S) . Tribal Kaleidoscope. Yoiana. 36,21;1992, Nbv, 30; 37-40.

The main objective of this paper to assess how for the major objective narroneing the socio-economic gap has been achieved and to analyse the disparities still existing among the scheduled tribes vis-a-vis the rest of the population. The study of the tribals of India, shows that this section of our Indian population, which has remained historically socially and economically backward, has still a long way to go to enter the mainstream.

—'__ TRIBAL vs NON-TRIBAL, TNV, ROLE, TRIPURA

189. KARLEKAR (Hiranmay). Unquiet North-East, Indian Express. 55, 95; 1987, Feb, 12;8.

Insurgency in north-eastern India, now waking and now waning since a section of Nagas took up arms 141

In 1954, is set to take a turn for the worse should such a statement appear alarmist one needs only to consider the depredations of the Tribal National Volnteen (TNV) of Tripura who killed as many as 109 non-tribals in 1986, more than 50 of then In November and December Twenty three were killed in four consecutine attacks between December 22 and 25.

ULFA ACCORD , ASSAM ^•"•""""^ 190. PARMAR ( Suresh K). Assam: Now long will the truce hold. Onlooker. 53, 3,1992, Feb, 15; 48-9.

Express that tribal groups had extended support to the Assam agitation launched by the AASU. They had expected the AGP government to fulfil their demands. The was not to be and the movement leaders soon fell out with the AGP leadership. They are now determined to get their demands fulilled along with or before any accord with the ULFA is made.

ULFA ACTIVITIES, ASSAM

191. DANGER IN Assam. Statesman. 119, 9072, 1990, Aug,l;6.

This article examines that by murdering a senior polic official in Dibrugorh on the day the 142

three hospages were released in exchange for the ULFA activists, the Assam militants have once ag41n shown that it is they who call the shots in the state today/ though Mr. Prafulla K\jm«r Mahanfa night need the Government. Even the manner in which the three extremists left the Jail premises did little cridit to the Govern­ ment for the ULFA appeared to have the situation will under control with its supporters flaionting automatic weapons and grenades on the road outside to demmatrate their strength.

ULFA ACTIVITIES, ASSAM

192. PRESIDENT'S RULE IN ASSAM. Democratic world. 19,48; 1990^ Dec, 2; 3.

The centre had to bring Assam under the Presidents rule, declare the whok state adisturbed area and put ban on the activities ot the ULFA and other subverive outfits. What the centre has done was to save the North- East from turning into a hotbed ot subversion and anti- state activities. Terrorist attacks, extortiong, kidn­ appings and killings heinous crimes against society by tne ulfras were making lives of the citizens miserable pursuit of their professions difficult. 143

ULFA, ASSAM

193. BHATTA (Suren) . Vicious cirxiicof terrorist violence and the anti-terrorist operation. New Wave. 23,27;1994, Feb, 20; 5.

Following the Bokakhat convention of the pro- talk ULFA (Popularly known as SVL FA), the Anti talk ULFA appears to be desperately trying to proclaim their existance in strength. Tne recent spurt in their activities does indicate it. Not witnstanding the flex ing of muscle by AASU'S student musclemen, the resign­ ation galore of AASU activity of late has not been possible to prevent because among students it is fast losing its held and influence. Many PGSU fxinctionavies have in the last few days resigned from AASU membership.

194, COPING WITH ULFA.Indian Express. 58, 116,; 1990; April; 17; 8.

The recent murder of the industrialist, Mr. Surendra Paul and the kidnapping and sx±)sequent release of a brother in law of the Assam cnief Minister, Mr. P.K. Mahanta, have once again underlined the aler ming dimensions reached by activities of the ULPA. Traders and industialirts nave been among the principal killed so far". 144

195. PARZAND AHMED. Critical craelcdown. India Today. 16,

19; 1991, Oct, 1-15; 54-7.

Rumours about an army crackdown against the outlawed ULFA militant organisation in Assam had been circulating In gouemment cirles In Gawahatl for days on the sucess of operation Rhinos depends the well being of botn Salkla and the state. So far the signals are ambiguous*

196. PARZA^3D AHMED. ULFA dawn of a (jtangerous -Cra. India Today. 15,6; 1990, March, 16-31> 120-124.

Tnls paper examines tne extremist guerrilla Organisation Is running a parallel government In Assam with Ominous implications. Armed with sopnisticated weapons and having established an ideological base among the masses, ULFA is now In a position to impose Its military will on Assam. Ironically, a massive police crackdown against ULFA could also be the signal for the organisation to launch Its threatened armed struggle. 145

197. KARMAKAR (Rahul). Assam : Naga Spill-over. Rashtrlya

Sahara. 2#4; 1994, Aug, 53-5.

Analyse that Assam is destinea to carry the burden of a militant menace. No soonder did the state government get the upper land with the ULFA than the BSP unleashed a regn of terror in the north bank of the Brahmaputra river and, when the BSF is going through a relatively dormant phasem the National Socialist Council of Nagaland has overstepped their area of ope««tion into the North cachar Hills district of Assam.

198. NISHAT (Md. Sabir) . Truae with ULF/i how long. Link. 34,21; 1992, Jan, 5; 14-5.

The break through with regard to ULFA may be mecurial since it is yet not clear if the intire organisation is behind the release of hostages and the declaration of ceasefise. The dialogue may also have serious hurdles since commitment to the Indian consti­ tution is not evident.

199. PRABHAKARA (MS). Beyond the deadline ULFA holds Assam to ransom.Frontline. 8,9; 1991, Sept, 14-27; 35-7. The situation hotted up again in the last week of August when the ULFA reneued its threats of execution 141!

of the hostages If all the detainees were not released. These are indications that this development caincided with soome significant changes in the organisational structure or the ULFA.

200. PRAMAR (Suresh K). Assam* ULFA gtms for congress. QTvLooK-gr,S2i28; 1991, March, 5; 47.

The congress-I among the political parties is also among the possible targets of the ULFA attacks. Already the congress state unit president has lost his cephew to ULFA bullets.

201. SENGUPTA(Uttaa»;) . Assam: State of strife. India Today. 15,24; 1990, Dec,16—31; 22-4.

This p»per highlight the activity of ULFA Even with the army taking on the banned ULFA, the State faces a prolonged stretch of instability. The discovery of mass graves exploded ULFA's Robin Hood image and revealed the cruelty it induged in under the guise of meting out Justic. To outwit the congress (l) plan the AGP is boiand to whip up ethnic and regional passions to stage a comeback. 147

202. SHIVRAM (v) . Assam: ULF^to the negotiating table. Prout. 4,3; 1992, Feb, 29- March, 6; 15-7.

Then the congress bogged 65 seats in the 126 member Assambly with 28 percent or the vote, Mr.Saikia described it as a 'man date for peace' and expected the ULFA to come on its own to the negotitation tafele. But the ULFA proved him wrong when it bounced back and strick all over the State the very next day after Mr. S

203. TACKLE ULFA. Hindustan Times. 67, 186; 1990, July,7; 11.

Contrary to the claims being made by the Assam Government about conpolling the secessions ULFA there seems to nave been improvement at all in the situation. It is the writ ot tne organisation which 143

continues to run in may areas of the State. The recent fleeing of some senior executives of a tea garden fromr tne state is an indication of the sense or insecurity the grips the vibal tea sector. All the tea restates in upper Assam have been asked to contribute Rs.5 lakh each to the ULFA coffers or face grave consequences.

ULFA/BODOS, PEACE, ASSAM

204. DEKA (Kanaksen) . Peace hjeturns to Assam. Times of India. 156, 154; 1993, June, 30; 8.

The author examines that the law and order situation in Assam has improved a let compared to the deterioraction that existed before two years. As the problems of the ULFA and tne Bodos were not created In one day so also, the tatas peace cannot be establisned overnight Inspite of goodwill,

VIOLENCE, TRIBAL- NON TRIBAL, GOHPUR, ASSAM

205. GOHPUR CARNANGE . Economic Times. 16, 139> 1989, Aug,17; 5.

The carnage In the Gohpur area of Sonitpur district could have been avaided, had the state 149

administration In Dlspur sent reinforcements In response to the request from the Deputy Commlsslonor, Intelligence agencies brifed the authorities well in advance that a violent showdown between the trlbals and non-tribals was imminent. The day violence proke out at Vlkrampur, a Bodo village, the Director General of Police declined to send reinforcements in view of the disturbed situation in other parts or the state, ^ya/)fl tm^ee

G/'ndecc€6^ 150

Al/THOR INDEX

AUTHOR (S)L ENTRY NO.

ABDI (SNM) 40 ANAND (Lai it) 148

B BANERJEE (indranie) 177 BANERJEE (Nirmalya) 131 BARMA (S Dev) 36 BAROAH (Nlrode K) 136 BARTHAKUR (P B) 94 BARUAH (Sanjib) 126, 146 BEY (Hamdi) 28 BHASHARAN NAIR (M) 63 BHATIA (Suren) 193 BHATTACHARYA (Harlhar) 59 BHATTACHARYA (Malabika) 69 BHATTACHARYA (Surichita V) 57 BHATTA (Suren) 24,39,193 BISWAS (Soutik) 75 BORA (Dulal) 142 BURMAN ( BK Roy) 66 C CHAKRABORTY (Sujit) 102 CHAKRABORTY (Sujlt|C) 179

CHAKRABORTY (SuJ It Kumar) 54, 71, 111,156, 157,186. 151

CHAKRAVAPTY (Sumlt) 101 CHAKRAVAPTY (Surjit) 141 CHATTERJEE (MN) 185 CHAUDHARY (Kalyan) 154 CHAUDHARY (Sreerupa Mltra) 110 CHAWLA (Prabha) 139 CHINAI (Rupa) 91

DAS ; QXJFTA (Sxinil) 88 DAS (Indira) 25, 53 DAS (Salbal) and FARZAND AHMAD 76 DAYAL (Gyaneshwar) 35 DEKA (Kamaksen) 204 DHAR (S) 188 DIXIT (JN) 170 DUBEY (Suman) 107 E ENGINEER (Asghar All) 112 P FARZAND AHMAD 37,38,195,196 FARZAND AHMAD and DAS (Satbil) 76 G GHOSH (Aurblndo) and G IILANI (Syed Iftlkhar) 163 GILANI (Iftlkhair) 124

GILANI (Syed Iftlkhar) and IGHOS H (Aurblndo) 163 152

GOHAIN (Hlren) 30

GOKHALE (Nitin A) 44,62

GUPTA (Barun Das) 26

GUPTA (RP) 64

GUPTA (Shekhar) 81

GUPTA (Supriya) 180

GURUDEV (S) 181

H

HAZARIKA (Sanjoy) 116, 172

HUSSAIN (Manirul) 56, 120

HUSSAIN (Wasbir) 49

I

IRENGBAM (Arun) 171

J

JAHAGIRDAR (MP) 65

JHA (Padmanand) 182

K

KAMAROOPI . _ 176

KARATI (Satis Ch) 18,19

KARLEKAR (Hlrannaay) 96, 189

KARMAKAR (Rahul) 197

KULKARNI (RV) 153

KUMAR (BB) 129

KUMAR (Dlnesh) 123

KUNDU (Dlllp Kumar) 158 153

M

MAHAPATRA (Meera) 8 MAZARBHUIYAN (NI) 41

MEHTA (Ashok K) 169

MENON (Ramesh) 50,51,82/103,125,

164

MISRA (Vdayon) 32

MOSAHARY (RN) 33

MUKHARJEE (Amltava) 149,160

MUKHOPADHYAY (Ashim) 183

N

NAIR (MK Sukumaran) 60

NANDA (Mira Rani) 27,173

NARAYAN (Hamendra) 132

NAYAR (Kuldlp) 109

NISHAT (Md Sabir) 198

P

PANT (Sudhir) 52

PESHIMAM (Masood) 137

PHIKAN (Niranjan) 13 5

PRABHAKARA (MS) 1,10,11,23,72, 73,74,95,97,104. 114,121,122,133, 155,199, PRAMANIK (Blmal) and ROY (Chitta Priya) 162 PRAMAR (S) 34

PRAMAR (Suresh K) 7,16,45,85,90, 106,184,190,200 154

PRASAD (RN) 150 R RAHMAN JAHANGIR 165 RAM (Mohan) 42,178 RAMAN (Vasanthi) 187 RATTAN (Kamaljeet) 67 BAY (Tapas) 2,78,79,113,134, 147,161,166,175 REDDY (GK) 108 ROY BURMAN (BK) 87 ROY (Cnitta Prlya) and PRAMANIK (Bimal) 162 ROY (Singh) 55 S

SAIKIA (Sunil K) 92

SARKAR (AN) 58 SARMA (Bibekananda) 17

SENGUPTA,(Uttam) 127,201

SERAM (Klshore) 3

SETHI (Sunll) 70

SHARMA (Rakesh) 118

SHARMA THAKUR,(GC) 168

SHIVRAM (V) 202 .

SINGH (HP) 84

SINGH (DN) 89

SINHA (Abhay) 15 ISS

SINHA (Shirlsh) 46 SIRCAR (Kalyan K) 115 SUKLA (UK) 99 SWAMINATHAN (TP) 6 SYED ZUBAIR AHMAD 159 T TARUN KUMAR 47 THOMAS (C Joshua) 80 V VASPI (Ausaf Saied) 13 VENUGOPAL (KV) 83 VERMA (JD) 61 156

TITLE INDEX

TITLE (S) ENTBY NO A AASU threatens, oil blockade 131 Abyss ahead 78 Accord non Implementation fuelling Bodo militancy 123 Age old movement 121 Arunachal Pradesh 148, :16 0 Assam 21,31,34,38, 50,51,67,125, 167,174,187,190, 197,200,201, 202 Assam Accord likely to inject uncertainty 13 Assam and the North-East 139 Assam has yet to go a long waj > 24 Assam impase 104 Assam liberation Front flirts with Naga group and China 182 Assam losing business 37 Assam narrowing identities 4 Assam on collision course 138 Assasination and after in North-East 143 Assaults in Tripura 14 Atrocities on trlbals as peace talks fall 186 Autonomy for two Assam districts 49 157

B Balencing act ^2 Banking In the North-East 17 Bevond the deadline ULFA holds Assam to ransom ^^^ Blood feud among Naga rebals 47 Boder brinkmanship blowing hot &nd cold, in Assam 122 Bodo agitation 22 Bodoland 27 Bodostir complex Issues, unattainable demands 3 2 Bodostir in perspective 30 Bodos in the North-East 33 Brig Sailio reservation on Mlzo accord 132 C CIA and the North-East 100 Chakma refugee 124 Chakmas 164 Changing face or ULFA 114 Chlttagong 162 Close 16ok at the Bodoland Accord ' .-> 18,19 Coalition in throes of crisis 156 Communlsih, nationalism and tribal question in Trlpura 59 Confusion in Assam 117 Constralnsts on the development of a land market in Meghalya 60 Coping wltn ULFA 194 Crisis in Manlpur 140 158

Critical crackdown 1^5 D Dances ot tne wolves 46 Danger In Assam 191 Danger of Bodoland 29 Dangereus Demand 5 Dangerous development 116 Darjeeling- a no man's land 94 Decline ot ULFA 135 Development in the North-East 58 Discord in Assam 68 Dissidence rocks state ruling party 142 Distant North-East 109 Drift in the North-East 170 Dry taps in the hills 69 B Elusive peace 133 Entrenched in Assam on the impact of operation Rhino 11 Etnnic cleansing 77 Ethnicity and politics in Mlzoram 158 Everybody is poaching on Bodo preserue 28 Extremists for chaos in Nortn-East area 181 P Federalism in perspective 87 Financial institutations 64 159

G Gohpur carnage 205 H Hmar Betnand rejected 16

I, Implications of police unrest in Tripura 8 Industrialising backward Nortn-Eastern region 61 Instability in Nagaland 145 Insurgent in North-East trying to forgy unity 108 Issues in Assam 73 K Keeping vigil 44 Kuki-Naga conflict 75 Kuki-Naga tangle 80 - L Lalthanhawla stays firm 90 Land scandal rocks state government 111 Language troubles 113 Lessons of Assam 146 Life and times ot the Ctiakmas 163 Lost glory haunts ahoms 53 M Manlpur 76,127,151,171 Manlpur demands lingustlc Identity 7 160

Manipuri womens crusade 6 Manlpur tussles 79 Massacre In Manipur 40

Meghalaya ^9 Minority policy in the North-East 126 Mizo National Front Party and its activities 150 Mlzoram 103 Mlzoram portents 2 More light on Manipur carnage 41 N Naga folklore 129 Nagaland 43,101,173,177 Needless fears 86 Nehru, Bordoloi and Assams problems witn cabinet mission plan 13 6 Nepal is in Assam and Assamia National question 120 North-East 35, 70,85,97, 110,172,183,184 North-East Broader, identities 119 North-East growing network 176 North-East in the maels-ferom of strange politics 52 ?Torth-East poser 152 Not quite the remedy 15 Now a Nagaland Accord 105 161

0 Oil pollution 74 operation Topple in Manipur, a repeat of Meghalaya ^^"^ P Peace returns to Asaam 104 Peaceful transformation in North-East States 185 Peace talks with Meitet rebels in Manipur 102 Perilous balancing act in Assam 180 Plague on all the parties 42 Politics or peaceful poll 144 President's rule in Assam 192 President rule in Nagaland 157 Problems and prospects or tribal development in North-East India 66 Problem of change 84 Problems ot small units in North-Eastern region 92 Problem people 118 R Reftigees aliens at home 161 Refugees Chatana stalemate 166 Revolt or the tribal 128 Rift in Manipur 3 Rural development scenario in Arunachal Pradesh 65 IfiZ

s Saving the accord 20 Security of the North-East 153 Shillong burning 83 Sinister designs of Bumese/ North-Eastern rebels 55 So-called Assam accord 12 Some refluctions on the pattern of utili­ sation of human and natural resource of Nagaland 168 Splintered North-East 89 T Tackle ULFA 203 Tale of two boards 115 Task before the new regiwe 95 Tea and terror 1 Terror in Tripura 154 Thoughts on the Assam accord 137 To scuttle a peace plan 134 Tribal Kaleidoscope 188 Tribal movement for autonomous state in Assam 56 Tribal politics in India 63 Tripartite talks on Bodo issue 26 Tripura 45,81,82,106, 112,149 Tripura L P Government, lacks dynamism 88 1$3

Tripura portents 175 Tripura report 36 Trouble ahead when politics and hunger mix 155 Troubled North-East 98 Trouble on the north-east frontier 178 Truce ad trotibles 165 Truce with ulfa howlong 198 TUJS opposes seperate regional council plan 54 TUJS rapes congress ministers for corruption 141 Turning the heat on Saikia 93 U ULPA dawn or a dangerous era 196 ULFA terror 57 Under threat 62 Unending in Assam 10 Unique comination of communal Hoodlums with terrorist ms,rauders 39 Unquite North-East 96,107,189 V Vast power potential in North-East lies untapped 159 Vices or Nagaland 91 vicious circle or terrorist violence and the anti-terrorist operation 193 violence in Assam 9 w What did the Bodos achieve 23 Where not to dump alien 130 m

Why the Bodos are angry 25 Winning back tne north-east 169 X Year of the guerillas 179