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Modern Stereotactic Neurosurgery Modern Stereotactic Neurosurgery MODERN STEREOTACTIC NEUROSURGERY MODERN STEREOTACTIC NEUROSURGERY Edited by L. Dade Lunsford, M.D. a... Martinus Nijhoff Publishing A member of the Kluwer" Academic Publishers Group BOSTON DORDRECHT LANCASTER DISTRIBUTORS for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA, 02061, USA for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Centre, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mo<iern'stereotactic neurosurgery. (Topics in neurological surgery; 1) Includes index. 1. Nervous system-Surgery. 2. Stereoencephalotomy. I. Lunsford, L. Dade. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Neuro­ surgery-methods. 2. Stereotaxic Technics. WL 368 M689] RD593.M63 1987 617'.48 87-14058 ISBN-13:978-1-4612-8418-5 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4613-1081-5 001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1081-5 COPYRIGHT © 1988 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston Sofcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061, USA CONTENTS Contributing Authors Vll 11. Diagnosis and Treatment of Mass Lesions Dedication xi Using the Leksell Stereotactic System 145 Acknowledgments XIV Preface xv L. Dade Lunsford I. BASIC TECHNIQUES 1 12. Volumetric Stereotaxis and Computer­ Assisted Stereotactic Resection of Sub- 1. General Concepts of Stereotactic Surgery cortical Lesions 169 3 Patrick j. Kelly Philip L. Gildenberg 13. Computerized Microstereotactic 2. The Imaging-Compatible Riechert- Neurosurgical Endoscopy under Direct Mundinger System 13 Three-Dimensional Vision 185 Fritz Mundinger and W. Birg Skip Jacques, C. Hunter Shelden, and Harold R. Lutes 3. The Leksell System 27 L. Dade Lunsford and Dan Leksell 14. Stereotactic Positron Emission Tomography Imaging for Tumor 4. The Hitchcock System 47 Diagnosis 195 Edward Hitchcock Hans Von Holst, Kaj Ericson, Mats Bergstrom and Georg Noren 5. The Brown-Roberts-Wells System 63 15. Stereotactic Treatment of Colloid Cysts of Michael L. j. Apuzzo and Craig A. Fredericks the Third Ventricle 207 L. Dade Lunsford and Walter A. Hall 6. Modification of Todd-Wells System for Imaging Data Acquisition 79 Patrick J. Kelly, Stephen J. Goerss and Bruce A. Kall 16. Stereotactic Evacuation of Intracerebral Hematoma 217 7. The Laitinen System 99 Alfred C. Higgins and Blaine S. Nashold Lauri V. Laitinen 17. Intracavitary Irradiation of Cystic 8. The Pati! System 117 Craniopharyngiomas 229 Arun-Angelo Patil Volker Sturm, Bernd Wowra, John Clorius, Hansjorg Sinn, Andreas Gamroth, Ulrich Steude, Stephan Kunze and Walter j. Lorenz II. MORPHOLOGICAL SURGERY: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT 127 18. Interstitial Brachytherapy for Malignant 9. Reliability of Stereotactic Brain Tumor Brain Tumors: Technique and Results Biopsy 129 235 Christoph B. Ostertag Nicholas M. Barbaro, Steven A. Leibel and Philip H. Gutin 10. Biopsy Techniques Using the Brown­ Robert Wells (BR W) Stereotactic Guidance 19. Considerations in the Usage and Results of System 137 Curietherapy 245 M. Peter Heilbrun Fritz Mundinger and K. Weigel v VI CONTENTS 20. A Robotic System for Stereotactic 30. Transplantation to the Brain 389 ~eurosurgery 259 Erik-Olof Backlund Ronald F. Young 31. Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic Pain: III. FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY Long-Term Results and Complications 267 395 Robert M. Levy, Sharon Lamb, and John E. Adams 21. Mesencephalatomy and Thalamotomy for Chronic Pain 269 32. Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment Lauri V. Laitinen of Motor Disorders 409 Jean Siegfried and G. L. Rea 22. Spinal and Pontine Tractotomies and ~ucleotomies 279 33. Epilepsy: Deep Brain Electrodes 413 Edward Hitchcock David W. Roberts 23. Thalamotomy for Parkinson's Disease: 34. Stereotactic CT Atlases 425 Microelectrode Technique 297 Tyrone L. Hardy Ronald R. Tasker, K. Yamashiro, F. Lenz, and J. O. Dostrovosky 35. Computerized Three-Dimensional Stereotactic Atlases 441 24. Selective Thalamotomy for Movement John K. Vries, Sean McLinden, Gorden Banks, and Disorders: Microrecording Stimulation Richard E. Latchaw Techniques and Results 315 Chihiro Ohye 25. Thalamotomy for Parkinson's Disease IV. STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY 333 461 Jean Siegfried and G. L. Rea 36. Stereotactic Bragg Peak Proton Beam 26. Post-traumatic Movement Disorders Therapy 463 341 Raymond N. Kjellberg and Masamitsu Abe Dennis E. Bullard and Blaine S. Nashold 37. Adaptation of Linear Accelerators to 27. The Role of Anterior Internal Stereotactic Systems 471 Capsulotomy in Psychiatric Surgery Arun-Angelo Patil 353 Bjorn A. Meyerson and Per Mindus 38. Stereotactic Radiosurgical Treatment of Acoustic ~eurinomas 481 28. Stereotactic Chemical Hypophysectomy Georg Noren, Jurgen Arndt, Tomas Hindmarsh, 365 Anita Hirsch Allan B. Levin 39. Stereotactic Radiosurgical Treatment of 29. Posteromedial Hypothalamotomy for Malformations of the Brain 491 Behavioral Disturbances and Intractable Christer Lindquist and Ladislau Steiner Pain 377 Yoshiaki Mayanagi and Keiji Sano Index 507 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Masamitsu Abe, M.D. W. Birg Clinical and Research Fellow in Neurosurgery Department of Neurosurgery Massachusetts General Hospital N eurochirurgische U niversitatsklinik Boston, Massachusetts Abteilung Stereotaxie und Neuronklearmedizin Freiburg, West Germany John E. Adams, M.D. Professor of Neurological Surgery Dennis E. Bullard, M.D. University of California, San Francisco 3009 New Bern Avenue San Francisco, California P.O. Box 14027 Raleigh, North Carolina Michael L.J. Apuzzo, M.D. Professor John Clorius, M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery Department of Neurosurgery Tumor Center University of Southern California Heidelberg-Mannheim Institute of Nuclear Director of Neurological Surgery Medicine Kenneth R. Norris Cancer German Cancer Research Center Hospital and Research Institute University of Heidelberg Los Angeles, California Heidelberg, West Germany Jurgen Arndt, B.S. Senior Staff J. O. Dostrovsky, M.D. Hospital Physics Associate Professor of Physiology Karolinska Institute University;of Toronto Stockholm, Sweden Toronto, Canada Erik-Olof Backlund, M.D., Ph.D Kaj Ericson, M.D., Ph.D. Professor and Chairman Associate Professor of Neuroradiology Department of Neurosurgery Karolinska Institute University of Bergen Stockholm, Sweden School of Medicine Bergen, Norway Craig A. Fredericks, M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery Gordon E. Banks, M.D. University<of Southern California Associate Professor of Neurology Los Angeles, California University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Andreas Gamroth, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery Tumor Center Nicholas M. Barbaro, M.D. Heidelberg-Mannheim Institute of Nuclear Assistant Professor of Neurological Surgery Medicine University of California, San Francisco German Cancer Center San Francisco, California University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, West Germany Mats Bergstrom, Ph.D. Associate Professor Philip L. Gildenberg, M.D., Ph.D Department of Neuroradiology Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery Karolinska Institute University of Texas Medical School Stockholm, Sweden Houston, Texas Vll Vlll CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Stephen]. Goerss, B.S. Bruce A. Kall, M.S. Research Technician Computer Scientist Department of Neurological Surgery Department of Information Processing and Mayo Clinic Systems Rochester, Minnesota Department of Neurosurgery Mayo Clinic Philip H. Gutin, M.D. Rochester, Minnesota Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery University of California, San Francisco Patrick]. Kelly, M.D. San Francisco, California Associate Professor Department of Neurological Surgery Walter Hall, M.D. Mayo Medical School, Department of Neurological Surgery Mayo Graduate School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Raymond N. Kjellberg, M.D. Tyrone L. Hardy, M.D. Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery Department of Neurosurgery Harvard Medical School Lovelace Medical Center Massachusetts General Hospital Albuquerque, New Mexico Boston, Massachusetts M. Peter Heilbrun, M.D. Stephan Kunze, M.D. Professor and Chairman Department of Neurosurger Tumor Center Division of Neurological Surgery Heidelberg-Mannheim Institute of Nuclear University of Utah School of Medicine Medicine Salt Lake City, Utah University of Heidelberg German Cancer Research Center Alfred C. Higgins, M.D. Heidelberg, West Germany Neurosurgery Hilton Head, South Carolina Lauri V. Laitinen, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery Tomas Hindmarsh, M.D. Ph.D. and Chief of Stereotactic Surgery Associate Professor of Neuroradiology Umea Hospital Department of N euroradiology Umea, Sweden Karolinska Institute Sharon Lamb, R.N. Stockholm, Sweden Department of Neurological Surgery Anita Hirsch, M.D., Ph.D. University of California, San Francisco Senior Staff San Francisco, California Department of Audiology Richard E. Latchaw, M.D. Karolinska Institute Professor of Radiology and Chief, Division of Stockholm, Sweden N euroradiology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Edward R. Hitchcock, M.D. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Professor and Head Midland Center for Neurosurgery and Steven A. Leibel, M.D. Neurology Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology University of Birmingham University of California, San Francisco West Midlands
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