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History of Neurosurgery with Movement Disorders ­— Developed Under the Leadership of Prof MDS-0212-455 VOLUME 16, ISSUE 1 • 2012 • EDITORS, DR. CARLO COLOSIMO, DR. MARK STACY History of Neurosurgery with Movement Disorders — Developed under the leadership of Prof. Joachim K. Krauss, Hannover, Germany, Past-Chair of MDS Neurosurgery Task Force (now Special Interest Group); Special recognition for developing this content and coordinating the project belongs to Dr. Karl Sillay, Dr. Kelly Foote and Dr. Marwan I. Hariz. Neurosurgical contributions to to an intended surgical target. Dr. Hassler Movement Disorders surgery described lesioning of the ventral interme- Definition of Stereotactic and Functional diate nucleus of the thalamus for parkinso- Neurosurgery nian tremor using stereotaxy in 1954 Neurosurgeons treating disorders of brain (Hassler and Riechert, 1954). Surgery for function by inactivating or stimulating the movement disorders was then widely nervous system often referred to as func- performed until Dr. Cotzias introduced in tional neurosurgeons. Early neurosurgeons 1968 a clinically practical form of levodopa performing procedures with a Stereotactic therapy (Cotzias, 1968), which temporarily Frame (described later) were often referred suspended the apparent need for movement to as Stereotactic or Stereotaxic neurosur- disorders surgery. geons. The term Functional and Stereotactic Lesional stereotactic surgery for PD re- Neurosurgery has been assocated with those emerged in the 1990s for patients experi- neurosurgeons performing such procedures encing complications of levodopa therapy. as deep brain stimulation (DBS). Stereotactic targets included the: ventrolat- More formally defined, “Stereotactic and eral thalamus, globus pallidus internus Functional Neurosurgery is a branch of (GPi), and subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurosurgery that utilizes dedicated struc- (Starr et al. 1998). Early in the develop- tural and functional neuroimaging to iden- ment of stereotactic lesional surgery, neuro- tify and target discrete areas of the nervous stimulation was observed to reduce parkin- system and to perform specific interventions sonian tremor (Hassler et al., 1960). These (for example neuroablation, neurostimula- observations led to the development of tion, neuromodulation, neurotransplantation, and others) using implantable electrical stimulation devices as an alternative to stereo- dedicated instruments and machinery in order to relieve a variety of tactic lesional surgery for Parkinson’s disease. symptoms of neurological and other disorders and to improve func- The first permanent implant subthalamic nucleus stimulator to treat tion of both the structurally normal and abnormal nervous system.” all cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease was performed by Dr. Alim (Blond, Broggi, Gildenberg, Hariz, Krauss, Lazorthes and Lozano) Benabid in Grenoble, France in 1993 (Limousin et al., 1995). Brief history of neurosurgery for Parkinson’s disease Today, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become the “gold stan- Surgical intervention for Parkinson’s disease (PD) began with ablative dard” for the surgical treatment of PD. Unlike ablation, DBS is surgery. In 1942, Dr. R. Meyers first reported the effects of ablative relatively safe, non-destructive, reversible, and adjustable. surgery of the basal ganglia in a Parkinson’s patient when he per- Current and Emerging Surgical Treatments / Challenges formed partial caudate resections for control of parkinsonian unilat- with Specific Mention of Contributions of Neurosurgeons eral tremor (Meyers, 1942; Gildenberg, 1998). In the 1950s, Dr. (Neuromodulation) Cooper reported an accidental finding during a planned mesence- Early Investigations in Neurostimulation phalic pedunculotomy. Dr. Cooper ligated the anterior choroidal in Electrical Stimulation was described as early as 15 AD when Scribo- the process of aborting the surgery, and observed reduction in tremor nius used an electric torpedo fish for gout pain treatment.1 In the and rigidity without the loss of motor strength. 1770’s both Benjamin Franklin2 and Galvani3 noted electrical stimula- Lesions produced by this procedure variably tion caused muscle contraction. One hundred years later, cortical included parts of the thalamus, globus pallidus, stimulation was described first in an animal,4 and in an awake patient or internal capsule. with exposed motor cortex after debridement for osteomyelitis.5 Human stereotaxy was introduced in 1947 by Intraoperative stimulation was described in 1884 by Sir Victor Spiegel and Wycis (Spiegel et al., 1947), providing a reproducible method of navigating CONTINUED ON PAGE 22 www.movementdisorders.org E DITORIAL inside this issue We are quickly approaching the major event for the Society; the annual International Congress, which will be held this year in the lively city of Dublin (Gaelic: Baile Átha Cliath). The comprehensive program includes some new exciting features introduced by the Con- Cover Story 1 gress Scientific Program Committee, led by David J. Burn and Timothy Lynch. During the History of Neurosurgery five days, more than 170 speakers from 25 countries will help us to understand the new with Movement Disorders directions in basic and clinical research on Parkinson’s disease and other basal ganglia disor- th Editor’s Section 2 ders. In addition, the day before the Congress (which is by chance the 16 of June, and the Carlo Colosimo, MD and so-called Bloomsday, a daylong celebration of the Ulysses route), a second edition of the Carlo Colosimo, MD Mark Stacy, MD Basic Movement Disorders Course will be held in Dublin at the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. This will be extraordinary chance for those new in the field, to have acrash course President’s Letter 3 Günther Deuschl, MD, on movement disorders given by some of the best world experts. President This issue of Moving Along also contains all the usual features, plus a new one which we introduced to celebrate the talent and willingness to emerge from some of our younger International Congress 4 colleagues. This series of witty short interviews will be called “My Generation”. The first one Society Announcements 5-8 is with Maria Stamelou, MD, PhD, of the University College London, Institute of Neurol- ogy. With others to follow, we will be reporting on the life and early career of young neu- Mark Stacy, MD My Generation 9 Maria Stamelou, MD, PhD rologists from all over the world. We also continue to invite all readers to suggest topics or volunteer to write a contribution for future issues. We hope you will enjoy this issue of European Section 10-15 Moving Along and we will see you all in Dublin. Werner Poewe, MD, MDS-ES Chair Asian and Oceanian 16-18 Section Ruey-Meei Wu, MD, PhD MDS-AOS Chair Pan-American Section 19-21 Jorge Juncos, MD PAGE 2 Moving Along • Issue 1, 2012 P R E SID E NT ’ S L E TT E R For this first issue ofMoving Along The MDS Task Force on the Classification of Genetic in 2012, I am pleased to look back Movement Disorders, chaired by Christine Klein and OFFICERS on a highly successful year for The Connie Marras, is charged with the development of Movement Disorder Society (MDS). an improved classification system. The Task Force will President The accomplishments of the create distinct lists for clinical and research purposes, Günther Deuschl, MD Society depend heavily on the create more informative locus symbols, distinguish President-Elect participation of its membership, disease-causing mutations from risk factors, raise the Matthew Stern, MD which reached an all-time high in threshold of evidence prior to assigning a locus Secretary 2011 to over 3,700 members from 97 countries. symbol, pay strict attention to the predominant Cynthia Comella, MD This active participation was seen at the 15th Interna- phenotype when assigning symbols lists and will have Secretary-Elect tional Congress of Parkinson’s Disease and Movement a formal system for reviewing and continually revising Francisco Cardoso, MD Disorders held in Toronto, Canada in June 2011, the list that includes input from both clinical and Treasurer attended by over 3,700 enthusiastic delegates from 74 genetics experts. Certainly this activity needs to be Nir Giladi, MD harmonized with existing classification systems. countries. Record numbers also attended regional Treasurer-Elect educational programs organized by the MDS Asian Looking forward to the remainder of 2012, I expect Christopher Goetz, MD and Oceanian Section, the MDS European Section this excitement and activity to continue. Our MDS Past-President and by the MDS Pan American Section. Committees are hard at work and a number of new Philip D. Thompson, MB, BS, PhD, The success of the Society and the growing enthusi- programs are planned and will be available shortly. FRACP asm from members around the world lead the Society New Resources Available in 2012 to expand the number of committees and task forces During the first half of 2012, the Society will be INTERNATIONAL EXECUTIVE exploring scientific developments in our field and launching: COMMITTEE working to enhance physicians’ knowledge of Move- • Podcasts of Movement Disorders journal abstracts; Kailash Bhatia, MD, DM, FRCP ment Disorders. • Tablet and mobile phone applications for the MDS David John Burn, MD, FRCP New Task Forces Appointed Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS- Murat Emre, MD Society task forces are appointed to accomplish UPDRS); Susan Fox, MRCP (UK), PhD Victor Fung, MBBS, PhD, FRACP specific tasks and remain in place until completion of • Additional modules for Coffee Break CME; Etienne Hirsch, PhD the
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