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Bulgaria 2002 Human Development Index: Municipalities in the Context of Districts Human Development Index 2002 Team of Authors National Co-ordinator: Dotcho Mihailov, Ph.D. Co-authors/Assistants: Diana Kopeva, Ph.D., Lyubomir Dimitrov National Statistical Instiute: Sergei Tsvetarski (Team Leader), Alexander Tsvetkov, Todor Todorov Acknowledgements The team of authors expresses its special gratitude to Ms. Marta Ruedas, UNDP Resident Representative and Ms. Minna Tyrkko, UNDP Deputy Resident Representative for their advice, contribution and recommendations. The team also expresses its appreciation for the substantive comments and editorial suggestions to the following UNDP staff members: Ms. Dafina Gercheva, Head of Programme, Ms. Emiliana Zhivkova, Programme Analyst, Ms. Maya Nyagolova, Public Affairs Officer and Ms. Manoela Grozdanova, Programme Analyst/UNAIDS. The team also wishes to acknowledge the editorial advice provided to the English version of this publication by Mr. Steve Martin, Communications Associate. ISBN 954-9724-53-0 © United Nations Development Programme, Sofia 2002 Cover Design and Print: NIBA Consult Contents oreword .................................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 7 The concept of human development and the human development index (HDI) .........................................................................................7 The municipal human development index (MHDI) in the context of the district human development index (DHDI)..................................8 2. Economic Component ....................................................................................... 10 General description ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Investments ............................................................................................................................................................... 11 Unemployment ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Concentration of minorities........................................................................................................................ 12 Migration ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13 The role of municipalities in the economic development of the district .............. 14 Differentiation ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 3. Life Expectancy .................................................................................................... 17 General description ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Environmental factors and the LEI ........................................................................................................ 17 Infrastructural factors of the LEI .............................................................................................................. 18 Ethnic factors ........................................................................................................................................................... 19 Contribution of municipal levels to the district average life expectancy .............. 20 Differentiation ........................................................................................................................................................ 21 4. Education ............................................................................................................... 22 General description ............................................................................................................................................ 22 Ethnic factor ............................................................................................................................................................. 24 Proximity to the school ................................................................................................................................... 24 Level of economic development ............................................................................................................. 25 Differentiation ........................................................................................................................................................ 25 5. Summary: Overall Human Development Index (HDI) ........................... 26 Description of the overall index .............................................................................................................. 26 Differentiation ........................................................................................................................................................ 27 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................. 28 Methodology for Calculating the Human Development Index ........... 31 Human development index ......................................................................................................................... 31 Local human development indexes ...................................................................................................... 32 Annex 1: District human development index ............................................ 36 Annex 2: Municipal human development index ....................................... 39 oreword Since 1999, the municipal and district human development indices (MHDI and DHDI) have been contributing to the Bulgarian debate on sustainable local govern- ance. These indices are a local projection of the United Nations Development Pro- gramme (UNDP) global human development index, which is a composite index combining health, education and economic indicators. So far, in Bulgaria the human development indices have been published in the Na- tional Human Development Reports (NHDRs). This year, the indices are presented in a separate publication. Compared to the NHDRs, this publication offers less analysis and recommendations and more statistical trends of the evolution of the MHDIs and DHDIs in 2002. Nevertheless, we hope that these trends will further contribute to the local governance debate. The present publication offers interpretation of the more important factors affecting the development of the MHDIs and DHDIs, while at the same time looking at the role of district governance for the sustainable devel- opment of municipalities. The main message of the publication is that human de- velopment in Bulgaria is marked by differences between the relatively advanced dis- tricts concerning development and those lagging in development. There are impor- tant differences in the level of development of neighbouring municipalities within the same administrative district. Overcoming local differences requires effort of dif- ferent levels of Bulgarian governance at a national level through nationwide poli- cies for the coordination and integration of sectoral economic development and regional planning, at a local level through a more targeted approach to address spe- cific local issues through health care, educational or economic policies tailored to the respective region. This in itself requires the existence of democratic mechanisms for self-governance and accountability at all levels of governance. I would like to express my gratitude to the authors and to the National Statistical Institute. I hope this publication will contribute to the ongoing debate on local gov- ernance based on participation of people in the decision-making process. Marta Ruedas Resident Representative, UNDP Bulgaria 1. Introduction The concept of human development and the human development index (HDI) The concept of sustainable human development is at the heart of the human devel- opment index (HDI). According to this concept, a person needs an equal measure of good income, good health and good education for the achievement of a decent standard of living. However, the equality of these needs presupposes that income in itself is not sufficient for the achievement of sustainable human development, since the level of income is bound to the level of education and makes sense if a person leads a long and healthy life. At the same time the concept of human development is much broader than the measure1 of these three indicators. The concept of sus- tainable human development is the expansion of capabilities that widen peoples choices to lead the lives they value2 . In this sense, achieving high values of the hu- man development index presupposes participation of people in governance, politi- cal freedoms, security and a favourable environment. At the global level, the HDI is calculated annually, and over the past three years Bul- garia was ranked as follows: 62nd in 20023 (out of 173 countries), 57th in 20014 (out of 162 countries) and 60th place in 20005 (out of 174 countries). On a local level, the calculation of the HDI in Bulgaria started in 1999. Since then, the National Human Development Reports (NHDRs)
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