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Publication ofthe Archaeological Society of British Columbia ISSN 0047-7222 Vol. 31 , No. 4 - 1999

UNI'it:I1SITY OF VICTORII­ McPHERSON LISRAI'IY

In this issue: Field school at Xa:ytem; Settlement patterns in the southern Gulf Islands; Field Notes; Permits ,

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF £MIDDEN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Published four times a year by the Dedicated to the protection of archaeological resources Archaeological Society ofBritish Columbia and the spread of archaeological knowledge.

Editorial Committee President Editor: Heather Myles (274-4294) Helmi Braches ( 462-8942) [email protected] braches@netcom. ca Field Editor: Richard Brolly (689-1678) [email protected] Membership News Editor: Heather Myles Leah Pageot (687-7754) Publications Editor: Monica Karpiak (294-3394) [email protected] [email protected] Annual membership includes a year's subscription to Assistant Editor: Erin Strutt (746-3765) and the ASBC newsletter, [email protected] The Midden SocNotes. Production & Subscriptions: Membership Fees Fred Braches ( 462-8942) [email protected] Individual: $25 Family: $30 Seniors/Students: $18 Send cheque or money order payable to the ASBC to: SuBSCRIPTION is included with ASBC membership. Non-members: $14.50 per year ($17.00 USA and overseas), ASBC Memberships payable in Canadian funds to the ASBC. Remit to: P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station Midden Subscriptions, ASBC Vancouver BC V6C 2N3 P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station ASBC on Internet Vancouver BC V6C 2N3 http ://home.istar. ca/~glenchan/asbc/asbc.shtml SuBMISSIONs: We welcome contributions on subjects germane to BC archaeology. Guidelines are available on request. Sub­ missions should be directed to the appropriate editor. Affiliated Chapters Copyright Nanaimo Contact: Pat Knowles--

The British Columbia Heritage Trust has provided ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA financial assistance to this project to support conservation meetings in Vancouver featuring illustrated of our heritage resources, gain further knowledge and lectures are usually held on the second increase public understanding of the complete history of Wednesday of each month (except July and British Columbia. August) at 8:00P.M. in the Auditorium of the Vancouver Museum at 1100 Chestnut Street. New members and visitors are welcome. Admission is free.

Next meeting: Wednesday 12 April2000 .. THE IDDEN

Contributors to .The Midden Table of Contents

The production of each issue of The Midden is dependent The 1999 UBC Field School 2 on contributors from the BC archaeological community. at ~a : ytem (DgRn 23) Without their time, commitment, and effort, the pages of by Christine Berney The Midden would be blank. I'd like to sincerely thank all Northwest Coast Settlement 5 the people who have contributed to The Midden over the Patterns, Shell Midden Sites, and Coastal Resources in the years, and in particular, I want to thank the contributors Southern Gulf Islands BC for this issue. by Eric McLay Look For 8 At the same time, I urge everyone engaged in archaeo­ Field Notes 9 logical research or fieldwork to take the time and share some of the results of their work with the Midden readers. Debitage 10 The Midden is a unique publication for disseminating in­ The Tides of Change 11 formation about BC archaeology, not only among the ar­ Review by Steven Acheson chaeological community, but also among interested lay Dead Dogs Tell Tales 12 people all over BC, Canada and the US; it even has sub­ Review by Marianne Berkey scribers in Germany and New Zealand. We are committed Pithouse Studies Come in 13 to keeping The Midden going, but we can't do it without from the Cold Review by Brian C. Vivian your input. Permits 14

For those interested in contributing articles, book re­ Exhibits 18 views, or field notes, telephone numbers and email ad­ dresses of The Midden editors are listed on the inside Lectures 19 front cover. We look forward to hearing from you. Conferences 20

Heather Myles, editor

Cover Page This carved antler tablet, 60mm long, was recovered from a small shell midden, DcRt 71, at Eagles' Nest Estate near Cadoboro Bay, Victoria. See Field Notes: Morley Eldrige (Millennium Research Limited) on page 9.

The Midden 31/4 1 THE 1999 UBC FIELD SCHOOL AT XA: YTEM (DgRn 23) By Christine Berney

Introduction Culture people as highly mobile hunters at .Ka:ytem are quite distinct, and once During the wet and chilly May of 1999, and gatherers. The work done in 1997 was identified in the profile, could be peeled eight UBC archaeology students super­ not intended to completely excavate the off in quadrants across the unit. The vised by Professor R.G. Matson and teach­ possible house structure, but instead to thicker cultural layers were further subdi­ ing assistant Patricia Ormerod, arrived just sample the area to the east of the trench vided into ten centimetre levels. The east of Mission intending to learn how to excavation for house remains and radio­ knowledge that the upper layer of lami­ do archaeology, and to learn a little more carbon samples. With this purpose in nated silts had been recently deposited was about the prehistory of the Fraser Valley. mind, Professor Pokotylo and his students also helpful; this allowed us to quickly This was not the first time that archaeolo­ excavated I 2 1-x-1 metre units, set up in move down to the layers that we knew con­ gists and students had descended on the a kind of checkerboard design over a 7-x- tained cultural materials in situ. The silts .Ka:ytem site (also known as Hatzic Rock) 7 metre area. Therefore, as they dug down­ were still removed with care and screened - there has been a lot of archaeological wards, units of the equivalent size were because of the possibility that artifacts activity at the site since its identification left standing in between. The excavators could have washed down the slope with in 1990. The site was originally intended expected to find cultural material directly them. for a housing subdivision; however, while below the humic layer as they were work­ Many utilized and retouched flakes, imd the initial clearing and bulldozing was tak­ ing in an area previously cleared by the one contracting stemmed point were ing place, St6:lo Nation archaeologist bulldozer. However, they found that over found. The base of a notched point more Gordon Mohs recognized it as an impor­ the six previous years a great deal of silt common to the Plateau (referred to by the tant "transformer stone" site. There are a had washed down the hillside and been crew as the "Milgrom Point" after the stu­ number of these transformer stones in the deposited over the site in a thick laminated dent who found it) was also uncovered. Fraser Valley that are spiritually impor­ layer. This was realized when the impres­ And in the vicinity of the large pit feature tant to the St6:lo; they embody the spirits sions ofthe bulldozer's treads were found an obsidian "tinkler" was found. It is be­ of ancestors who have been turned to in the surface of the actual cultural layer. lieved that these objects were used to stone, and have meaningful stories asso­ They found a number of lithics and fea­ decorate clothing. A great deal of the ciated with them. About a metre of soil tures over their field season including post lithics collected were tiny waste flakes, had already been removed from the sur­ and stake molds, hearths, and pits. One and to find them we had to screen dili­ face, but much of the site was still intact. pit of particular interest was very large: it gently. Excavations in 1991 uncovered structural covered two units, and went to nearly a We screened 80% of the material exca­ remains, including those of a semi-sub­ metre in depth. vated - every fifth bucket was bagged unscreened as a matrix sample. Initially, terranean house of the Charles Culture The 1999 Season we were dry screening; however, with the period (circa 4500- 3500 BP). The site Our investigations focused on three main continuing damp weather, dry screening is on an ancient river terrace that slopes objectives: to further explore the floor proved extremely inefficient. The students down to the south, so the rear part of the surface uncovered in the trench excava­ discovered that dry screening in damp house was cut into the hillside. This was a tion of 1994; to excavate the remainder conditions produces many little mud pills significant fmd, as there are few other sites of the large pit feature found in 1997; and that have to be broken by hand, and con­ with evidence of houses from this period. to find evidence of subsistence. To this tain very few artifacts. By the end of the In 1994, a trench excavation to the west end, we dug seven ofthe 1-x-1 metre units second week we had set up water screens, of the semi-subterranean house revealed remaining in the 7-x-7 metre area set up and proceeded to screen the rest of the a number of post molds, lithics, and what in 1997, and one on the western edge of it material that way. As a great deal of the appeared to be a house floor at its eastern (adjacent to the 1994 trench excavation). lithic remains from the site consisted of end. Professor David Pokotylo and the The first week was spent re-excavating the debitage, water screening with I/8 inch 1997 UBC field school arrived at .Ka:ytem units from 1997 since they had been lined mesh proved very effective at both sav­ to investigate the possibility that there was with plastic and then back filled. Our job ing time, and recovering the most more than one house structure from the was made considerably easier by the pre­ artifactual material. Charles Culture period at the site (see The vious work; rather than digging blind, we Midden 2913); if there were a number of had between one and four stratigraphic Features contemporaneous houses at the site, it profiles exposed on each unit giving us Excavations at the west end of the site would affect the present picture of Charles an excellent preview. The natural layers focused on the possible house floor un-

2 The Midden 31/4 covered in 1994. As the three units adja­ cent to it were pulled down, what ap­ peared to be two more living surfaces were uncovered above the initial one. Apparently the site was repeatedly and intensively used. Several large post molds and what appeared to be the remains of a shallow bench cut into the hillside were found in the northernmost units in both 1997 and 1999. It appears then that the structure (or consecutive structures) ex­ tended to the north and east of the 1994 trench excavation. The two units that contained the remain­ der of the large pit feature were not fully excavated. Instead, the material within the pit was removed, leaving the shape of the feature intact for public archaeology pur­ poses. The size of the pit, combined with the quantity of large fire altered rocks found in it, led us to speculate that at one time it was used as a roasting pit. How­ ever, there were four distinct use layers in the pit, and it appears that at other times it was used for refuse; a discarded cobble too I was found in 1997. Subsistence The soil at Xa:ytem is highly acidic, and very little bone or shell has been pre­ served. Although small pieces of bone were collected, they often crumbled in the excavators' hands. When two significant pieces were found, special care was taken in their removal. A small piece of the matrix was cut out around the samples, leaving the bones in place. The entire "bone-in-matrix" was carefully wrapped in foil for the lab, where it will be exam­ ined and removed. The bulk of our subsistence research relied on flotation to collect floral re­ mains. Many of the matrix samples were floated on site using the Apple Creek method. This is a straightforward and in-

Photo 1 Before. Student Jeff ij)lndham standing at the centre ofthe proposed excavation. Photo 2 During. Students in the foreground: David Milgram, Randi Drevland. Christine Berney. Craig Sellars. in the background: Dominique Bruno, Lilian Chau, Jeff ij)lndham, Patricia Ormerod. Missing: Mike Pearson. Photo 3 After. In the foreground: the large pi/feature. In the background: Evidence of a structure.

The Midden 31 /4 3 expensive way to collect flotation sam­ thrqugh the samples and removing and addition, we received a visit from Jim ples. A washtub was filled with water, and identifying any carbonized seeds or other Jamieson of The Province newspaper and a bucket with a 2 rnrn mesh bottom was plant remains. our field school became news (Wednes­ inserted into it. While one student agitated day, June 9, 1999: A8). the bucket, a second student poured a Public Archaeology Xa:ytem is a rich and significant site three-litre matrix sample into it. The first The UBC field school at Xa:ytem was a that has supported many years of archaeo­ student continued agitating while the sec­ unique experience as it gave us an oppor­ logical research, and there is ~till work that ond student used a tea strainer to skim off tunity to participate in public education can be done. A replica of a pithouse is at a British Columbia Heritage Site. The the light fraction that floated to the top. planned in conjunction with the Interpre­ Longhouse Interpretive Centre is open to The heavy fraction was left behind in the tive Centre, and when R.G. Matson sunk mesh at the bottom of the bucket, and was the public: St6:lo guides share the prehis­ a test pit into its proposed site he found tapped out onto a paper towel. The sam­ tory of the St6:lo people through stories cultural material and a feature right be­ ples were then tied up in fabric "sachet" and workshops. Our friendly hosts from low the surface. It is probable that 1999 bundles and hung to dry. This prevented the Longhouse were always interested in will not be that last time that Xa:ytem the sample material from blowing away, our work at the site, and took time to share welcomes archaeologists and archaeology which can be an issue when it is laid out with us some of the stories associated with students, for there is much that this site flat to dry on a paper towel. It also pro­ transformer sites. Busloads of students can still tell us about the prehistory of the vided some interesting decoration for our arrived daily, and some were treated to a Fraser Valley. rain shelter. sleepover in the Longhouse and a barbe­ 1999 UBC Field School Crew: R.G. When collecting matrix samples, spe­ cue. A tour included the opportunity to Matson, Patricia Ormerod, Christine cial attention was given to the large pit try activities such as stone pecking and Berney, Dominique Bruno, Lillian Chau, feature and any hearth features. Although grinding or working with cedar bark, and Randi Drevlarrd, David Milgrom, Mike 20% of all the excavated material at the a visit to the archaeological dig in Pearson, Craig Sellars, Jeff Wyndham, and site was bagged, at least 50% from large progress. UBC students gave short pres­ Elizabeth Radomski (volunteer). ·features and 100% from small ones were entations to the visitors, and fielded of­ collected and saved for later flotation. The ten-insightful questions (such as, "who do Christine Berney is a fourth year under­ data collected this past summer in the field the artifacts belong to after you dig them graduate student at UBC, graduating this is still being processed and analysed. Pres­ up?"). May with a BA (Honours) in Anthropology, ently, two UBC undergraduate students, There were several important visitors to with an Archaeology concentration. Her honours thesis is on the social status of Elizabeth Radomski and Jeff Wyndham, the site, including Xa:ytem alumni Gordon women in Northwest Coast societies. who participated in the field school, are Mohs and David Pokotylo. Many St6:lo She is interested in how their production working on the flotation samples in the people including some elders came by the for and participation in trade affected their overall status. UBC archaeology lab. They are sorting site, also very interested in our work. In

This photograph appeared in the previous issue of The Midden, illustrating Peter Ord s article Archaeology as Teaching Tool. Unfortunately the names ofth e "Links to the Past" team at Dionisio Point, Galiano Island were not available at press time. Shown here from left to right on the front are Jaclyn Small, Angela Alphonse, Tyrone Wilson and Colin Grier. Behind are Eric McLay, Stacey Jack. Bob Lang, Glen Tooshley and David Sillseemult. The person shown on the front cover ofth e previous issue ofThe Midden is Glen Tooshley, holding a lucky find in his hand at the Xa:ytem Interpretive Centre.

4 The Midden 31/4 NORTHWEST COAST SETTLEMENT PATTERNS SHELL MIDDEN SITES, AND COASTAL RESOURCES IN THE SOUTHERN GULF ISLANDS BC

by Eric Mclay

The archetype ofNorthwest Coast prehis­ vironment. ·Perhaps the most basic con­ collectively as the Chemainus group, tory, shell midden sites have significantly cern that influenced choice of settlement which has helped contribute to the gen­ helped archaeologists shape our under­ location was access to subsistence re­ eral assumption that traditional land and standing of regional culture history. Yet, sources. How subsistence resources were resource use patterns in the Gulf Islands archaeologists have only recently begun distributed in the environment and how were exclusively seasonal in use. The his­ to study the cultural formation processes populations chose to organize their labour torical awareness that smallpox epidem­ of shell middens, investigating how sites to collect these resources are understood ics may have re~ulted in massive depopu­ have formed and changed over time, what to be key factors that strongly affected the lation, inter-regional conflict and types of cultural activities they represent, nature of regional settlement patterns. settlement reorganization among the Coast and how the distribution of sites related The First Nation cultures of the North­ Salish prior to European contact must also to the social, economic, and political life west Coast have long been assumed to temper our reliance upon ethnographic of past cultures. In this article, I introduce practice a system of settlement organiza­ data to interpret the late pre-contact era the results of a settlement pattern study tion known as a "collector strategy", (Harris 1997). Further, colonial settlement on Valdes Island, a large southern Gulf where centralized populations use small had already largely alienated the Island, which explored how shell midden task-groups to collect specific, seasonal Hul'qumi'num First Nations from their sites related to the environment in the Gulf resources in the environment. Character­ traditional lands in the Gulf Islands be­ of Georgia region, southwest British Co­ istic of a collector strategy, permanent fore the arrival of anthropologists (Arnett lumbia. The study demonstrates how late villages, storage technology, and the in­ 1999). Therefore, important questions pre-contact Coast Salish settlement pat­ tensive seasonal exploitation of resources exist about the nature of pre-contact land terns in the southern Gulf Islands corre­ with specialized equipment are hallmarks and resource use in the Gulf of Georgia spond to what archaeologists refer to as a of the Northwest Coast culture area. Yet region where regional archaeological set­ "collector strategy" (after Binford 1980), beyond this classification, we currently tlement pattern research can significantly organized to maximize the production of understand few specifics, such as what contribute. coastal resources in the marine ecosystem. particular resources were important influ­ ences for settlement location, and how did Valdes Island archaeological Northwest Coast settlement different populations schedule their re­ survey patterns gional settlement activity to exploit these Valdes Island is the fourth largest of the Settlement pattern research - the study of resources. southern Gulflslands in the Strait ofGeor­ how sites are distributed 'across a land­ In the Gulf of Georgia region, the Cen­ gia, BC. It is the ancestral territory of the scape - offers archaeologists a broad per­ tral Coast Salish Hul'qumi'num First Na­ Lyackson First Nation, a small, spective to observe the past. Settlement tions (formerly, Island Halkomelem) are Hul'qumi'num community who settled the pattern research is critical to basic ar­ traditionally perceived as riverine-ori­ three permanent winter villages on Valdes chaeological explanation, used to address ented cultures principally settled in the Island at Shingle Point, Cardale Point and many important questions, such as how region's major watersheds to exploit Pa­ Porlier Pass (Figure 1). Chief Richard past societies were organized, how socie­ cific salmon. Yet, ten Hul'qumi'num per­ Thomas ofthe Lyackson First Nation first ties interacted, and how societies changed manent winter villages are recorded to proposed the idea of an archaeological over time. This research is of particular have existed on several southern Gulfls­ survey of the island in 1995 during his significance to the study of hunter-gath­ lands, including Valdes, Kuper, Thetis and discussions with UBC Professor R.G. erer societies such as those of the North­ Galiano islands, affiliated with the Matson regarding plans for household west Coast, since understanding how past Lyackson, Penelakut, Chemainus, and excavations at Shingle Point, Lyackson populations settled a landscape offers im­ Halalt First Nations (Rozen I 978; 1985). IR4. In collaboration, the concept of the portant insights into the relationships be­ Few anthropologists have worked among survey eventually developed into a settle­ tween past human behaviour and the en- these Gulf Island communities, known ment pattern study that would place the

The Midden 31/4 5 land are very small in size, VALDES ISLAND having a median area of only OgRw 32 GABRIOLA PASSAGe 2 500 m . The geographic lo­ cation of shell middens on OL------L--...J2 km A Valdes Island were relatively

OgRw73 homogenous: all sites were • located more or .less directly ~ on the shoreline, at low el­ SAND evation within 5m of the high-tide line, on relatively flat ground, and within close D9Rw67 distance to fresh-water. In order too examine the rela­ C) tionships between site loca­ -<> ROCK CLIFF .J- tions and the distribution of < 0 ~ coastal resources, several 0 ~ comparative lines ofenviron­ "' 0 mental data were collected, -s- 0 ..,. which included a coastal re­ '1-- -1> '1-­ source survey, an inventory ~ < of archaeological shellfish SAND/GRAVEL from sites, and small-scale test excavations at nine shell 0gRv34 middens to sample archaeo­ • 8 logical faunal material. Suttles ( 1960) has aptly 0 described the environment of the GulfofGeorgia region as SHEUFlSH MNI a highly seasonal, locally di­ ,.. verse, variable environment. -()s.rc i>..,. Marine biodiversity in the re­ '1- gion distinctly concentrates 0 SAND 0 at discrete coastal ecotones, Sampled Shell Middon ~ -v or micro-environments, such • <..,. CARDALE POINT Sholl Midden as intertidal zones, river es­ • 0 OgRv1 -s. tuaries, and tidal channels (or -v '1- tidal streams), where the sea -:.- () OgRv 4 ~ blends with the land. On < SAND Valdes Island, the most pro­ ductive of these coastal SAND PORLIER PASS zones are the sandy intertidal • environments of the south­ western coast and the tidal Figure 1 stream environments of Porlier Pass and Gabriola use of the island landscape and its re­ rockshelter habitations, cultural depres­ Passage. At sandy intertidal environments, sources within the context of its regional sions, isolated lithic scatters, a petroglyph eelgrass beds, a perennial species of ma­ ecology. boulder and a defensive earthwork. The rine plant, provides a stable, meadow-like In the summer of 1996, the survey of survey data indicated past settlement ac­ substr.ate. It attracts a large, diverse com­ Valdes Island was completed with the as­ tivities were strongly oriented toward the munity of marine invertebrates such as sistance of four Lyackson First Nation coastal environment, where 95% of sites burrowing clams, as well as spawning members and many volunteers from were located. Of the coastal sites, 80% marine fish and soft bottom-dwelling UBC's excavations at Shingle Point. Ex­ included shell deposits, which broadly groundfish such as starry flounder and ploring the distribution of archaeological varied in their size, location and content. sole. The late winter/early spring spawn­ sites across the island landscape, 56 pre­ Although some ofthe largest shell midden ing of Pacific herring - a marine fish con­ contact archaeological sites were recorded sites on Valdes Island range upwards of a sidered one of the most important prey in total, which included house depres­ kilometer and a half in length and 15,000 species in the ecosystems ofthe northeast sions, shell deposits, burial caves, m2 in size, most shell middens on the is- Pacific - creates an early resource pulse

6 The Midden 31/4 in the region. Marine mammals, fish, birds littleneck clam, dominate shellfish sam­ sand flats of the southwest coast and the and even invertebrates congregate at in­ ples. At rocky intertidal sites, Pacific blue tidal stream environment of Porlier Pass, tertidal zones to prey upon spawning her­ mussel represents the most common shell­ where the greatest richness and abundance ring and their roe (Monks 1987). ln con­ fish type, although limpets and sea urchins of resources could be efficiently har­ trast, rocky intertidal environments are more important at several rocky inter­ vested. It is argued that such settlement provide habitat for large, sedentary shell­ tidal environments on the east coast. Mak­ locations on Valdes Island were strategi­ fish communities, such as the Pacific blue ing common sense, shell midden sites cally positioned in relation to these pro­ mussel, as well as a variety of less pro­ closely relate to local shellfish beds. ductive coastal resource locations to maxi­ ductive, more dispersed, mobile shellfish, More broadly, however, shell midden mize access to the spectrum of regional including limpets, dogwinkle, chiton and sites are demonstrated to be closely re­ resources in the marine ecosystem. This sea urchin. Near-shore reefs and kelp for­ lated to locally available intertidal and settlement organization is also suggested ests bordering rocky coasts attract a vari­ near-shore coastal fish resources. At sandy to have been one effective strategy used ety of spawning and reef-dwelling coast sites, Pacific herring dominate fish to engage the highly variable, locally di­ groundfish, such as rockfish, sculpin and remains, and at rocky shore sites reef­ verse nature of subsistence resources in greenling. The rocky foreshores and ex­ dwelling rockfish and perch outnumber all the Gulf of Georgia region. This study has treme tidal currents of Porlier and other fish species. Several of the most demonstrated a greater permanence and Gabriola passages framing Valdes Island abundant and richness fish remains, how­ diversity of settlement-subsistence pat­ strongly resemble the more productive, ever, derive from sites located at the tidal terns among the Central Coast Salish in wave-exposed outer Pacific coasts of Van­ streams environments. Ofthe tidal stream the southern Gulflslands than general eth­ couver Island, sustaining extensive kelp sites tested, a high frequency of marine nographic accounts describe. Settlement forests and dense rocky intertidal shell­ mammal remains were also recovered patterns on Valdes Island fit expectations fish populations of blue mussel, sea ur­ from the Cardale Point site, including re­ of a collector strategy, oriented to the ex­ chin and large barnacles. The aftluence of mains ofStellar sea lion and a False Killer ploitation of predictable, localized and these tidal stream environments season­ whale - the frrst such whale specimen re­ abundant coastal resources in the Gulfls­ ally attracts large predatory marine mam­ covered from an archaeological site in land environment, specifically Pacific mals, including Stellar sea lions, seals, British Columbia (Susan Crockford, per­ herring and sandy intertidal shellfish. porpoise, and less commonly, species of sonal communication 1997). Marine Conclusion toothed whale. Thus, in the ebb and flow mammals are generally uncommon for Understanding variability in regional set­ of these rich, dense coastal environments, Late Phase sites in the Gulf of Georgia, tlement patterns on the Northwest Coast a regional diversity of perennial and sea­ and are indicative of a greater maritime offers many new directions to address sonal marine resources aggregate, from subsistence orientation relative to other questions of the past. On Valdes Island, Pacific herring to orca whales. pre-contact sites in the region (Suttles we will continue our collaborative re­ Sandy intertidal and tidal stream envi­ 1952). Interestingly, Pacific salmon does search with the Lyackson First Nation this ronments were discovered to have not represent a significant resource at any upcoming summer and renew our archaeo­ strongly influenced past decisions con­ of the sites tested on Valdes Island. logical inventory of the island. Although cerning shell midden site locations on An analysis of the faunal diversity of this opportunity will primarily be used to Valdes Island. Sandy intertidal and tidal shell midden sites on Valdes Island has help develop a heritage resource manage­ stream environments represent only small tentatively distinguished between residen­ ment plan for the Lyackson First Nation portions of the island's coastline, yet ar­ tial bases and more limited-activity sites, on Valdes Island, several of our research chaeological site locations significantly corresponding to expectations of a collec­ objectives this season will include further occur in these environments more often tor strategy. The majority of shell middens exploring the past use of the island's inte­ than expected. Most importantly, these on Valdes Island represent very small, rior landscape; investigating the range of environments exhibit the' largest shell shallow, featureless deposits, indicative of archaeological site types discovered on the midden sites on Valdes Island. Past set­ a limited set of cultural activities. These island; directing larger, deeper test exca­ tlement activity on Valdes Island clearly small, low-diversity sites have been inter­ vations at several shell midden sites; and concentrated at these productive coastal preted as shellfish resource-processing collecting enough chronological material resource zones, which is indicative of the locations and/or temporary field camps, to date the initial colonization of the is­ intensive, repetitive exploitation of re­ where highly specific, local resources land environment as well as document the sources in these environments through were exploited, processed and returned to changes in land and resource use patterns pre-contact times. larger settlements. In contrast, several of through time. Yet, to ultimately broaden Correspondingly, the faunal remains the very large shell midden sites on Valdes our regional perspective of late pre-con­ excavated from the nine shell midden sites I$land, such as Cardale Point and Shingle tact settlement patterns in the Gulf of on Valdes Island demonstrate very close Point, exhibit house depressions and deep, Georgia and the Northwest Coast, com­ associations with local coastal resources, highly-stratified, highly-diverse deposits parative information from other types of particularly shellfish (see Figure 1). In indicative ofsubstantial, long-term settle­ archaeological sites and other aspects of the sandy intertidal sites tested on Valdes ments. Cardale Point, in particular, is cen­ regional environments requires necessary Island, shallow-burrowing species of bi­ trally located in relation to several coastal exploration and development. This re- valve shellfish, such as butter clam and resource zones, including the extensive

The Midden 31/4 7 search is expected to discover many dif­ Identifications Ltd., Victoria, conducted Galiano, and Thetis Island areas of the ferent relationships existing between ar­ all vertebrate faunal analysis. I thank all Gulf Islands. Report on file with the chaeological· site locations and resource volunteers from Shingle Point for their Culture Library, Victoria. distributions in different regional environ­ support, and R.G. Matson, David -1985. Place-names of the Island ments. As the most common type of ar­ Pokotylo and Bruce Miller on my thesis Halkomelem Indian People. Unpub­ chaeological sites on the Northwest Coast, committee. lished MA thesis, Department of An­ shell middens can be expected to play a References thropology and Sociology, University of primary role in this archaeological re­ British Columbia, Vancouver. search. Archaeologists, however, must Arnett, Chris. 1999. Terror of the Coast: Land Alienation and Colonial War on Suttles, Wayne. 1952. Notes on Coast begin to contextualize shell middens as not Salish Sea-Mammal Hunting. Anthro­ simply the refuse of past habitation, but Vancouver Island and the GulfIslands , I849-I863. Talon Books: Vancouver. pology in British Columbia 3: as the components of dynamic regional -1960. Affinal Ties, Subsistence and settlement systems. Binford, Lewis. 1980. Willow-smoke and Dogs' Tails: Hunter-gatherer settlement Prestige among the Coast Salish. Ameri­ can Anthropologist 62. Acknowledgments systems and archaeological site forma­ Fieldwork for the Valdes Island Ar­ tion. American Antiquity 45: 4-20. chaeological Survey was funded by a Brit­ Harris, Cole. 1997. Voices of Smallpox ish Columbia Heritage Trust Community Eric Mclay (MA 1999) is a recent graduate around the Strait of Georgia. In TheRe­ of the University of British Columbia. He Heritage Development Grant. This re­ settlement ofBritish Columbia: Essays is now a partner in Coast Research, an search was not possible without the sup­ on Colonialism and Geographic archaeological research company which port of the Lyackson First Nation. I thank Change, UBC Press: Vancouver. collaborates with coastal First Nation organizations in British Columbia. Chief Richard Thomas, Herman Thomas Monks, Gregory. 1987. Prey as Bait: The ofthe Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group, Frank Deep Bay Example. Canadian Journal Norris of the former Mid-Island Tribal ofArchaeology. Council, Barbara Jimmy, Stewart Thomas, Rozen, David Lewis. 1978. Permanent John Thomas, Mark George and Daryl Winter Villages and Resource Utiliza­ Thomas for all their assistance. Rebecca tion of the Indian People of Valdes, Wigen and Susan Crockford of Pacific LOOK FOR

HuupuK"'anum: The Art, Culture and History ofthe Nuu-chah-nulth People, edited by Alan L. Hoover. 1999 Royal British Columbia Museum, distributed by Raincoast Books. 400 pages. This book is a compilation of ethnographic and First Nations perspectives on the relationships between Nuu-chah-nulth culture, history and art. Edited by Alan Hoover of the Royal BC Museum, the book's contributors include E.Y. Arima, Robert Galois, Yvonne Marshall, Alan McMillan and Peter L. Macnair, as well as interviews with four prominent Nuu-chah-nulth artists: Joe David, Ron Hamilton, Tim Paul and Arthur Thomas. Exploring Native North America, by David Hurst Thomas. 2000 (June) Oxford University Press. 240 pages. This is the latest volume in the Places in Time series. The book concentrates on twenty archaeological sites in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. David Hurst Thomas' narrative, supplemented by photographs, maps, reconstructions, and site plans, tells the story of each site individually as well as how these sites contribute to an understanding of the early history ofNorth America. Paleoethnobotony: A Handbook ofProcedures , Second Edition, by Deborah M. Pearsall. 2000 (April) Academic Press. Paleoethnobotany, Second Edition presents the diverse approaches and techniques that anthropologists and botanists use to study human-plant interactions, illustrating the importance of identifying plant re­ mains and understanding the ecology of human-plant interactions. In addition, the book demonstrates why botanists need to view the plant world from a cultural perspective and understand the strengths and weak­ nesses of the archaeological record.

8 The Midden 31/4 FIELD NOTES

Stan Copp (Vancouver City College - Owens, and John Maxwell shared this tools included a labret and a number of Langara) writes that the 1999 Langara position. Approximately 70 mostly newly­ shaped abrasive stones. Two facetted Archaeology Field School was held in two discovered archaeological sites were re­ beach pebbles are suspected to be bas­ locations: ( 1) at DkRn 5 on the lower corded on the Begbie Peninsula and ketry-smoothing stones. Bone and antler Lillooet River, in association with the nearby parts of Masset Inlet. Several ex­ artifacts were plentiful, and included sev­ ln-SHUCK-ch First Services Society, un­ tensive intertidal lithic sites, extending eral decorated or decorative items. These der the direction of Dr. Douglas Hudson below the minus-tide level, probably rep­ included an encircled bird bone tube that (University College ofthe Fraser Valley), resent drowned terrestrial sites dating to may be a gaming piece, a bone or antler and (2) in the upper Similkameen Valley 9000 BP or earlier. Shoreline middens, bar with a bas-relief linear-and-serpentine in associatiOn with the Upper inland lithic sites probably associated with pattern, and a remarkable carved antler Similkameen Indian Band, directed by stranded shorelines about 8900 - 5000 BP, tablet (see cover). The latter object exhib­ Stan Copp. and extensive CMT sites complete this its a number of stylistic elements common For the Similkameen Valley portion of inventory. to classic Northwest Coast art, and is be­ the field school, 32 students conducted For the second project on Haida Gwaii, lieved to show bird motifs. archaeological site reconnaissance of sev­ the shoreline ofNaden Harbour and much The faunal analysis suggests a winter eral areas within the traditional territories ofthe Dixon Entrance shoreline (between (late-fall to early-spring) occupation. of the Upper Similkameen Indian Band. Naden Harbour and Masset) was surveyed Archaeobotanical analysis is incomplete, This resulted in the recording and/or by a crew co-directed by Tina Christensen but if the roasting pits were used to proc­ re-recording of 13 pictographs, two cul­ and Jim Stafford. Remarkably, almost the ess traditional root crops such as camas turally-modified trees and one petroform entire shoreline of Naden Harbour was or clover, then a spring occupation is site. All of these sites were found on Up­ found to consist of shell midden but also likely. per Similkameen Band reserve lands. associated with successive terraces rep­ Millennia continued a project begun in Fifteen of the students conducted test resenting stranded shorelines. A site count 1998 with an inventory of Department of excavations at the Chuchuwayha Village is not yet available, as site-boundary defi­ National Defence lands in the Strait of site (DiRa 20) on IR#2 near Hedley, BC. nition will be based on the results of many Georgia/Juan de Fuca Strait region, and Excavations confirmed the results of ear­ thousands of subsurface auger tests. Ob­ Haida Gwaii. Fifteen new sites were found lier testing, which suggested that four shal­ vious breaks between sites were seldom in the Strait this year by crews led by Pe­ low, saucer-shaped depressions are the obvious. Naden Harbour may represent ter Dady, which when combined with the remains of mat-lodge structures. One de­ the most extensive archaeological remains 42 found last year and about 20 revisited pression was tested and revealed a on the Northwest Coast. When added to sites, results in a substantial site inventory. mid-19th century occupation overlying an the huge number of CMTs extending in­ Many burial cairns were found, along with earlier occupation (ca. 2000 years BP). land from the shore, the area is eminently shell middens, inland shell middens, and Test units in parts ofthe site where no fea­ suitable for a study of"landscape archae­ CMTs. Near Masset, a crew led by Tina tures were present indicate occupations ology". Christensen found five new sites and re­ dating ca. 200 - 4000 years BP, based upon A third noteworthy project was an ex­ visited two. Of particular interest was an diagnostic artifact types. cavation of a small shell midden, DcRt 71, apparent caribou tooth recovered from an Stan reports that the 2000 field school at Eagles' Nest Estate near Cadboro Bay, inland midden, representing distinctive will be held in the same area and will con­ Victoria. A large block-about 12 H archaeological evidence for the presence tinue with the reconnaissance surveys and 3 m-was opened with total excavation of of the elusive Dawson's caribou on the excavations at DiRa 20. the shallow (<50 em) deposits. A number islands. Morley Eldridge writes that Millennia of features were discovered, including Millennia also completed many projects Research Limited had an interesting year roasting pits (believed to be the first ex­ for the forest industry, mostly in coastal in 1999, with several projects standing out cavated on the central Northwest Coast), BC. The areas surveyed varied enor­ of the 70 or so undertaken. Millennia sub­ and associated ash spreads. A posthole in mously in archaeological content. Some contracted to the Council of Haida Na­ one comer ofthe block suggested the pres­ blocks contained no sites at all, but one tions to provide direction on two substan­ ence of a habitation. A single blue glass block had nearly 500 CMTs, with evi­ tial site inventories on Graham Island, the trade-bead recovered near the surface is dence ofaboriginal logging (including the northern main·island ofHaida Gwaii. For considered to have been lost during inci­ use of stone tools on several features), one project, Millennia provided an assist­ dental use in the post-Contact period. Oth­ harvesting of over 50 rectangular bark ant director to Sean Young, Haida archae­ erwise, the artifact assemblage is consist­ boards, removal of taper strips from red ologist, and a crew consisting of Haida ent with a Locamo Beach-aged (about cedar and yellow cedar, and the harvest­ and non-Native archaeology students from 2400 - 3500 BP) site. Chipped lithic arti­ ing of rectangular sheets of hemlock bark the islands. Morley Eldridge, D' Ann facts were very rare, but ground stone for food.

The Midden 31/4 9 Karen Preckel reports that her firm, been found, but the very deep snow-pack on Vancouver Island, and a number of very Cariboo Heritage Archaeological Consult­ from the winter of 1998/1999 delayed or large CMT sites were found in several ing compl!!ted a number of forestry-based even halted work that had been planned different areas. North of the Sabine River, AlAs in the Chilcotin and I 00 Mile House last year. Preliminary analysis of land­ a site with an estimated 7,000 modified forest districts in 1999, as well as an im­ scape and technological features of high trees was found, encompassing six dis­ pact assessment for the District Munici­ country sites indicate that alpine and sub­ crete cut blocks. In the Morice Forest Dis­ pality of 100 Mile House. alpine use-strategies are similar for the trict, a site previously recor~ed by Arne The bulk of the work was conducted in coast and interior of the province. Analy­ Carlson was revisited and its boundary the Chilcotin Forest District, where ap­ sis of this material is ongoing (e.g., see redefined. The site is presently estimated proximately 5000 ha of forestry develop­ his web page at www.sfu.ca/archaeology/ to be 800 ha in area and contain up to ment areas and nearly 90 km of proposed museum/survey/toc.html), and it is in­ 20,000 CMTs. In the Williams Lake area, roads were assessed on behalf of River­ tended that this work will be published in several CMT sites much larger than had side Forest Products Ltd., Lignum Ltd., the near future.Anyone with articles or been previously reported for this region Jackpine Forest Products Ltd., and Tsi Del reports relevant to this topic is urged to were recorded in 1999; the largest ofthe se Del Enterprises. A total of 22 sites were contact Reimer at [email protected] or via was estimated to contain over 2,000 modi­ found in this forest district, representing snail mail at the SFU Archaeology fied trees. the usual suite of site types: house p\ts, Department. Watch for future details on Finally, in a locality that had yielded few cache pits, lithic scatters, isolated fmds alpine archaeology and other projects on sites over the past few years of forestry­ and CMTs. Notable sites include one with the web page and in articles. driven archaeological studies, a moder­ five housepit-sized depressions, and an At various times in the past year or so, ately-dense lithic site. was found in asso­ extensive lithic scatter with artifacts manu­ Rudy has been associated with the follow­ ciation with a beetle-kill control area, factured from a wide variety of raw mate­ ing archaeological consultants: Areas justifying the commitment to examine rials (basalt; cryptocrystalline silicates in Consulting Archeologists, Golder Asso­ such micro-forestry developments in the grey, red and "honey" colours). Only two ciates, Rick Howard Consulting, Diana future. fmished tools were found over the course Alexander, Antiquuis and Sheila Minni.In of the summer: a basalt biface and one addition, he has worked with Stan Copp small triangular side-notched point. (VCC-Langara), Dr.John Driver (Simon Twelve representatives from the Tsi Del Fraser University), and Dr.Cathy Hickson DEBITAGE Del, Yunesit'in, and Xeni Gwet'in First (Geological Survey of Canada).He has The Department ofArchaeo logy at Simon Nations were employed as field assistants also been involved with representatives of Fraser University has initiated a long-term in the Chilcotin Forest District. the following First Nations: Squamish archaeological programme in and around Less work was undertaken in the I 00 Nation, the Tsleil-Waututh (Burrard) First the historical town of Levuka, located in Mile House Forest District. Two small Nation, Lil'wat Mt.Currie Band, St6:lo the Fiji Islands. The project, run in part­ woodlot cutblocks were assessed, but nQ Nation, Upper and Lower Similkameen nership with the Fiji Museum, the National sites were found. An AlA was conducted Bands, Nicola Tribal Association, and the Trust of Fiji, and the Levuka Heritage for a proposed District Municipality of Haida Nation. Committee, is six weeks long and begins I 00 Mile House museum and interpretive Ian Wilson writes that in 1999, I.R. in May 2000. The South Pacific Archaeo­ centre at the Bridge Creek Campground. Wilson Consultants Ltd. conducted 84 logical Field School will be held in con­ A small lithic scatter at the north end of projects, fewer than in the previous year. junction with the project, and supervised the project area and a low density (but Continuing a recent trend, the majority by David Burley. Robbin Chatan, SFU extensive) lithic scatter across the south (3 8) were forestry related. Assessments of PhD graduate student, will direct the field half of the property were identified dur­ subdivisions accounted for 20 of our school component at Levuka. ing the assessment. Two field assistants projects, with 6 highway developments from the Canim Lake Band participated and 5 oiVgas pipeline assessments being An expanded list of the job announce­ in fieldwork undertaken in the 100 Mile the next most frequent. Other work in­ ments advertised in the SAA Bulletin can House Forest District. cluded a variety of overview/consultation/ now be found on their web page, located at www.saa.org. It provides a list of cur­ Rudy Reimer reports that he is currently training projects as well as single hydro, rent openings in the field of archaeology, synthesizing various authorities' research parks, and mining studies. In 1999, I.R. with new job advertisements added on a on High Country Archaeology ofthe North Wilson Consultants employed 25 archae­ regular basis. American Cordillera.His focus is on the ologists and office staff and employed 51 First Nation assistants. greater Pacific Northwest and his thesis Abstracts of papers presented at the Of the sites discovered throughout the work is nearing-completion. annual meetings ofthe Canadian Archaeo­ province in the past year, the majority Rudy's own surveys in selected areas of logical Association are now available on were CMT sites. What were perhaps the Garibaldi and Cathedral provincial parks the CAA's web site, located at most notable sites concerned CMTs as has resulted in the identification of over www.canadianarchaeology.com. The ab­ well. Two almost-intact canoes were found 30 sites in sub-alpine and alpine settings. stracts are found in the CAA's searchable in a subdivision property near Chemainus Additional sites would doubtless have Conference Abstract Archive.

10 The Midden 31/4 BOOK REVIEWS

The Tides of Change logical approaches. Being in part a denun­ innovation and changes in settlement pat­ ciation of the already discredited tern over time. But how such develop­ Since the Time of the "processual" approach in archaeology, the ments are quantified and measured, and author discounts in the same breath the whether it's a matter of change in scale Transformers utility ofethnographic analogue in archae­ rather than change in form, is not as clear ology and argues for what he describes as as one would like. As the author notes, By Alan McMILLAN the new "holistic" school of archaeology many of the restraints that commonly after Trigger. plague archaeological studies, particularly UBC Press, University of British Colum­ What is often presented as "new" in ar­ cultural re-constructions, insufficient geo­ bia, 1999: xii + 252 pp., illus., index. chaeology is ofdoubtful validity and what graphical coverage; differing or incompat­ Price: ISBN 0-7748-0700-8 (He) $85.00. is valid is often not new. The debate over ible sampling and field methodologies, Since the Time of the Transformers by the utility of ethnographic analogy in ar­ which hinder the comparison of data col­ Alan McMillan is the most recent volume chaeology should have been put to rest lected over the years; and the persistent in a welcomed new collaborative publi­ over a decade ago if Alison Wylie's thor­ problem of differential preservation - are cation series with an interest in Pacific ough treatment ofthe topic is anything to at work here. Rim archaeology from the UBC Labora­ go by. As Wylie put it, archaeological en­ The author is on much firmer ground tory of Archaeology and UBC Press. The quiry is fundamentally analogical in form when it comes to the review of the exist­ author's doctoral dissertation, rewritten and foundation. Aside from breathing life ing literature on the region's archaeology and updated for this series, forms the ba- into these ancient cultures, when used rig­ and history. For reasons not yet under­ . sis of this volume and doesn't disappoint orously, analogy is capable of bringing stood, the period around 2000 BP does as the first comprehensive account of the out, in the words ofWylie, "unfamiliar and emerge as a pivotal developmental period, archaeology and history of the Nuu-chah­ otherwise inaccessible aspects ofthe past not only for the West Coast but for other nulth and closely related Ditidaht and into view." This ability lies in the fact that Northwest Coast groups as well. Evidence Makah of the Northwest Coast. it deals with discontinuity, as much as with is offered for the widespread expansion The author marshals an enormous continuity between the ethnographic pat­ of maritime-adapted populations and the amount of data on these archaeological tern and the archaeological record. What exploitation ofopen-ocean resources (e.g., cultures, in this very readable volume. And can be the most telling about past cultural large toggling valves for composite har­ ifthat isn't enough, the book also includes forms and practices is when we are con­ poons) around this time. a discussion on present day conditions ~d fronted with discontinuity in the record, Particular attention is given over to the some of the issues confronting West Coast something not fully appreciated and ef­ continuing debate on the antiquity and role communities in the concluding chapter fectively applied in McMillan's work. And of whaling in Nuu-chah-nulth culture. Recent History and the Modern Commu­ despite what McMillan may say, his ap­ Whaling is seen as a key resource activity nities. Included in this chapter is a brief proach is analogical, if not rigorous, for allowing for the effective occupation of discussion of the highly publicized and he makes extensive use of ethnographic the outer coast, and may have been the hoary issue concerning the recent resump­ data in both direct historical and 'general economic incentive behind the southward tion of whaling by the Makah. Conflict­ comparative' forms. expansion ofthe Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht ing visions as to what the future (and past) Chapter 2, Differing Approaches to the and Makah between 2000-1200 BP. As holds for these communities- whaling or Nuu-chah-nulth Past, comes closest to part ofthis discussion, is the question con­ whale watching - prevail. The same can capturing this with the book's coverage cerning the relationship of outer to inner be said for our understanding of Nuu­ of the conflicting world views, as well as coast habitation sites and whether a gen­ chah-nulth prehistory. competing archaeological constructs con­ eralized subsistence pattern preceded the A lengthy introductory chapter, Setting cerning the origins and evolution ofNuu­ ethnographic pattern consisting of season­ the Stage, sets out the author's approach chah-nulth culture. At issue for the author ally specialized resource pursuits. Most to the question of whether or not signifi­ is the "outdated stereotype ofthe unchang­ would now agree that the shift from year­ cant cultural change occurred at any time ing Native," a conservative view suppos­ round to a seasonal settlement pattern was over the 4200 years of established Nuu­ edly epitomised by Donald Mitchell's an historical phenomenon due to depopu­ chah-nulth history prior to European con­ "West Coast Culture Type." According to lation. tact. With the· stated aim of achieving so­ this model, the essential elements ofNuu­ Rich in descriptive detail, Since the cially meaningful insight into chah-nulth life were in place more than Time ofthe Transformers will serve as a archaeological cultures, or in the author's 4000 years ago, and changed very little very useful source book. But while enrich­ own words, "meet the needs of the people after that. McMillan argues for something ing our appreciation ofancient Nuu-chah­ it [archaeology] studies," the author que­ else again, a kind of 'progressivism' cit­ nulth culture, and articulating some of the ries the utility of a number of methodo- ing evidence for ingenious technological issues relating to this culture area, the book

The Midden 31/4 11 charts very little new ground. A more thor­ lage dog or the little white "wool" dogs distinct sizes of pre-contact dogs co-ex­ ough and critical treatment ofhow the data noted by ethnographers. isted on the Northwest Coast. Crockford supported .the stated objectives of the re­ Susan Crockford explores these ques­ estimates that the smaller "wool" dog search would have solidified the book's tions from a biological perspective. Her would have stood about 10 em shorter than foundation. Nevertheless, Since the Time aim is to provide a comparative manual the larger "village" dog at shoulder height. ofthe Transformers is a well-written, en­ that, by looking at size differences, allows I recently had the opportunity to use gaging book and, while not answering the researchers to classify dog bones into two Crockford's book while assisting on a question, will serve as a catalyst for the types. The main body of the book is com­ faunal analysis of some sites in Squamish continuing debate on West Coast maritime prised of osteometric tables and statistics traditional territory. I found that assign­ origins and culture change. derived from her examination of 1163 ing single bones into one of the two types skeletal elements of dogs from 20 North­ described by Crockford was often simple Steven Acheson west Coast archaeological sites. Her brief and quick. Some bones damaged through introduction and conclusion place the nu­ taphonomic processes fell through the ASBC member Steven Acheson received merous tables and statistics into a larger cracks and could not be assigned to a par­ his doctorate from the University of context. The origin of all Canisfamiliaris ticular type with any confidence. Some Oxford in 1991 for his research on Haida is in their wolfancestors. The different dog elements proved to be more useful diag­ settlement archaeology. He works with breeds in existence today are a result of the Archaeology Branch in Victoria and nostically than others. Our confidence in teaches occasionally at both Malaspina generations of both deliberate animal hus­ the types proposed by Crockford in­ University-College and the University of bandry and the natural adaptive behaviour creased when all the measurable bones Victoria. of the dogs themselves. For two types of from one articulated dog burial fit neatly dog to survive as distinct breeds while within. the range of a single type. occupying the same location, such as a Having taken this book on a test run, village, they must have been deliberately some thoughts regarding possible im­ Dead Dogs Tell Tales kept apart to avoid mixing and blurring provements occurred to me. First, a table their characteristics. Keeping special dogs showing the most reliable measurements Osteometry of Makah in isolation to preserve their breed would by element would have been helpful for have been a demanding, ongoing job for determining whether or not it was worth­ and Coast Salish members ofthe human community. while to measure those bones which were Crockford employs simple, straightfor­ broken, making some measurements im­ Dogs ward statistics to prove her thesis. She possible. This information can be found provides all her osteometric data in raw by plodding through the osteometric ta­ by SUSAN J. CROCKFORD form in the body of the book as well as bles but it would have saved time to have summary tables showing the range, mean this stated outright somewhere in the chap­ Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser Univer­ and standard deviation to allow future re­ ter referring to each element. sity, 1997: xiii + 133 pp., illus., app., refs. searchers to compare new data easily and Secondly, I would have been very in­ Price: ISBN 0-86491-165-3, (Sc) $30.00. accurately. Each group of elements has a terested in reading more about the ethno­ separate chapter providing a description graphic data regarding dogs on the North­ Those familiar with the ethnographic his­ of each element sample, osteometric ta­ west Coast. Crockford devotes only one tory ofthe Northwest Coast likely remem­ bles, photographs and, when appropriate, page to this side of the question and the ber Paul Kane's sketches and paintings of a discussion regarding sex determination. reader is left to explore the referenced West Coast families going about their To avoid problems encountered in other material. Ethnography obviously isn 't the business while an implausibly fluffy little studies focused on pre-contact dog re­ focus ofthe book but a more detailed treat­ white dog lounges in ~he foreground. mains, Crockford takes into account the ment would have put some meat on the These small dogs don't fit well with the possible size differences that may occur bones, so to speak. notion of a hunter's companion, a brave due to sexual dimorphism and also ac­ My final comment has more to do with family protector, or even a village knowledges that comparisons can only be form than content. Our copy ofthis hands­ scrounge. They appear too small and deli­ made between adult dogs. She ensures that on manual was literally falling apart after cate to be of any practical use as we think all the dogs included in her study date to a day of heavy use and I had to photo­ of canines today. Did these dogs exist? pre-contact times to eliminate accidental copy various sections and put the book How and why did they come into being mixing with modem European breeds. away on the shelf to avoid destroying the and how did they survive in what must Because only a small sample of dog bones book completely. Ifthe Archaeology Press have been a harsh and competitive world? meeting these criteria were available from reprints this book they should consider Where did they live then and, finally, most individual archaeological sites, alternate bindings. where are they now? Archaeologists of­ Crockford compares the dog remains be­ I am heartened by the connection ten encounter dog remains during investi­ tween several major sites in the Coast Crockford makes between the ethno­ gations ofNorthwest Coast archaeologi­ Salish and Makah regions. In spite of the graphic story of the " wool" dog and the cal sites without knowing ifthe bones may small sample size, Crockford puts confi­ archaeological reality. The topic is quite represent the ubiquitous, mixed breed vii- dence in her results, suggesting that two

12 The Midden 31/4 specific, but it adds to a larger picture of the overall work, but rather serves to make My only complaint is that little attempt the complex social relations between hu­ it accessible for readers of all levels. Un­ is made to place these results within a mans and·animals during the pre-contact derstanding of the region and culture of wider regional context. While other stud­ past on the coast. Here the focus is on dogs the area is rounded out by the inclusion ies of several important sites including the but also, by extension, on the people in of several fine photos and well produced Bell Site, Berrian's Island and Strawberry the background going about their business maps. Island are touched upon, a more complete and the effect they have on the origin, life The book moves from a general discus­ discussion is lacking. And where Keatley and extinction ofthe animals that live with sion on the Plateau peoples of the Fraser Creek presents the first detailed analysis them. As Crockford points out, each dog River to a more detailed discussion of of housepit floors in British Columbia, burial should be studied as carefully and pithouses and site formation processes, to several similar studies that have been car­ thoughtfully as a human burial because of specific chapters on the Keatley Creek ried out on sites on the Columbia Plateau what it can tell us about the thoughts and site. The greater emphasis is placed on were overlooked. Even though these stud­ beliefs of those who supported its life and the distribution analysis of cultural mate­ ies are well published and readily avail­ acknowledged its death. rials inside the Keatley Creek pithouses. able no attempt is made to incorporate In Chapter five, for example, the distri­ them into discussions in this book. Marianne Berkey bution of the formed tools, lithic debitage Overlooking these comparative sources and fire cracked rock across the floor of lessens the greater understanding of Housepit 7 is discussed. With the aid of pithouses that may have been achieved Marianne Berkey BA, RPCA, completed her Archaeology/Anthropology degree at numerous contour and floor plan-view between sites on a wider regional scale. Simon Fraser University in 1995 with an maps, the distribution of these materials And without such a regional comparison honours thesis in zooarchaeology. Since is discussed and given meaning. it is difficult to unquestioningly accept 1995 she has been employed as an ar­ Chapter six reports on the distribution arguments that· the Keatley Creek Site is chaeologist on staff at Areas Consulting Archeologists and is the current Secre­ of macro-botanical remains found across particularly more significant than other tary of the BC Association of Professional the house floors. Here the author does an large housepit sites across the Plateau. Consulting Archaeologists. She has a excellent job of illustrating the contribu­ Overall, this volume is professionally strong interest in Northwest Coast ar­ tion that analysis of plant remains can produced with excellent illustrations and chaeology and ethnography. make in interpretations. The distribution drawings. In 140 pages the volume of the different types of seeds recovered presents 48 figures and 7 tables. While is discussed and cited as evidence of food several minor typographical errors can be Pithouse Studies Come preparation and sleeping activities within found these do not detract from the pres­ the housepit. From single house floors, entation. However the publication is seri­ in from the Cold comparisons are made between larger and ously marred by the apparent carelessness smaller housepits across the site. In a simi­ in proof reading the referenced sources. lar way other sections go on to highlight At least six main references including one The Pithouses of the distribution of specialized status by the author are mentioned in the text but Keatley Creek goods, faunal materials, pit features and not found in the bibliography. An unpub­ postholes across the floors of specific lished manuscript by Teit is incidentally by BRIAN HAYDEN houses. Again, comparisons are made be­ named in the text but no reference is pro­ tween several housepits from across the vided as to what this is about or where it Harcourt Brace College Publishers, site. can be found. Although this shortcoming Orlando, 1997: 140 pp., illus., figs., maps. Despite the technical orientation of the certainly does impair the presentation, it Price ISBN: O-I5-503837-0, (Pb) $29.95. varied analyses, the human inhabitants should not diminish the publication's over­ who created these patterns in times past all value. This publication is certainly long The Pithouses ofKeatley Creek presents are not forgotten. In the resulting discus­ overdue, and is a welcome addition to the a summation of ten years of research Dr. sions the author does an admirable job of archaeological literature on the Interior Brian Hayden has undertaken into the giving the reader a realistic sense ofwhat Plateau region. In sum, Brian Hayden complex hunter-gatherer societies of the life must have been like in a pithouse at should be commended for producing such Fraser Plateau. In particular, this book fo­ the Keatley Creek 'village'. In the fmal a readily accessible and informative ac­ cuses on work conducted by Hayden, and chapters, Hayden pulls the many threads count on the pithouses of Keatley Creek. other researchers and graduate students from the analyses together to argue that under his supervision, at the Keatley Creek the Keatley Creek Site is marked by some Brian C. Vivian Site. The introductory tone of the volume sharp status differences. Here he covers indicates that it is aimed at a wider gen­ some now familiar ground in arguing that Brian Vivian is a PhD Candidate SUNY, eral audience that is not readily familiar the site was the scene of a growing elite Binghamton and is a Sessional Instructor with the precontact cultures and archae­ in a society that was becoming increas­ in Archaeology at the University of Calgary. ology ofthe Interior Plateau region. None­ ingly hierarchical. He has 15 years of archaeological experience, especially in the Plateau region theless, this style does not detract from and Rocky Mountains of BC and Alberta.

The Midden 31/4 13 PERMITS Issued by the Archaeology Branch, August - December 1999

As always, the assistance of Ray Kenny (Manager, Assessment and Planning Section) and Alan Riches (Branch Secretary) in providing the following information is gratefully acknowledged. A number of recurrent abbreviations appear in this .list, and are described herein. The most commonly used abbreviations are "AlA" (Archaeological Impact Assessment), "MoF" (Ministry of Forests), and "CMT" (Culturally Modified Tree). Many forest industry-specific abbreviations occur throughout, including "CP" (Cutting Permit), "FD" (Forest District), "FL" (Forest License), "TSA" (Timber Sales Area), "TFL" (Tree Farm License), and "TL" is (Timber License). Terms often used in legal descriptions also appear: "DL" (District Lot), "Sec" (Section), "Tp" (Township), "Rge" (Range), and "r/w" (right-of-way). Lastly, the following abbreviations refer to the different types of Permits issued by the Archaeology Branch: ALT =Alteration; INS= Inspection; INV =Investigation.

1999-301 Monty Mitchell INS AlA of MoF/SBFEP forestry operations within Heiltsuk Nation, Oweekeno Nation, and Nuxalk Band asserted traditional territories within the Mid-Coast FD 1999-302 Mary De Paoli INS AlA of MoTH Hwy 97 upgrading at Hwy 99 intersection N of Cache Creek, near the confluence of Hat Creek and Bonaparte River and vicinity of sites EfR.t-69 to -73 1999-303 Gary Hackett ALT Alterations to the Marpole site (DhRs-1) by construction, excavation and installation of a billboard sign at 1342 SW Marine Drive, Vancouver 1999-304 Remi Farvacque INS AlA of J.S. Jones Timber Ltd.'s forestry operations in the asserted traditional territory of the Oregon Jack Indian Band, within the Chilliwack FD · 1999-305 Andrew Mason INS AlA ofMacMillan Bloedel (Stillwater Woodlands Division) forestry operations within Block 1, TFL 39 1999-306 Vicki Feddema INS AlA ofEncal Energy, Petrocanada Oil and Gas, and other petrochemical companies' oiVgas developments within the asserted traditional territory ofthe Prophet River First Nation, NE BC 1999-307 John Gibbs ALT Alterations to HdRe- 11 by ground disturbance associated with construction of a gas­ well within 10-13-87-18, W6M, NTS 94A/10 by Numac Energy, near Fort St. John 1999-308 Wayne French ALT Alterations to a potential CMT in DeSt-I 00 by forestry operations within Cutblock 7775 in the vicinity of Nitinaht Lake (Mt. Rosander) on the W coast of Vancouver Island 1999-309 Martin Handly INS AlA for proposed 18-hole golfcourse in that part of Lot I, DL 4596, Kootenay Dis­ trict, Plan 4023, except for that part located in Plan NEP 22509, 7 km N of Fairmont Hot Springs on the E side of Hwy 93/95 1999-310 Monty Mitchell INS AlA of Premier Power Corporation's proposed hydroelectric project, including all related land altering activities, on Long Lake and S to Cascade Creek, N of Stewart 1999-311 Doris Zibauer INS AlA of Ainsworth Lumber Company Ltd.'s forestry operations in C I 00, in the vicin­ ity of Mckay and Slok creeks, Lillooet FD 1999-312 Renee Carriere INS AlA ofMoF, Fraser Lake Sawmills, and other licensees' forestry operations within the Lakes FD 1999-313 Renee Carriere INS AlA of Plateau Forest Products, West Fraser Mills (Fraser Lake Division), Canadian Forest Products, MoF/SBFEP, and other licensees' forestry operations within the Vanderhoof FD 1999-314 Ian Wilson INS Site inventory of selected portions of the Morrison Landscape Unit, Morice FD I999-3I5 Bonnie Campbell INS AlA for Suncor Energy Inc.'s proposed natural gas well site located on the E side of the Fording River within DL 6739, NE ofEikford 1999-3I6 Brian Taylor ALT Alterations to DkRj-3 (CMTs 3-5) in Block S-84, DkRj-4 (CMTs I-2) in Block S-87, DkRj-5 (CMT A) in Block S-87, and DkRj-6 (CMTs B-D) in Block S-87 by J.S. Jones Timber Ltd.'s forestry operations within FL A I920 I, Chilliwack FD I999-3I7 Ian Franck INS AlA of MoF and other licensees' forestry operations and developments within the Vernon FD 1999-3I8 Kevin Twohig INS AlA for proposed 4-lot residential subdivision within Part of Fractional SWY.. and NEY.. ofDL 91I5, Cariboo LD, on Whiskey Creek near Williams Lake 1999-319 Morley Eldridge INS Site inventory and AlA for proposed redevelopment of Queen Charlotte City High School, within: Lots I to 24, Block 16, DL 16, Plan 943, and Lots I to 21 , Block 2I, DL I6, Plan 943, Queen Charlotte LD, in the vicinity ofFhUa-52 I999-320 Tina Christensen INS AlA for proposed industrial park development, selected portions of DL 420, Queen

14 The Midden 31 /4 Charlotte LD, near Port Clements, QCI 1999-321 Scott Lawrie INS AlA of MoF forestry operations and developments within TSL A34818, Block AH3 (Aston Creek) and TSL A34814, Block JHl (Jacklah River), Campbell River FD 1999-322 Brenda Clark INV Assessment and possible recovery of reported found human remains (file 1999-34B) from a locality fronting 10973 Inwood Road, North Saanich, between Canoe Bay and Curteis Point in the vicinity of Kolb Island; near DeRu-163 1999-323 Shauna McRanor INS AlA of Canfor's forestry operations within Blocks 1839, 3554, 3580, 4373, 4375, 4377,4455, 4457,4883, and 4884, located near Dickson Lake, along Snowcap Creek, and along the Lillooet River within the Chilliwack and Squamish FDs 1999-324 Gail Wada INS AlA for proposed residential subdivision in the vicinity of Big Pine Mountain (Burnt Hill) and Little Pine Mountain, E ofFox Reach, Pitt River, in Pitt Meadows 1999-325 Ian Franck INS AlA for Sumas Energy 2's proposed transmission line from the CPR r/w to the Clayburn substation, City of Abbotsford 1999-326 William Gillespie ALT Alterations to part of DgRs-9 by geotechnical testing and subgrade excavations for house construction at 782 Tsawwassen Beach Road, Lot 1048, Sec 9, Tp 5, NWD, Plan 47966, Municipality of Delta 1999-327 Heather Pratt ALT Remove or otherwise alter artifacts present at EgSt-002, located on the S shore of Seymour Inlet between Harriet Point and Frederick Bay, Port McNeill FD 1999-328 Tanja Hoffmann INS AlA for GVRD's proposed forcemain across Nicomekl River, near Crescent Beach 1999-329 Anthony Hewer INS AlA for McLean Projects Corporation's potential redevelopment at 8665-8675 Barnard Street in Vancouver, legally described as Lots Band C, Block I, DL 317 and 318, Plan Remainder DL 79 and Lot 2, Plan 14849; S ofSW Marine Drive near DhRs-19 (Liq­ uid Air Site) 1999-330 Andrew Mason INS AlA for City of Vancouver's proposed Dedicated Fire Protection System (DFPS) cross­ ing ofFalse Creek 1999-331 Geordie Howe INS AlA of Pacific Inland Resources' forestry operations within CP 616, Blocks 1 and 2, and CP 614, Blocks 10 and 11, on theE side ofNilkitkwa Lake, Bulkley/Cassiar FD 1999-332 Dan Weinburger INS AlA for proposed upgrading of an approximately 8 km-Iong section of Hwy 5 in the vicinity of Corbett and Tinmilsk lakes S of Merritt; locality contains sites EaRd-15, - 16, and -17 and DIRd-4 and -5 are within study corridor 1999-333 Bruce Ball INS AlA of Cariboo Forest Consultants Ltd.'s forestry operations, including those within WL 561 and WL 1642 CPA Block I, Quesnel FD 1999-334 Robert Lackowicz INS AlA for proposed MoTH LSB Pit #0872, located SE of Creston 1999-335 Geordie Howe INS AlA for DL 253 and part ofDL 2254, Cassiar District, located on Atlin Lake

1999-336 Rod DeBoice ALT Remove or other alter artifacts present at EbRf-003, located near Skuhun Creek, Nicola Valley, Merritt FD 1999-337 Renee Carriere INS AlA of MoF/SBFEP and Lignum Ltd.'s forestry operations within the Chilcotin and Williams Lake FDs 1999-338 Robbin Chatan INS AlA of InterFor Ltd.'s forestry operations within FL A 19238 on NW Vancouver Is­ land, Port McNeill FD 1999-339 Remi Farvacque INS Pre- and post-construction AlA of proposed and/or existing Berkley Petroleum, Husky Oil, Petro Canada Oil and Gas, and Union Pacific Resources Inc.'s developments within NTS mapsheets 94H/14 -16, 941/1-16, 941/9-16, 94Nil-16, 940/1-16 and 94Pil-16, as they coincide with Fort Nelson First Nation non-overlapping asserting traditional territories 1999-340 Remi Farvacque INS AlA of Boston Bar, Boothroyd, Spuzzum First Nations and J.S. Jones Timber Ltd.'s forestry operations within the Chilliwack FD 1999-341 Kathy McDonald ALT Alterations to HdRm-5, -6, and -7 by Petro-Canada Oil & Gas Ltd.'s pipeline construc­ tion 50 km N of Hudson's Hope and 80 km WNW of Fort St. John, near the Halfway River 1999-342 Dan Weinberger INS AlA for a 40-acre cattle feedlot within Lot 1291, Cariboo District, near Pelican Lake; sites FiRv-1, -2, -3, -9, and FhRv-1 recorded within or adjacent to the study area 1999-343 Rick Howard & INS AlA ofMoF/SBFEP forestry operations within TSL 6750, on theW Kevin Robinson coast of Vancouver Island SW of Nitinat Lake, along the Rosander Mainline Road, approximately 3 km from the Carmanah Park parking lot, South Island FD 1999-344 Kevin Twohig INS AlA for various MoTH gravel pits, including specified pits and those that may be proposed within a study corridor between Kamloops and Revelstoke

The Midden 31/4 15 1999-345 Robert Wondrasek INS AlA for TransCanada Transmission's proposed 200 km Liard Pipeline Project in NE BC, vicinity of Beaver River to Shekilie at Alberta border; project includes a 20-inch gas pipeline r/w, re-routes and alternatives, and ancillary facilities to connect the Maxhamish Gas Plant with the Alberta TCPL Alberta System 1999-346 Heather Pratt INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (West Island Woodlands Division, Franklin Operations) forestry operations within T0853, T0859, T0862, and T0866, adjacent to Esperanza Inlet and Nutchatlitz Inlet, Nootka Island, Campbell River FD 1999-347 Kevin Twohig INS AlA of Nicola (Guichon) Woodlot forestry operations north ofNicola Lake, Merritt FD 1999-348 Jeff Bailey INS AlA ofSkeena Cellulose (Terrace Operations) forestry operations within CBs 31 2966 and 572009, Kalum FD 1999-349 Bruce Ball INS AlA ofThompson River Woodlands Inc.'s forestry operations located N ofKamloops, Kamloops FD 1999-350 Marty Locker ALT Alterations to CMT B1 (LS 13) within temporary site #LS-13B-RFI (DgSj-058) and CMTs A 1, A2, and A3 (LS 19) and 1, 2,3, and 4 (LS 20) within temporary site #LS-19/ 20-RFI (DfSj-086), by InterFor forestry operations within the Losr Shoe CB area of TFL 54, Kennedy Lake, South Island FD 1999-351 Paul Mcintosh ALT Alterations to EdSh-54 by Palmer Bay Logging Ltd.'s forestry operations within DL 1876 on theN side of Chatham Channel, Vancouver Island, Coast LD 1999-352 Michael Klassen INS Site inventory of portions ofEeRI-7, -72, -76, and Cutblock 179-8, within the asserted traditional territories of the Ts 'kw'aylaxw, Sedw'elw'as, and Tl' itil'kit First Nations communities, Lillooet FD 1999-353 Kevin Aitchison ALT Alterations to HcRe-156 by En cal Energy Ltd.'s development of well site En cal et al Oak 5-35-85-18, NTS map 94-A-7, NE BC 1999-354 Martin Handly INS AlA for MoTH proposed realignment of Hwy 3 E of Johnstone Creek Park, W of Rock Creek 1999-355 John Bergman ALT Alterations to CMTs #5 and # 13 within FITn-002 by forestry operations in WL 1854, Oona River area, Porcher Island, North Coast FD 1999-356 Remi Farvacque INS AlA of proposed forestry operations within NTS mapsheets 94112, 94J/ 10 , 94011, and 940/2, Fort Nelson FD 1999-357 Jeff Bailey INS AlA ofMoF/SBFEP forestry operations within A35514, A60602, and A5181 2/3, as well as those by other licensees in the Kispiox FD 1999-358 Peter Merchant INS Site inventory and AlA for proposed residential development of portion of Lot 16, Block 9 of DL 304, Plan 12056, LD 37, located at Porpoise Bay, Municipality of Sechelt 1999-359 Scott Lawrie INS AlA for proposed Brandywine Creek Hydroelectric Project, on Brandywine Creek approximately 3 km N of Daisy Lake Dam near Garibaldi 1999-360 Robert Lackowicz INS AlA for proposed installation of an underground power line in SL 9, DL 1239, Kootenay LD, located S of Glade Creek on E side of the Kootenay River, approximately 5 km SW of the Slocan River mouth 1999-361 Tom Head INS AlA for proposed TransCanada Transmission East Kootenay Exchange, Meter Sta- tion upgrades and looping of approximately 750 m of Alberta Natural Gas (ANG) Mainline from DL 9104 to DL 8744, Kootenay LD, on theE side ofthe Moyie River S of the community ofCurzon; DgQa-4, -5, and -6 located in project vicinity 1999-362 Robert Lackowicz INS AlA for Bella Vista Properties' proposed single family residential subdivision of that part ofSL 19, DL 4596, Kootenay LD, Plan X32, except parts included in Plans 7339, 8490, 16995 lying E ofHwy 93/95, and a 300m access road, approximately 6 km S of Fairmont Hot Springs 1999-363 Walt Kowal INS Site inventory and AlA of Weyerhauser Canada's forestry operations in the Hyas Lake area, Kamloops FD 1999-364 Eric McLay INS Site inventory of selected traditional use sites within Chemainus, Halalt, Lyackson, and Penalakut First Nations and Cowichan Tribes asserted traditional territories, south- em Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands 1999-365 Beth Hrychuk INS AlA of Amoco Canada Petroleum, Pioneer Natural Resources Canada, Suncor En- ergy, Petro-Canada Oil and Gas and other licensees' oil and gas developments within the asserted traditional territories of the Doig River, Blueberry River, and Prophet River First Nations, in the areas covered by NTS maps 94 H/1-16, 94 A/8-10+ 14-16,

16 The Midden 31/4 and those portions of 94 A/1 ,2, 7,11, 13 lying N of the Peace River and E of the Blue- berry River 1999-366 Karen Preckel INS AlA for proposed swale and culvert construction by MoTH at Siwash Bridge, Chilko River 1999-367 Beth Hrychuk INS AlA of forestry operations within FL A 18162, Block gg-14, Vanderhoof FD 1999-368 Anthony Hewer INS AlA for BC Parks' D'Arcy Island marine campground, E coastofD'Arcy Island, Gulf of Georgia 1999-369 Ingrid Russel ALT Alterations to CMTs in GeSn-1 by MoF/SBFEP forestry operations withiil TSL A36404, on the SW side ofBabine Lake, Morice FD 1999-370 Morley Eldridge INS AlA of Hecate Logging Ltd.'s forestry operations within Block EH4, FL A 19236 near Zeballos, Campbell River FD .,. 1999-371 Paul Anderson ALT Alterations to HbRe-39, -46, and -47, HcRg-3 and -19, and HeRl-3 and -5, by con- struction of Alliance Pipeline Ltd.'s proposed Aitken Creek Lateral 1999-372 Jeff Bailey INS AlA of Bell Pole Co.'s forestry operations in Cutblocks 145505, 145508, Cl6103, T88121, and T88203, and Skeena Cellulose Inc.'s forestry operations in Cutblocks Q73606, Kispiox FD 1999-373 Sandra Witt INS AlA of forestry operations within TSL A36903, A38993, A51 098, A47451, and A60 160, Squamish FD 1999-374 Frank Kernik ALT Alterations to EcQa-5 by construction of a picnic area, washrooms, trail upgrading, and slope rehabilitation 1999-375 Michael Graup ALT Alterations to CMTs within GiTt-7 by Skeena Cellulose (Terrace Operations) forestry operations in Setting No.315001 , TFL I, NW of Dragon .Lake, Kalum FD 1999-376 Marianne Berkey INS AlA of Weldwood of Canada Ltd.'s forestry operations within FL A 18172, near Punchaw Lake, Prince George FD 1999-377 Monty Mitchell INS AlA ofMoF/SBFEP forestry operations on theW side of Yeo Island near Yeo Lake, Mid-Coast FD 1999-378 Stan Copp INS AlA ofMoF/SBFEP forestry operations within TSL A62340-05, on the Placer Creek . FSR approximately 3 8 km S of Princeton 1999-379 Sheila Minni INS AlA for the MoTH Rayonier Gravel Pit, 3 krn NE ofSquamish and MoTH Brunswick Beach Gravel Pit, 1.5 km N of Lions Bay, South Coast Highway Region 1999-380 Martin Handly INS AlA for a 8 km-long four-laning project on Hwy 97 N of Vernon, from the N end of Swan Lake to Crozier Road SW of Armstrong 1999-381 Brian Hayden INV Excavation at EeRl-7, Keatley Creek, near Lillooet 1999-382 Geordie Howe INS Systematic data recovery (research excavations) within the E1aho Rockshelter Site, EaRu-005, in the lower Elaho River valley near Squamish 1999-383 Sheila Minni INS AlA for six MoTH gravel pits (Strong, Bulg~r, Agassiz/McCallum, Othello, Silver Skagit Ford) in the Fraser Valley, South Coast Highway Region 1999-384 Gordon Mohs INS AlA of Canadian Forest Products Ltd.'s forestry operations in FL A 19208, blocks F005, F006, and F013, within the Chehalis River watershed, Fraser TSA, Chilliwack FD 1999-385 Monty Mitchell INS AlA ofMoF/SBFEP forestry operations within TSL A42460, Nordschow Valley, Mid- Coast FD 1999-386 Tom Head INS AlA for proposed looping ofWestcoast Energy's existing Fort Nelson pipeline extend- ing from MP 159.1 to MP 176.5, located just N of Davies LakeS to L2911 in the northern Peace River district 1999-387 Ian Wison INS AlA for a proposed fishing camp on DL3059, QCD, near Port Louis, Graham Island 1999-388 Sheila Minni INS AlA for proposed extensions to the Florence gravel pit, on theW side ofHwy I 4 km N of Boston Bar 1999-389 Rick Bell ALT Alterations to HhRs-6, -7, -8, -9, -10, and -15 by construction ofMurphy Oil Company Ltd.'s Chicken Creek pipeline from wellsite b-32-B, 94-G-06 to wellsite d-54-A, 94- G-08, N ofthe Sikanni ChiefRiver 1999-390 Jim McCormack ALT Alterations to CMTs within FiSj-13 by Northwood Inc. (Houston Region) forestry operations within FL A 16824, CP 491, Block 4, on the N shore of Cheslaslie Arm, Nechako Reservoir, Lake FD 1999-391 Doug Whiteside ALT Alterations to HcRg-036 and -037 by construction of Anderson Exploration Ltd.'s pipeline from wellsite 8-23-85-20 to tie into r/w Plan 29947, map sheet 94-A-5, lo- cated in the West Stoddart area, NE of Charlie Lake

The Midden 31/4 17 1999-392 Scott Lawrie INS AlA for proposed shake/shingle mill E of Hwy 19, near Menzies Bay approximately 25 km N of Campbell River 1999-393 . Terrance Gibson INS AlA of MoF/SBFEP forestry operations within TSL A43577 CP G, Block AD, lo- cated between and within about 2 km of the Necoslie and Stuart rivers, Fort St. James FD 1999-394 Art Van Klier ALT Alterations to DgRI-1 0 from proposed developments within a portion of Plan LMP 2316A, 23168, and 2316C, at 5353/5361/5375 Teskey Road, Chilliwack 1999-395 Robert Howie ALT Alterations to CMTs in DISr-39, -40, and 41 (Block EH I) and DISr-42 (Block EH4) by Hecate Logging Ltd.'s forestry operations within FL A19236, W side ofZeballos Inlet, Campbell River FD 1999-396 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of Hecate Logging Ltd.'s forestry operations within Blocks LEI, LE2, Jl35, P31 , P10-1, PU1 , PU2, PU3, and other units, in FL A19236, Espinosa!Port Eliza! Chum Creek operating area, Strathcona TSA, Campbell River FD

1999-397 Morley Eldridge INS AlA of Skeena Sawmills and other licensees' forestry operations in the Kalum FD, excluding those operations within the asserted traditional territories of the Heiltsuk First Nation 1999-398 Rob Field INS AlA of Coulson Forest Products Ltd.'s forestry operations in FL A 19234, Toquart Bay/Upper Effmgham Operation, located Nand E ofToquart Bay within the Arrow- head TSA, South Vancouver Island FD 1999-399 Hartley Odwak INS AlA of Weyerhauser Canada Ltd.'s forestry operations within FL A 19244, blocks T0956, T0611 , T0626, and T0629, located in Klaskino Inlet, Klaskish Basin and River, Jims Creek and Kinney Creek drainages, NW Vancouver Island, Port McNeill FD 1999-400 Anthony Hewer INS AlA for Centra Gas BC Inc.'s proposed installation of a gas pipeline within the re- mainder of Block 564, Nanoose LD, except part in Plans 31833, 39893, 42873, 3132RW and VIP66068, located near Kaye Road SE of Parksville

EXHIBITS

ROYAL BRITISH COLUMBIA MUSEUM Out of the Mist, HuupuKwanum Tupaat: Treasures of the Nuu-chah-nulth Chiefs Through 30 April 2000

Co-produced with the Nuu-chah-nulth people, this exhibition contains 241 artifacts and historical photo­ graphs and documents on the art and culture of the Nuu-chah-nulth. Some of the artifacts date from the 18th-century while others are contemporary pieces. Many of the objects included in this exhibition are from collections and museums from around the world.

For further information contact the Royal British Columbia·Museum at 1 888 447-7977 or check out the museum's web site at http://rbcml.gov.bc.ca.

18 The Midden 31/4 LECTURES ASBC NANAIMO BRANCH

1900-2000 years ago and ca. 1200-1300 12 May - The Role of Culture and years ago, it was used as a hunting sta­ Heritage in BC Treaty THE NANAIMO BRANCH OF THE ARCHAEO­ tion. Manufacturing was carried out on­ Negotiations (Richard Inglis) LOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA site and there may have been some sec­ Richard Inglis is an archaeologist and has monthly lectures on Friday evening ondary use for ceremonial purposes. A ethnologist who has been working as a at 7:00pm. They are held at Malaspina strong possibility exists that the primary treaty negotiator for the past seven University College in Building 356, motivation for its occupation may have years. Prior to his work with the Minis­ Room Ill. Lectures are free to members been as a refuge during periods of in­ try of Aboriginal Affairs, he was an an­ and cost $5 for non-members. For more tensified warfare. thropologist for the Museum of Civili­ information contact Pat Knowles at Don Abbot is Curator Emeritus of the zation, and a curator of Anthropology [email protected]. Royal British Columbia Museum, where at the Royal British Columbia Museum. 14 April- The Birds Eye Cove he worked for over 30 years. His name Mr. Inglis is known in particular for his Rockshelter (Don Abbot) is readily associated with archaeology, ethnological research among the Nuu­ DeRv 15, a large rockshelter on Mount ethnology, and museums in British Co­ chah-nulth First Nation of West Coast Tzuhalem, was formed by the fall of a lumbia, as well as in countries as far Vancouver island, and for his archaeo­ massive conglomerate slab. It is located away as England and Denmark. Mr. logical work in the Prince Rupert area. at the base of a cliff I krn uphill from Abbot was one of Carl Borden's stu­ the end of Birds Eye Cove, Cowichan dents and the first person in British District, on Vancouver Island. During Columbia to be employed primarily as two periods of intensive occupation, ca. an archaeologist.

UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

29 March - Seafloor Modelling 31 May - Across the Top of the and Archaeology (Daryl Fedje) World: A Quest for the Northwest Using a computer simulation of sea Passage (Jim Delgado) shore levels in the ice age, this Parks The Vancouver Maritime Museum's Canada archaeologist recently predicted Executive Director will lead us on a with amazing accuracy the location of history of the quest for the Northwest an inundated native site deep beneath Passage through the lens ofhis new best­ the waters of Haida Gwai. seller. Come hear about Franklin, 26 April - Re-Creation of the St. Frobisher, the Inuit, Henry Larson, and THE UNDERWATER ARcHAEOLOGICAL SociETY other explorers of this vast and Roch's Voyage Around North OF BRITISH CoLUMBIA (UASBC) is a non­ fascinating land. profit society for people interested in BC's America (Ken Burton) underwater heritage. The society meets The RCMP's Ken Burton plans to pilot 28 June- UASBC Explorations: on the last Wednesday of every month (ex­ the St. Roch II through the Northwest The Year in Review (Jacques cept December and July) at 7:30pm at the Passage and around North America in Marc) Vancouver Maritime Museum, 1905 a re-creation of the St. Roch s historic Our Explorations Director will review Ogden Avenue. Admission is free and voyages. the many UASBC expeditions, non-members are welcome. ventures, and accomplishments below and above the water over the last year, including new discoveries and tales from the latest regional survey on the Sunshine Coast.

The Midden 31/4 19 CONFERENCES 2000 5-9 April Society for American Archaeology (SAA), 65th Annual Meeting Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

The programme is available on the SAA web page located at www.saa.org. Contact: SAA Headquarters, 900 Second St. NE #1 2, Washington, DC, 20002, USA, tel. (202) 789- 8200; email: [email protected]; web site: www.saa.org

6-8 April Northwest Anthropological Conference, 53rd Annual Meeting Spokane, Washington, USA

The Department of Anthropology and Geography at Eastern Washington University will host the 53rd Annual Northwest Anthropological Conference, Northwest Anthropology in the 21 ~t Century. The ban­ quet speaker is Clyde Snow from the University of Oklahoma. His talk is entitled "Bones of Contention: Forensic Anthropology in the Investigation of Human Rights Violations." Contact: Sarah Keller, Program Chair, Department ofAnthropology and Geography, Eastern Washing­ ton University MS#52, Cheney, WA, 99004; tel. (509) 359-7039; fax (509) 359-2472; email: [email protected]. Jerry Galm, General Chair, Department ofAnthropology and Geography, Eastern Washington University MS#52, Cheney, WA, 99004; tel. (509) 359-2477; fax (509) 359-2472; email: jgalm@ewu. edu; web site: www. class. ewu. edu/class/anthro/nwac/home. html

3-7 May Canadian Archaeological Association (CAA), 33rd Annual Meeting, "Transitions" Ottawa, Ontario

Proposed symposium themes include: The Dorest Culture, 75 Years After Jenness; Prehistoric Archaeology in Quebec; Physical Anthropology; International Archaeological Organizations; Transitions in Zooarchaeology: New Methods and New Results; "Cultural Transition Zones" (Interaction and Ethnicity); Households and Communities on the NW Coast, Recent Research Results; Neo-Eskimo Archaeology; The Last 25 Years of Canadian Archaeology; Historicizing Subarctic Peoples; Archaeometry: New Insights into the Protohistoric Period in the East; Ceramic Studies; Archaeometry and Geoarchaeology; Who's Asking the Questions? New Directions and Uses for Canadian Archaeology; Technological Traditions in Eastern Beringia. Contact: Dr. David Morrison, Chair, Canadian Museum ofCivili zation, PO Box 3100, Station B, Hull, Quebec, J8X 4H2; tel. (819) 776-8198; fax (819) 776-8300; email: david.morrison@civilization. ca. Dr. Jean-Luc Pilon, Programme Chair, Canadian Museum of Civilization, PO Box 3100, Station B, Hull, Quebec, J8X 4H2; tel. (819) 776-8192;/ax (819) 776-8300; email:[email protected]; web site: www.canadianarchaeology.com

11 - 13 May Heritage Society of British Columbia, 22nd Annual Conference, "Victoria's Secrets" Victoria, BC Hosted by the Victoria Civic Heritage Trust (VCHT) on behalf of the City of Victoria, the conference will take you behind the scenes to learn "Victoria's Secrets". Contact: The Heritage Society ofBritish Columbia, 660 Michigan Street, Victoria, BC, V8V 4Y7; tel./ fax (250) 384-4840; email: [email protected]; web site: www.islandnet.com/-hsbc/

20 The Midden 31/4 11 -14 October British Columbia Museums Association (BCMA) and the Western Museums Association (WMA), Conference 2000: Designing the Future Together Victoria, British Columbia

Contact: BCMA office, suite 523 409 Granville Street, Vancouver; BC, V6C JT2; tel. (604) 660-0749; email: [email protected]; web site: www.museumsassn.bc.ca/-bcma/

8- 12 November 33rd Annual Chacmool Conference "Art for Archaeology's Sake: Material Culture and Style Across the Disciplines" Calgary, Alberta

The next Chacmool Conference will bridge the gap between archaeology, art history, and material culture studies, considering shared as well as divergent ways in which objects and visual imagery are used to infer behaviour and ideology. Potential topics include: Style Grammars and Material Culture; Archaeology and the Art Market; Empire and Style; Conservation vs. Preservation: Whose Aesthetics?; Regional Studies; Rock Art; Text and Image Among the Classic Maya.

Contact: University ofCalgary, Department ofArchaeology. 2500 University DriveN. W, Calgary, Alberta, T2N JN4; tel. (403) 220-7120; email: [email protected]; website: www.ucalgary.ca/ Uo{C/(aculties/SS/ARKY/chacmool.html ' '

.lfil MIDDEN P.O. Box 520 Bentall Station Vancouver, B.C. V6C2N3 --~------~.. ~------