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Home , Cause (medicine), Malaise

TABLE OF COMMUNICABLE

Disease Signs & symptoms Incubation Communicability Prevention Chicken pox – Esp seen winter & spring. Resp 10-21 days Thru inhalation of Mask patient. Provider varicella zoster symptoms, malaise (not feeling well), airborne droplets should avoid contact if ; viral low-grade followed by rash & direct contact they’ve never had starting on face & trunk spreading to of weeping chicken pox. rest of body. Fluid filled vesicles lesions & Vaccination now rupture & scab over within 1 week. contaminated available (1995) and part linens. of childhood immunizations. Pt isolated until all lesions crusted over and dry. >200 strains of cause the 12 hours – 5 Direct contact, Handwashing (viral ) common cold. Course mild, often days (average 48 airborne droplet, without fever and without muscle hours) contaminated aching. hands and linens. Conjunctivitis The clinical syndrome begins with 24-72 hours Contact with Good personnel (pink eye) tearing, irritation & redness of eye(s) discharge or hygiene. Daily followed by edema of lids, upper respiratory laundering of bed linens photophobia (light sensitivity) & pus tract of infected including pillowcase and drainage. Course lasts from 2 days up persons (fingers, towels. Use wash cloth to 2-3 weeks. clothing, eye on unaffected eye first make-up). and then launder after Communicable use. No school during during course of acute stage. Tx with active . antibiotic eye medications. Hepatiti s – Signs & symptoms generally same for Most important is of all forms: avoidance of contact the liver due to ; fever; ; joint with blood and body multiple causes ; ; nausea; vomiting; fluids of all persons. (virus most RUQ pain; jaundice; dark urine; clay- common) colored stools A – May have no symptoms. Adults may 15-50 days; Fecal-oral route. Vaccines in active areas infectious or viral have abdominal pain, loss of appetite, average 30 days. Virus lasts on (active immunity). Good nausea, diarrhea, light colored stools, Disease follows hands about 4 handwashing. dark urine, , fever & jaundice. mild course & hours. More Disease Signs & symptoms Incubation Communicability Prevention Hepatitis A lasts 2-6 weeks comm. latter half There is no long term of incubation & chronic infection. most during 1 st week of symptoms Hepatitis B – It can take 1-9 months before 4-25 weeks; Direct contact Vaccination 90% serum hepatitis symptoms develop. Some have mild average 8-12 (blood, semen, effective. Virus stable on flu-like symptoms. Dark urine, light weeks vaginal fluid, surfaces with dried blood colored stools, fatigue, fever & saliva). Can for 7 days. jaundice. Can develop acute hepatitis, become cirrhosis, liver . asymptomatic chronic carrier capable of transmitting disease to others. Hepatitis C Chronic condition in 85% of infected 2-25 weeks; avge Contact with Since 1989 screen blood Leading cause of people. Liver fibrosis into cirrhosis in 7-9 weeks. infected blood for HCV. No vaccine due cirrhosis & liver 20% of infected people. Disease may be primarily with IV to high mutation rate. cancer. dormant 10-20 years drug use & before symptoms. sexual contact. HIV – a virus that Mono-like syndrome, fatigue, fever, Variable. May Bloodborne Universal standard attacks the , lymphadenopathy, develop through blood & precautions immune system & splenomegaly, rash, diarrhea. Skin detectable body fluids causes AIDS (a lesions (Kaposi’s sarcoma); antibodies 1-3 Death is usually from the collection of signs opportunistic (Pneumocystic months. Variable opportunistic diseases & symptoms) carinii , Tb) time from HIV that take advantage of infection to the patient’s weakened diagnosis of systems. AIDS. (flu) Epidemics usually in winter. Sudden 1-4 days Direct contact Vaccination available onset fever for 3-5 days, , especially in annually; most effective Viral disease tiredness, malaise (not feeling well), Peak flu season crowded areas if received from musculoskeletal aches, nasal is late December via airborne. The September to mid- discharge, dry , mild sore throat. through March. virus can persist November. Children can also experience GI on surfaces for Treatment is symptoms of nausea, vomiting & hours but indirect symptomatic (rest, fluids, diarrhea although this is uncommon in contact is less OTC med for fever &

Disease Signs & symptoms Incubation Communicability Prevention Influenza adults. “Stomach flu” with GI common. aches). symptoms is caused by other viruses. Contagious 1 day prior to being sick up to 3-7 days after 1 st symptom.

Measles Initially symptoms of severe cold with 7-14 days; Inhalation of Handwashing critical. (rubeola, hard fever, conjunctivitis, swollen eyelids, average 10 days infective droplets MMR vaccination part of ) photophobia, malaise, cough, & direct contact. childhood program. nasopharyngeal congestion, red Highly bumpy rash lasting about 6 days communicable virus mostly before starts (early or impending disease time), to about 4 days after rash appears. Meningi tis – – most common type 2-4 days up to 10 Resp droplets; Practice good inflammation of of meningitis; self-limited disease days contact with oral handwashing. Mask for meninges caused lasting 7-10 days. secretions, pt and self. Universal by bacteria & Bacterial – very serious infection; crowding, close precautions. Post viruses fever, chills, headache, nuchal rigidity contact, smoking, exposure antibiotics (stiff neck) with flexion, arthralgia lower started within 24 hours. (achy joints), lethargy, malaise (ill socioeconomic Vaccination now part of feeling), altered mental status, status. Viral childhood series vomiting, seizures. meningitis can (Haemophilus influenza also be spread type B). via contact with feces of infected person. Monkeypox Rare viral disease. 12 days after 12 days From an animal No specific treatment. exposure get fever, headache, muscle with monkeypox Possibly the aches, backache, swollen lymph if bitten or touch vaccine to prevent nodes, tired. Rash 1-3 days after the animal’s against getting. Disease Signs & symptoms Incubation Communicability Prevention fever; often starts on face as fluid filled blood, body Monkeypox bumps & the spreads. fluids, or its rash. Person-to-person from large respiratory droplets during long periods of face-to-face contact or touching body fluids or contaminated objects of infected persons. MRSA – Usually found in ill patients who are Usually spread Handwashing after any methicillin multidrug resistant. Often in open from infected patient contact. Wear resistant wounds, post-op wounds, around G- patients via gloves when doing pt staphylococcus tube sites. hands of HCW & contact. Protective aureus inanimate objects gowns when in contact (B/P cuff, with infected linens. stethoscope). Avoid sharing of equipment. HCW can be colonized with MRSA (not common) but often are not ill & are not at risk to other healthy persons (peers, family). Mumps Painful enlargement of salivary 12-25 days Resp droplets & Standard BSI. (Acute viral glands. Feverish cold followed by direct contact MMR vaccination is disease) swelling & stiffening of parotid salivary with saliva of standard for childhood gland in front of ear. Often bilateral. infected pt. immunizations. Adults Earache, difficulty chewing & Communicable 3 born after 1956 should swallowing. Glands tender to days before to get at least 1 dose of palpation. about 4 days MMR. after symptoms start. Risk of contracting

Disease Signs & symptoms Incubation Communicability Prevention mumps disease is minimal.

Pertussis – 1st phase – common cold symptoms 6-20 days Transmitted via Mask pt. whooping cough lasts 1-2 weeks. 2 nd phase lasts respiratory DPT vaccination in month or longer. No fever. Mild cough secretions or in childhood series (not that can become severe & violent, an aerosolized sure how long immunity productive. 3 rd phase – frequency and form. Highly lasts). severity of coughing decreases. contagious except in 3rd phase. Communicability greatest before 2nd phase. Pneumonia Chills, high fever, dyspnea, pleuritic Highest risk are Masks. Vaccination chest pain worsened by deep the non-healthy available esp for children inspiration, cough, crackles & populations <2 years old and adults wheezes heard on breath sounds >65 and for those post- splenectomy. Rubella – Generally milder than measles. Sore 12-19 days Inhalation of Mask pt. German throat, low grade fever. Fine pink rash infective droplets MMR vaccination part of measles ; virus on face, trunk & extremities lasting childhood program. about 3 days.

SARS (severe Viral disease. Fever >100.4 oF, chills, Typically 2-7 Respiratory Fit tested N-95 acute respiratory headache, body achiness, respiratory days up to 10 droplets when respirators for caregivers syndrome) complaints (cough, SOB, dyspnea, days coughing or within 6 feet of patient. pneumonia), pulse ox <94% room air, sneezing droplets Patient to also wear N- travel within 10 days of symptoms to into air. Can 95 mask. Caregivers to Ontario, Canada, People’s Republic of touch infectious wear gloves, gowns, China, Vietnam, Taiwan, &/or material on goggles, and face Singapore OR close contact with environmental shields. Proper symptomatic person within 10 days of surfaces and handwashing extremely symptoms. bring to your important. Wear eyes, nose, protective gear when Disease Signs & symptoms Incubation Communicability Prevention mouth by cleaning equipment and SARS unwashed hands. rig. Avoid aerosolizing infectious material. Scabies A parasitic disease of skin caused by 2-6 weeks before Transmitted skin Educate on mode of a mite. Penetration is visible as onset of itching. to skin contact. transmission & need for papules, vesicles, or tiny linear Reexposure – Transfer from early diagnosis & tx. No burrows containing mites & their eggs. symptoms underwear & work or school until day Lesions prominent around finger develop in 1-4 bedclothes only if after tx started. Contact webs, anterior surfaces of wrists & days. immediate isolation. Disinfection for elbows, anterior axillary folds, belt contact. clothes & bed sheets line, thighs, external genitalia in men, Communicable used 48 hours prior to nipples & abd & lower portion of until eggs & mites start of tx. Tx is a topical buttocks in women. Itching intense are destroyed by solution. esp at night. Complications limited to tx, ordinarily 1 or lesions that get infected from occasionally 2 scratching. courses of tx 1 week apart. Localized manifestation of vesicle with Shingles itself is After , the (varicella- zoster red base on skin areas. They follow a not contagious virus is dormant in nerve virus) nerve tract most often on the chest but contact with tissue; as we age, the wall & are usually unilateral & linear. someone with virus may reappear as Second outbreak Severe pain & paresthesia (tingling, shingles could shingles when the of the chicken pox prickling sensation) are common. lead to chicken dormant virus becomes virus. Rash or blisters present 1-14 days. pox in someone active. Most common in who never had it persons >50. Smallpox – 1st symptoms last 2 -4 days : high 12-14 days but Stable in aerosol No treatment currently. serious, fever, malaise (not feeling well), head can range 7-17 form. Spread Vaccinations stopped in contagious & & body aches, sometimes vomiting. days. Not directly from 1972 in the USA. sometimes fatal Best to isolate the patient at time of contagious until person to person Autoclave clothing & disease (30% fever & not to wait for development of the rash primarily by linens. Contaminated mortality rate). rash. emerges. droplet or surfaces should be Last case in USA Next 4 days (most contagious): rash aerosol. Could washed with in 1949 (in the emerges 1 st as small red spots on also be spread hypochlorite (bleach) & world was 1977 in tongue & in mouth. Spots turn into via contaminated quaternary ammonia. Somalia). Caused sores that break open & spread virus clothing or bed Treatment is supportive by variola virus. into mouth & throat. Then rash linens. Those in nature. Vaccination Humans only develops spreading on whole body most at risk are within 3 days will prevent Disease Signs & symptoms Incubation Communicability Prevention known natural within 24 hours. Rash becomes raised those with close or significantly modify hosts of variola. bumps that become liquid filled. contact (live in smallpox for most. One confirmed Next 5 days ( still contagious ): the same home Vaccination 4-7 days case qualifies as bumps become pustules (sharply or have spent at post exposure may offer a public health raised, round & firm bumps). least 3 hours in some protection or emergency. Next 5 days (still contagious): the same room modify severity of pustules begin to form a crust & then with someone disease. scab. who has For those vaccinated, Next 6 days (still contagious): scabs smallpox). the site needs to be kept begin to fall off leaving marks on skin covered & dry. The that eventually turn into pitted scars. bandage should be Contagious until all scabs fall off: changed every 1-2 days (about 3 weeks after rash appears). keeping the site covered Scabs must be properly disposed of with clothing. Avoid as they fall off spread of vaccinia virus to other parts of body with good handwashing (smallpox) especially after touching the bandage or vaccination site. Primarily affects resp system. May 4-12-weeks Most commonly Universal precautions. (Tb) – bacterial spread to other organ systems. Persons most through airborne Mask pt and self. The disease Development of disease about 6-12 susceptible: HIV, resp droplets. TB organism dies when months after infection. Chills, fever, close contact with Repeated exposed to light & air. fatigue, productive or non-productive TB pt, exposure is Skin test annually. If the chronic cough, weight loss, night immunocompro- generally TB skin test is positive, sweats, hemoptysis. mised, foreign necessary to will still need to be TB infection – person has the borne in country become infected evaluated to determine if bacteria but are not sick & not capable with high TB rate, so prolonged the TB is active. of spreading the disease. May Some HCW & exposure Incidence of TB rose in become ill if health status changes. prison guards, increases risk. 1985, started to decline May be treated prophylactically for malnourished, in 1992 to date probably now. ETOH & drug due to improved control TB disease – person ill, is capable of users. programs. TB can be spreading the disease. Needs meds. cured with meds. VRE – Most susceptible are those with weak Highly Hardy germ; can survive vancomycin- immune systems or those treated with communicable on hard surfaces 5-7 Disease Signs & symptoms Incubation Communicability Prevention resistant many antibiotics. Most often found in with direct & days & on hands for enterococcus. stool. Also in urine, blood, infected indirect contact hours. Easy to kill with wounds, other body fluids (or good handwashing. wherever it can be carried by the Protective gowns and (VRE) bloodstream) gloves to be worn. Disease Signs & symptoms Incubation Communicability Prevention West Niles Virus Most victims asymptomatic. Usually 3-14 The disease is Avoid activities that Mild infection (20% of those infected): days spread by a bite expose you to mosquito (West Nile fever – fever, headache, body aches, occ Infection is of an infected bites; use insect mild disease with rash on trunk, swollen lymph glands. suspected based mosquito or repellant sparingly and flu-like symptoms Symptoms generally last 3-6 days. on clinical blood transfusion one that contains DEET. that last few days, Severe infection (less than 1%): symptoms and of contaminated Use netting over infant no long term headache, high fever, neck stiffness, history and blood. The virus carriers. Try to avoid the health effects). stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, confirmed with a is in the blood a outdoors at dawn, dusk convulsions, muscle weakness, laboratory test very short time; & early evening. There (West Nile paralysis. Encephalitis reported more measuring the people develop is no specific treatment, Encephalitis or commonly than meningitis. antibodies that an antibody for but supportive care for Meningitis– Less are produced further protection. symptoms. Infections do than 1% of those early. The disease is not last very long. infected. The not transmitted most severe form from person to of infection. person. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain and meningitis is inflammation of the membranes of the brain. Avian or Bird Flu Typical influenza-like symptoms: Be cautious of Direct contact Good handwashing patients with with infected before and after food A contagious Fever, cough, sore throat, muscle recent travel poultry, preparation. Practice disease of aches, eye infections (conjunctivitis), within last 10 contaminated good hygiene during animals caused acute respiratory distress, viral days to countries surfaces and food preparation. Avoid by viruses that pneumonia. with the bird flu objects contact with juices from normally affect activity: contaminated raw poultry mixing with only birds and with animal other items to be eaten. occasionally pigs. 9 Asian countries feces. Human Properly and fully cook Wild birds carry Russia exposure is most poultry. Fully cook eggs the disease but Kazakhstan likely during – no runny yolks. Normal rarely get sick. Mongolia slaughter, cooking temperatures kill Domesticated Turkey defeathering, the virus. Thorough birds get sick & Romania butchering and cleaning and disinfecting Disease Signs & symptoms Incubation Communicability Prevention Now considered preparation for of surfaces in contact Avian/bird flu free of disease: cooking. with raw poultry (soap Japan, the and water is adequate). Republic of The bird flu is not die. Concern is Korea, and transmitted Patient treatment: treat mutation to Malaysia through fully and patients with severe humans properly cooked febrile respiratory illness food. with standard precautions (good handwashing) including gloves, gowns, eye protection if witin 3 feet of patient, and airborne precautions (N95 mask). Continue precautions for 14 days after onset of symptoms. Recommended that healthcare workers get vaccinated with the current “flu” vaccine.

File: Table of Comm Diseases 12/03 Revised 2/06