DOCSLIB.ORG

High School CS Internationally

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
High School CS Internationally bits & bytes status update: HIgH scHool cs INterNatIoNallY ■ lawrence Snyder ■ Many countries are engaged in efforts to revamp their high such courses. At the provincial level there is no CS teacher training in school computer science curricula. This paper touches briefly Ontario or British Columbia. Some faculty members with a “specialist” on the state of affairs with high school CS in Canada, Israel, certification do teach computing, of course. They are supported, for India, and New Zealand. Each country has different issues to example, by annual workshops at Waterloo and Toronto. address in implementing a concepts-rich high school computer Nevertheless, more attention to the issue is probably needed. science curriculum. The paper then reviews the recent report As Waterloo’s Sandy Graham remarked recently in email. “[In] my from the United Kingdom, Shut Down or Restart? The Way personal opinion, I think that CS education should be a national Forward for Computing in the UK Schools. concern. From my perspective, the CS Education Week that is sup- ported by ACM and has received publicity on a national level in the US is a good initiative. I think both these initiatives are worth pur- 1 Introduction suing, and would be happy to see something like them in Canada.” The time to offer substantive Computer Science to pre-college students has come. Different countries are at different stages in Israel creating concepts-rich high school curricula, and all come with dif- For the last dozen years Israeli high school Computer Science ferent histories. Nevertheless, when Computer Science is under- education has been guided by a Ministry of Education curriculum stood from a 2012 perspective, these are clearly the early days of [1], prescribing the five courses shown in Figure 1. the endeavor. There are many great intentions, some nascent plans, and a few accomplishments. Fundamentals 1 and 2 (2 units): Introduces the central concepts of Rather than attempting to catalog activities that are moving solving algorithmic problems and teaches how to apply them in a rapidly, we begin with four representative examples. Then, because programming language. of its thoroughness and timeliness, we move on to review the Royal Software Design (1 unit): Concentrates on data structures, Society’s Shut Down or Restart report, dated January 12, 2012 introduces abstract data structures and discusses the design of [4]. That report has considerable interest not only for its careful complete systems. consideration of the UK’s situation and its thoughtful recom- Second Paradigm (1 unit): Introduces a second programming mendations, but it addresses issues that overlap substantially with paradigm. Logic programming, functional programming and those of concern in many countries. The similarity or differences in system-level programming are three of the current possibilities. responses give insight into the nature of the problems and options Applications (1 unit): Focuses on one particular application, for solutions. emphasizing both theory and practice. Current possibilities are computer graphics, management information systems and Internet 2 Four Representatives programming. This section is a four-stop world tour summarizing the state of Theory (1 unit): Exposes students to selected topics in theoretical affairs in four representative countries, Canada, Israel, India and CS. One of the current possibilities is models of computation, New Zealand. mainly finite automata. Figure 1: The five courses of the Israeli high school computing curriculum. Canada Canada and the US share much more than a long border. Because With such a sustained commitment to teaching concepts-rich some Canadian high schools presently offer other AP courses, we computing courses, the problems of teacher training and certifica- can assume that AP CS Principles will eventually be offered too. tion have already been addressed [2, 3]. Canadian teachers will doubtless participate in AP CSP-related Relative to the CS Principles/CS10K discussion, the Tech- professional development. nion’s Orit Hazzan explained in recent email, “The Israeli HS The issue is how to prepare Canadian faculty broadly to teach con- CS curriculum aims neither to prepare the students for academic cepts-rich CS classes not related to the CSP effort. At present, there studies in CS and related fields, nor to broaden participation in is no Ministry of Education training program to support teaching computing and computer science. Rather, it attempts to deliver 82 acm Inroads 2012 June • Vol. 3 • No.2 bits & bytes the spirit of CS, as [broadly] as possible at the HS level, as a Guidelines, the process is forward-looking, the content is concept- scientific discipline.” rich, and the effort is moving rapidly. The process is perhaps most A new committee was commissioned by the Israeli Ministry of succinctly described in an “Expert Panel Report” from 2009 laying Education to study how the existing 1998 high school CS curricu- out the plan. Notice Item 5 of Figure 2. lum should adapt to changes in CS over the past dozen years. Their report is imminent. 3 The United Kingdom In January 2012, the Royal Society issued a report Shut Down India or Restart? The Way Forward for Computing in the UK Schools [4]. Having a long tradition of high quality CS education at the IITs, Chaired by Steve Furber and supported by a luminary committee India is representative of nations with rapidly developing econo- and broad participation of the stakeholders, SDoR? is certain to mies: They know what to do, but the resources are not yet available. have a major impact on UK computer science education policy in Teaching CS in high school must be postponed. With IT companies secondary education. needing to recruit 200,000 – 300,000 graduates per year – numbers dramatically in excess of the IIT’s capacity – the task of teaching Getting Started quality CS at college must be resolved first. Mathai Joseph of MSR- The report opens with the assertion that “[t]he current delivery of India explained in a recent personal email, “There is an acute shortage Computing education in many UK schools is highly unsatisfacto- of teachers of computing in Indian colleges, and many of those who ry.” Four principal reasons are listed for this claim: (1) The national wear this tag have actually moved from other kinds of engineering Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) curriculum, and so lack a basic background in computing.” It’s “first things first” as allowing broad interpretation, too often sinks to the lowest level the demands of development create pressures that cannot be ignored. where non-specialists can teach it; (2) a shortage of qualified teach- High school students may not be left behind; however, as ers to teach at higher levels, (3) a lack of professional development technology enters the mix. Joseph continues, “We cannot wait to for computing teachers, and (4) technical difficulties with the first teach the teachers: the students cannot wait and they may computing infrastructure at schools. well learn faster on their own. So we are providing supplementary A critical contributor to the difficulty is a cycle of confusion in [online] material to help teachers to understand and teach the which students, expecting serious computing courses, get digital material, but we will not prevent students from learning the same literacy that teaches them material (applications) they long ago things on their own.” Technology to the rescue. mastered, from which they conclude computer science is boring, causing little interest in the subject, presenting the universities with New Zealand few students choosing a CS major, resulting in few graduates and a Beginning in February 2011, New Zealand high schools were severe talent shortage, and no one to teach the computing courses permitted to teach computer science as a formal topic defined in a in high schools. national standard [8]. As Tim Bell remarked at SIGCSE, “De- Then – on page 2 – the report stops and defines terms, because spite the standards being new, and older programming standards as it states confusion over computing-related terms extends well still being available, over 1400 students in 49 schools have already beyond the misunderstandings of high school students. The whole registered for the new computer science standards” [6]. conversation has been handicapped. The terms are given in Figure This milestone is a midpoint in a reinvention of the New 3, and the remedy for the confusion is schematically illustrated in Zealand’s ICT curriculum. Called The Digital Technologies Figure 4. The bottom line: dump ICT. 1. ICT, Computing, and related technologies contain the following five sub-categories, an appropriate number of credits, yet will be provided for in senior secondary based on the draft Body of Knowledge: to be determined. Draft material will be education under the Technology Learning Electronics, Programming & Computer available from July 2010. Area and will replace the existing Science, Digital Information, Digital 6. Teaching and Learning Guidelines will technological area of ICT. This area will be Media, Digital Infrastructure (including be created for Technology, with a well called Digital Technologies. networking, hardware, software, systems) developed specific section for Digital 2. As part of a comprehensive consultation 4. A set of Digital Technologies Achievement Technologies based on the Body of process during July 2009, specific Standards will be created to assess Knowledge, and available to schools in knowledge and skills under the specific knowledge and skills not covered draft form in late 2010. Technology learning area will be by the generic Technology Achievement 7. The DTEP will nominate representatives categorised into three areas. These are Standards or other existing achievement to work with the Technology Reference proposed to be “Digital Technologies”, standards. Group, Digital Technologies Standards “Graphics and Design”, and “Material 5. The Level 1 Achievement Standards Writing Group and the group responsible and Processing Technologies” and will sit will be available for use from January for developing Digital Technologies alongside generic technology.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Computing: 50 Years On
    Computing: 50 Years On Mathai Joseph* From a TIFR Alumni Association Public Lecture 27 July 2007 Introduction We may each remember a year for different things: some personal, some related to our work and interests and some for the unusual events that took place. 1957 is probably like any other year in this respect. For many scientists, the launch of the first Sputnik from Baikonur in the then-USSR will be remembered as the event which transformed the race to space and was the stimulus for the man-on-the-moon program that followed in the United States. Physicists may remember the year for the award of the Nobel Prize to Yann Chen Ning and Lee Tsung-Dao, both from China and working respectively at the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, and Columbia, for their work on parity laws. We in India may recall that it marked the first full year of operation of the Apsara nuclear reactor at Trombay. And, chess-lovers will certainly remember the year for the remarkable feat by Bobby Fischer in becoming the US chess champion at the age of 14! There were landmarks in computing in 1957. By that time, around 1000 computers had been sold worldwide (none of them in India) and new computer series (with solid-state technology) were announced by the big manufacturers such as IBM, Univac, NCR and Siemens. Development of the integrated circuit was nearing completion in the laboratories of Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild. The Fortran programming language was formally published by a team led by John Backus at IBM, marking the start of a great era of programming language development.
    [Show full text]
  • OTC TCS 2005.Pdf
    1 Annual Report 2004-05 Contents Board of Directors ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Management Team ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Message from the CEO...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Notice........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Directors' Report ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Management Discussion and Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Corporate Governance Report...................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • August 2014 FACS a C T S
    Issue 2014-1 August 2014 FACS A C T S The Newsletter of the Formal Aspects of Computing Science (FACS) Specialist Group ISSN 0950-1231 FACS FACTS Issue 2014-1 August 2014 About FACS FACTS FACS FACTS (ISSN: 0950-1231) is the newsletter of the BCS Specialist Group on Formal Aspects of Computing Science (FACS). FACS FACTS is distributed in electronic form to all FACS members. Submissions to FACS FACTS are always welcome. Please visit the newsletter area of the BCS FACS website for further details (see http://www.bcs.org/category/12461). Back issues of FACS FACTS are available for download from: http://www.bcs.org/content/conWebDoc/33135 The FACS FACTS Team Newsletter Editors Tim Denvir [email protected] Brian Monahan [email protected] Editorial Team Jonathan Bowen, Tim Denvir. Brian Monahan, Margaret West. Contributors to this Issue Jonathan Bowen, Tim Denvir, Eerke Boiten, Rob Heirons, Azalea Raad, Andrew Robinson. BCS-FACS websites BCS: http://www.bcs-facs.org LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=2427579 Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/BCS- FACS/120243984688255 Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCS-FACS If you have any questions about BCS-FACS, please send these to Paul Boca <[email protected]> 2 FACS FACTS Issue 2014-1 August 2014 Editorial Welcome to issue 2014-1 of FACS FACTS. This is the first issue produced by your new joint editors, Tim Denvir and Brian Monahan. One effect of the maturity of formal methods is that researchers in the topic regularly grow old and expire. Rather than fill the issue with Obituaries, we have taken the course of reporting on most of these sad events in brief, with references to fuller obituaries that can be found elsewhere, in particular in the FAC Journal.
    [Show full text]
  • Software Engineering Approaches for Offshore and Outsourced Development
    Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing 35 Series Editors Wil van der Aalst Eindhoven Technical University, The Netherlands John Mylopoulos University of Trento, Italy Norman M. Sadeh Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Michael J. Shaw University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA Clemens Szyperski Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA Olly Gotel Mathai Joseph Bertrand Meyer (Eds.) Software Engineering Approaches for Offshore and Outsourced Development Third International Conference, SEAFOOD 2009 Zurich, Switzerland, July 2-3, 2009 Proceedings 13 Volume Editors Olly Gotel Pace University New York City, NY 10038, USA E-mail: [email protected] Mathai Joseph Tata Consultancy Services Pune 411 001, India E-mail: [email protected] Bertrand Meyer ETH Zurich Department of Computer Science 8092 Zurich, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2009929830 ACM Computing Classification (1998): D.2, K.6, K.4.2, J.1 ISSN 1865-1348 ISBN-10 3-642-02986-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-642-02986-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
    [Show full text]
  • Formal Techniques in Large-Scale Software Engineering Mathai Joseph Tata Research Development and Design Centre Tata Consultancy
    Formal Techniques in Large-Scale Software Engineering Mathai Joseph Tata Research Development and Design Centre Tata Consultancy Services 54B Hadapsar Industrial Estate Pune 411 013 India Draft of Paper 1. Introduction Formal techniques have been used effectively for developing software: from modeling requirements to specifying and verifying programs. In most cases, the programs have been relatively small and complex, many of them for safety critical applications. Use of formal techniques has also become relatively standard for the design of complex VLSI circuits, whether for processors or special purpose devices. Both of these areas are characterized by having a small state space, closely matching the capability of the formal techniques that are used. This capability has of course increased greatly over the last two decades, just as processing speeds have improved, and the problems that are solved today would have been out of reach, or even beyond expectation, some years ago. However, from the point of view of software engineering practice, formal techniques are still seen as exotic and suitable only for particular problems. Software engineers will agree with promoters of formal techniques, but for very different reasons, that these techniques are not applicable to today’s software engineering methods. They will usually disagree on why this is so, one pointing to the lack of contribution that formal techniques make to the practice of these methods and the other questioning the methods themselves. Successful applications of formal techniques have tended to be in the few areas where their use has become part of the practice, for reasons of complexity, cost or regulatory pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (19Mb)
    Original citation: Liu, Z. and Joseph, M. (1990) Transformation of programs for fault-tolerance. University of Warwick. Department of Computer Science. (Department of Computer Science Research Report). (Unpublished) CS-RR-165 Permanent WRAP url: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/60860 Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for- profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. A note on versions: The version presented in WRAP is the published version or, version of record, and may be cited as it appears here.For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/ Research report 165 ._ TRANSFORMATION OF PROGRAMS FOR FAULT TOLERANCE ZHIMING LIU, MATHAI JOSEPH (RR165) It has been usual to consider that the steps of program refinement start with a program specification and end with the production of the text of an executable program. But for fault-tolerance, the program must be capable of taking account of the failure modes of the particular architecture on which it is to be executed.
    [Show full text]
  • Organizing Committee Conference Chair
    Committees Organizing Committee Conference Chair Ken MacGregor, University of Cape Town, South Africa Finance Chair Mike Hinchey, University of Limerick, Ireland Program Co-Chairs Antonio Cerone, United Nations University, Macau SAR, China Stefan Gruner, University of Pretoria, South Africa Local Arrangement Chair Anet Potgieter, University of Cape Town, South Africa SEFM 2008 Program Committee Marco Aiello, University of Groningen, Netherlands Luis Barbosa, University of Minho, Portugal Bernhard Beckert, University of Koblenz, Germany Jonathan Bowen, King’s College London, UK Antonio Cerone (Co-Chair), United Nations University, Macau SAR, China Flavio Corradini, University of Camerino, Italy Patrick Cousot, ENS, France Hamdan Z. Dammag, Yemeni Centre for Studies and Research, Yemen Rocco De Nicola, University of Firenze, Italy George Eleftherakis, CITY College, Greece Stefania Gnesi, ISTI-CNR, Italy Valentin Goranko, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Stefan Gruner (Co-Chair), University of Pretoria, South Africa Klaus Havelund, Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, USA Thomas A. Henzinger, EPFL, Switzerland Mike Hinchey, University of Limerick, Ireland Dang Van Hung, Vietnam National University, Vietnam Jean-Marie Jacquet, University of Namur, Belgium Tomasz Janowski, United Nations University, Macau SAR, China Shmuel Katz, The Technion, Israel Padmanabhan Krishnan, Bond University, Australia Peter Gorm Larsen, Aarhus University, Denmark Peter Lindsay, The University of Queensland, Australia Tiziana Margaria, University of Potsdam, Germany Carlo Montangero, University of Pisa, Italy Cecilia Esti Nugraheni, Parahyangan Catholic University, Indonesia Tunji Odejobi, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria x David von Oheimb, Siemens Corporate Technology, Germany Philippe Palanque, IRIT, Univ. of Toulouse III, France Doron Peled, Bar Ilan University, Israel Wojciech Penczek, IPI PAN and Univ. of Podlasie, Poland Alexander K.
    [Show full text]
  • A Compositional Framework for Fault Tolerance by Specification Transformation
    Theoretical Computer Science 128 (1994) 99-125 99 Elsevier A compositional framework for fault tolerance by specification transformation Doron Peled AT&T Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA Mathai Joseph* Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Abstracf Peled. D. and M. Joseph, A compositional framework for fault tolerance by specification trans- formation, Theoretical Computer Science 128 (1994) 99-125. The incorporation of a recovery algorithm into a program can be viewed as a program transforma- tion, converting the basic program into a fault-tolerant version. We present a framework in which such program transformations are accompanied by a corresponding specijcation transformation which obtains properties of the fault tolerant versions of the programs from properties of the basic programs. Compositionality is achieved when every property of the fault tolerant version can be obtained from a transformed property of the basic program. A verification method for proving the correctness of specification transformations is presented. This makes it possible to prove just once that a specification transformation corresponds to a program transformation, removing the need to prove separately the correctness of each trans- formed program. 1. Introduction A fault tolerant program can be viewed as the result of superposing a recovery algorithm on a basic, non-fault tolerant program. Thus, adding a recovery algorithm can be seen as a program transformation, producing a program that can recover from faults in its execution environment. The combined execution of the basic program and the recovery algorithm ensures that the fault tolerant program achieves its goal Correspondence to: D.
    [Show full text]
  • Connecting You to News Affecting CIPS and the IT Profession CIPS
    5/1/2014 CIPS Ambassador Campaign Launches! CIPS CONNECTIONS 2010 - Vol 12, Issue 2 Connecting you to news affecting CIPS and the IT Profession In This Issue CIPS Ambassador Campaign Begins! CIPS Ambassador Campaign Begins! From March 3rd 2010 to June 30th 2010 CIPS will be thanking CIPS Member Benefit - Computer its great members for referring a new member* with a token of Security our appreciation. IP3 Update The Quest for Canada's Smartest IT FastTrack for CIPS ISP holders to receive the NPA CNP Microsoft Invites CIPS Members to Attend the "Align IT Tour 2010" Ignite Your Coding Webcast Series Follow CIPS on Tw itter 2010 NPA Aw ards for Professionalism Nominations Open ICTC Softw are Professionals Survey Click Here for Details "Pow er Within" Event Enterprise Architecture Symposium CIPS Member Benefit - Computer Security CIO Summit - Registration now open CIPS Member Request for Survey Call for Papers All new and renewing CIPS members now receive a one-year Interview s/Blogs/Podcasts free subscription to Trend Micro Worry-Free Business Security CIPS IT Resources Services. Note: Renewing CIPS members will receive this benefit based on their "renewal date", which falls in line with the expiry date on your membership card. This benefit is based on renewal dates from Feb 28th 2010 to Jan 31st 2011. Renew your membership, and get protected! [Click Here for Details] IP3 Update CIPS Community http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs009/1101969017222/archive/1103136679763.html 1/6 5/1/2014 CIPS Ambassador Campaign Launches! Advertisements Above - Steven Joyce during the New Zealand announcement Following a successful launch in 2006, the global professional standards initiative IP3 (see http://www.ipthree.org/) has made some significant progress.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4700 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan Van Leeuwen
    Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4700 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Oscar Nierstrasz University of Bern, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen University of Dortmund, Germany Madhu Sudan Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Moshe Y. Vardi Rice University, Houston, TX, USA Gerhard Weikum Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany Cliff B. Jones Zhiming Liu Jim Woodcock (Eds.) Formal Methods and Hybrid Real-Time Systems Essays in Honour of Dines Bjørner and Zhou Chaochen on the Occasion of Their 70th Birthdays 1 3 Volume Editors Cliff B. Jones Newcastle University, School of Computing Science Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK E-mail: [email protected] Zhiming Liu United Nations University, International Institute for Software Technology Macao, China E-mail: [email protected] Jim Woodcock University of York, Department of Computer Science Heslington, YorkYO10 5DD, UK E-mail: [email protected] The illustration appearing on the cover of this book is the work of Daniel Rozenberg (DADARA). Library of Congress Control Number: 2007935177 CR Subject Classification (1998): D.2, D.3, C.3, F.3-4, C.2, H.4 LNCS Sublibrary: SL 1 – Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN-10 3-540-75220-X Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-75220-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Indian Science
    COMMENT ILLUSTRATION BY PHIL DISLEY BY ILLUSTRATION Free Indian science As elections begin in India, Mathai Joseph and Andrew Robinson call for an end to the stultifying bureaucracy that has held back the nation’s science for decades. ndia’s general elections this month and Indian science is as much structural as it is industry. Three other Indian-born scientists next could be among the most important financial. Before the machinery of govern- have won a Nobel prize — biochemist since it gained independence in 1947. ment took over and mismanaged research Har Gobind Khorana (in 1968), astrophysi- IAfter ten years of a largely indecisive and in the mid-twentieth century, several foun- cist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (in an often scandal-ridden coalition govern- dational scientific discoveries were made 1983) and molecular biologist Venkatraman ment, there are strident demands for better in India. Between about 1900 and 1930, Ramakrishnan (in 2009) — but for work done governance, economic reform, the promo- Jagadish Chandra Bose made innovations entirely outside India. No mathematician tion of manufacturing and improvements in in wireless signalling (borrowed by Italian from India has won the Fields Medal. And agriculture, health care and environmental electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi); Indian institutes and universities do not fea- management. Meghnad Saha developed an ionization for- ture in the world’s top 200 higher-education Sadly, science and its administration, once mula for hot gases that has a central role in institutions (see go.nature.com/bc69uq). seen as central to Indian development, are stellar astrophysics; Satyendra Nath Bose’s The basic problem is that Indian science not currently on the agenda, despite some theoretical work in quantum statistics led to has for too long been hamstrung by a trenchant critiques from scientists and Bose–Einstein statistics; Chandrasekhara bureaucratic mentality that values admin- science policy-makers1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesizing Fault Tolerant Safety Critical Systems
    JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 8, AUGUST 2014 1809 Synthesizing Fault Tolerant Safety Critical Systems Seemanta Saha and Muhammad Sheikh Sadi Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract- To keep pace with today’s nanotechnology, safety Various approaches have been proposed over the years critical embedded systems are becoming less tolerant to to provide fault tolerance for safety critical systems. Some errors. Research into techniques to cope with errors in approaches are based on synthesizing and some are based these systems has mostly focused on transformational on transformations. All these approaches have followed the approach, replication of hardware devices, parallel idea of program modification or program rewriting. Arshad program design, component based design and/or information redundancy. It would be better to tackle the et al. [13] proposed fast detector which has been used in issue early in the design process that a safety critical system distributed embedded system to provide fail safe fault never fails to satisfy its strict dependability requirements. A tolerance. They added the concept of the detector with a fault novel method is outlined in this paper that proposes an intolerant program to transform it to a fault tolerant program. For efficient approach to synthesize safety critical systems. The all possible errors, they checked that any particular program is proposed method outperforms dominant existing work by reachable to bad transitions are not. If bad transitions are introducing the technique of run time detection and reachable from a program state because of fault transitions then completion of proper execution of the system in the presence the earliest inconsistent transition from that program state has of faults.
    [Show full text]