871 casabella 871 1996–2016 indici nuova edizione indices 632–869 new edition marzo 2017 in consultazione esclusiva su: available for reference only at: La liturgia casabellaweb.eu non è un palcoscenico dello spirituale 3 27 66 La liturgia non è un Paolo Zermani. Riforma Kengo Kuma palcoscenico dello spirituale architettonica e liturgica and Associates 4 della Basilica di Sant’Andrea Scopo e senso: l’insegnamento a Mantova ArtLab, Campus EPFL, della liturgia Massimo Ferrari Losanna, Svizzera Francesco Dal Co 30 67 5. Umanizzare le tecnologie, Caruso St John Architects una sfida attuale sotto 18–37 Arredi sacri per la Cattedrale uno stesso tetto Francesca Chiorino Adeguamenti di San Gallo, Svizzera 31 76 liturgici Nel corso del tempo: Dai campi di colza alla a cura di Massimo Ferrari arredi sacri per la Cattedrale megastruttura. 18 di San Gallo Breve storia dell’École 1. Federico Tranfa polytechnique fédérale Dan Flavin de Lausanne Rinnovamento della Chiesa Nicola Braghieri di Santa Maria Annunciata 38–79 in Chiesa Rossa a Milano Massimo Ferrari costruzioni 80–93 20 in legno SOM — Air Force 2. 39 Jannis Kounellis, Hidetoshi Academy Reiulf Ramstad a cura di Marco Biagi Nagasawa, Claudio Parmiggiani, Romsdal Folk Museum, Molde, 82 Ettore Spalletti Norvegia Adeguamento liturgico della SOM New York vs SOM Chicago 40 vs SOM San Francisco: vince cattedrale di Reggio Emilia Alla ricerca di un’identità Massimo Ferrari SOM New York Massimiliano Savorra Nicholas Adams 22 48 3. Nicola De Maria, Jannis Sameep Padora Kounellis, Mimmo Paladino, Centro buddista Jetavan, India 94–97 Claudio Parmiggiani, Sean 49 Biblioteca Un’architettura autoriale e Shanahan, David Simpson 94 Itinerario d’arte sacra nella partecipata per il riscatto sociale Recensioni attraverso la scelta religiosa chiesa di San Fedele a Milano 96 Massimo Ferrari Marco Biagi L’affaire Piranesi 25 56 Giovanna Curcio 4. Hua Li Paolo Zermani Forest Building, Tongzhou, Adeguamento liturgico della Pechino, Cina 98–101 basilica di Sant’Andrea a cura di Marco Mulazzani English Texts a Mantova 57 Artificialmente naturale Michele Bonino 60 Tongzhou New Town Filippo Fiandanese

in copertina: Caruso St John Rudolf Schwarz, Gloria, acquerello Architects, arredi sacri per la e matita, 1923 Cattedrale di San Gallo, Svizzera, Rudolf Schwarz, Gloria, watercolor frammento della decorazione and pencil, 1923

SOMMARIO casabella 871 3 s o m — air force academy

Servizio a cura di Marco Biagi agda b iernat m agda

80 casabella 871 81 1

SOM New York vs SOM Chicago vs SOM alle aule, ai dormitori e al grande piazzale aperto di pertinenza dei San Francisco: vince SOM New York cadetti. Al livello superiore, accessibile al pubblico, si trovano la Harmon Nicholas Adams Hall (l’edificio dell’amministrazione), l’Arnold Hall (l’associazione La Polaris Hall, il nuovo Center for Character studentesca) e la Cadet Chapel. Quest’ultima è l’opera più nota di Netsch; and Leadership progettato dagli architetti una fisarmonica di tetraedri di metallo plissettati e ondulati che evocano dell’ufficio newyorkese di Skidmore, Owings le ali di un aeroplano. È talmente celebre da essere stata riprodotta sui & Merrill, è il primo edificio che si costruisce francobolli da 37 centesimi in occasione del cinquantesimo anniversario nel campus centrale della Air Force Academy dell’Academy, celebrato nel 2004, anno in cui l’intera area dei cadetti è di Colorado Springs dal 1968. Scelta audace stata dichiarata National Historic Monument. All’apparenza, il campus e fantasiosa da parte dell’Air Force, esso è sostanzialmente immutato, con i nuovi edifici generalmente nascosti rappresenta una svolta generazionale sotto il tra le colline al di là dell’area centrale. La perdita architettonica profilo formale e funzionale, dando origine a più rilevante riguarda l’Air Garden disegnato da Dan Kiley, un pattern un nuovo simbolo e offrendo nuovi spazi a scacchiera di riquadri d’erba e acqua1. educativi. Si tratta, anche, di un condensato Malgrado il complesso abbia mantenuto l’aspetto di sempre, di paradossi: esempio di architecture parlante sappiamo bene che il lavoro degli uomini e delle donne dell’aeronautica in un mondo in cui il silenzio è stato a lungo non è più quello della metà degli anni cinquanta. Le nuove tecnologie, la regola, il manufatto rispetta il contesto i sistemi di addestramento e gli allievi hanno oggi necessità che né i in cui si inserisce, ma propone qualcosa di fondatori dell’istituzione né gli architetti di allora potevano immaginare. completamente originale. Per comprendere Anche il ruolo dell’America nel mondo è cambiato. In un determinato la Polaris Hall è necessario conoscere la vita momento, gli usa hanno detenuto il primato sul fronte dell’economia di un’accademia militare: il centro annuncia e della tecnologia, ma il divario con gli altri paesi si è progressivamente l’introduzione di nuovi metodi che col tempo, ridotto e anche i più appassionati sostenitori del making America great si spera, trasformeranno il modo di addestrare [rendere grande l’America] capiscono che la situazione non è più quella gli uomini e le donne dell’aeronautica. Un del passato, di prima che la Russia sviluppasse la bomba atomica o piccolo edificio, dunque, che concentra in sé l’organizzazione economica della Cina fosse invidiata da tutto il mondo. un’idea ambiziosa. Per mantenere la loro posizione ed espandere la loro influenza nel L’Air Force Academy di Colorado Springs mondo, gli Stati Uniti non possono più agire con la forza militare è un grande complesso di fabbricati di stile o il colonialismo economico (o entrambe le cose), ma devono puntare modernista. Lunghe aule accademiche e sull’innovazione. E che ne è dei militari professionisti nel mondo di dormitori circondano, come carri del selvaggio Google ed Apple? Il sistema didattico può essere ancora basato sul West, un piazzale in scala con la pista di un metodo del “saggio sul palco” che dà lezione a centinaia di studenti? aeroporto. Collocato sullo sfondo delle colline E ha senso oggi richiamare la griglia di Mercatore o serve qualcos’altro? magda biernat scure della Ramparts Range, sotto un vasto cielo Intervenire in uno dei luoghi sacri del modernismo non era impresa aperto, il sito ha in sé qualcosa di primordiale: semplice. Walter Netsch (1920–2008), che ha lasciato som nel 1979, è qui ci sono solo l’uomo e la natura. Le sempre stato considerato con estremo rispetto in Colorado. Prima dell’11 perpendicolari del piazzale definiscono il settembre, l’Air Force Academy era la principale attrazione turistica dello 2 1, 2 vedute del piazzale tracciato di percorsi rettilinei che gestisce gli stato, con oltre un milione di visitatori l’anno. L’architetto era rimasto dell’accademia oggi e negli anni spostamenti da un’aula all’altra dei giovani in stretto contatto con l’accademia, che arrivava persino a consultarlo Sessanta, con la Cadet Chapel, sulla sinistra, e l’edificio cadetti e riecheggia più ampi reticolati per ogni nuovo ampliamento del campus centrale. Come Netsch ha dell’amministrazione, sullo geografici e razionali. Progettata da Walter raccontato allo storico dell’architettura Detlef Mertins: «Dicevo loro sfondo Netsch, della sede Skidmore Owings & Merrill di che era necessario lavorare nell’ambito della regola dell’Academy, non views of the academy plaza today and in the 1960s, with 2 Chicago (1954–62), con l’esaustiva consulenza di copiarla, ma rispettarla» . Di certo, se Netsch fosse stato ancora attivo the Cadet Chapel to the left Gordon Bunshaft, dell’ufficio di New York, quando il nuovo progetto ha mosso i primi passi, l’Accademia lo avrebbe and the administration building in the background l’accademia è un’architettura spettacolare. consultato. Di fatto, l’Air Force si è rivolta direttamente a som e, anziché Il campus centrale –riservato ai cadetti– è bandire un concorso aperto a tutti, ha proposto una gara fra le tre sedi diviso in due aree. Il livello inferiore è assegnato principali dello studio: San Francisco (il cui progettista senior, Craig SS ING CH BL E H EDRI CH

82 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill casabella 871 83 Hartman, aveva lavorato con Netsch), Chicago diverse. La colonna si inserisce in uno skyline 3–6 da cui si possono raggiungere la Arnold Hall o i giardini. analizzare il loro ruolo nel momento di schizzo di studio planimetrico, (il cui progettista senior, Brian Lee, si era fino a oggi dominato dai tetraedri della prospetto esterno, prospetto Una stanza è nascosta alla vista. Sul lato sud, alle spalle del palco crisi ne emergono rafforzati. Costruire un luogo appena trasferito da San Francisco) e New York cappella: il nuovo edificio è un razzo piuttosto interno e sviluppo interno di e del podio sopraelevato per l’oratore di turno, c’è la sala riunioni della speciale, riservato all’atto del giudizio, è un (dove il progetto è stato coordinato da Roger che un aeroplano, un obelisco laico piuttosto facciata della cappella di commissione d’onore, la Honor Board Room. Rivestita in legno d’acero, modo per sottolineare la centralità del codice meditazione disegnata da Walter Duffy). La giuria era composta da ufficiali che un tempio. Netsch nel 1998 come le altre sale pubbliche, è illuminata parzialmente da una lunga d’onore nell’aeronautica. Realizzarlo fuori dell’Aeronautica, guidati dal generale di L’accesso formale alla Polaris Hall avviene planimetric study sketch, lampada, in parte incassata nella parete, che dà la sensazione della luce dal campus centrale ne avrebbe sminuito exterior elevation, interior 4 divisione John Regni e dal generale di divisione attraverso una monumentale scalinata di elevation and internal naturale. In questo spazio accogliente ma appartato si concentra il l’importanza . in pensione Ervin Rokke. Del gruppo facevano granito da sud, dalla direzione della cappella. development of the facade programma dell’intero edificio, perché è qui che si riunisce la Lo stemma dell’Air Force Academy ha al of the meditation chapel parte anche la storica e critica Joan Ockman, Oltrepassato l’ingresso con le pareti rivestite designed by Walter Netsch commissione di cadetti che decide le sorti di coloro che devono essere centro Polaris, la stella del Nord, la stella dei Kent Kleinman, preside della facoltà di di vetro azzurro di Murano, si entra nello spazio in 1998 giudicati per un’infrazione al codice d’onore. Per comprendere la sua naviganti, l’unica stella del cielo che non si Architettura della Cornell University, e Robert principale sottostante l’obelisco-lucernario: temibile funzione, è necessario analizzare il codice d’onore e il suo muove. Polaris era il tema del concorso: sia

Nauman, autore del testo di riferimento un salone polifunzionale con un palco per 3 ruolo nelle università americane e nell’Air Force Academy. Hartman sia Lee, per la stessa area, hanno sull’architettura dell’Air Force Academy. La le presentazioni ufficiali e una serie di box Il codice d’onore svolge un ruolo rilevante nelle istituzioni proposto strutture astratte in acciaio e vetro. giuria ha scelto il progetto di New York. Regni sopraelevati per riunioni di piccoli gruppi. accademiche degli Stati Uniti. Alcune emanano direttive piuttosto Il progetto di Duffy, l’edificio oggi completato, ha raccontato che, nel vedere la proposta di Le file di sedie fanno pensare a un ambiente generiche, altre specificano i comportamenti esplicitamente proibiti. fa un riferimento esplicito all’astro che indica Duffy: «Un brivido mi è sceso lungo la schiena; destinato a lezioni e conferenze, ma i tavolini In pratica, si tratta di ciò che nessun ufficiale o persona per bene, uomo il Nord con l’obelisco rastremato orientato verso io ed Erv [Rokke] ci siamo guardati: per noi, o le poltroncine rotonde rendono l’atmosfera o donna che sia, farebbe mai. Il codice d’onore sottende la vita Polaris, in cima al quale si apre un oculo che Roger aveva appena segnato un grande slam. meno formale, trasformandolo in una zona accademica, è qualcosa di cui si parla quando viene infranto, ma che per la incornicia. La stella dei naviganti rimarrà Lui e il suo team avevano fatto centro con una per discussioni di gruppo. Dominato dal vuoto lo più rimane latente nel tran-tran quotidiano. In genere, nelle istituzioni visibile per altri dodicimila anni. Secondo Plinio struttura unica e moderna, capace di soddisfare dell’obelisco inclinato e dal reticolo a rombi, accademiche statunitensi, gli studenti sottoscrivono la loro accettazione il Vecchio, gli obelischi erano rappresentazioni tutte le nostre esigenze, per di più dotata lo spazio si presta all’educazione attiva, del codice all’ammissione. È possibile che debbano rinnovare l’impegno simboliche dei raggi solari che raggiungevano di un simbolismo che coglie l’essenza stessa diventando così il cuore stesso del nuovo di tanto in tanto (durante le prove d’esame, per esempio), ma il codice la Terra. Il lucernario della Polaris Hall inverte 3 della nostra accademia» . Centro. Qui si tengono conferenze, lezioni e 4 non è sempre in cima ai loro pensieri. Le istituzioni a sfondo religioso i termini del rapporto: l’obelisco punta verso Vista dall’esterno, la Polaris Hall appare briefing. Sui lati est e ovest della sala centrale, ci tendono a enfatizzare maggiormente certe regole, i divieti sono più una stella visibile solo di notte attraverso come un lucernaio inclinato di acciaio e vetro sono sette stanze con pareti a vetro (quattordici specifici e il rinnovo dell’impegno più frequente. Le istituzioni laiche l’apertura alla sommità. Siamo di fronte alto 32 metri, che si innalza dal piazzale aperto in totale), chiamate Collaboration Rooms, sono più generiche al riguardo. Le accademie militari sono un discorso a un notevole esempio di architecture parlante, del campus superiore in un’area nota come attrezzate con doppi schermi e postazioni per a parte. La preparazione di uomini e donne alla professione militare che pone le virtù del buon carattere e della Honor Court. L’esterno è uniforme, mentre, computer, in cui i cadetti possono lavorare ai esige il rispetto della parola data e dell’onore. Durante i combattimenti, leadership al centro della vita militare. all’interno, le forze laterali determinano vari incarichi in gruppi e in collaborazione con nei terribili momenti di incertezza, il codice d’onore è ancora un punto All’interno dell’aula in cui si riunisce la l’ossatura architettonica di acciaio a vista, colleghi di altre accademie militari (possono di riferimento fondamentale. O, per lo meno, così dovrebbe essere. corte d’onore, si trova un tavolo rettangolare modellando in due dimensioni le lastre di collegarsi anche con ufficiali di stanza in In anni recenti, le accademie militari degli Stati Uniti hanno dovuto intorno al quale siede la commissione. A destra misure diverse. Ne risulta un profilo interno Europa o in Medio Oriente). Specchi riflettenti affrontare situazioni critiche legate alle denunce di truffe, molestie e a sinistra del tavolo, due file di poltroncine morbido e variegato. L’acciaio è maggiormente sospesi come mobiles di Calder catturano la 5 sessuali e atti di nonnismo. Riportare il codice d’onore al centro della consentono ai membri dell’accademia di presente sul lato sud, dov’è necessaria la luce, reindirizzandola all’interno. Le due strisce vita dell’accademia aeronautica è il frutto di decisioni architettoniche assistere al procedimento; altri possono protezione dal sole. In un campus con veri di giardini chiamate Air Terraces fiancheggiano audaci. L’idoneità di tali scelte può essere valutata solo alla luce di accomodarsi nelle sedie disposte dietro una aeroplani parcheggiati nel piazzale, l’edificio il salone e gli uffici del corpo docente a est un’analisi del codice d’onore della Air Force Academy. doppia parete di vetro. L’imputato prende posto non è affatto fuori posto: qualcuno ha e a ovest. Gli interni di questi studi, in una calda All’Air Force Academy, rispettare il codice d’onore non significa a un’estremità del tavolo e, guardando in alto, paragonato il lucernario inclinato di 39 gradi tonalità acciaio grigio-azzurro, creano un effetto soltanto evitare il disonore –non ingannare, non mentire, non rubare, può far scorrere lo sguardo lungo la linea alla coda di un velivolo sepolto nel terreno di raccoglimento e un appropriato senso di le tre regole principali– ma comporta una responsabilità collettiva. centrale dell’obelisco inclinato puntato su antistante il muro di marmo bianco della sobria efficienza istituzionale, lo stesso che Il giudizio è solo l’inizio di un processo di autocoscienza da parte del Polaris, a indicare il vero nord verso cui il Arnold Hall. Il vetro stampato impiegato sul caratterizzava gli edifici originari all’epoca della gruppo a cui appartiene il colpevole (il reparto, il corso accademico cadetto dovrebbe sempre dirigersi. Per citare fronte meridionale produce all’esterno della loro costruzione. Benché collocati sotto il livello 6 o la squadriglia). Il gruppo poteva prevedere la possibile infrazione i versi di Shakespeare: «I cieli sono dipinti facciata un effetto simile a nebbia o a nuvole del piazzale, gli uffici e il salone sono affacciati e fare qualcosa per evitarla? Il gruppo avrebbe dovuto riconoscere da scintille innumerevoli; sono tutte di fuoco in movimento. Osservando la costruzione su questi spazi verdi. All’estremità nord la condizione di difficoltà in cui si trovava quella persona? I cadetti e ognuna splende: ma soltanto una, tra tutte, da lontano, le proporzioni appaiono del tutto dell’aula principale si apre un’uscita alternativa, che ammettono le loro mancanze e i colleghi che si compattano per mantiene saldo il suo posto»5.

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Note Conseguito il diploma all’Air Force dovevano rimanere soddisfatti. Roger Duffy 1 Gli Air Gardens di Kiley provocavano infiltrazioni e sono Academy, questi giovani uomini e donne e il suo team hanno fatto di tutto per garantire stati svuotati nei primi anni potrebbero trovarsi nelle condizioni di prendere loro che il punto in cui i nuovi materiali settanta. È possibile che nel decisioni di vita o di morte; l’impegno a incontravano i vecchi fosse appena percepibile. prossimo futuro siano ripristinati. rispettare il codice d’onore è il fondamento La Polaris Hall rispetta il reticolo a moduli 2 Walter Netsch Interviewed by della loro carriera militare. Hanno bisogno di 2,13 metri utilizzato in origine nel campus. Detlef Mertins May 21, 2001, 1700 North Hudson Street, Chicago, in di una direzione chiara. I vetri di Murano dei grandi atri rimandano «SOM Journal», n. 1, 2001, p. 146. Il team di Duffy si è mosso con grande all’azzurro, al giallo e al rosso di altre pareti 3 John F. Regni, History and Evolution of the Center for equilibrio. Gli edifici che significano qualcosa del campus. Il nuovo edificio riprende anche Character and Leadership non vengono più apprezzati, scartati insieme il granito di Cold Spring, in Minnesota Development (CCLD), 2005-2009, saggio inedito datato 11 ottobre al postmodernismo. Al loro posto sorgono (Rockville Beige), utilizzato in tutta l’Academy. 2012, p. 12. i vari Gherkin (lo Swiss Re Building di Londra, L’intelaiatura d’acciaio grigio dell’obelisco 4 I temi della “leadership”, del “buon carattere” e i nuovi detto, appunto, “il Cetriolo”) e Turning Torso, è di certo coerente con il bianco e il grigio delle metodi di insegnamento Shard (la Scheggia) e Cheesegrater (il contigue Arnold Hall e Harmon Hall. La vista vengono presi in considerazione dagli anni Novanta. Leadenhall Building di Londra, sulla Cadet Chapel continua a rimanere libera 5 William Shakespeare, Giulio soprannominato “la Grattugia”), edifici per e l’ossatura interna del lucernaio evoca i Cesare, atto II, scena 1, traduzione a cura di Agostino uffici e torri residenziali, ognuno con la sua contrafforti angolari lungo i lati della cappella. Lombardo, Feltrinelli, Milano etichetta commerciale. Eppure Duffy vanta Netsch pensava che un eventuale ampliamento 2000. una lunga esperienza con artisti come James del campus dovesse “rispettarne la regola” e, 6 Clifford Geertz,Centers, Kings & Charisma: Reflections on the Turrel, con cui ha realizzato la Greenwich nel 1998, aveva anche eseguito degli schizzi per Symbolics of Power, in Local Academy (2000-02) e il Koch Center for Science, una cappella di meditazione (per coloro che Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretative Anthropology, Basic Math, and Technology della Deerfield Academy non si sentivano a proprio agio nella Cadet Books, New York 1983, p. 125. (2005-07). Tra gli altri collaboratori, vanno Chapel) caratterizzata da una parete articolata Ringraziamenti citati Iñigo Mangiano-Ovalle, Lawrence a griglia diagonale, non dissimile dallo schema All’Air Force Academy ho Wiener, Rita McBride e Robert Whitman. Tutti dell’intradosso del lucernaio del nuovo edificio. conosciuto Thomas J. Berry Jr., vicedirettore del Center for i suoi progetti denotano un grande rispetto per Duffy e i suoi collaboratori hanno rispettato Character and Leadership la forza dello spazio, per le qualità della luce l’ordine del luogo. Development, e il generale di divisione in pensione Ervin J. naturale e per la chiarezza della struttura. Il nuovo edificio si presenta con grandi Rokke, ex presidente del Center Nell’aeroporto di Mumbai (2011-15), così come ambizioni. È un’attestazione del fatto che il for Character and Leadership Development, che mi hanno nel caso della Air Force Academy, la struttura significato insito nei progetti di Netsch abbia aiutato a capire il contesto in cui si fa tema artistico. perso mordente agli occhi delle nuove magda biernat si colloca la Polaris Hall. Duane Sessanta anni fa, gli ufficiali generazioni e che, per quanto straordinari Boyle, architetto residente presso l’Air Force Academy ha risposto dell’aeronautica militare statunitense si possano essere gli edifici originali, il alle mie tante domande. Da assunsero un grosso rischio nel costruire un modernismo degli anni Cinquanta produce Skidmore Owings & Merrill, Roger Duffy, Frank Mahan, Scott campus modernista. Frank Lloyd Wright lo un’impressione di compiaciuta familiarità (in 7 11 biblioteca 12 Fairchild Hall 8 Duncan ed Emma Bird mi hanno descrisse come una “fabbrica di uomini volanti” altre parole: noi guardiamo a quell’epoca allo prospettiva da sud-est con la (aule per la didattica) 13 Mitchell generosamente fornito materiali cappella del campus in primo Hall (mensa) 14 Sijan Hall e risorse. Inoltre, ho avuto modo e le tonanti critiche dei membri del Congresso stesso modo in cui la generazione di Eiffel piano (dormitorio) di discutere del nuovo edificio 4 di allora oggi sono più che altro una lettura guardava a Schinkel). La Polaris Hall cambia perspective from southeast siteplan. Legend: 1 visitors’ con David Hill, di Denver. Il testo with the campus chapel in parking 2 Planetarium di riferimento sull’architettura divertente. Adesso il territorio sacro del campus letteralmente il profilo dell’Academy e aspira the foreground 3 Harmon Hall 5 dell’Air Force Academy è: Robert 9 9 originario viene difeso con uguale passione. anche a qualcosa di più profondo: ricaricare 8 (administration) 4 Arnold 1 Allen Nauman, On the Wings of planimetria generale. Legenda: Hall (students’ center) 3 Modernism: The United States Air Per costruire un nuovo edificio era necessario di valore rituale gli spazi sacri dell’accademia, 8 1 parcheggio per i visitatori 5 Center for Character and 6 Force Academy, University of avere il consenso interno e superare i timori spostando, per citare Clifford Geertz, «il centro 2 Planetarium 3 Harmon Hall Leadership Development 11 Illinois Press, Urbana e Chicago (amministrazione) 4 Arnold Hall (ccld) 6 public level “honor 2004. che la nuova costruzione sminuisse quelle già della società per affermare il suo legame con il (circolo studentesco) 5 Center court” 7 Cadet Chapel 8 cadet 6 10 esistenti. Forse, solo questa tensione ha reso trascendente» . Il progetto di som riesce a farlo for Character and Leadership level “terrace” 9 Vandenburg 12 Development (ccld) 6 livello Hall (dormitory) 10 Air possibile un simile progetto. I generali con inattesa effervescenza. pubblico “Corte d’onore” 7 Garden 11 library 12 Fairchild Cadet Chapel 8 livello cadetti Hall (classrooms) 13 Mitchell “La terrazza” 9 Vandenburg Hall Hall (dining hall) 14 Sijan (dormitorio) 10 Air Garden Hall (dormitory) 14 14 13

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scala 1/5000 9 11

9 pianta del piano terra. Legenda: 1 salone polifunzionale 2 sala riunioni della commissione d’onore 3 Collaboration rooms 17 7 4 sala per seminari 5 biblioteca d’onore 6 uffici 7 sala riunioni

15 8 scalone cerimoniale 9 piazza 6 di accesso 10 Air Terrace 11 atrio sud 12 atrio nord 13 ingresso d’onore 14 ingresso cadetti

16 15 ingresso alla Arnold Hall 10 16 Arnold Hall 17 seminterrato della Harmon Hall ground floor plan. Legend 1 multifunctional hall

3 2 Honor Committee meeting room 3 collaboration rooms 4 4 seminars 5 library 6 offices 7 meeting room 8 ceremonial staircase 9 access plaza

8 11 2 1 12 9 10 Air Terrace 11 south lobby 12 north lobby 13 honor entrance 14 cadet entrance 15 entrance to Arnold Hall 4 16 Arnold Hall 17 semi- 5 3 basement of Harmon Hall 10 sezione longitudinale. Legenda: 1 sala riunioni della commissione

10 d’onore 2 oculo 3 lucernario 4 oculo del lucernario 5 salone polifunzionale 6 scalone cerimoniale 7 piazza di accesso 8 Harmon Hall 9 Arnold Hall longitudinal section. Legend: 6 14 13 1 Honor Committee meeting room 2 oculus 3 skylight 4 skylight oculus 5 multifunctional hall 6 ceremonial staircase 0 20m 10 7 access plaza 8 Harmon Hall 9 Arnold Hall 11 veduta della piazza d’accesso sul lato nord view of the access plaza on the north side

4

3 scala 1/800

8

2 9

6 1 5 7

0 25m l auer david

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scala 1/1000 12

13, 14 13 viste del lucernario da est e da ovest views of the skylight from east and west 15 l’accesso sud dal livello pubblico della Corte d’onore south access from the public level of the honor court agda b iernat m agda

14

magda biernat agda b iernat m agda

15

12 veduta da sudo-vest con lo scalone cerimoniale in primo piano e la Arnold Hall alle spalle view from southwest with the ceremonial staircase in the foreground and Arnold Hall behind it agda b iernat m agda

90 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill casabella 871 91 19

16 dati del progetto progetto Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP: Roger Duffy (Design Partner), Anthony Vacchione (Managing Partner), Scott Duncan, Frank Mahan (Senior Designer), Thierry Landis (Technical Coordinator) strutture Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP: Charles Besjak (Director), Preetam Biswas impianti, ingegneria civile e sostenibilità Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP illuminotecnica Brandston Partnership acustica, impianti audiovisivi e informatici

agda b iernat m agda Cerami & Associates consulente teatrale 17 Fisher Dachs Associates conservazione storica Robert Nauman preventivo costi Faithful + Gould rilievi topografici Nolte Associates sicurezza antincendio CCI test galleria del vento RWDI committente United States Air Force Academy dati dimensionali 8.000 mq superficie dell’area 4.320 mq superficie costruita cronologia 2008: progetto 2016: costruzione localizzazione david lauer Colorado Springs, Colorado, agda b iernat m agda Stati Uniti 18 fotografie Magda Biernat, David Lauer 16 18 scorcio delle Collaboration la sala riunioni della rooms sui lati del salone commissione d’onore, polifunzionale illuminata attraverso un oculo a view of the Collaboration soffitto in asse con il lucernario rooms on the sides of the di copertura multifunctional hall the Honor Committee 17 meeting room, lit through il salone centrale per conferenze, an oculus in the ceiling on lezioni e briefing sotto axis with the roof skylight l’obelisco-lucernario 19 the central hall for veduta notturna dall’ingresso conferences, lectures and sud briefings under the obelisk- nocturnal view from the skylight south entrance agda b iernat m agda

92 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill casabella 871 93 page 40 the installation of shows. The archives, acteristic butterfly roof, with inverted tremities, and draw the attention of vis- “rational” and “sensitive,” already ap- Last fall 12 pairs of designers, each com- same section for the entire extension of est in the food sector, with its headquar- Searching for an identity storerooms and workshops are in the pitches, which makes it possible to see itors to the statue of the Buddha in the plied in previous works. For example, posed of one Chinese public architect the building, thus making the cladding ters a few kilometers from Lausanne. Massimiliano Savorra basement (served by a large freight el- the tops of the nearby Nīm and Gulmo- Dharmachakra mudra inside the prayer in the museum of Gaoligong in Yunnan and one foreign firm, were invited to de- modular and prefabricated. The external In the meantime another industry, that evator). har trees above the small temple com- hall, and the image of Sarasvatī, the Hin- Province (2008), where a plan organized sign the master plan of the 155 square enclosure is made in larch wood, while of tourism, was growing by leaps and «The scent of fresh wood is among the Though the main exhibition spac- plex. The “holy forest” –devrai or deo- du goddess of knowledge and the arts, by means of geometric repetitions cor- kilometers of the new center. The com- the roof is in slabs of slate, both mate- bounds. On the shores of the lake and on last things you will forget when the veil es are completely closed to give the cu- rai in the local dialect– is effectively a in the training room. responds to an articulation of the roof- petition, whose results were quickly an- rials that belong to the Swiss tradition, the hills to the east overlooking the wa- falls». One is reminded of the words of rators total control of the artificial light- theme cherished by both the Hindu and ing in closer tune with the landscape; or nounced, involved outstanding names while a strong reference to traditional ter, local entrepreneurs built big luxu- the Norwegian poet Hans Børli when ing, the other parts of the museum have Buddhist traditions. The name select- in the Rockview Teahouse, built in 2015 like Norman Foster, MVRDV, Christian Japanese architecture is conveyed by the ry hotels with hundreds of rooms, ready looking at this work by the studio Re- different openings gauged to filter light ed for the center, Jetavan, links back to page 57 in an abandoned quarry in the prov- de Portzamparc, Ove Arup, SOM and AE- pacing of the portals whose lines are like to welcome large European families in julf Ramstad. In fact, a cold land exists that enhances the interiors across the the myth of the monastery of the same Artificially natural ince of Shandong, which displays a rig- COM. All six sub-areas addressed by the the torii, the large gates that mark the flight from the turmoil of Europe during where burning wood is much more than seasons, with always changing effects. name, or vihara –the “grove of Jeta in the Michele Bonino orous constructive sections and a plan competition share frontage on the Grand start of the sacred area of temples. The the “short century.” Thanks to the mild a source of warmth. It has been magical- The high-performance casements some- garden of Anāthapin. d. ika at Śrāvastī”– cut out to adapt to the position of trees Canal, the world’s longest artificial wa- pale gray tone of the wooden facing and climate and the incomparable beauty of ly captured by the writer Lars Mytting, times contain screen printed glass, ac- where Gautama Buddha preached and To the east of Beijing, the Grand Ca- and rocks. In the words of the design- terway (1800 kilometers) which since the dark gray of the roof make the build- its views, the city managed, from the end who starting with Børli’s suggestions centing the variations of the light during spent 19 of his 45 vassa. The land do- nal Forest Park has recently been built, er, the Forest Building «explores a spa- its construction (7th century) has trans- ing a poised, discreet presence in spite of the 19th century, to transform itself has narrated, in Hel Ved. Alt om hog- the long –or very short, depending on nated for the project by the benefactor a forested strip that runs for 8 kilome- tial system generated by additive units ported goods and people between Hang- of its considerable length. The wooden into the most sought-after tourism cent- ging, stabling og tørking – og vedfyringens the season– Norwegian days. Samir Somaiya is located in the zone of a ters along the Grand Canal, the world’s to respond to the uncertainty of the pro- zhou and Beijing. The canal has been in- ceiling generates an almost domestic at- er in western Switzerland. Lausanne, to- sjel, how the art of wood can be an un- As for the construction materials, sugar refining plant of his property, near longest artificial waterway (1800 kilom- gram, but also a structural form and a cluded in the UNESCO heritage listings mosphere. gether with nearby Montreux and Vevey, usual and unexpected path of redemp- as we were saying, pine –the most high- the village of Vari, in rural Maharashtra. eters), a part of Chinese history over the construction system that respond to the since 2014. The overall meaning of the operation is became a place capable of attracting in- tion. How to choose the trees, how to ly prized wood of the Norwegian forests– The structure is for devotees of the Dalit last 1000 years. The park has the job of character of the place». Where the first The Grand Canal is therefore about to outlined by the president of EPFL Patrick ternational elites throughout the year. cut them, how to pile the firewood and covers a steel structure and is used for Buddhist movement promoted, start- reconciling the relationship between the aspect is concerned, the explicit refer- become the axis of growth of the larg- Aebisher: «Apart from its architectural Industry and luxury tourism were a per- dry it for burning, how to build houses. the interiors and the outer walls, as well ing in the 1950s, by the activist Bhimrao Grand Canal –an infrastructure of great ence point is the “No-stop City” of Ar- est new town of the Beijing metropol- enclosure, the ArtLab is a research pro- fect combination for the growth of the The phases of the lessons of life –prag- as the roof. Coated with biological oil, Ramji Ambedkar to improve the lives of landscape value– and the new town of chizoom, as a model of indeterminate itan area. On its banks, one of the few ject through which EPFL and its partners old rural canton, which was still main- matic but also spiritual– on the relation- the wood –an authentic source of inspi- the victims of the Hindu caste system. Tongzhou, presently under construction growth. The client –a developer involved vestiges of the past of Tongzhou, a pago- intend to explore the universe of digi- ly engaged in the production of products ship between man and nature, passed ration for all Norwegians, as Lars Myt- The project, assigned to the architect in an area of over 150 square kilometers. in the making of the new Tongzhou– did da from the 17th century that is now the tal humankind, an emerging field rich in to fill up the shelves of supermarkets in down in silence for centuries by the men ting explains– supplies a character that Sameep Padora, based in Mumbai and The city of Beijing is moving its munic- not supply a functional program, but re- tallest in Beijing, will soon be surround- questions and stimuli.» Effectively, each Switzerland and the pantries of the fed- of the North, immortalized by the poet changes with the seasons, the hours previously the creator of several small ipal government center to Tongzhou, in quested a building that would be capable ed by the parade of towers announced by of the three areas has characteristics of eral armed forces: not particularly good of Eidskog. of the day and the weather conditions. works of remarkable quality (see «Casa- an about-face with respect to the 20th- of growing and adapting to functions of the promotional renderings. Here too, innovation along with a capacity to com- wines, modest cheeses, rather unremark- The poetic figures evoked by Bør- Looking at the Romsdal Folk Museum bella» no. 811, March 2012), has been de- century tradition of designing new cities promotion, refreshment and hospitali- as in other cases based on the success- municate, particularly in relation to in- able tobacco, chocolate bars and hard-to- li help us to approach the Romsdal Folk from this standpoint, we also have to veloped with the “liturgical” consult- to host the national capital, destined in ty, which could be more precisely defined ful model of Shanghai Pudong, the riv- stallation techniques, and the theme of digest sausages. Museum, for which the use of this mate- consider the fact that the construction ing of the monk of Czech origin Bhante this case to remain inside the Forbidden over time based on the progress of the erfront will become the theatrical device storage and use of “big data.” The World’s Fair was a great success. The rial seems fundamental. While the vol- rests on the ground while rising towards Dhammadipa, and the “technical” ad- City, symbol of the homeland for all Chi- real estate operations. Overlaid on the used to channel the urban promise of “Noir, c’est noir?” is the first exhibition recyclable pavilions, the prefabricated umes of the museum suggest the mor- the sky, with the surface of the roof vice of the Hunnarshala Foundation, an nese people. «A river, two banks, six land- “rational” geometric organization of the the Chinese city of the 21st century. in the “Arts & Science” space, examining theater by Max Bill, the lake submarine phology of the surrounding context, the bent, higher at the extremities. Above institution based in Bhuj, Gujarat, that scape areas, eighteen viewing points» is plan, the “sensitive” dimension of the the works of the French artist Pierre Sou- by Auguste Piccard and the electronic pine wood determines the overall char- all, we should focus on the lateral walls, has the mission of safeguarding and re- the slogan with which the park presents project takes on the form of a forest of lage made with new photographic tech- symphony for 156 machines left an indel- acter of this building nominated for the which make a decisive contribution to viving regional construction traditions itself to visitors who enter, leaving be- trees in lamellar wood, below which vis- page 67 nologies. Promoted by Fondation Gan- ible mark on local society and culture. Mies van der Rohe Award 2017. the insertion of the building in the sur- in India through the training and direct hind the worksites and the fallow fields. itors can relax and watch the canal, pro- Humanizing technologies: a timely dur, the program encourages research Lausanne wanted to become the Europe- The result of a competition held rounding context. The treated wood, involvement of the population. The encounter between two gigantic hu- tected by shelters clad in wooden shin- challenge under the same roof and innovation in the exhibition dis- an capital of research and innovation. english in 2007, the work by Rejulf Ramstad which changes in appearance based on In the case in question, to avoid sacri- man works –the new city and the ancient gles, but also by the brands of real trees Francesca Chiorino plays. The concerts of the famous Mon- The following spring, after the closure of Arkitekter is inserted in an area near different lighting conditions, creates a ficing some of the plants on the land, canal– relies on nature, or more precise- incorporated in the new construction. treux Festival, whose archives are con- Expo64, the government council decid- texts Molde –a small town known for its jazz link with the nature of the site and the the large settlement program has been ly its contemplation. Among the 18 view- Large glazed perimeter surfaces visual- ArtLab, the new building by Kengo Kuma served and digitalized at EPFL, are the ed to move the university outside the ur- festival– as an addition to the Romsdal- existing vernacular constructions. split up into six contiguous blocks ar- ing points –bridges, platforms, belve- ly connect indoor and outdoor spaces; for the campus of the École Polytech- core offering of the “Montreux Jazz ban center. The canton provided a vast museet, an open-air museum complex Nevertheless, the figures and mate- ranged irregularly over a crepidine of deres– described with evocative names the solid walls are made in packed earth nique Fédérale of Lausanne, responds Café,” where visitors can listen in an im- area to the west of the city, at the en- founded in 1912 by Peter Tønder Solem- rials take on a meaning in the museum three steps around a central courtyard like “picturesque scene on the island of gathered in the territory of the park and to several needs expressed by the client mersive way, also thanks to new devic- trance to the new highway built to con- da, which includes about 50 buildings that goes beyond a mere combination for community events and a tiny access the moon” or “joyous movement amidst mixed with gravel, cement and yellow from the initial phases of the competi- es developed by EPFL, perusing 50 years nect Expo64 to the international airport moved there from various places in the of parts. As in other works completed patio. The two main spaces are the med- the trees,” there is also the Forest Build- and red ferrite; the artificial base follows tion held in 2012 and won by the Japa- of music history in 5000 hours of AV re- of Geneva. Several hectares of country- region. In a vast park near a lake, the by Rejulf Ramstad, be they landscape itation hall and a training workshop; the ing by Hua Li, facing the water and the the jagged perimeter of the roofs. Raised nese architect with the project “Under cordings. Finally, the third volume is a side and woods, surrounded by farms, natural setting of Moldejazz, the set- projects (like the Trollstigen Nation- smaller volumes contain the administra- large worksites of the new municipal cit- about half a meter from the ground, One Roof.” The new building had not true showcase for the most innovative re- facing south towards the extraordinary tlement is formed by barns, farmhous- al Tourist Route Project, see «Casabella» tion offices, services and guestrooms. adel beyond the Canal. the platform on which the construction only to contain certain central functions search projects of EPFL, aimed not only panorama of the lake and Mont Blanc. A es, spaces for the working of ice, storage no. 790) or works based on research on The terse linear architecture of the Hua, at the helm of TAO/Trace Archi- rests protects the wooden structures for the growth of the Swiss campus and at the students of the entire campus, large plain was set aside for the construc- structures, a small chapel (with decora- forms (like the Community Church of buildings intentionally avoids any refer- tecture Office (Museum of Gaoligong, from dampness, while making it possi- be useful to communicate a series of pro- but also at visitors, in a large education- tion of the schools of engineering and ar- tions salvaged from abandoned church- Knarvik, completed in 2014), the build- ence to the symbolism of Buddhist tem- «Casabella» no. 802, 2011), is one of the ble to create a technical space for physi- jects connected with new technologies, al platform. chitecture, in an area used for the cul- es) and a road, “Bygata,” faced by the ing at Molde should not be seen as a ples, while the collaboration with the most brilliant designers of his genera- cal plant elements, completely freeing up but also to re-establish a balance of spac- tivation of rapeseed, expropriated years typical houses of the region in the pre- mere geometric exercise inspired by Hunnarshala Foundation can be seen tion, with a degree from the mid-1990s the inner surfaces of the “trees”; at the es of circulation and recreation that had earlier with the idea of building an inter- war era. the surrounding nature, but instead as in the organization of the worksite with from Tsinghua University in Beijing, the same time, it is a way to indicate to visi- developed spontaneously around the page 76 national airport, a dream that was sty- The pavilion has the aim of contain- an episode of that pursuit of identifica- volunteer labor (shramadaan) and in country’s most outstanding school, and tors that they are entering, without cross- Rolex Learning Center by SANAA, built From rapeseed fields to megastructures. mied by popular demand. The western ing the history of a community and the tion of a people with a place described the use of experimental and sustaina- subsequent experience in the USA. He ing thresholds or barriers, a different in 2010. A short history of EPFL countryside of Lausanne, which seemed identity of a region in a work of archi- by Norberg-Schulz, and the patient con- ble construction solutions. There is sys- shares this background with his contem- space, suspended in a refined balance Kuma responded to the functional pro- Nicola Braghieri boundless and wild at the time, sudden- tecture that is configured, like the oth- struction of a relationship between man tematic use of humble materials and poraries Zhang Ke, head of Zhao/Stand- between artifice and nature – a sophisti- gram which called for three distinct and ly became a huge worksite. In Septem- ers in the park, as a true attraction. For and nature, based on long periods of resources, found in the vicinity and ap- ardarchitecture (Visitors’ Center and cated game that alludes to that of Tong- independent areas with the expedient of In the summer of 1964 Lausanne host- ber 1970 the first students arrived in Do- this reason the form of the construction time and above all impalpable silences. plied in an unconventional way: the Meditation Garden in Tibet, «Casabel- zhou, a new city that makes a mostly ar- a single roof of 235 meters, below which ed a World’s Fair. At the start of the 1960s rigny to take the preparatory courses of has the look of a tapered rocky moun- load-bearing walls in rammed earth, for la» no. 802, 2011; Micro-Hutong, «Casa- tificial nature into the foundation for its to create the sequence of a “Technolo- the capital of the Canton of Vaud was the university. tain clad in wood, which in the winter example, use basalt dust from a nearby bella» no. 837, 2014), and Zhang Li, own- urban growth. gy & Information” gallery, an “Arts & Sci- still a heterogeneous urban cluster at In January 1969 the polytechnic school months, in the vibrant light, can also page 49 quarry and ashes from industrial plants er of Teamminus (Jianamani Visitors’ ence” pavilion, and the Montreux Jazz the center of a large rural territory, with- become an independent institution, sep- look like an icicle. To make the pavilion Signature and participatory architecture that would otherwise be costly to dis- Center, «Casabella» no. 837, 2014). Eru- Café. The complex is located along the out any specific calling other than agri- arating from the cantonal university, and the architects have imagined mountain- for social renewal through religious pose of; the floors are finished with cow dite and equipped with international ex- page 60 street the runs along the buildings to the culture and elite tourism. Some historic with the name EPFL it was raised to the ous terrain composed of jagged, point- choice manure with antiseptic properties; the perience, these architects now in their Tongzhou new town west of the campus, leaving a large free buildings and many bourgeois edific- status of a federal school. It therefore re- ed boulders, combined with the typi- Marco Biagi special forks supporting the roof pitches forties have revitalized the profession- Filippo Fiandanese area towards the volume by Kazujo Se- es, a castle, the college and the cathe- quired an independent campus. The pre- cal Norwegian wooden house resting on are made with wood salvaged from the al life of the capital, combining the dom- jima and offering, with its long portico, dral were perched at the top of the hills liminary project developed by the com- stone, slightly raised at certain points Elementary, but not ingenuous or banal, demolition of boats at the Alang ship- inant model of large public or univer- In Tongzhou, the eastern district of the shelter for those moving along the north- below which ran the railroad and the mission to launch the competition called and covered with earth, a reminder of the Jetavan Buddhist meditation and yards, and even the terracotta roof tiles sity design institutes with their ateliers Municipality of Beijing, the most impor- south axis, while permitting permeabili- streams to drive the mills. In those nar- for the construction of a very dense, al- the way men usually stack wood in these training center, in India, is a work that come from demolished buildings. Under opened shortly after graduation, which tant urban transformation in China is ty along the east-west axis, thanks to two row valleys many workshops had al- most urban complex, which would sug- climes (to explain their idea, the design- reconciles architecture with its techni- the latter, the decks have been replaced have now expanded to employ 30 to 40 in progress today. Having grown up as a tunnels that cross the building, divid- ready existed, for centuries, as well as a gest the transdisciplinary character of ers simply use the figure of a mountain cal and ideal foundations. It reconnects by innovative rolls of dried mud –ob- collaborators. The themes of their re- residential suburb of the capital, in 2004 ing it into the three required function- large slaughterhouse and the first man- the institution. In concrete terms, the and a house joined by a +). it, first of all, to an artisan dimension, tained by soaking hemp cloths wrapped search can be summed up using the mar- Tongzhou was identified by the master al blocks. ufacturing firms. Lausanne, unlike Ge- idea was to connect all the technical de- In functional terms, the museum and the concrete essence of the act of around strips of wood in damp clay– ket solutions (standard) widespread in plan of Beijing as one of the future cent- To preserve the view from the plaza to- neva or Basel, was not a city for heavy in- partments through a single structure, is organized on two levels: the ground building; it puts it back in tune with the that guarantee more effective insulation many public design institutes, through ers of urban and economic development wards the lake, the volume has a depth dustry, and it had rapidly gained wealth avoiding the traditional separation in floor, flexible thanks to large sliding sense of place, the community, the abil- from the intense sunlight. variations on the theme and reinterpre- in the region. About ten years later the of 5 meters at the northern end and wid- thanks to the successful industrial trans- independent pavilions, as on Ameri- doors, is set aside for temporary and ity to express this; and it takes architec- But the true invention of the project is tations; reduced to minimum terms in first worksites appeared for the construc- ens to 16 at the southern extremity. For formation of several small food produc- can campuses. The schemes provided permanent exhibitions, as well as offic- ture back, finally, to the authenticity of a represented by the successful structur- the constructive conception to bring out tion of a vast business center, to supple- this continuously varying section, the ers. The story of Henri Nestlé is a good for the competitors were quite explic- es, with areas for an auditorium, a small form not developed for the sake of mar- al anomaly of the formidable channel the intellectual dimension (minus); or ment the Central Business District of studio has developed a structural solu- example: in the second half of the 19th it: a megastructure which would contain library on local history, and a lounge keting, but created to establish relation- beams in reinforced concrete, poured at rooted in the places and traditions of Beijing. Activity in the area became fre- tion that combines wood and steel. By century he had already made brilliant ex- all the necessary functions in a flexible, with cafe. The permanent and tempo- ships of use and perception through the midpoint along the longitudinal axis China (trace). netic, at the end of 2015, after the pub- modifying the proportion of the wood- periments with the production of pow- evolving way. Seven Swiss studios were rary exhibition zones can be combined, structural invention that shifts the ob- of the two larger halls. They support the Drawing on these shared foundations, lic disclosure of the decision to move the steel composition, it has been possi- dered milk, and in a few decades his firm invited to take part, including the firm of giving the curators the possibility of ject away from the norm. The particular rise of the wings of the roof, function- Hua Li approaches the design of the For- offices of the Municipality of Beijing to ble to make the 57 portals of the struc- grew from a small local company to a Luigi Snozzi, based in Ticino, who pre- making optimal use of all the spaces for feature of the design is clearly its char- ing as gutters and drainpipes at the ex- est Building with a dual attitude, both this zone over the next two years. ture (each with a different span) with the multinational empire, the world’s larg- sented a project that would remain a leg-

98 english textS casabella 871 99 end for the architecture of those years, in its architectural jewel: the Rolex Learn- 30,000 persons working and studying, Air Garden designed by Dan Kiley, a gridded needed. On a campus with real airplanes sit- stitutions emphasize these pledges more – and apartment towers with marketing labels. Hill, Denver, Colorado. The standard work many ways. ing Center by Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue and 60,000 are employed by advanced and checkered pattern of grass and water.1 ting out on the plaza there’s nothing out of the injunctions more specific, the renewal of Yet Duffy has long experience with artists on the Air Force Academy is by Robert Allen In the fall of 1970 the winning project by Nishizawa. The building, though criti- micro-tech firms. The research sector Though the Air Force Academy feels un- place here: to some the skylight canted at vows more frequent; secular institutions less such as James Turrell at Greenwich Acad- Nauman, On the Wings of Modernism: The the Zurich-based Jacob Zweifel and Hein- cized for its high costs of construction employs almost 20% of active workers changed, no one would maintain that the 39 degrees appears like the tail of an aircraft so. The military academies are another mat- emy (2000–02) and at the Koch Center for United States Air Force Academy (Urbana rich Strickler was presented. It lived up and maintenance, and for certain func- in the whole canton, an impressive quo- job of airman or woman has remained what buried into the ground facing the blank mar- ter. The molding of men and women for the Science, Math, and Technology at Deerfield and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, to the expectations: on a modular grid tional issues, has brought great interna- ta if we compare it to any other place in it was in the middle 1950s. New technolo- ble wall of Arnold Hall. Fritted glass along profession of arms requires an adherence to Academy (2005–07). Duffy’s collaborators 2004). with the form of a three-dimensional lat- tional visibility to a school that was pre- the world, including Silicon Valley. Eve- gies, instruction methods, and generations the southern edge makes the outer face word and honor. In the face of battle, in terri- elsewhere include Iñigo Mangiano-Ovalle, tice, almost a Meccano construction set, viously a local institution in terms of its ry year from 1000 to 1500 new technolo- of students have needs hardly imagined by look like mist or clouds disturbed by move- ble moments of uncertainty, the honor code Lawrence Wiener, Rita McBride, and Robert Notes they placed different tower buildings for architectural image. The Rolex Center gy companies are created. Western Swit- the founders or their architects. America’s ment. When seen from a distance, on arrival, is a still point of truth. Or so it should be. In Whitman. There is a respect for the power 1 Kiley’s Air Gardens, prone to leak, were research and lecture halls. A large cross- was the first step of a new era ushered in zerland is the world’s industrial district role in the world has changed, too. At one the scale is altogether different. The shaft recent years the military academies in the of space, for the virtues of sunlight, and for emptied in the early 1970s. There are plans wise covered street at the first floor lev- by the unstoppable Patrick Aebischer, a where the highest number of patents is time her advantage was economic and joins a skyline dominated until now by the United States have faced significant chal- clarity of structure. At the Mumbai Airport to return them to the terrazzo in the near el was the axis to join the various parts. neuroscientist who became president of filed each year. The figure of the Portu- technological, but gaps have narrowed and tetrahedrons of the Chapel –the new build- lenges with the exposure of cheating scan- (2011–15), as at the Air Force Academy, future. The ground level was left free for infra- EPFL in 1999. Under his intrepid and ide- guese worker or the Italian restauranteur even the most fervent supporter of “making ing is a rocket ship rather than an airplane, a dals, sexual harassment, and hazing rituals. structure becomes the artistic theme. 2 “Walter Netsch Interviewed by Detlef structures, storage and garages. The alistic guidance EPFL has reached an in- is a stereotype of little weight in numer- America great” knows that the equation is secular obelisk rather than a temple. Placing the honor code back at the heart of Sixty years ago Air Force officers took an Mertins May 21, 2001, 1700 North Hudson roof was a continuous terrace, facing credible annual budget of about one bil- ical terms today, though it is still firmly not the same as it was before Russia devel- Formal entry to Polaris Hall is down a monu- Academy life required bold architectural de- enormous risk in building a modernist cam- Street, Chicago,” SOM Journal 1 (2001), p. the panorama to the south, acting as an lion euros, with 12,000 students and rooted in the collective imagination. oped the atom bomb or China’s economic mental granite stair from the south, from the cisions. The appropriateness of these deci- pus. Frank Lloyd Wright described it as a 146. outdoor connection between the insti- rapid growth. The Rolex Center was fol- mobilization became the envy of the world. direction of the Chapel. Threading past blue sions can only be understood when we exam “factory for birdmen,” and the thundering de- 3 John F. Regni, “History and Evolution of the tutes, restaurants and recreational func- lowed by many other worksites, includ- If the United States is to maintain its place Murano-glass entry walls we come to the the honor code at the Air Force Academy. nunciations of members of the United State Center for Character and Leadership Devel- tions. From the central axis a continuous ing the student housing by Anne-Cath- page 82 and expand its influence in the world it will main space under the skylight–obelisk, a At the Air Force Academy living out an honor Congress make entertaining reading today. opment (CCLD), 2005-2009,” unpublished framework extended, leaving certain por- erine Javet and Alfonso Esposito (2009) not be through military might or economic multi-use lecture hall with an elevated stage code does not only mean avoiding dishonor Now the sanctified grounds of the original essay, dated October 11, 2012, p. 12. Polaris Hall, Center for Character and tions open as gardens or courtyards. The and the Hotel Starling by Jean-Baptiste colonialism alone or together, but through for formal presentations and raised break- –not cheating lying, or stealing, the three campus are defended with equal passion. 4 The issue of “leadership” and “good char- Leadership Development, Air Force buildings were constructed with the usu- Ferrari (2010), the impressive Swiss Tech innovation. In the world of Google and Apple, out boxes along the side for small-group practices list– but entails collective respon- Constructing a new building required gen- acter,” and new forms of teaching has been Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado. al engineering language of those years: Convention Center and the residences by we might wonder, what will that mean for the discussion. With lines of chairs, it seems sibility. Judgment is just the beginning of a erating internal consensus on the theme under consideration since the 1990s. Skidmore Owings & Merrill glass walls and aluminium panels, stair- Jacques Richter and Ignacio Dahl Rocha profession of arms? Will education look as it like a setting for lectures, but tables or cir- process of self-examination by the group and overcoming fears that the new building 5 Clifford Geertz, “Centers, Kings & Charis- Nicholas Adams wells in fair-face reinforced concrete, (2014), the administration buildings did in the past, with “the sage on the stage” cled chairs can quickly break down formality of which the guilty party was a member (the would inevitably detract from the old. Per- ma: Reflections on the Symbolics of Power,” overhanging roofs and triangular steel (2013) and Neuroprosthetics laboratories lecturing to hundreds? Was now the time to turning it into an area for group discussion. living unit, the class year or the squadron). haps only that tension made such a building in Local Knowledge: Further Essays in In- walkways. Though the architecture dis- by Dominique Perrault (2015), the ArtLab «I feel downright futuristic, lookin’ at this re-echo the Mercator grid or was something Dominated by the hollow of the slanted ob- What could the group have done to antici- possible. The generals should be pleased. terpretative Anthropology (New York: Basic plays the limitations of talent of its mak- by Kengo Kuma (2016) and the project, spankin’ new Air Force Academy.» else needed? elisk and diamond grid, this is a place for pate a possible infraction and head it off? Roger Duffy and his team have done eve- Books, 1983), p. 125. ers, the system lent itself well to the con- now in the implementation phase, of the Steve Canyon, 18 August 1958 To intervene in this holiest of modern- active education and the heart of the Center. Was this person in academic difficulty in a rything to ensure that where new materials tinuous modifications and adjustments RTS by Kersten Geers (2019). ist spaces is no small undertaking. Walter Lectures occur here and so too assignment way that the group should have recognized? meet the old the border is barely felt. Polaris required by the political and pedagogi- On 31 December 2016 Patrick Aebischer Polaris Hall, the new Center for Character Netsch (1920–2008), who retired from briefings. On the east and west side of the The cadets who acknowledge their lapse Hall respects the 7-foot module grid em- cal evolution of those years. The school, handed over his throne to Martin Vetter- and Leadership, by a team from the New SOM in 1979, has long held saintly status in central hall are seven glassed-in rooms and their fellows who come together to ad- ployed by on the original campus. The great built to train the classic figure of the en- li, former president of the powerful Na- York office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Colorado. Prior to 9/11 the Air Force Acad- (fourteen in all), called Collaboration Rooms, dress their role in the breakdown emerge Murano glass entry foyers mirror walls in gineer-physicist, was immediately faced tional Fund for Scientific Research. The is the first building on the central campus of emy was the number one tourist attraction equipped with double screens and com- strengthened. Building a special place for blue, yellow, and red elsewhere on campus. by major changes, first of all the advent new supreme chieftain inherits many the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs in the state with well over a million visitors a puter hook ups for cadets to work in groups adjudication was a way to highlight the cen- Granite from Cold Spring, Minnesota (Rock- of microtechnologies and the entry in worksites to be finished, and many pro- since 1968. It is a bold and imaginative step year, and Netsch maintained close contacts on assignments together or with colleagues trality of the honor code to the Air Force. It ville Beige) used throughout the Academy the polytechnic field of systems of com- jects yet to be started. These include the for the Air Force representing generational with the Academy; they even invited him to at the other service academies. (They can could not be placed outside the central is picked up at Polaris Hall. The gray steel munication, medicine, chemistry and bi- Students’ Center, a little giant slated to change in function and form. It creates a consider the criteria for any new addition also link to officers in Europe or the Mid- campus without diminishing its importance.4 frame of the obelisk is certainly consistent ology. The first courses on the new cam- cost 30 million francs, for completion in new symbol and offers new educational to the central campus. «I said,» Netsch told dle East.) Reflective mirrors suspended like The seal of the Air Force Academy has at its with the white and gray of Arnold and Har- pus were not held until the fall of 1978. 2020, whose design will soon be select- spaces for the Academy. It is also a build- the architectural historian Detlef Mertins, a Calder mobile catch lights and refocus center Polaris, the North Star, the naviga- mon halls, the closest neighbors. The view In 1979, after the love of “metabolist” ar- ed from 12 proposals by students of the ing of paradoxes: architecture parlante in a «that people should work within the dis- them. Air Terraces, two garden strips to east tor’s star, the one star in the heavens that of the Chapel remains unobstructed and chitecture, the EPFL administration de- school of architecture. world where silence was long the standard. cipline of the Academy, not copy it, but do and west, flank the great hall and faculty of- does not move. Polaris was the theme for the inner skeleton of the skylight echoes the cided to interrupt the development in To understand the frenetic growth that It respects everything around it and yet it of- something within the discipline.»2 No doubt, fices ring the gardens at the southern head the competition: both Hartman and Lee angular buttresses along the flanks of the keeping with the evolving system of 1970, has enabled a young and relative small fers something completely original. Coming had Netsch been active as the new project and along the far eastern and western sides produced abstract steel and glass designs Chapel. Netsch thought any addition to the and held a new competition for the ex- French-speaking school to attract large to terms with Polaris Hall requires under- moved forward, the Air Force would have of the gardens facing the hall. The design of for the same area. Duffy’s design, and now campus should be “within the discipline,” pansion in the western portion. Most- international research investments in standing Academy life for itself; it is a build- turned to him. In the event, the Air Force first the offices in warm blue-grey steel provides the completed building, acknowledges the and in 1998 he also provided sketches for a ly local architects were invited, and the just a few decades, and to rise in all the ing that proposes new rituals that will over turned to SOM and instead of opening the a cloistered effect and an appropriate sense North Star directly with the tapered obelisk meditation chapel (to accommodate those winning project was one capable of con- rankings, we need to take a step back time, it is hoped, transform the training of competition to outsiders, they proposed a of modest governmental efficiency much as oriented towards Polaris: an oculus at its who did not feel comfortable in the Chapel) vincing a jury that was not particularly into the recent past of its territory. airmen and women. Though a small building, competition between the three principal of- the original buildings did when they were apex frames the star. The navigator’s star that used a diagrid articulated wall not dis- qualified. The winner, Bernard Vouga, in- Public investments, the presence of the it is a big idea. fices: San Francisco (where Craig Hartman, built. Offices and great hall, though below will remain in its sight for another 12,000 similar to the pattern inside the new Center’s troduced a series of elements with clearly Polytechnic, and political and fiscal sta- The Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs the senior designer, had worked in Netsch’s plaza level, are visually open to the gardens. years. Ancient obelisks were, according to skylight. Duffy and his team have respected recognizable or even rather showy forms: bility, have made this a rapidly growing is a great modernist building complex. Long studio); Chicago (senior designer Brian There is an alternative exit from the hall to- Pliny the Elder, symbolic representations of the original discipline. diagonals, octagons, beveled prisms, a district over the last few decades. Nestlé, academic halls and dormitories encircle a Lee had only recently transferred from San wards the north and to Arnold Hall and out the descent of the sun’s rays. The skylight at Ambitions are high for this new building. It collection of anomalous shapes with re- the world’s biggest food multinational, runway-scaled plaza like wild-west wagons. Francisco); New York (where the entry was to the gardens. Polaris Hall reverses the formula: the obelisk is an acknowledgment that the meanings spect to the Cartesian grid of the original is joined by Logitech and Ferring, with Set against the brown hills of the Ramparts organized by Roger Duffy). A jury of Air Force One room is hidden from view. Behind the reaches toward a star visible only at night inherent in Netsch’s designs no longer carry plan. The buildings were covered with a research center inside EPFL, while a Range with a broad open sky above, it has officials convened under the superinten- podium and the speaker’s raised platform through its apex. It creates a remarkable the punch they once did for a new genera- tiles in shades ranging from mustard to growing number of multinationals, from an elemental quality: just man and nature. dent, Lt. General John Regni and Lt. General to the south is the meeting room for the piece of modernist architecture parlante, tion, that however brilliant the original build- moss. It was the end of an era of rigor Honeywell to Philip Morris, have set up The orthogonals on the plaza provide the (ret.) Ervin Rokke. Among the group was the honor committee, the Honor Board Room. one that speaks the virtues of good charac- ings may be, there is a complacency of and the start of the carnival. When rigor European R+D centers in the canton. straight-line framework for junior cadets’ historian and critic Joan Ockman, the dean Sheathed in maple, as are other public ter and leadership at the heart of military life. familiarity in the modernism of the 1950s. was lost, so were its bearings. The sector of light high technologies, walk between classes and echo greater of the school of architecture at Cornell Uni- rooms, it is partially lit by a long strip light Inside the honor room, the committee sits at (Put another way: we look back on that time Finally, in 1992, a third competition especially those connected with medi- grids of geography and rationality. Designed versity Kent Kleinman, and Robert Nauman, partially set into the wall that gives the feel- the table. Members of the Academy commu- the way the generation of Eiffel looked back called explicitly for reconsideration of cal micro-engineering, is a recognized by Walter Netsch in the Chicago office of author of the standard work on the architec- ing of daylight. This attractive but secluded nity may come in and sit at either side of the on Schinkel.) Polaris Hall changes the literal the original project, through the config- area of excellence, flanked by thousands Skidmore Owings & Merrill (1954–1962) ture of the Air Force Academy. The jury se- space holds the key to the program of the table; behind a double glass wall, others can profile of theA cademy; it also seeks some- uration of new buildings capable of ex- of other small and medium companies with extensive consultation from Gordon lected the New York entry. As Regni recalled, whole building. For here is where a com- watch the proceedings. The accused sits thing more profound, to recharge with ritual pressing a decisive and unified image of in a range of different sectors. Statistics Bunshaft in the New York office, it is breath- on seeing Duffy’s entry: «A chill went down mittee of cadets meets to decide the fate of at the head of the table and looking up will significance the sacred spaces of theA cad- the institution. This time the winners are like horoscopes –you can read any- taking architecture. my spine and I looked over at Erv [Rokke], those who have been brought before them sight along the central line of the slanted ob- emy, to shift, in the words of Clifford Geertz, were the Ticino-based Dolf Schnebli, Flo- thing you want into them– but certain The central campus site –the cadet area– is and he at me, and our eyes told each other’s for infractions to the honor code. To under- elisk toward Polaris, a reminder of the true “the society’s center and affirm its con- ra Ruchat, Tobias Ammann and Sacha numbers speak for themselves to illus- divided in two. At the lower level are class- Roger had just hit a grand slam home run stand its awesome function, the honor code north towards which the cadet should steer. nection with transcendent things.”5 SOM’s Menz, with a rigorous, austere design: trate the frenetic activity of an industri- rooms and dormitories and the great open –he and his team nailed it with a modern, and its place in American universities and at In the words of Shakespeare: design has managed this with unexpected porticos, regular windows, white stuc- al district that leads the world in the area plaza belonging to the cadets. On the upper unique structure that met all our needs, and the Air Force Academy need to be examined. The skies are painted with unnumbered effervescence. co, a stone base. These are the buildings of development of advanced technolo- level, accessible to the public, are Harmon with symbolism that strikes to the core of the Honor codes play a significant role in the sparks; They are all fire, and every one doth that would host the last move from the gies. The confederation invests about 3% Hall (the administration building), Arnold Hall Academy.»3 academic institutions of the United States. shine; But there’s but one in all doth hold his Acknowledgments city center, that of the department of ar- of its domestic product on research, the (the student union), and the Chapel. This last From the outside Polaris Hall appears as a Some are general in their injunctions, other place. At the Air Force Academy I met with Thomas chitecture. highest percentage in the world. The re- is Netsch’s most popular building: an ac- 105-foot slanted glass and steel skylight specify the acts that are explicitly prohib- J. Berry Jr., Deputy Director Center for Char- In the years to follow, in the gaps left sults are clearly visible across the terri- cordion line of crimped and crinkly metal that rises from the open plaza of the up- ited; the things no officer or gentleman, man After graduating from the Air Force Acad- acter and Leadership Development and Lt. open, further constructions were insert- tory of the canton of Lausanne, in its in- tetrahedrons that recall airplane wings. It is per campus in an area known as the Honor or woman, would do. Honor codes provide emy, these young men and women can be General (ret.) Ervin J. Rokke, former chair ed. Atelier Cube, on the eastern edge frastructural organization and its social popular enough to have been placed on a Court. The exterior of the skylight is smooth a leitmotif for academic life, something ac- making life and death decisions; their adher- for Character and Leadership Development of the campus, built the Centre de re- makeup. Over 30% of the inhabitants are 37-cent stamp commemorating the Acad- and on the interior lateral forces determine knowledged when breached, but largely ence to the honor code, living it out honor- who helped me understand the wider con- cherches en physique des plasmas (1996), foreigners, mostly working in the sectors emy’s 50th anniversary in 2004 when the the architectural exposed structural steel out of sight in day-to-day life. Typically at ably, is the foundation of their military career. text for Polaris Hall. Duane Boyle, resident Rodolphe Lüscher the Bâtiment des of scientific research, culture and ad- entire cadet area was designated a National skeleton; the plates vary in size and are academic institutions in the United States They need clear direction. architect of the Air Force Academy who Communications (2004) and Patrick vanced technological services. “Lausanne Historic Monument. To all appearances, the modeled in two dimensions as a product students sign their adherence to the honor Duffy’s team has walked a fine line. Build- answered my numerous questions. At Skid- Devanthéry and Inès Lamunière the Sci- la rouge,” the Swiss city furthest to the campus seems virtually unchanged with of the lateral forces. The result produces a code on admission. They may renew their ings that mean something have gone out more Owings & Merrill, Roger Duffy, Frank ences de la Vie building (2008). EPFL en- left, is a small city of less than 150,000 in- new buildings generally slotted in the hills softness and variety to the interior profile. pledge from time to time (at examinations, of favor, discarded with postmodernism. In Mahan, Scott Duncan, and Emma Bird gen- tered the worldwide spotlight in 2010, habitants, in a canton of almost 800,000. outside the central cadet area. The most The densest gathering of steel occurs on the for example), but the code soon passes out its place are Gherkins and Turning Torsos, erously provided resources. I was also able with the opening of what is considered The Polytechnic and the University have significant architectural loss has been the south side where protection from the sun is of consciousness. Religious faith-based in- Shards and Cheesegraters –office buildings to share ideas about the building with David

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