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The Seventh Order of Insects, -- the Hemiptera (Rhyngota, Fabr.)

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The Seventh Order of Insects, -- the Hemiptera (Rhyngota, Fabr.) https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Cuvier's Animal kingdom, London,W.S. Orr,1840. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/137607 Item: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/234066 Article/Chapter Title: The seventh order of insects, -- the Hemiptera (Rhyngota, Fabr.). Author(s): Westwood, John Obadiah Subject(s): Hemiptera, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Auchenorrhyncha Page(s): Page 562, Page 563, Page 564, Page 565, Page 566, Page 567, Page 568, Page 569, Page 570, Page 571, Page 572, Page 573 Holding Institution: University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library Sponsored by: University of Toronto Generated 18 October 2018 7:13 AM https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf4/084624000234066 This page intentionally left blank. 562 INSECTA. yellow, spotted '\'itl1 black, and whicl1 Sl1aw and Denon have figured in the accounts of their voyages in Africa; they then reduce them to po,vder, '\vhich they use as flour, as l learn fron1 M. Savigny. These t'vo species, and son1e otl1ers, have a conical prominence upon the prosternum, and co111pose t11e genus Acrydium. Amongst those which do not present this cbaracter, and in wl1icl1 the antennre are equally filiform, some have the wing-covers and wings perfect in tl1e t\VO sexes, and belong· to the genus which I have named <Edipoda. 111 this nu1nber are G. st1·idulus, G. c<.erulesoens, [ G. flavipes, a11d a great number of smaller species found in this country, usually called Grasshoppers, but distinguisl1ed by tl1eir sl1orter antennre.] Other Acrydia, similarly winged and '\vith filiform antennre, have the upper part of the protl1orax strongly elevated, very co1npressed, forming a sharp crest, rounded and prolong·ed into a point behind. Foreig11 countries possess numerous species, one only of whicl1, and of sn1aller size, is found in the south of France (A, a1·ma­ tum, Fischer.] In the others, one of the sexes, at least, bas t11e wing-covers and wings very short, and in no 'vise fitted for flig·ht. I 11ave formed for these a new generic group, named Fig. 93.-G. fiavipe>s. Pod'is1na. The Acrydia which have the antennre thickened at the tips, either in both sexes or in only one of them, are formed also into a pect1liar ge11us, Gomphocerus, by Tl1unberg. G. sibiricus, and other small British species. In the second division of the ger1us Acrydium, the prosternum receives in a cavity a part of the under-side of the head; t11e tonguelet is quadrifid, and the tarsi have no pulvillus between the ungues; the ante11nre l1ave onlr 13 or 14 joints; the thorax is prolonged bel1ind like a large sct1tellum, which is sometimes longer than the entire body, and the wing-covers are very small. These Ortl1optera form the genus · Tet1·ix, Latr. (Acrydii;,m, Fab., part of Gryllus bulla, Linn.), which is composed of very small species. THE SEVENTI-I ORDER OF INSECT~,- THE HEl\ICIPTERA (RHYNGOTA, Fabr.),- Terminate in our system the numerous division of insects furnished witl1 wing-covers, and being the only ones among them which have neither mandibles nor maxillre, properly so called, [that is, fitted for biting]. A tubular articulated tongue, cylindrical or conical in its for1n, curved downwards, or directed under the breast, l1aving tl1e appearance of a kind of rostrum; presenting throughout its '"'hole upper face, when stretched for\ivard, a gutter, or canal, out of which three scaly, stiff, slender, and pointed setre may be witl1drawn, and which are covered at tl1e base by a tonguelet; these setre form unitedly a sucker, resembling a sting, l1aving for its sheath tl1e tubular piece above described, an(l in which it is kept by means of the superior tonguelet [or labrumJ, situated at its base. The inferior seta is composed of two threads united into one at a short distance from their or1gin; thus the number of the pieces of the sucker is, in reality, fc)ur. M. Savigny considered that the two superior setre, or those which are separate, represent the mandibles of tl1e biting insects, and that the two threads of the inferior seta answer to the maxillre (or rather, as it appears to me, to their terminal lobes, whicl1 in the Bees and Butterflies are transfo1·med CJ into an elongated filament); hence the lower lip 0 e is replaced by tl1e tubular sheath of the s11ckerJ and ' 11-- : .....,~-t'11/ the triangular piece at the base becomes the labru1n. ' The tonguelet, properly so called, also exists, and 8.f) under a form analogous to that of the preceding piece, but bifid at tl1e tip (see Cicada); the palpi are tl1e only organs whicl1 have entirely disappeared, and vestiges of the1n are perceived in Thrips, [ '"'hich, however, are now proved to belong to an order <lis- '.... im:e tinct from tl1e present; palpi, small and inarticulate, m·'lilXfffl1 .._~;'.,._ a1 so exist• in• some of the I-IydrocorisreJ . Fig. 94. - Pro1nuscis of Hemiptera. Pent:ito.ma. (!, eyes; The mot1th of the Hemiptera is therefore fitted o, occlli ; a, base of an tenure; l l, upper hp; l ~. under· ' ' lip, o.r canal ; tn, inandibular, and tna', inaxillary setre.J only for extracting by suction fluid inatters : the delicate threads of vvhicl1 the sucl\:er is forn1ed pierce the vessels of plants and animals, and the I-IE MI PTER A. 563 nutritive fluid, successively compressed, is forced up the main canal, a11d arrives at tl1e reso­ phagus ; the sheath of the sucker is often elbowed, or forms an angle. Lil(e other sucking insects, the H emiptera possess salivary vessels. In the majority of tl1e insects of this order the \<ving-covers are coriaceous, or crustaceous, with the posterior extremity membranous, and forming, as it were, a lcind of supplemental piece ; they neatly always cross each other : those of otl1er Hemiptera a1·e merely thicker and larger than the hind wings, semi-membranous, like the wing-covers of the Orthoptera, and sometimes opaque and coloured, someti1nes transparent and veined. Tl1e 'vings have several longit11dinal folds. 'fhe composition of t11e thorax begins to exhibit the modifications which we meet with in the following orders. Its anterio1· segment, l1itherto known under the name of corselet [thorax, or more strictly, prothorax], is in many of much less extent, and is incorporated with the second, whicl1 is equally exposed. Many possess ocelli, but their number is generally only two. The Hemiptera [like the OrthopteraJ exhibit to us, in their three states, t11e same forms and habits. The only change they undergo consists in the developement of wings, and an increase in the size of tl1e body. I divide tl1e order into two sections [ Heteroptera and Homoptera, regarded as distinct orders by many English authors, under tl1e names of Hemiptera and Homoptera J. In the first section, Heteroptera, the rostrum arises from the front of the head, the wing­ cases are membranous at the extremity, and the first segment of the thorax is n1uch longer than the others, and forms by itself the corselet. The wing-covers and wings are always horizontal, or slightly inclined. This section is composed of two families [ Geocorisr.e and Hydrocorisr.e] . The first, GEocoRISlE (or Land-b11gs ),- Have the antennre exposed, longer than the head, and inserted b.etween the eyes, near their inner margin; the tarsi have [generally] three joints, the first of which is often very short. They form the genus CtMEX, Linn.,- Some of which, Longilahres, have the sheath of the sucker corr1posed of fot1r distinct and exposed joints; the upper lip is considerably prolonged beyond the head, like an awl, and transversely striated on the upper side; the ta.rsi have always three distinct joint5, the first equal in length to, or longer than the second. These species emit, in general, a very disagreeable scent, and suck other insects. Sometimes the antennre, always filiform, are composed of five joints; the body is generally short, oval, I or rounded. l ScuTELLERA, Lam.,- 111 which the scutellum covers the abdomen. Cimex lineatus, Linn. [a reputed British insect]. Pentatoma, Oliv., in which the scutellum covers only a portion of the upper-side of the abdon1en. This g·enus, as proposed by Olivier, comprises five others in the Systema Rltyngoto1·um of Fabricius ; but 11is groups are imperfectly characterized a11d badly arranged. His genera ..!Elia a11d H alys are Pen­ tato~re , wl1ich have the 11ead more prolonged, and advanced in front lil{e a sno11t, more or less triangular. The type of the former is ..!Elia aci6minata [a rare Britisl1 species], which differs from the rest in having the antennre covered at t11 e base by tl1e anterior and detached margi11 of the under-side of the thorax, and by the scutellum of much larger size, whereby this species more nearly approaches Scutellera. His genus Cyd1ius has tl1e head seen from above, broad, semicircular; the thorax tra11sversely square, scarcely narrower in front than behind, and the ' tibire are often spinose. These species are found on tl1e ground ; some othe1· species inay also Fig. ~~cc!~~~oma be united, '\Yhich have the sternum neither keeled nor spi11ed: sucl1 are Ci1nex ornatus and oloraceus, [handsome rare British species, for1ning Hahn's genus Eu1"ydema]. Other Pentatomre, having the mesosternum elevated in the 1nanner of a keel, or exhibiting a poi11t like a spine, are generically distinguished under the name of Edessa, employed by Fabricius. Many of t11e species which be introduces into this genus possess this character, which is also founcl in some of bis species of Cimex, as P. l1ce­ morrhoidalis, Linn. [the type of Curtis's genus Acantltosoma, and P . griseus, the type of Laporte's genus R aphigaste1·] . 002 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-_! 564 INSECTA.
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