Crop Profile for Beans (Snap) in Tennessee

Prepared: April 2003 Revised: January 2013

General Production Information

Production Facts:

Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are tender, warm-season, annuals that are grown for their fleshy, immature pods. The harvested fruit generally ripen 48-60 days after planting. Snap beans are grown mainly for fresh market in Tennessee; however a small amount of acreage does exist as processing.

• Tennessee ranked around 2nd in snap bean production with the majority being produced for the fresh market in 2011. • Approximately 14,000 acres were planted in 2012 with approximately 13,500 acres harvested. • Producers received approximately $35.00 per cwt. in 2011. • Average yield per acre for Tennessee can be expected around 3,100 lbs per acre. However, National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) reported that from 2009 to 2011, in Tennessee ranged from 24 to 42 cwt. per acre. • Tennessee contributes to just less than 15% of the national snap bean fresh market production during 2012. • Production cost ranges from $440 to 580 per acre depending on seed variety selection, and if seed is treatment, non-treated and/or other production methods (such as irrigation) are selected. • An estimated production value in 2012 was approximately $525 per acre. • During 2010 and 2011, snap beans were valued at $14,508,000 and $9,065,000 respectively for Tennessee’s economy.

Production Facts:

• The majority of snap beans produced in Tennessee during 2012 were primarily grown in the Cumberland Plateau region. This area is considered middle Tennessee. However, a small amount of acreage has been grown in previous years in West Tennessee; however no acreage was reported for 2012.

Cultural Practices

Worker Safety and Re-Entry Intervals:

Most large scale snap bean producers hire migrant workers or individuals located near their community. Tennessee producers are required by federal and state laws to follow safety standards known as the Worker Protection Standards (WPS). The Worker Protection Standards 1

Funding for this project was provided by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 2011-51120-31171, "Management of the Southern IPM Center 2011" are regulations which cover pesticide usage in agricultural, forest, nursery and greenhouse production. Any Tennessee producer employing individuals to work in agricultural production must inform and/or train workers concerning the Worker Protection Standards. Worker Protection Standards are standards which are to be followed by employers to help eliminate possible pesticide contamination of pesticide applicators, handlers or workers. Information pertaining to pesticide application must be posted in a central location. Information concerning products used, location of application and re-entry interval is posted at the central location.

Also, other items pertaining to safety are provided to workers, applicators and/or handlers. Tables 5, 10 and 12, include re-entry intervals of products commonly used in Tennessee snap bean production. If workers, handlers and/or applicators must enter the field earlier than indicated by the pesticide label, individuals may be required to wear certain personal protective equipment. In most cases this includes boots, gloves, hat, long sleeve shirts, and long legged trousers. The Signal Word indicated by Caution, Warning or Danger are indicators of the level of human hazard which may vary between formulations containing the same active ingredient. The Signal Word lets the applicator, handler or worker know the relative acute toxicity of a product. Early re-entry is generally not necessary in Tennessee snap bean production. Treated areas are also posted to inform workers that treatments have been made and re-entry is restricted. If employers and employees follow WPS regulations, harvest interval and re-entry intervals, agricultural workers are less likely to be at risk to pesticide exposure in Tennessee agricultural production systems.

Worker Activities:

Land Preparation: Soils are generally freshened prior to planting or during the seeding process. This activity involves one person driving an open or enclosed-cab tractor. Snap bean production is done on bare ground and no workers are required for bed formation.

Planting Method: Seed and fertilizer are placed mechanically at planting. This process requires one operator in an open or enclosed-cab tractor. Seedling germination is generally 85-95 percent, however occasionally germination may be lowered when weather conditions and seedling diseases are favored. No thinning operations are necessary.

Irrigation: Little or no irrigation occurs in snap bean production in Tennessee. This would increase the cost of production. However, past dry springs have increased interests of some individuals to further investigate potential use in the future.

Cultivation: Fields are cultivated mechanically at least once and sometimes two or three times before the crop is harvested. Low clearance tractors may only allow for one cultivation per crop, however snap beans generally do not get tall enough to cause clearance issues. Cultivation only requires one operator in an open or enclosed-cab tractor. Most cultivation is done with an open cab tractor.

Scouting: Progressive growers scout at least weekly. Farm managers, farm advisors and their assistants review their findings and often consult with county agents or area specialist concerning crop protection methods. Disease and insect control is most critical prior to and during bloom and pest levels should be monitored closely during this time. Information concerning weed 2

pressure is also taken into account. All Worker Protection Standards are followed during field scouting events.

Harvest: The only time agricultural workers come in contact with the snap beans is during harvest. Approximately 95 percent of snap bean acreage is machine harvested. Most bush varieties are machine harvested (90% plus), while 50% of the half runner types are machine harvested and all pole types are hand harvested. Fields that are machine harvested are picked only once. The remaining snap bean acreage is hand harvested. Hand harvested fields may be harvested one to seven times depending on pod production. Generally, most hand harvest fields are picked 4 times. Workers generally dress in long sleeve shirts and pants during harvest. Workers often wear cloth or leather gloves during harvest due to possible skin abrasion.

Remaining plant residues are eventually incorporated by tillage equipment into the soil. Growers planting large acreage may plant at staggered dates so that harvest can be spread over several days in the event of poor weather, loss may be lessened. Most importantly, multiple plantings are used to ensure a consistent supply of product over the entire season. During grading, initially machines are used to remove trash and shriveled, discolored pods. After machine grading, pods are inspected by two to four workers that are responsible removing remaining trash or shriveled pods. Workers normally wear cotton gloves during the grading process. After harvesting and grading, beans they are immediately shipped by truck to market or the processor.

Varieties

Cultivar or variety selection may be one of the more important components to successful snap bean production. Most snap beans grown commercially are of the bush type, however there are a few growers who prefer pole types. At this time pods should be full of fruit and not dried. Bush type beans are generally planted with varying planting dates. Many large scale growers may spread out planting over a 50-60 day period. This allows for continued harvest throughout the season. Also, this may reduce risks of loss caused damage by pests and or the environment.

Listed below are several varieties available during 2012.

Bush types

• Ambra is a prolific yielder that develops straight, smooth, medium dark green 6" pods. Approximately 52 days until it reaches maturity and the upright plant structure makes for an excellent mechanical harvest variety. • Bronco is a dark green-podded, small sieve-size, fresh market cultivar which may be harvested within 53 days. • Caprice matures in 60 Days. It has straight, smooth pods that have slow seed development, a fine eating quality and an attractive medium dark green color. Its upright plants set their 5 1/2 - 6" pods mid high in the plant which lends well to both hand and mechanical harvest. Caprice yields well under virus pressure, has resistance to bacterial brown spot and has good heat tolerance. • Carlo is a round-podded, small-sieve cultivar. This cultivar has white seeds with medium- green pods and is best suited for fresh market and is ready for harvest within 55 days.

3

• Charon is a bush green bean with dark-green, straight, has 6- to 7-inch string-less pods. Resistant to bacterial brown spot, common bean mosaic, curly top virus, halo blight and northern leaf blight (race 8) and matures in 55 days. • Crockett matures in 60 days, are a very dark green filet type is a high yielding green bush bean that produces a high percentage of refined 2 sieve pods that are perfect for use as a filet type bean. Its round, slim pods hold well at maturity and measure 6" in length. It has a continuous set, which allows for hand harvest over an extended period of time. Tolerance to BCMV (BV-1 and NY 15), Bean Rust, Halo Blight (race 2) and Curly Top Virus. • Dusky matures in 52 days which has a 6-inch, round, smooth, dark-green pods with white seeds. Resistant to bacterial brown spot, bean mosaic virus (race 15), common bean mosaic, halo blight and northern leaf blight (race 8). • Festina matures in 56 days, has a dark green pods. Commonly used for canning or fresh eating, this upright plant, tender-sweet pods, perfect for hot, sultry climates. Resistant to CBM Virus, sets nice straight pods about 6 inches long. • Hickok matures in 54 Days. Hickok green bean produces medium-dark green, 3-4 sieve pods on upright plants and has resistance to BCMV (US 1), Rust and Beet Curly Top Virus. The high quality, straight, round, 5.5" pods are set mid to high in the plant, which makes for an easy hand or clean mechanical harvest. • Inspiration matures in 53 to 56 days. • Magnum is a flat, pole-type suitable for machine harvest for fresh market which is dark seeded and is ready for harvest 51 days after planting. • Pike matures in 55 days, has medium-dark green pods that are mostly 3 sieve. It produces straight, smooth 5.5" pods that hold well at maturity and have the deep green color. • Prevail matures in 55 days, grows well in heavy soils, produces 5.5 inch straight round pods. • Valentino matures in 53 days and is a dark green type bean. Beans are glossy beans with quality to match their appearance, it is a low fibre pod, which means very tender and tasty beans. Pods are approximately 6 inch and are set high on the plants, with a concentrated set allowing for fast and easy picking.

Pole types

Pole type snap beans include: White-seeded Kentucky Wonder 191, McCaslan, Rattle Snake. These are usually planted once or twice per season. All pole types are hand harvested and sold on road side markets and/or local groceries.

Half-runner types

Half-Runner types include; Volunteer and State. Half runner types are normally planted once and no more than twice per season.

Fertility

Since snap beans prefer a pH of 5.5 to 6.2, very high levels of calcium are not necessary. The soil pH has a profound effect upon the response of snap beans to fertilizer, because it determines

4

whether or not plants are able to extract nutrients from the soil. Thus, if the pH is not correct, snap beans may not be able to use any fertilizer that is applied. When this happens, the cost of production goes up and there is reduced potential for return. Calcitic lime is normally used to avoid a magnesium deficiency situation if lime is needed.

Nitrogen content in the soil varies greatly from season to season due to its leachable nature. Therefore, the soil testing laboratory does not test for nitrogen. The amount of nitrogen recommended for snap beans is made according to the cultivar being grown. Since Blue Lake types are more vigorous foliage producers than the non-Blue Lake types, lower amounts are applied to them.

Fertility recommendations are listed below in Table 1. Phosphate and potash should be applied at rates recommended in Table 2. Zinc deficiencies are likely to occur at a pH above 6.0. To avoid zinc deficiencies, two pounds of actual zinc fertilizer should be applied at planting if soil has been tested low in zinc or if lime has been applied to the soil.

Table 1. Recommended Nitrogen Amounts for Snap Bean Production Snap bean Type Cultivar Pounds N per Acre Non-Blue Lake 45 Blue Lake 15

Table 2. Recommended Phosphate and Potash Applied Per Acre Pounds Per Acre Soil Test Level P2O5 K2O Low 90 60 Medium 60 30 High 30 0 Very High 0 0

Seeding Dates

The time of planting varies with the geographical region of the state. Snap beans could be seeded in the west and southern Middle Tennessee from April 1 - 20. Plantings can be made in the Central Basin from April 20 - 25, on the Highland Rim and Cumberland Plateau from May 1 to August 1 and in the Upper East Tennessee from May 10 until July 20, in West Tennessee from April 1 until June 1. Fall plantings are normally only conducted on the plateau and Eastern portion of the state from July 15 until August 20. Spreading planting dates in the spring would enable the availability of a harvested crop from about the middle of June until mid-September. Growers often plant until mid-August on the Highland Rim, in order to harvest through mid- October. However, drought conditions during possible planting times may influence producers not to plant later in the season.

Snap beans grow best at temperatures between 75 and 85F. Daytime temperatures above 90F and nighttime temperatures above 70F during bloom greatly reduce pod set. Most varieties may be 5 harvested within 48 - 60 days of planting. Frost and drought are major perils affecting snap beans. Snap bean plants are very sensitive to cold temperatures and will freeze from a slight frost. Snap beans are also sensitive to moisture stress, particularly during flowering and pod development. Moisture stress during flowering will most likely cause blossoms to fall off the plant and consequently result in a substantial decline in yields. Moisture deprivation during pod development can also lengthen the maturity period and result in small, shriveled pods. Excess moisture can also result in low yields.

Disease and Disease Control

Diseases can cause widespread, severe damage to the snap bean crop every year. Serious seedling diseases result in poor stands. Damaging stem, foliage and pod diseases further reduce yields. Disease control is necessary to produce the best quality and highest yields of both processing and fresh market snap beans.

Beans, along with many vegetable crops, may be subject to many diseases during the growing cycle. Root rot, damping-off, and seed rots are major diseases of snap beans. Proper crop rotations, field selection, sanitation, plant spacing, fertilization, irrigation, and the use of resistant varieties can reduce the risk of many diseases.

Diseases causing the greatest losses to snap beans in Tennessee are seedling rots, nematodes, rust, anthracnose, bacterial blight, white mold, and mosaic virus. There are several other diseases of minor importance in snap bean production. The primary snap bean diseases are seedling diseases, root rots, Rhizoctonia pod tip rot and rust. The most prevalent seedling diseases are Pythium and Rhizoctonia root rots. However, there are also problems with Ashy stem blight and Fusarium. These are considered mostly secondary invaders. Table 3, lists the disease loss estimate for 2012. Table 4, provides an estimate of fungicides used during the 2012 growing season. Table 6, lists the relative importance of alternative management practices for disease control in bean product and Table 7, lists the relative effectiveness of various products used for foliar disease control.

Table 3. Snap Bean Disease Loss Estimate for 2012*. Disease % Loss Anthracnose 0.5 Bacterial Blights trace Gray Mold (Botrytis) 0.1 Mosaic Viruses trace Pod Tip Rot (Rhizoctonia) 5 Powdery Mildew 0 Root, seedling rots, damping-off 5 Rust 2 White Mold trace Nematodes 0.1 Others 0.1

6

* Estimated percent loss of entire crop grown during 2012 provided by Steve Bost, University of Tennessee, Extension Service.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)

Anthracnose, is favored by cool, wet weather. It may cease to be active during hot, dry weather. It is more common on the Cumberland Plateau than in other parts of the state, and occurs more commonly in home gardens where locally grown seed kept from the previous year is used.

Disease Cycle:

The fungus survives the winter primarily in bean seed. Survival in soil or in plant residue varies greatly, depending on environmental conditions. Research conducted in Canada has shown that the fungus can survive 5 years in infected bean pods and seeds that are air-dried and stored at 4°C. Survival is drastically reduced, however, when infected materials are buried in the field and come in contact with water. Alternating wet-dry cycles in soil reduce survival of the fungus. Cool to moderate temperatures and prolonged periods of high humidity or free water on the foliage and young pods promote anthracnose development. Moisture is required for development, spread, and germination of the spores as well as for infection of the plant. A prolonged wet period is necessary for the fungus to establish its infection. The time from infection to visible symptoms ranges from 4 to 9 days, depending on the temperature, bean variety, and age of the tissues. The fungal spores are easily carried to healthy plants in wind- blown rain and by people and machinery moving through contaminated fields when the plants are wet. Frequent rainy weather increases disease occurrence and severity. This fungus overwinters inside bean seed and diseased bean plants left in the field after harvest. This fungus can live in the seed as long as they remain viable. Fungus spores will survive in old bean debris under field conditions for more than two years. Once the disease is brought into a field on the seed, it can be spread by splashing rain and insects, or by people and equipment when the beans are wet.

Symptoms:

The disease may show up on the leaves, stems or pods of bean plants. Dark brown to black, oval- shaped cankers with purple borders often occur on the bean stems and leaf veins. However, the most easily recognized symptom of anthracnose occurs on the pods as small, rust to reddish colored spots. This is the first evidence of the disease. These spots enlarge, turn dark brown to black and sink into the pods. A brownish, sometimes slightly raised border develops around each sunken spot, whose center may be covered with a pinkish ooze during wet weather.

Chemical Controls:

Spraying: In commercial plantings where disease-free seed and crop rotation are used, spraying is seldom necessary due to applications made for rust control. The products used for rust will

7

also protect against anthracnose. Although anthracnose is rarely a problem, it is advisable to use at least one application of chlorothalonil in the pin bean stage to prevent other diseases.

• Chlorothalonil (various): broad spectrum product, controls several diseases. • Penthiopyrad (Fontelis 1.67): fairly new product, little if any used. • Pyraclostrobin (Headline 2.09F): costs more than chlorothalonil products. • Axoystrobin (Quadris 2.08): costs more than chlorothalonil products. • Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M 70WG): potential of resistance with multiple usage.

Non Chemical Controls:

• Disease-Free Seed: Seed grown in dry regions of the west are usually free of the anthracnose fungus. It should always be used in preference to locally produced seed. Seed produced under wet, humid weather conditions quite often have the fungus present inside the seed coat. Work should not be conducted in the field when the foliage is wet to help reduce spread of disease. • Crop Rotation: Do not grow beans on the same soil more often than once every three years. This fungus survives in old plant material in the field, but is not usually spread to new uninfected sites from the old, infected debris. A two-year crop rotation is highly recommended as insurance against winter survival, and it provides some control of root- rotting organisms. • Sanitation: Do not work in bean fields when plants are wet. The seed-like spores, present in the diseased spots as a sticky mass, are more easily spread from diseased to healthy plants when plant parts are wet. • Cultivation: Plow infested bean trash deeply into soil. • Cultural control is best achieved by using anthracnose-free seed. Western-grown, certified seed is highly recommended. Anthracnose development is unlikely on seed produced in semiarid areas, which have little rainfall and high temperatures during the growing season. In contrast, seeds produced in the Northeast are exposed to summer rains and high humidity during the growing season, and the risk of developing anthracnose is increased. • The fungus survives best on bean seed and to a lesser extent on dried pods and straw. Cleaning and bagging stations in areas where anthracnose has been a problem may be sources of contaminated dust. Thus these stations should be cleaned of debris between shipments and the shipments isolated. Since the fungus is disseminated in the presence of water, fields should not be entered for cultivation or pesticide applications when the plants are wet. • Avoiding unnecessary movement in infested fields will minimize the spread of the disease. Because the fungus does not survive well under field conditions, infested bean debris should be incorporated in the soil after harvest to reduce winter survival. • Bean varieties resistant to anthracnose are available from seed companies. The use of resistant varieties, however, is complicated by the presence of several forms or races of the fungus, and plants resistant to one race may be susceptible to another Varieties must be tested where they are to be grown to determine their tolerance to the locally prevalent races.

8

Bacterial Blights (Xanthomonas phaseoli)

Bacterial blight overwinters inside bean seed and diseased bean plant debris in the soil. The bacteria survive only one year in old bean plants after the crop is harvested. The disease organism may be introduced by seed into a new field. It is spread from plant to plant by splashing rain and equipment used in the field when the plants are wet.

Symptoms:

The symptoms first appear as small, water-soaked or somewhat transparent spots on the underside of the leaves. These spots enlarge and run together. As they develop, the centers become dry and reddish or brown, surrounded by a narrow yellow halo. On very susceptible varieties, the spots expand until the leaves appear scorched or sun-scalded. These leaves soon become ragged and torn by the wind and rain. They later wither and drop off. Pod lesions start as round, water-soaked dots that enlarge, run together, dry and form sunken blotches, surrounded by a reddish or brick-red margin. Entire pods may shrivel. The bacterium causing this disease may also attack the stems of young seedlings, causing water-soaked, sunken areas that enlarge and develop into reddish streaks. Infected areas may have a yellow ooze or whitish crust during wet or humid weather.

Chemical Controls:

Sprays: Spray at weekly intervals during wet or humid conditions.

• Copper (Basic Copper Sulfate): Copper fungicides will aid in control of common bacterial blight. • Streptomycin-sulfate (Ag Strep): applied as a seed treatment may reduce spread of the disease from seed to field.

Non-Chemical Controls:

• Crop rotation can reduce infections. Do not plant beans for at least two years behind beans or soybeans. • Sanitation: Plow under all infested plant material immediately after harvest. Do not cultivate or handle plants when they are wet with dew or rain -- this may spread the bacteria from plant to plant. Do not work in fields when foliage is wet. • Disease-Free Seed: Plant only disease-free seed grown in the blight-free regions of the western United States. Rainfall and humidity are normally too low for the causal bacteria to infect the plants there.

9

Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea)

Gray Mold is also known as Botrytis. It is called gray mold due to its gray appearance on the foliage or pod surface. The fungus causes reduced photosynthesis when infecting the leaves however, pod infection is the most devastating.

Symptoms are usually noticed when the fungus infects the ripening pods. It may be observed during bloom development if favorable weather conditions exist. If heavy infections occur during bloom, reduced yield may result. Lesions on the pods develop slowly and with favorable weather may engulf the entire pod. A key diagnostic feature of Botrytis is the grayish mass of mycelium, conidiophores and conidia formed on the surface of infected tissues. Botrytis infects many types of plants; however is rarely a problem in snap bean production unless cool wet weather conditions prevail for a period of time.

Chemical Controls:

• Boscalid (Endura 70WG): limited to a maximum of two applications per acre per season and has Warning listed as the signal word. • Penthiopyrad (Fontelis): it is a new product and little if any was used. • Iprodione (various): has a 14-day PHI for succulent beans a 45-day PHI for dry beans. • Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M): possible resistance within pathogen’s population. • Chlorothalonil (Bravo 720, others): a broad spectrum fungicide commonly used on various crops and provides good to excellent control. • Cyprodinil and Fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG): is a combination of two different active ingredients which should help reduce the potential for pathogen resistance.

NOTE: Control may be achieved with fungicides by beginning spraying when plants are 25% - 50% bloom and repeated at peak bloom.

Non-Chemical Controls:

Several cultural practices may suppress the incidence of gray mold.

• Rotation • Plant in areas which have good air movement. • Planting plants further apart within the rows and widened row spacing may help reducing moisture on succulent plants, therefore manipulating a pathogens environment.

Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni)

Powdery mildew can affect all aerial parts of snap beans however seldom causes extensive damage to snap beans in Tennessee. It is favored during times of high humidity.

10

Symptoms:

Slightly darkened, mottled spots develop on the upper surfaces of leaves and subsequently become covered by a circular growth of white, superficial powdery substance known as the mycelium. The entire leaf or multiple leave may become covered with this thin white covering. Premature senescence may occur during heavy infections from this pathogen reducing photosynthesis of the plant. Stems and pods may later become infected, leading to additional yield loss. Seed transmission results from infection of the seed coat. Infected pods may become stunted, malformed or shrivel and die.

Chemical Controls:

• Sulfur (Tribasic Copper Sulfate): sulfur is commonly applied in combination with copper containing materials. Sulfur may cause phytotoxicity when temperatures exceed 85 degrees. • Boscalid (Endura 70WG): limited to a maximum of two applications per acre per season and has Warning listed as the signal word. • Penthiopyrad (Fontelis 1.67SC): is a fairly new product and little use occurred during 2012. • Pyraclostrobin (Headline 2.09SC)

NOTE: Chemical sprays are rarely needed but aid in control of powdery mildew.

Non-Chemical Controls:

• Certain cultivars have partial to full resistance to infection by E. Polygoni, however the fungus is variable and resistance may not be stable over time.

Rusts (Uromyces appendiculatus formerly known as U. phaseoli var. typica)

Rust, caused by the fungus Uromyces appendiculatus, attacks all above ground parts of the bean plant, but is most commonly seen on the underside of the leaves. Rust is a disease which occurs primarily in the fall. It becomes most prevalent during periods of low rainfall and high humidity. The rust usually begins on the foliage. It can become serious enough to defoliate the plants and ultimately cause lesions on the pods making them non-marketable. The rust fungus is not seed- borne, but overwinters on old bean plants. Spores produced on old bean plants are spread to new bean foliage by the wind. Early symptoms of the disease may be seen approximately five days after spores land on the leaves. A new crop of spores is produced about every 10 days. The development of rust is favored by cloudy, humid weather and an optimum temperature around 75 degrees F.

Symptoms:

The first symptoms of rust on the foliage are very small, white, slightly raised spots or pimples which may be surrounded by a yellow halo. The white pimples later become raised, reddish, 11

orange to brown pustules. These rupture and release a powdery mass of spores (seed-like bodies) which give a rust color to the fingers if rubbed across an infected leaf. As many as 2,000 individual spots may be found on a single leaf. Heavily infected leaves usually turn yellow, shrivel and fall, resulting in premature defoliation.

Chemical Controls:

• Myclobutanil (Rally 40WSP) • Chlorothalonil (various): provides control of several foliar diseases. • Boscalid (Endura 70WG): has Warning as the signal word. • Penthiopyrad (Fontelis 1.67SC) • Tebuconazole (Toledo 3.6F) • Pyraclostrobin (Cabrio Headline 2.09F): has Warning listed as the signal word. • Azoxystrobin (Quadris 2.08F): used on many types of crops and would be more available in the wholesale and retail markets. • Sulfur (Tribasic Copper Sulfate): Sulfur products help provide additional control, however should be used in combination with other products to obtain optimal control of rust.

NOTES: Spraying a timely application of chlorothalonil with Sulfur will protect susceptible bean foliage from rust infection. To spray, use chemical in enough water to thoroughly cover the top and bottom leaf surfaces. Make the first application at the first sign of rust infection on a few plants. Repeat at weekly intervals until rust is no longer a problem. One to three applications are usually adequate.

Non-Chemical Controls:

• Crop Rotation: The rust fungus will live for one year on old bean plant material left in the field. Beans planted in these fields can become infected earlier and be more severely damaged by rust. Therefore, a two year rotation with crops other than beans is important. • Resistant Varieties: Most of the recommended commercial varieties do not have resistance to rust. However, the Opus variety has resistance to many races. Mountaineer, which is grown primarily in home gardens, is resistant to many races of rust.

Rhizoctonia Pod Tip Rot (Rhizoctonia spp.)

Rhizoctonia pod tip rot usually occurs during periods of high rainfall, especially near harvest. The rain splashes soil containing Rhizoctonia onto the pods resulting in a webbing or lesion on the pod.

Chemical Controls:

Control may be achieved by applying several of the foliar fungicides.

12

• Myclobutanil (Rally 40WSP): applied at the rate of 4 – 5 oz per acre. Product has a 0- day PHI. • Iproione (Rovral 4): may provide some control. Has a 14-day PHI.

Non-Chemical Controls:

• Increased plant and or row spacing will aid in control by increasing aeration in the foliar microenvironment.

Seedling rots (Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Phytophthora, and Fusarium)

Snap beans are generally very susceptible to fungi causing damping-off. In order to minimize losses from damping-off, most commercially available bean seed have been treated with a fungicide. This is readily apparent by the distinct color imparted to the seed by the fungicide coating applied by the seed supplier. If, by chance, seed has not been treated, growers may use a seed treatment, such as certain commercial preparations of chloroneb or metalaxyl. Of course, treated seed should never be used as food or fed to animals. There are several pre-plant or at planting chemical options that growers may use. In recent years it has been almost impossible to get a good stand of late planted snap beans in Tennessee.

Most beans planted after mid-June begin to die about the time they come up to a stand. A number of different soil-borne fungi may attack beans. Pythium has been most commonly associated with stand failure of fall beans. However, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium may also cause seedling disease. Bean seedlings may be attacked from the time they first begin to germinate until they are several weeks old.

They are much more susceptible in the young, tender, succulent stage. In addition to the above mentioned fungi, Sclerotium rolfsii (the southern blight fungus) can be involved in the loss of stands. If fields have had a history with southern blight it is recommended for growers to plow deep the debris and following the recommendations given below should help control the incidence of seedling disease caused by this fungus.

Symptoms:

Rhizoctonia and Pythium cause young been seedlings to wilt and collapse or damp-off from water-soaked rotting of the stem near the soil line. With Pythium, the stem has a more watery rot that is colorless to dark brown. The slimy outer tissue of the stem slips easily from the central core. With Rhizoctonia, the stem initially appears water-soaked, but may dry and turn brown or form reddish-brown to brick red, slightly sunken cankers on the stem. The plants may recover, but they will be stunted.

Chemical Controls: may achieve with the use of a seed treatment or with an in-furrow fungicide treatment.

13

In-furrow treatments:

• Metalaxyl w/ PCNB (Ridomil Gold): Provides control of Pythium, Rhizoctonia and other damping off fungi. • Azoxystrobin (Quadris): provides control of Rhizoctonia • PCNB (Blocker 4F): provides control of Rhizoctonia. Does have Caution listed as the signal word.

Seed treatments:

• Chloroneb (Demosan 65W) • Fludioxonil (Maxim 4FS) • Thiram (Thiram 42S) • Trifloxystrobin and metalaxyl (Trilex 2000) • Trifloxystrobin (Trilex) • Mefenoxam (Apron XL LS) • Penflufen (EverGol Prime): new product, usage would have been limited.

NOTE: Metalaxyl products are specific only for Pythium and closely related fungi. Also, while this seed treatment will provide excellent protection against Pythium and related fungi it is not effective against Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, and other non-pythiaceous fungi. In addition, this fungicide will not control the aerial blight phase of Pythium on mature plants. Extensive use of this product may result in selection of resistant strains of fungal pathogens.

Alternative Chemical Control Seed Treatments:

Seeds can be chemically disinfected to help reduce potential spread of disease. Items listed below provide a disinfected seed coat only for the following items:

• Chlorine • Chlorine dioxide • Hydrogen dioxide • Peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide • Sodium hypochlorite

Non-Chemical Control:

• Sanitation: Keeping soil potentially infested with this organism away from bean stems during cultivation may help in control. Hilling soil around the stems of beans increases the incidence of seedling disease even when fungicides are used.

Biological Control:

• Bacillus subtilis GB03 (Kodiak HB): for control of Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp. Applied at the rate of 4 to 8 oz. per 100 lbs of seed. Fairly expensive product.

14

• Bacillus pumilus GB34 (Yield Shield): for control of Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp., used as a seed treatment and applied at the rate of 0.1 ounces per 100 lbs of seed. Fairly expensive product. • Trichoderma spp. (Tenet WP): a biological control agent and is fairly expensive.

White Mold or Sclerotinia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)

White mold can infect all aerial parts of snap beans in the field as well as the succulent pods in transit and storage. This disease is most serious in plants with dense canopies which have had a history of the disease. It is usually observed during cool, moist conditions occur soon after flowering. This disease can survive in the soil for 5 or more years.

Symptoms:

Symptoms include infected flowers that develop a white cottony appearance as mycelium grows on the surface. Lesions soon develop on the leaves, stems and pods. These lesions are initially small, circular, dark green, and water soaked. However, lesions rapidly increase in size and become slimy and encompass and kill the entire infected organ. Entire stems of the plants may die and infected tissues soon become dried out and have a bleached appearance.

Chemical Controls:

• Boscalid (Endura 70WG): has Warning listed as the signal word. • Penthiopyrad (Fontelis 1.67SC) • Iprodione (Rovral 4F) • Thiophanate methyl (various 70WG) • Dicloran (Botran 75WP) • Cyprodonil and fludioxonil (Switch 62.5WDG): is a combination of two active ingredients, therefore should increase time before resistance occurs within the pathogen’s population.

Note: An application of a fungicide spray during bloom may be effective.

Non-Chemical Controls:

• Rotation with non-host crops may reduce disease by reducing initial inoculum. • Selecting varieties with upright characteristics with open architecture may avoid infection from this disease. • Rows should be planted parallel to the prevailing wind, excessive and late season irrigation and excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizer should be avoided. Wide row spacing and increased spacing within the row should be considered. • A timely harvest, followed by a rapid cooling and storage of healthy pods may provide effective control of white mold.

15

Mosaic Viruses

A number of viruses, including common bean mosaic, Southern bean mosaic and yellow bean mosaic, may affect snap beans. Common bean mosaic and Southern bean mosaic may be seed transmitted. All three virus diseases may be spread by insects. Yellow bean mosaic is usually spread from clover to beans by aphids. It is usually widespread only where beans are planted after clover or adjacent to clover fields. Mosaic is considered a minor bean disease in Tennessee, except when grown near areas where clover is grown.

Symptoms:

Symptoms of the different virus diseases are very similar and difficult to separate. All the mosaic virus diseases cause some stunting and reduced yields. The affected bean leaves have irregular, light green or yellow areas merging with darker green patches, which produce the familiar mottling or mosaic effect. The mottling of contrasting yellow and green areas serves as a means of distinguishing yellow bean mosaic from common bean mosaic.

Plants infected by yellow bean mosaic are more dwarfed and bunchy. Bean pods on infected plants are quite often undersized and sometimes curled. They may contain fewer beans than those produced on normal plants. Leaves may be long and narrow and show some puckering or downward cuppings at the margin. The overall symptoms may differ slightly with the variety and age of the plants and, to some extent, with growing conditions.

Chemical controls:

• Use of insecticides may help limit spread of viruses by vectors (aphids or thrips).

Non-chemical controls:

• Use of resistant varieties. There are several varieties which have some degree of resistance to common bean mosaic. Using resistant varieties is of doubtful value in the case of yellow bean mosaic. • Use of seed sources from areas not having problems. • Rotation: Fields planted to beans or red clover should not be planted back to beans the following year. • Sanitation: Clean up all weed host plants adjacent to the bean field that could serve as a reservoir for the virus. • Do not plant within 700 feet of red or white clover fields. • Certified Seed: Since common bean mosaic and Southern bean mosaic may be seed transmitted, use certified seed.

Root Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)

Several different nematodes, including root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.), lesion (Pratylenchus spp.), sting (Belonolaimus spp.), stubby-root (Trichodorus spp.) and cyst (Heterodera spp.) may affect 16 snapbeans. All plant parasitic nematodes cause similar above ground symptoms on beans. However, the most commonly observed nematode in Tennessee is Meloidogyne spp. commonly called the root-knot nematode. Root-knot nematode populations buildup during the summer months, so fall beans are more apt to be severely affected than are spring plantings. Recommended bean varieties are susceptible to root-knot nematodes. If a high population of root-knot is present in the soil, beans may be stunted, produce low yields or plants may die. Root-knot damage is usually more severe on light, sandy soils.

Symptoms:

Usually, root-knot nematodes are not evenly distributed over a field. Thus, symptoms may appear in round to irregular areas in the field. The most noticeable symptom may be irregular plant height and vigor. Symptoms often appear to similar to potash deficiency. Nematodes damage the roots making the plant susceptible to root invading fungi and bacteria. Above ground symptoms are those of a plant with a damaged root system: pale green to yellow foliage, stunting and abnormal wilting during the warmer part of the day. Below ground symptoms furnish the positive proof of root-knot problems. Affected roots have swellings or galls, ranging from very small pinhead size to one-half inch or more in diameter on the larger roots. These galls are enlargements of the root tissue and cannot be detached without breaking the root. Soil samples may be sent to The University of Tennessee, Soil, Plant and Pest Diagnostic Center, in Nashville, TN or samples may be directed to another lab for analysis. Samples will be checked for all plant parasitic nematodes which may damage beans.

Chemical Controls:

Fumigation: The application of a fumigant type nematicide in the row before planting is one way to control nematodes in snap beans. Fumigants can be applied by a gravity-flow applicator, and should be placed 6 to 8 inches deep in the row. Most fumigants require a two-week waiting period between application and planting. Fumigation is usually the last alternative for control.

• Metam-Sodium (Vapam HL): has Danger as the signal word. Treated area must be allowed to air at a minimum of 5 days prior to planting.

Non-Chemical Controls:

• Rotation: Rotations have some value if a single species of nematode is present. If several genera or species are in a field, it is difficult to find a rotational crop that will not favor the buildup of at least one kind of nematode. • Fall beans should not be planted behind a root-knot susceptible crop, such as cucumbers, tobacco, cotton, squash, tomatoes, cantaloupes, peas or beans. Leaving the land fallow during the summer or planting rye in the field in the fall should reduce the root-knot nematode population.

17

Other Diseases

Other diseases that are occasionally observed. One that is sporadic includes Southern Blight (Sclerotium rolfsii). Rotation and a deep turning under of crop residue help reduce problems from this organism and others.

Fungicides

• Azoxystrobin (Quadris 2.08, Amistar, Dynasty): is listed as a group 11 quinone Qol fungicide. Has Caution listed as a signal word, 4 hour REI, and a 14-day PHI for dry beans and 0-day for succulent beans. Applied at the rate of 6-15.5 fl.oz. or 0.1 to 0.25 lbs ai per acre with a maximum of 1.5 lbs ai per acre per season. Dynasty seed treatment is applied at the rate range of 0.153 to 0.765 lbs ai per 100 lbs. of seed. It is used to control aerial Rhizoctonia and sore shin, anthracnose, Sclerotium rolfsii (Southern blight), common rust, and poor control of Pythium cottony leak and gray mold.

• Bacillus subtilis QST 713(Serenade): is a biological control which has Caution listed as a signal word and has a 4-hour REI. No PHI is listed on the label. It is applied at the rate or 1 to 3 lbs per acre. It is used to control rust, and Sclerotinia.

• Bacillus pumilus QST 2808 (Sonata): is a biological control which has Caution listed as a signal word and it has a 4-hour REI. It is applied at the formulation rate of 2 to 4 quarts per acre. No PHI is listed on the label. It is labeled to control rusts and powdery mildew.

• Boscalid (Endura): is listed as a group 7 pyridine carboxamide fungicide. Has Warning as a signal word, 12-hour REI and a 21-day PHI for dry beans and 7-day PHI for succulent beans. Applied at the formulation rate of 8-11 oz. or 0.352 to 0.484 lbs ai per acre with 2 applications maximum per acre per season. It controls gray mold and Sclerotinia blight.

• Chloroneb (Demosan 65W): used as a commercial seed treatment at the rate of 1 oz per 100 lbs seed. If used as a hopper box treatment, it is used at the rate of 4 lbs 65W formulation per gallon of water and coated onto seed, coverage on seed depends on thorough mixing. Used to control Rhizoctonia, Pythium and Sclerotium rolfsii. Livestock should not be allowed to graze in treated areas within 45 days of planting treated seed.

• Copper Hydroxide (Champ Dry Prill, Formula 2 Flowable, Kocide 3000): has a Caution or Warning signal word. Depending on formulation varies from 37.5% to 4.5 lbs ai. Has a 48-hour REI and no PHI is listed. It is only labeled for dry and green beans. The 2 flowable or 4.5 lb ai, is applied at the formulation rate range of 0.66 to 2 pints per acre. It is used to control bacterial blight, and downy mildews.

• Dicloran (Botran 75): is listed as a group 14 aromatic hydrocarbon chlorophenyl nitroniline fungicide. It has Caution listed as the signal word, a 12-hour REI, 2-day PHI and applied at the formulation rate of 2.66lbs (2 lbs ai) per acre and a maximum of 5.33

18

lbs (4 lbs ai) formulation per acre per season. Treated foliage should not be fed to livestock. It provides fair control of gray mold and Sclerotinia blight.

• Chlorothalonil (Bravo, others): is listed as a group M5 chloronitrile (phthalonitrile) fungicide. It has Caution listed as the signal word, a 12-hour REI and a 7-day PHI. Applied a the formulation rate range of 1 3/8 – 3 pints or 1-2.25 lbs ai per acre per season with a maximum of 12 pints per acre or 9 lbs ai per acre per season. It provides control of common rust, Cercospora, and fair control of anthracnose and downy mildew. Poor control of aerial Rhizocontia.

• Cyazofamid (Ranman): is listed in Group 21 FRAC codes of the fungicides. It has a signal word of Caution, contains 3.33 lbs ai per gallon of formulation. It has a 12-hour REI and a 0-day PHI. It may be applied at the formulation rate of 2.75 floz. (0.071lbs ai) per acre. It is used to control Pythium cottony leak, downy mildews, and Phytophthora blights.

• Cyprodonil and fludioxonil (Switch 62.5): The formulation contains a combination of two fungicide groups, an active listed in group 9 and another in group 12 of the fungicides. It contains 37.5% cyprodonil and 25% fludioxonil per pound of product. The formulation has Caution listed as the signal word, a 12-hour REI and a 7-day PHI. It is applied at the formulation rate of 11-14 oz. per acre with no more the 56 oz. or 1.3 lbs ai per acre per season. It is limited to, two sequential applications before rotation with another product to help reduce possible pest resistance. It provides control of gray mold and Sclerotinia blight.

• Copper- fixed w/ Sulfur (various TopCop w/sulfur): It is applied at the rate of 2 quarts per acre. Is listed in group M1, inorganic fungicide and provides good control of downy mildew and fair control of brown spot, common bacterial blight, halo blight and poor control of anthracnose, Cercospora, common rust, gray mold, and powdery mildew.

• Fludioxonil (Maxim 4FS): is applied as a seed treatment, has Caution listed as the signal word, a 12-hour REI and applied at the rate range of 0.08 to 0.16 fl oz per 100 lbs (0.0001 – 0.003 lbs ai) of seed. Used to protect against seed borne and soil borne fungi which cause decay.

• Fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin (Priaxor): is a combination of group 7 and group 11 fungicides. It contains 1.39 lbs ai fluxapyroxad and 2.78 lbs ai of pyraclostrobin per gallon of formulation. This product has Caution listed as the signal word. It has a 12 hour REI and a 7-day PHI. It is applied at the formulation rate range of 4 to 8 floz per acre with a maximum of 16 floz per acre per season. It is used to control anthracnose, alternaria leaf and pod spot, Ascochyta blight, Botrytis gray mold, downy mildews, Mycosphaerella spp., powdery mildew and rusts. Forage may be fed no sooner than 14 days after the last application.

• Hydrogen dioxide (Oxidate): has Danger listed as the signal word, has 1 hour REI, and no PHI is listed. It is applied at the dilution rate of 1:100 to 1:2000. It is labeled for

19

control of Anthracnose, Botrytis, Downy mildew, Phytophthora, powdery mildews, Pythium, Sclerotinia, and Rust. Not listed on state recommended products.

• Iprodione (Rovral 4): is listed in group 2 dicarboximide fungicides and has Caution listed as the signal word, a 24-hour REI and a 14-day PHI for succulent beans and 45-day PHI for dry beans. It is applied at the formulation rate range of 1.5 to 2 pints (0.75 to 1lb ai) per acre, with a maximum of 2 applications per acre per season. Hay of succulent beans should not be fed to livestock. It provides control of gray mold and Sclerotinia blight. Provides some control of Rhizoctonia aerial blight and sore shin.

• Mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold SL 4, Apron XL LS): is listed in the group 4 of the acylalanine fungicides. The 4lb ai/gallon product has Caution listed as the signal word and a 48-hour REI and is applied at the rate of 0.5 to 1 pint per acre or 0.25 to 0.5 lbs ai per acre. This product is normally applied in a 7-inch band over the row and incorporated in the top two inches of soil. provides control of downy mildew, Pythium damping-off and Pythium cottony blight. The Apron XL LS formulation contains 3 lbs ai per gallon has Warning as the signal word and is applied at the formulation rate of 0.16 to 0.64 fl.oz. per 100 lbs of seed.

• Myclobutanil (Rally 40WSP): is a conazole class fungicide listed in group 3 FRAC codes. It has Caution listed as the signal word. It has a 24-hour REI and 0-day PHI. It is applied at the formulation rate range of 4 to 5 oz. (0.1 to 0.2 lbs active ingredient) per acre. No more than 1.25 lbs formulation per acre per season. Would provide control of common rust, and aerial Rhizoctonia pod rot.

• Neem oil (Trilogy): is an extract of Neem, considered a natural product. It has Caution listed as the signal word and a 4-hour REI. No PHI is listed on the label. It is applied at the formulation rate of 0.5 to 1% solution or 2 pints minimum per 5 gallons of water per acre.

• Oils, rosemary, clove, thyme, wintergreen (Sporatec): is a natural product which has Caution listed as a signal word. This product is exempt and is not registered under FIFRA. It has not REI or PHI listed. It may be applied at the formulation rate range of 1 to 3 pints per acre. Used to control bacterial diseases, Botrytis, powdery mildew, and rust. This product was not listed in state recommendations.

• Penflufen (EverGol Prime): has a FRAC code of 7 and is a pyrazole- carboxamide fungicide. It has Caution listed as the signal word and is used as a seed treatment. Formulation contains 2 lbs ai per gallon. It has a 12 hour REI and no PHI is listed. It is applied at the formulation rate of 0.32 fl.oz per 100kg of seed or 0.0142 mg ai per seed. Used to control Rhizoctonia root rot.

• Pentachloronitrobenzene –PCNB (Blocker 4F): is listed as a group 14 in FRAC codes as an aromatic hydrocarbon and has Caution listed as the signal word and a 12-hour REI and applied at planting. Applied as a directed spray in the seed furrow and to the covering of soil at planting time. Applied a the formulation rate range of 2.2 to 3.3 fl.oz (0.68 to 0.103 lbs ai ) per 1,000 row feet. It is used to control Rhizoctonia solani. 20

• Penthiopyrad (Fontelis 1.67, Vertisan): is listed as a group 7 fungicide. It has Warning listed as the signal word, a 12 hour REI and a 0-day PHI. It is applied at the rate of 14-30 fl.oz. per acre, with no more than 2 sequential applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action. No more than 72 fl.oz. per acre per year. Used to control Anthracnose, Ascochyta leaf blight, Cercospora leaf spot, gray mold, powdery mildew, rust, and white mold.

• Phosphoric acid (Phosphite, Phostrol 4.17): has Caution listed as the signal word. Applied at the rate range of 1 to 4 pints per acre for Phosphite and 4 to 5 pints (0.52 – 2.08lbs ai) per acre for Phostrol. Phosphite does not have an REI listed but Phostrol has a 4-hour REI. No PHI is listed on either of the labels. Used to control downy mildews and Pythium cottony leak. Not listed on the state recommendations.

• Potassium bicarbonate (Armicarb 100): has Caution listed as the signal word, a 4-hour REI and 0-day PHI. It is applied at the formulation rate range of 2.5 to 5 lbs per 100 gallons of water. It is labeled to control powdery mildew, anthracnose, botrytis, Ascochyta and Alternaria leaf spots. It is currently not listed on the state’s recommendation list.

• Propiconazole (Tilt 3.6): is listed as a group 3 DMI, triazole fungicide, has Warning listed as the signal word, has a 12 hour REI and a 7-day PHI. It is applied at the rate of 4 fl.oz. per acre. Labeled for use on dry and succulent beans. Labeled to control bean rust, anthracnose, alternaria leaf spot, Southern blight, Web blight, and Ascochyta blight.

• Pyraclostrobin (Cabrio, Headline): Is included in group 11 of the FRAC codes and is listed as methoxy-carbamate fungicide. It has Warning listed as the signal word, 12-hour REI, 7-day PH. It is applied at the formulation rate range of 6 to 9 fl.ozs./acre with a maximum number of sequential foliar applications limited to 2, with a maximum product rate of 18 fl.oz. oer acre or 0.29 lbs ai/acre per season. Bean forage or hay may be fed no sooner than 14-days after the last application. It provides control of aerial Rhizcotonia, anthracnose, Cercospora, common rust, Pythium cottony leak, S. rolfsii, Rhizoctonia sore shin and gray mold.

• Renoutria sachalinensis (Regalia): is a biological control and has Warning listed as the signal word. It has a 4-hour REI and no PHI listed. It is applied at the formulation rate of per 20 to 100 gallons of water. It is used to control powdery mildews, rust, white mold, Botrytis, and rusts.

• Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 (Actinovate): is a biological control fungicide. It has Caution listed as the signal word, 1-hour REI and a 0-day PHI. It is applied at the formulation rate range of 3-12 oz. per acre as a soil drench or a foliar spray. If used as a seed treatment, may provide control of Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Phytophthora, and other root decaying organisms. As a foliar application it provides suppression and control of powdery mildews, and Botrytis. It is currently not listed in state recommendations.

21

• Streptomycin sulfate (Ag Strep 50%): is a seed treatment which has Caution listed as the signal word and a 12-hour REI. No PHI is listed on the label. It is applied at the formulation rate range of 0.17 to 0.87 oz. per 100 lbs of seed.

• Sulfur (various): Is listed in the M2 inorganic fungicides. It provides control of common rust, powdery mildew, anthracnose, cercospora, downy mildew and gray mold. Product may cause phytotoxicity when applied at temperatures of 85 degrees or greater. The active ingredient is commonly mixed with copper products.

• Tebuconazole (Toledo 3.6): is listed in group 3 triazole fungicides. It has Caution listed as the signal word, has 12-hour REI. It has a 7-day PHI for fresh beans and 14-day PHI for dry beans. Applied at the rate of 4 to 6 fl.oz. (0.1125 – 0.168 lbs ai) per acre used to control common rust but provides control of S. rolfsii, common rust, Cercospora, gray mold, and Rhizoctonia sore shin.

• Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin-M): is listed in group 1 methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides. It has Caution listed as the signal word, it has a 24-hour REI for succulent beans and a 3-day PHI for dry beans. It has a 14-day PHI for succulent beans and 28-day PHI for dry beans. It is applied at 1.5 to 2 lbs (1 – 1.5 lbs ai) per acre. It provides control of Cercospora, anthracnose, Sclerotinia blight, Rhizoctonia sore shin, and aerial blight.

• Trichoderma asperellum and T. gamsii (Tenet WP): is a combination of two biological controls. It has Caution listed as the signal word and a 1 hour REI. Normally applied at the rate of 2.5 to 3 lbs per acre banded or in-furrow at the rate of 1.5 to 3 oz. per 1,000 row feet.

• Thiram (Thiram-42-S): each gallon of formulation contains 4 lbs ai per gallon. The product is used as a seed treatment at the rate of 2 floz per 100 lbs of seed. The product label contains the signal word Caution and it has a 24-hour REI. No PHI listed. Used to control many seed borne and soil borne organisms.

• Trifloxystrobin and metalaxyl (Trilex 2000): Trilex 2000 is a combination of two fungicides and is used as a seed treatment. It contains 0.64 lbs ai of trifloxystrobin and 0.51 lbs ai of metalaxyl per gallon of product. It is applied at the formulation rate of 1 floz. per 100 lbs of seed.

• Trifloxystrobin (Trilex): contains 2 lbs ai per gallon and is used as a seed treatment. It is applied at the formulation rate of 0.32 fl.oz. (0.045 lbs ai) per 100 lbs of seed. It provides a broad spectrum of control for several seedling pathogens.

• Benomyl (Benlate 50WP): product has been discontinued and is no longer available. This product was previously used as a foliar treatment prior to 2003. Product not labeled or no-longer available for use in snap bean production in Tennessee.

22

Table 4. Estimated Snap Bean Fungicide Applications % Acreage Average Number of Fungicide and application Treated Applications Made Foliar/soil applied Azoxystrobin (Quadris) 5 1 Boscalid (Endura) 0 0 Chlorothalonil 75 (various) 75 2 Copper, Fixed (various) 5 1 Cyprodionil & fludioxonil (Switch) 0 0 Dicloran (Botran 75WP) 0 0 Iprodione (Rovral 4) 1 1 Mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold) 0 0 Myclobutanil (Rally 40WSP) 5 1 Penthiopyrad (Fontelis 1.67) <1 1 Pyraclostrobin (Cabrio, Headline) 5 1 Mefenoxam & PCNB (Ridomil GOLD PC) 0 0 Sulfur ** 5 1 Tebuconazole (Toledo 3.6F) 0 0 PCNB (Blocker 4F) 0 0 Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M 70WP) 1 1 Seed Treatment* Azoxystrobin 25 1 Captan 3 1 Chloroneb 65W (Demosan) 0 0 Fludioxonil 95 1 Mefenoxam/metalaxyl 95 1 Streptomycin sulfate 75 1 Thiram (Thiram 42-S) 3 1 Trifloxystrobin & metalaxyl (Trilex 2000) 0 0 Bacillus subtilis GB03 (Kodiak HB) 0 0 Bacillus pumilus GB34 (Yield Shield) 0 0 *Seed treatments are commonly mixtures containing two or more active ingredients. **Sulfur, is commonly found in the Basic Copper Sulfate fungicides. Information provided by Steve Bost, University of Tennessee, Extension Service.

Table 5. Fungicides, their signal words, Re-entry intervals and Post-Harvest Intervals. Signal REI PHI Common name (Trade name) Word* (hrs) (Days) RUP** Foliar/soil applied Azoxystrobin (Quadris 2.08) C 4 0 N Boscalid (Endura) W 12 7 N Chlorothalonil 75, 4 (various) C/D 12 7 N Copper, Fixed (various) W 48 NA*** N Cyprodionil & fludioxonil (Switch) C 12 7 N Dicloran (Botran 75WP) C 12 2 N 23

Iprodione (Rovral 4) C 24 NA N Mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold SL) C 48 NA N Myclobutanil (Rally 40WSP) C 24 0 N Penthiopyrad (Fontelis 1.67) C 12 0 N Propiconazole (Tilt 3.6) W 12 7 N Pyraclostrobin (Cabrio, Headline 2.09) W 12 7 N Mefenoxam & PCNB (Ridomil GOLD PC) W 48 NA N Sulfur ** W 48 NA N Tebuconazole (Toledo 3.6F) C 12 7 N PCNB (Blocker 4F) C 12 NA N Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M 70WP) C 12 14 N Seed Treatment* Azoxystrobin (Dyanasty) C 4 NA N Captan D NA NA N Chloroneb 65W (Demosan) C 12 NA N Fludioxonil (Maxim 4FS) C 12 NA N Mefenoxam / metalaxyl (Apron XL) C 48 NA N Streptomycin sulfate C 4 NA N Thiram (Thiram 42-S) C 24 NA N Trifloxystrobin & metalaxyl (Trilex 2000) C 24 NA N Trifloxystrobin (Trilex) C 12 NA N Bacillus subtilis GB03 (Kodiak HB) C 24 NA N Bacillus pumilus GB34 (Yield Shield) NA NA NA N *=Signal words include; C=Caution, W=Warning, and D=Danger. **=RUP; Restricted-Use-Pesticide. ***NA = Not available or not listed.

24

Table 6. Relative Importance of Alternative Management Practices for Disease Control in Beans1 Disease R O O T A B R S A O R H C M P O O Y T O O T T E S W A S R A D R R N T I I E O H S W T E A C R T I R . H H M B C L F Y Z O I R O E U V P O O r T A B T R B S I M Y C T o E C L R S L A R I T T l N I Y P I R U L H O K R f M O G T O G I S D I N N U s O S H I R H U E E U I O S i L E T S A T M S W M A T T i D Management tactic Avoid field operations 5* 0 5 3 5000000 5 0 0 when leaves are wet Avoid overhead 5 0 5 5 5000100 5 0 4 irrigation Change planting date 2 2 0 1 2431551 4* 0 0 Cover cropping with 0 ? 0 0 0000004 0 0 0 antagonist Crop rotation 4 1 2 2 4311324 0 2 5 Deep plowing 5 3 5 1 5200235 0 5 5 Destroy crop residue 5 2 5 2 5000112 3 4 5 Encourage air 5 0 5 2 5005100 3 0 4 movement Increase between-plant 1 0 1 2 1111320 1 2 4 spacing Increase soil organic 0 3 0 0 0200003 0 0 0 matter Insecticidal oils 0 0 0 0 0020000 0 0 0 pH management 0 0 0 0 0300000 0 0 0 Plant in well-drained 2 2 2 0 2500500 0 1 3 soil Plant on raised beds 2 1 2 0 2500550 0 1 3 Plastic mulch bed covers 0 0 0 0 0000050 0 0 2 Postharvest temperature 0 0 0 0 0000000 0 0 5 control 25

Reflective mulch 0 0 0 0 0040000 0 0 1 Reduce mechanical 0 0 0 0 0310000 0 1 0 injury Rogue diseased plants 0 0 1 0 0020000 0 1 2 Row covers 0 0 0 0 0030000 0 0 0 Soil solarization 0 0 1 0 0300243 0 3 4 Pathogen-free planting 5 4 0 2 5040000 0 0 0 material Resistant cultivars 5 4 0 5 54550005** 0 2 Weed control 2 0 2 0 3252002 2 1 3 Scale: (0 = not important/does not impact disease, 5 = very important practice to implement/impacts disease greatly; - = not applicable; ? = unknown) Explanatory notes: * = plant earlier, ** = tolerant 1Modified from; 2012 Vegetable Crop Handbook for Southeastern United States.

Table 7. Relative Effectiveness of Various Products for Foliar Disease Control in Beans1 Disease A P S E Y C R B T L I A H E S A C P I R O L T O U O U E D W P M T T R A P R O H D Y R I H H N S C I W A E T D H N E I T E E A N G L R H A I I R Z H U R L Y R O Y I M Z A N O R D C A U P O C A O O B M Y B M M I C B B T C M S L I L I N T L L O N O P I R L M I L L G O I I N O N O G U D O G D E O N G G I S A R H S E L H E A F I H H Fungicide / A E S A T T W D T W K F A T T Bactericide Azoxystrobin +++++ ++++ — ? +++++ ? + — ? ++ ? ++++ — +++++ (Amistar, Quadris) Boscalid (Endura) ? ? -- ? -- ? -- ++++ -- ? -- -- ? +++++ + Dicloran (Botran) ------+++ ------+++ -- Chlorothalonil (Bravo, + ++ -- +++ -- ++++ ++ -- -- ? ------Echo, Equus) + Cyprodonil & ? ? -- ? -- ? -- ++++ -- ? -- -- ? +++++ + fludioxonil (Switch) Fixed copper2 -- + ++ + ++ + +++ + ++ + ------Iprodione (Rovral) + ------++++ ------++ ++++ -- Mefenoxam (Ridomil) ------++++ ------+++ ++++ -- + -- Myclobutanil (Nova) ++ -- -- +++ -- +++++ ------++++ -- -- ? -- -- PCNB (Blocker) + ------++++ -- +++ Puraclostrobin ++++ ++++ -- +++ -- +++++ ? + -- ? +++ ? ++ -- +++ (Cabrio, Headline) + Sulfur -- ++ -- ++ -- +++ + + -- +++ ------Tebuconazole ------+++ -- ++++ -- +++ ------+ -- ++++ (Folicur) Thiophanate-methyl + +++ -- +++ -- ? ------? -- -- + ++ -- (Topsin-M) + 1 Table modified from 2012 Vegetable Crop Handbook for Southeastern United States 2 Fixed copper products include: Basicop, Champ, Champion, Citcop, Copper-Count-N, Kocide, Nu-Cop, Tenn-Cop with sulfur, and Tri-basic copper sulfate. 26

(— = ineffective; + .... +++++ = very effective; ? = unknown efficacy)

Insects and Insect Control

Insect populations fluctuate from year to year and from field to field. Growers must pay close attention to the condition of the crop and scout regularly to determine the presence of any pests. Listed below are several insecticides commonly used in snap bean production. Table 8, lists the estimated usage of insecticides during 2012 snap bean production season and Table 9, lists loss encountered from arthropod pests during 2012.

Table 8. Estimated Insecticide Usage, During 2012* Processing Fresh Market % % Acreage Avg. # Acreage Avg. # Insecticide treated applications treated applications Acephate (Orthene) <1 1 0 0 Acetamiprid (Assail) <1 1 <1 1 Bacillus Thuringiensis <1 1 <1 1 Bifenazate (Acramite) 4 1 3 2 Bifenthrin (Capture) 60 2 20 1 Buprofezin (Courier) 4 1 2 1 Carbaryl (Sevin) 25 1 100 2 Chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) <1 1 <1 1 Cyromazine (Trigard) <1 1 <1 1 Diazinon 0 0 0 0 Dicofol (Kelthane) 0 0 0 0 Diazinon (4EC) 0 0 0 0 Dimethoate <1 1 0 0 Disulfoton 30 1 0 0 Endosulfan (Thiodan) 0 0 0 0 Esfenvalerate (Asana) 20 1 60 2 Gamma cyhalothrin (Proaxis) 5 1 4 1 Imidacloprid (Admire Pro) 20 1 20 1 Lambda cyhalothrin (Warrior) 10 1 8 1 Methomyl (Lannate) 50 1 0 0 Naled (Dibrom) <1 1 0 0 Novaluron (Rimon) 4 1 4 1 Phorate (Thimet) 4 1 0 0 Spinetoram (Radiant) 5 1 5 1 Spinosad (SpinTor) <1 1 0 0 Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang 10 1 10 1 Max) Others <1 1 <1 1 *Information provided by Frank Hale, University of Tennessee, Extension Service. 27

Table 9. 2012 Estimated Yield Loss from Insect Infestations Pest % Loss Aphids <0.1 Armyworms 1.5 Bean leaf beetles 3.0 Cabbage looper 0.25 Corn earworm 0.75 Cowpea curculio trace Cutworms <0.1 European corn borer trace Green stink bug 0.75 Lesser cornstalk Borer 0.1 Mexican bean beetle 0 Seedcorn maggot trace Flea beetle 2 Twospotted spider mite 1 Others trace Information provided by Frank Hale, University of Tennessee, Extension Service.

Table 10. Insecticides, signal words, Re-entry Intervals, Post-Harvest Intervals and Restricted Use Category. Active Ingredient REI PHI (common name) Trade name SW (hrs) (days) RUP Acephate Orthene 97S C 24 1 N Acetamiprid Assail C 12 5 N Bacillus thuringiensis Various C 4 NA N Bifenazate Acramite 4SC C 12 3 N Bifenthrin Various 2EC W 12 3 Y Buprofezin Courier W 12 14 N Carbaryl Sevin XLR C 12 3-succ N 21-dry Choroantraniliprole Coragen C 4 1 N Cryomazine Trigard C 12 7 N Diazinon Diazinon AG500 C 72 NA Y Dimethoate Various W 48 0 N Disulfoton Di-Syston 8EC D 48 60 Y Endosulfan Thiodan, others W 48 3 N Esfenvalerate Asana XL W 12 3 Y Gamma-cyhalothrin Proaxis C 24 7-succ Y 21-dry Imidacloprid Admire pro C 12 21 –soil N 7-foliar Lambda-cyhalothrin Warrior II 2.08 W 24 7-succ Y 21-dry 28

Methomyl Lannate SP D 48 1 to 7 Y Lannate LV 2.4 days Naled Dibrom 8EC D 24 1 Y Novaluron Rimon 0.83EC W 12 1 N Phorate Thimet 20G D 48 60 Y Spinetoram Radiant 1 SC C 4 3-succ N 28-dry Spinosad SpinTor NA 4 3-succ N 28-dry Zeta-cypermethrin Mustang Max C 12 1-succ Y 21-dry

Table 11. Insecticides and Their Classification. Active Ingredient IRAC Pesticide (common name) Trade name Code Classification Acephate Orthene 97S 1B Organophosphate Acetamiprid Assail 4A Neoniconoid Bacillus thuringiensis Various 11A Biological Bifenazate Acramite 4SC Un Unclassified Bifenthrin Various 2EC 3A Pyrethroid Buprofezin Courier 16 Buprofezin Carbaryl Sevin XLR 1A Carbamate Chlorantraniliprole Coragen 28 Diamide Cyromazine Trigard 17 Growth regulator Diazinon Various 1B Organophosphate Dimethoate Various 1B Organophosphate Disulfoton Di-Syston 8EC 1B Organophosphate Endosulfan Thiodan 2EC, others 2A Cyclodiene organoclorine Esfenvalerate Asana XL 3A Pyrethroid Gamma-cyhalothrin Proaxis 3A Pyrethroid Imidacloprid Admire pro 4A Neonicotinoid Lambda-cyhalothrin Warrior II 2.08 3A Pyrethroid Methomyl Lannate SP, LV 2.4 1A Carbamate Naled Dibrom 8EC 1B Organophosphate Novaluron Rimon 0.83EC 15 Benzoylurea Phorate Thimet 20G 1B Organophosphate Spinetoram Radiant 1 SC 5 Spinosyns Spinosad SpinTor 5 Spinosyns Zeta-cypermethrin Mustang Max 3A Pyrethroid

29

Insecticides

Tables 10 and 11, lists several of the insecticides used in snap bean production, their re-entry intervals, signal words, post-harvest intervals, classifications and Restricted-Use-Pesticide classifications.

Organophosphate Insecticides:

• Acephate (Orthene 97): has a 1-day PHI for succulent or dry beans. This product contains 97.4% active ingredient per pound of product. It is applied at the formulation rate of 4 to 8 oz. (0.03 to 0.06 lbs ai) per acre. Livestock should not be fed treated vines. Used to control aphids, thrips, corn earworm European corn borer, lesser corn stalk borer, loopers, cutworms, lygus bugs, Mexican bean beetles, leafhoppers and provides control of armyworms except beet armyworm is not listed on the label. Provides a wide spectrum of control for various insects. • Diazinon (Diazinon AG500): is an organophosphate insecticide and is in a 4 lbs ai formulation. It has Caution listed as the signal word, a 3-day REI and no PHI listed. It is applied as a broadcast spray incorporated into the soil at planting. It is applied a the formulation rate range of 2 to 4 quarts per acre for the control of wireworms, cutworms, and mole crickets. • Dimethoate (dimethoate 2.67EC, 4E): is an organophosphate insecticide. It is applied at the rate range of 0.25 to 0.5 lbs ai per acre. Treated vines should not be fed to livestock. Used for control of aphids, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, Mexican bean beetle, lygus bugs, bean leaf beetles, and leafminers. Product is highly toxic to honey bees. • Disulfoton (Disyston 8EC): applied at the formulation rate of 1 pint (1 lb ai) per acre. Applied to soil as a soil injection. Treated vines should not be fed to livestock. Is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. Used to control aphids, leafhoppers, Mexican bean beetle larvae, mites and thrips. Product is highly toxic and should be used with extreme caution. • Naled (Dibrom 8EC): application rate of 1 to 1.5 pints (1 to 1.5 lbs ai) per acre. Has a minimum 25 foot boundary restriction for water. Limited to 5 applications per acre per season with no more than 4.5 pints per acre per season. Should not be applied within 150 feet of any water system (stream, pond, lake). Is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide, used to control aphids, loopers, spider mites, lygus bugs, leafminers, and leaf hoppers. • Phorate (Thimet 20G): applied at the formulation rate range of 7.6 to 10.2 lbs per acre (1.52 to 2.04 lbs ai) at planting. Do not allow livestock to graze in treated areas. Do not feed treated hay or forage to livestock. Should not be applied within 50 feet of any drinking water well. This product is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide, however comes in a contained system which reduces possible contact with applicators. Used to control Mexican bean beetles, leafhoppers, aphids, lygus bugs, thrips, mites and seed maggots. Product is highly toxic, however is available in a lock and load closed system.

Cyclodiene Organo Chlorine Insecticide:

• Endosulfan (Thiodan 2EC, others): applied at the formulation rate range of 1 to 2 qts per acre, not to exceed more than 3 applications per season. Livestock should not be fed threshings or allowed to feed in treated fields. The 3EC formulations are labeled as Restricted-Use-Pesticides and are used for dry beans only. The 2EC formulation has 30

Warning as the signal word and may be used for dry or succulent beans. It is used to control aphids, cucumber beetles, green stink bugs, and Mexican bean beetles.

Carbamate Insecticides:

• Carbaryl (Sevin XLR, 4F, 80S): XLR Plus contains 4 lbs active ingredient per gallon. Has a 3-day PHI for succulent beans and a 21-day PHI for dry beans and a 14-day PHI for areas used for forage or hay Applied at the formulation rate range of ½ to 1.5 quarts (0.5 to 1.5 lbs ai) per acre and not to exceed 6 quarts (6 lbs ai) per acre per season. Should not be applied when crop is in bloom or weeds in bloom. Used to control bean leaf beetles, blister beetles, Japanese beetles, Mexican bean beetle, cucumber beetles, leafhoppers, armyworms, cutworms, loopers, lygus bugs, stinkbugs, threecornered alfalfa leaf hopper, flea beetles, and webworms. Wettable powder formulations are toxic to bees and are not recommended for use just prior to bloom. • Methomyl (Lannate 2.4LV, 90SP): Formulation rate ranges for the 2.4LV formulation of 0.75 to 1 pint has a1-day PHI, and rates of 1.5 to 3 pints has a 3-day PHI for succulent beans and 3-day PHI for vines and a 7-day PHI for hay. Applied at the formulation rate range of 0.75 to 3 pints (0.225 – 0.9 lbs ai) per acre with a maximum of 10 applications per acre per crop. This product is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. Used to control leafhoppers, Mexican bean beetle, armyworms, corn earworm, lygus bugs, aphids, thrips, loopers, European corn borer, and cutworms.

Pyrethroid Insecticides:

• Bifenthrin (Various 2EC:): Applied at the formulation rate range of 1.6 to 6.4 fl. oz. (0.025 to 0.10 lbs ai) per acre with no more than 0.2 lbs ai per acre per season. It is used to control aphids, cutworms, corn earworm, European corn borer, loopers, lesser cornstalk borer. Is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Esfenvalerate (Asana XL 0.66): Applied at the formulation rate range of 2.9 to 5.6 floz per acre or 0.015 to 0.05 lbs ai per acre. No more than 0.2 lbs ai per acre per season. Livestock should not be fed vines or be allowed to feed on treated areas. Is a Restricted- Use-Pesticide. Used to control armyworms, leafhoppers, Mexican bean beetle, cutworms, European corn borer, flea beetles, leafminers, leaf hoppers, aphids, cucumber beetles, loopers, and corn earworm. • Gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5): applied at the rate of 0.0075 to 0.015 lbs ai per acre. Limited to 0.06 lbs ai per acre per season. Livestock should not be allowed to graze in treated areas or treated areas be harvested for fed or fodder. Is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. Used to control cutworms, Mexican bean beetle, cucumber beetle, European corn borer, blister beetles, corn earworm, armyworms, rootworms, grasshopper, loopers, lygus bugs, stink bugs, threecornered alfalfa leaf hopper, leafminer, and webworms. • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II 2.08): Applied at the rate range of 0.015 to 0.03 lbs ai per acre with no more than 0.12 lbs ai per acre per season. This product is a Restricted- Use-Pesticide. Used to control cutworms, cloverworms, Mexican bean beetle, aphids, bean leaf beetle, blister beetles, corn earworm, root worms, armyworms, various caterpillar species, cucumber beetle and European corn borer. • Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max 0.8): applied at the formulation rate range of 1.28 to 4 fl. oz (0.008 – 0.025 lbs ai) per acre per application . No more than 0.15 lbs ai per acre 31

per season. This product is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide and is used to control cutworms, wireworms, and white grubs. One of the least expensive products available for use.

Other Classifications of Insecticides:

• Acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): is a neonicotinoid insecticide and is applied at the formulation rate range of 2.5 to 5.3 oz. (0.047 to 0.1 lb ai) per acre not to exceed 3 applications or 0.3 lbs ai per acre per season. Used to control aphids, leafhoppers, cucumber beetles, Mexican bean beetle, whitefly and thrips. May need to use highest rate for control of thrips and whiteflies. • Azadirachitin (Molt-X 0.28): is a botanically based insecticide which has Caution listed as the signal word. Has a 4-hour REI and is applied at the rate of 10 fl. oz per acre. Used to control aphids, thrips, whiteflies, armyworms, cutworms and various beetles. • Bifenazate (Acramite 4SC): is not in an insecticide classification and is applied at the rate range of 16-24 fl. oz. Limited to two applications per acre per season. Used to control spider mites. Product is limited to this specific pest. • Buprofezin (Courier 3.6): is an insect growth regulator, which inhibits chitin synthesis. It has Warning listed as the signal word. Applied at the formulation rate range of 9 to 13.6 fl. oz. (0.25 – 0.38 lbs ai) per acre per application with no more than 27.2 fl. oz. per acre per crop cycle. It is used to control leaf hoppers, plant hoppers and whiteflies. • Chlorantranilprole or Rynaxypyr (Coragen 1.67): is a diamide insecticide. It is applied at the formulation rate range of 3.5 to 5 fl. oz. (0.045 to 0.065 lbs ai) per acre with no more than 15.4 fl. oz. (0.2 lbs ai) per acre per crop. No more than 4 applications per acre per crop. Used to control corn earworm, armyworms, and European corn borer. • Cryomazine (Trigard 75): is a triazine insecticide and acts as an insect growth regulator. It is applied at the formulation rate of 2.66 oz (0.1246 lbs ai) per acre with no more than 6 applications (0.75 lbs ai) per acre per season. For use on dry and succulent beans for control of leafminers. Provides control for leafminers only. • Imidacloprid (Admire Pro 4.6): is a neonicotinoid insecticide. It is applied at the formulation rate range of 7 – 10.5 fl.oz. (0.25 -0.38 lb ai per acre) as a soil application and 1.2 fl. oz. (0.043 lbs ai) foliar application. Used to control aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, and whiteflies. Aids in suppression of several viruses found in beans. Provides excellent control however is fairly expensive. • Novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): is a bezoylurea insecticide and is applied at the formulation rate range of 6 to 12 fl. oz. per acre. No more than 36 fl. oz. per acre per season. Used to control armyworms, loopers, webworms, bean leaf beetles, bean plataspid, cucumber beetle, Mexican bean beetle, lygus bug, thrips and whiteflies. Used on dry beans only. • Spinosad (SpinTor 2SC): is a spinosyns insecticide. It is applied at the formulation rate range of 3 to 6 fl. oz per acre, with no more than 12 fl. oz. (0.188 lb ai) per acre per season being applied. Forage or hay should not be fed to meat or dairy animals. Used to control European corn borer, armyworms, corn earworm, loopers, leaf miners and thrips. Product is fairly expensive to use. • Spintoram (Radiant 1SC): is a spinosyns insecticide and is applied at the formulation rate range of 3 to 8 fl. oz. per acre. No more than 12 fl. oz (0.094 lbs ai) per acre per season for dry beans and 28 fl. oz. for succulent beans. Used to control European corn

32

borer, armyworms, corn earworm, loopers, leafminers, and thrips. Product is fairly expensive.

Insects

Insect populations fluctuate from year to year and from field to field. Growers must pay close attention to the condition of the crop and scout regularly to determine the presence of any pests. Listed below are insects that are commonly observed in snap bean production.

Armyworms, Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)

Most frequently damage the young terminal growth. These insects can survive the mild winters as pupae in the upper 6 cm of the soil. Several generations occur each year. Damage is usually greater in late planted beans.

Chemical Control:

• Acephate (various): provides control to most armyworms however beet armyworm is not listed on the label. Is an organophosphate insecticide. • Bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC):is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide • Carbaryl (Sevin 4): is a carbamate insecticide. • Chlorantraniliprole or Rynaxypyr (Coragen 1.67): • Esfenvalerate (Asana XL): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide, used for the beet armyworm. • Gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide • Methomyl (Lannate SP, LV): is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide and listed as a carbamate insecticide, has a 1-day to 7-day PHI depending on rate used or usage of the crop. • Novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): • Spinosad (SpinTor 2SC): extremely safe for applicators. • Spinetoram (Radiant 1SC): not for use for yellowstriped armyworm. Extremely safe for applicators. • Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• If small acreage is grown, hand picking may aid in control. • Scouting for the presence of this pest can aid growers when to apply insecticides.

33

Aphids: bean aphid (Aphis fabae), cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), melon aphid (Aphis gossypii)

Aphids are common in many succulent vegetables. Aphids vary in size and color. They extract sap from the terminal leaves and stems of plants. They may also feed on developing pods causing them to shrink, curl, partially filled or become malformed. Their feeding can result in deformation, wilting, or death of the plant depending on populations and size of the plant. Saliva injected during feeding usually causes the deformation of plant tissue. Some aphids fly while others are flightless, however during stress conditions may produce winged offspring. Aphids are also responsible for the transmission of several viruses. Insecticides have little effect on virus transmission. Aphids may be observed throughout the growing season, however population tend to be greatest in late season.

Chemical Control:

• Acephate (various): does list the black bean aphid. Is an organophosphate insecticide. • Acetamiprid (Assail 30G): fairly safe for applicators. • Bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide • Dimethoate (Dimethoate 2.67, 4E): is an organophosphate, each formulation has Warning listed as the signal word and is highly toxic to honey bees. • Disulfoton (Di-syston 8EC): is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide and is an organophosphate insecticide. Has Danger listed as the signal word. • Endosulfan (Thiodan 2E): is a cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide. • Esfenvalerate (Asana XL): for control of the pea and soybean aphid, is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Imidacloprid (Admire Pro 4.6): has a 21-day-PHI. • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): potential for resistance during multiple usage, is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Methomyl (Lannate SP, LV): is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide and listed as a carbamate insecticide. Has a 1-day to 7-day PHI depending on rate used or usage of the crop. • Naled (Dibrom 8EC): is an organophosphate insecticide, has Danger listed as the signal word and is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Phorate (Thimet 20G): must be applied prior to infestation at planting. • Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• Several beneficial insects may reduce aphid populations, these include; lady beetles, lacewings, midges, aphidiid wasps and stinkbug predators. • Wash leaves with a strong spray of water, this may provide benefit in low acreage areas. • Scouting for the presence of this pest can aid growers when to apply insecticides.

34

Bean leaf beetles (Cerotoma rifurcate)

Damage is caused primarily by the foliar feeding adults. Bean leaf beetles prefer the youngest plant tissues available, when vegetative growth terminates the will feed on developing pods. Beetles may be observed from May through September. They are also known to harbor viruses that may infect snap beans. Control is achieved by spraying insecticides on foliage when beetles appear and using in-furrow applications of insecticides at planting. Adults may overwinter in leaf litter or in wooded areas near the edge of field. These are usually worse in spring planted snap beans than snap beans planted later in the season.

Chemical Control:

• Acephate (various): Is an organophosphate insecticide. • Acetamiprid (Assail 30G): fairly safe product for applicators. • Bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Carbaryl (Sevin 4): is a carbamate insecticide. • Dimethoate (Dimethoate 2.67, 4E): is an organophosphate, each formulation has Warning listed as the signal word and is highly toxic to honey bees. • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC) • Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• Tiphiidae parasitic wasps may provide some control • Hand picking may provide some control on a small acreage scale. • Scouting for the presence of this pest can aid growers when to apply insecticides.

Cutworms, Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon), Granulate cutworm (Agrotis subterranean), Spotted cutworm (Amathes c-nigrum)

Cutworms may injure many types of vegetables. They cause greatest damage to seedlings and newly set plants. Larvae hide under clods or in cracks of the soil by day and feed at night cutting young plants near the ground or feeding on the foliage. The black cutworm is the most destructive cutworm. The black cutworm larvae often severs several plants in a row resulting in the need to replant. Cutworms overwinter as larvae or pupae. In early spring, larvae which have overwintered resume activity and feed until they are mature. Damage usually observed in snap bean within 1 – 3 weeks of planting.

Chemical Control:

• Acephate (various): Is an organophosphate insecticide. • Bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

35

• Esfenvalerate (Asana XL): seedling sprays only, is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use- Pesticide. • Gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Methomyl (Lannate SP, LV): used to control the variegated cutworm. It is a Restricted- Use-Pesticide and listed as a carbamate insecticide. Has a 1-day to 7-day PHI depending on rate used or usage of the crop. • Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• Scouting for the presence of this pest can aid growers when to apply insecticides.

Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)

Cabbage looper feeding injury closely resembles that of the imported cabbageworm. The young caterpillars feed on the undersides of leaves. As the larvae mature, they move to more protected areas deeper within foliage. Caterpillars consume foliage voraciously for 2 – 4 weeks prior to spinning cocoons on the host plant foliage and pupating. Within 2 weeks the next generation of moths may emerge. During mild winters cabbage loopers may overwinter as pupae in Tennessee. During mild seasons Tennessee may have three or more generations to occur each year. These pests may be observed throughout the season.

Chemical Control:

• Acephate (various): Is an organophosphate insecticide. • Bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Methomyl (Lannate SP, LV): is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide and listed as a carbamate insecticide. Has a 1-day to 7-day PHI depending on rate used or usage of the crop. • Naled (Dibrom 8EC): is an organophosphate insecticide that has Danger listed as the signal word and is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC) • Spinosad (SpinTor 2SC) • Spinetoram (Radiant 1SC) • Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• Scouting for the presence of this pest can aid growers when to apply insecticides.

36

Corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea)

Corn earworms may attack foliage early in the growing season however the corn earworm will eventually feed on the fruiting stages of the host plant. Larvae may move from surrounding weeds into fields which are developing pods. First generations will feed on the foliage where following generations feed on the fruit. Larvae may feed for 2 – 4 weeks during which time they develop through five or six instars. Corn earworms are normally not a problem in snap bean production unless growers have a late season planting of snap beans.

Chemical Control:

• Acephate (various): Is an organophosphate insecticide. • Bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Chlorantraniliprole or Rynaxypyr (Coragen 1.67) • Esfenvalerate (Asana XL): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Methomyl (Lannate SP, LV): is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide and listed as a carbamate insecticide. Has a 1-day to 7-day PHI depending on rate used or usage of the crop. • Spinosad (SpinTor 2SC) • Spinetoram (Radiant 1SC) • Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• Hand picking may reduce populations, but timing and labor intensive. • Flower bugs, lacewing Ichneumonid wasps and Pteromalidae may provide some control. • Scouting for the presence of this pest can aid growers when to apply insecticides.

Cowpea curculio (Chalcodermus aeneus)

The adult beetles puncture pods with their snouts to feed or lay eggs creating small brown wart like blisters or sunken spots on the stems or fruit of the plant. When eggs are laid in pods, grubs develop within a few days and feed on developing seed. After 2 - 3 weeks of feeding grubs chew through the pod drop to the ground and pupate. Within 10 days the grub will turn into an adult. Adults overwinter on crop debris or nearby weeds. These may be observed throughout the season.

Chemical Control:

• Carbaryl (Sevin 4): provides suppression only, is a carbamate insecticide. • Gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. 37

Non-chemical Control:

• Soldier beetle, braconid wasps and parasitic nematodes may provide some control. • Handpicking may provide some control. • Scouting for the presence of this pest can aid growers when to apply insecticides.

European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)

Borers begin feeding on the leaf surface. They often may be observed feeding within the main stem of the plant. Injuries to the stem allow infection by secondary invaders such as bacteria and fungi therefore reducing potential yield of the plant. Larvae may overwinter in crop debris such as standing stalks. Chemical control is not very effective since there is only a 2 - 3 day period after eggs hatch that larvae are present to be terminated. Close observations must be made to determine when adult moths are present or when eggs are laid. The use of a light trap may aid in determination of the presence of adult moths. Populations increase in the later portion of the season.

Chemical Control:

• Acephate (various): Is an organophosphate insecticide. • Bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Carbaryl (Sevin 4): is a carbamate insecticide. • Chlorantraniliprole or Rynaxypyr (Coragen 1.67): • Esfenvalerate (Asana XL): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Methomyl (Lannate SP, LV): is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide and listed as a carbamate insecticide. has a 1-day to 7-day PHI depending on rate used or usage of the crop. • Spinosad (SpinTor 2SC): controls eggs and larvae • Spinetoram (Radiant 1SC): controls eggs and larvae

Non-chemical Control:

• Native predators and parasites exert some effect on European corn borer populations, but imported parasitoids seem to be more important. Among the native predators that affect the eggs and young larvae are the insidious flower bug, Orius insidious (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae); green lacewings, Chrysoperla spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); and several ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Insect predators have been reported to eliminate 10 to 20% of corn borer eggs. Avian predators such as downy woodpecker, Dendrocopos pubescent (Linnaeus); hairy woodpecker, D. villosus (Linnaeus); and yellow shafted flicker, Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus) have been reported to eliminate 20 to 30% of overwintering larvae.

38

Lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopalpus lignosellus)

Larvae are injurious to seedlings of many plant species. Injury is caused by larvae boring into the stalk of the plant and disrupting the growth. This occurs soon after eggs are laid by adult moths. Eggs usually hatch within 2 - 7 days after being laid.

Damage may be slight or it may kill the entire plant. Damage is most often observed during dry conditions. Cultural conditions include cleaning fence rows of weeds, cultivate weedy areas frequently. Observed more in late season plantings.

Chemical Control:

• Gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• Insect predators such as big-eyed bug, carabid beetles, robber flies and earwigs have been reported to reduce larvae populations.

Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis)

The Mexican bean beetle is one of the most injurious pests of snap beans. If overwintering populations are high, seedling damage may occur. Both larvae and adults of this insect feed on the leaves of snap beans. They cause skeletonizing type features within the leaf, therefore reducing photosynthesis of the plant and reducing yield. Heavy infestations resemble a burnt cast in the field with pods and stems being attacked. Adults usually deposit eggs on underside of leaves of the plant. Eggs hatch within 5 - 14 days and feed for 2 to 5 weeks. Larvae then pupate on leaves and adults will emerge within 10 days. Some varieties may be less severely damaged than others. If observed, usually in mid to late season plantings.

Chemical Control:

• Acephate (various): Is an organophosphate insecticide. • Acetamiprid (Assail 30G) • Dimethoate (2.67, 4E): is an organophosphate, each formulation has Warning listed as the signal word and is highly toxic to honey bees. • Disulfoton (Di-syston 8EC): control of larvae only, is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide and is an organophosphate insecticide. Has Danger listed as the signal word. • Endosulfan (Thiodan 2E): is a cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide. • Esfenvalerate (Asana XL): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide • Gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

39

• Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Methomyl (Lannate SP, LV): is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide and listed as a carbamate insecticide. has a 1-day to 7-day PHI depending on rate used or usage of the crop. • Novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): • Phorate (Thimet 20G): is highly toxic, has Danger listed as the signal word, is an organophosphate insecticide and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• Lacewing and flower bug may provide some control. • Scouting for the presence of this pest can aid growers when to apply insecticides.

Seedcorn maggot (Hylemya platura)

Seedcorn maggots damage newly planted seeds by feeding on seed contents often leaving empty shells and resulting in poor germination. Occasionally, maggots may tunnel into seedling stems allowing entry for other organisms. All stages of this pest may overwinter in mild environments. Combination insecticide-fungicides applied at planting may reduce infestation by this pest and other secondary invaders.

Chemical Control:

• Phorate (Thimet 20G): must be applied prior to infestation at planting. This product is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide, is an organophosphate and has Danger listed as the signal word. This product is available in a closed container system. • Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max): controls the adult, is a pyrethroid and a Restricted- Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• Eucoilidae and parasitic nematodes may provide some control. • Scouting for the presence of this pest can aid growers when to apply insecticides. • Cultural control such as planting in a shallow seed bed may speed up germination and reduce injury by this pest. • Areas high in organic matter should be plowed in early fall to reduce overwintering sites for this pest.

Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)

Spider mites are generally only a problem during prolonged periods of dry weather. During periods of heavy infestation mites pierce and extract sap from the undersides of leaves. Infested

40

foliage soon appears to be whitish to bronze in color. Also, webbing may be observed on plants heavily infested with mites. Adults are often observed in dry weather however, larvae cause the most damage during this time. Spider mites migrate from nearby weeds, so removing weedy areas surrounding the field may aid in control, if done early in the season. Late season removal may cause movement of mites into the field. Mites may spread into the field from heavily infested areas by migration or by natural air movement or mechanical movement.

Chemical Control:

• Bifenazate (Acramite 4SC): product has a narrow spectrum of insect control and only controls mites. • Bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Dimethoate (2.67, 4E): is an organophosphate, each formulation has Warning listed as the signal word and is highly toxic to honey bees. • Disulfoton (Di-syston 8EC): is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide and is an organophosphate insecticide. Has Danger listed as the signal word. • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): provides suppression, is a pyrethroid and a Restricted- Use-Pesticide. • Naled (Dibrom 8EC): is an organophosphate insecticide, has Danger listed as the signal word and is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• Lady beetles, predator mites, and lacewings may provide some control. • Overhead irrigation during drought periods may reduce populations of this pest.

Green stink bug (Acrosternum hilare)

Stink bugs feed on various plants. Nymphs and adults both pierce plants with their needlelike mouthparts and suck sap from pods, buds, blossoms and seeds. The degree of damage depends to some extent, on the developmental stage of the plant when feeding occurs.

Immature pods punctured by bugs become deformed as they develop. Seeds are often flattened and shriveled, and germination is reduced. This pest is observed in mid to late season plantings.

Chemical Control:

• Bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Carbaryl (Sevin 4): is a carbamate insecticide. • Endosulfan (Thiodan 2E): Warning as signal word, 3-day PHI. is a cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide. • Gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

41

• Naled (Dibrom 8EC): is an organophosphate insecticide, has Danger listed as the signal word and is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• Insecticidal oils may provide some control. • Several species of parasitic wasps have been found in stinkbug eggs and could aid in control of this pest.

Flea Beetles: palestriped flea beetle (Systena blanda) and Epitrix spp.

Adult flea beetles attack the foliage, leaving small round holes in leaf tissue. Early season infestations may kill leaves reducing photosynthesis within the plant therefore reducing yield potential. Root feeding by flea beetle larvae causes little significant injury to most plants, however it may scar roots increasing susceptibility to disease organisms. Flea beetles may be observed throughout the season and inflict greatest damage during early plant development. Flea beetles overwinter as adults among debris in or near fields of host plants. They resume activity in spring and feed on weedy hosts until snap beans are ready to be fed on.

Control:

Several soil applied insecticides reduce damage by these pests.

Chemical Control:

• Bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Carbaryl (Sevin 4): is a carbamate insecticide. • Esfenvalerate (Asana XL): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide. • Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max): is a pyrethroid and a Restricted-Use-Pesticide.

Non-chemical Control:

• Keeping fields clean of weeds and removal of crop residues prevents buildups of these pests. • Late plantings generally have less damage than early season crops.

Other insects occasionally observed include: Harlequin bug (Murgantia histrionica), Leaffooted bug (Leptoglossus phyllopus), Garden Flea hopper (Halticus bractatus), Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci), flower thrips (Frankliniella tritici), greenhouse whitefly, blister beetles, Japanese beetle, limabean vine borer, vegetable leafminer, white grubs, yellow woollybear or salt marsh caterpillar, yellowstriped armyworm, Spring rose beetle, stalk borer (Strigoderma arboricola),

42 striped cumcumber beetle, tarnished plant bug, tobacco wireworm, Southern armyworm, spotted cucumber beetle, and potato leafhopper.

Two new recently observed pests may become a potential threat to snap bean production include; kudzu bug/bean plataspid (Megacopta cribraria) and brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys). However, there have been no reports of these pests causing serious damage to date in snap bean production within Tennessee.

Weed Management in Snap Bean Production

Weeds can be serious in snap bean production and any weed can cause competition for nutrients and water. There are some broadleaf weeds such as common purslane where the stem may break into small pieces (about the size of a bean pods), making it very difficult to remove by the sorting and grading equipment. Foreign substances within the harvested containers reduce prices received from the buyer.

Other troublesome weeds in snap bean production are red root pigweed, common ragweed, and morningglory. In West Tennessee, hophornbeam copperleaf may cause serious problems. Tables 12 and 13, lists the relative toxicities of herbicides available for use during 2012, and their classification. Table 14, lists several of the post-emergent herbicides used in snap bean production and their expected control.

Herbicide Use

Properly selected herbicides are effective tools for weed control. Herbicides may be classified several ways, depending on how they are applied and their mode of action in or on the plant. Generally, herbicides are either soil-applied or applied to the foliage. They may be selective or non-selective, and they may be either contact or translocated through the plant.

Thorough coverage is critical to achieve good weed control. If products are applied to a targeted weed species that has emerged, the product often requires the addition of some type of adjuvant. Soil-applied herbicides are either applied to the surface of the soil or incorporated into the soil. Lack of moisture or rainfall following application of soil-applied herbicides often results in poor weed control.

Many herbicides applied in Tennessee offer residual weed control, which is beneficial in the crop where the herbicide is applied. Many herbicides previously applied in other crops can cause significant crop injury to snap beans planted the following year, so it can be extremely important for producers to keep pesticide application records to help reduce any possible mistakes.

For herbicide recommendations producers commonly contact their local Extension office or county coop.

43

Herbicides

Pre-plant / Pre-emergence Herbicides:

The majority of pre-emergent or pre-plant herbicides have no post-harvest interval listed on the label.

• Carfentrazone-ethyl (Aim 1.9EW, 2EC): 2EC may be applied at 6.1 fl. oz. (0.096 lbs ai) per acre and the 2EW formulation is applied 2 fl. oz. (0.031 lb ai) per acre. Used as a pre- plant burn down or as a hooded sprayer application. Provides control of most broadleaf weeds.

• Clomazone (Command 3ME): Applied at the formulation rate range of 0.4 to 0.67 lbs ai per acre and is applied 9 months prior to snap bean production. If applied prior to 9 months or at higher rates crop injury may occur. Used for control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds the previous year.

• Dimethenamid (Outlook 6): applied at the formulation rate range of 10 to 21 fl. oz. per acre (0.468 to 0.984 lbs ai). Applied as a preplant surface, preplant incorporated, preemergence, or early post emergence (first to 3rd trifoliate stage) herbicide. For use in dry beans only, and some varieties may be sensitive to this product. This product is a selective pre-emergent and post emergent herbicide which control many annual grasses and broadleaf weeds as well as yellow nutsedge.

• EPTC (Eptam 7E): Applied at the formulation rate range of 1.75 – 3.50 pints (1.53 - 3.06 lbs ai) per acre applied prior to planting or directed applications. Livestock should not be allowed to feed on pasture vines for a least 45-days after treatment. Used to control yellow and purple nutsedges.

• Ethalfluralin (Sonalan HFP): the formulation contains 3 lbs ai/gallon. It is applied at the rate of 1.5 to 4.5 pints per acre for dry beans only. Provides control in certain annual grasses and broadleaf weeds.

• Fomesafen (Reflex 2EC): has Danger as the signal word. Applied at the rate of 1.5 pints (0.375 lbs ai) per acre. Livestock should not be allowed to graze treated areas or fed harvested hay or used for bedding. It provides control of various broadleaf weeds.

• Glyphosate (Gly-4, Roundup, various): this product controls most emerged weeds except marestail and other glyphosate resistant weeds. It is commonly used prior to planting and is translocated into the targeted plant. If applied after emergence, it is applied with shielded sprayer with extreme caution. Often applied in the fall the previous year, to aid in control of perennial weeds. May be used in the spring, if areas are used for second plantings.

• Halosulfuron-methyl (Sandea, 75DG): applied at the formulation rate range of 0.5 to 1 oz. (0.023 – 0.046 lbs ai) per acre. Used to control yellow and purple nutsedge, common cocklebur, and other broadleaf weeds. 44

• Imazethapyr (Pursuit 2EC): used to control annual broadleaf weeds, including morning glory, pigweeds, smartweed, and purslane. This product is not labeled in Tennessee. For other states, the product should not be applied after July 31 in snap bean production. The 2.0EC formulation has a 4 hour REI. No more than one application per year. Applied at the formulation rate range of 1.5 to 3 fl. oz. per (0.023 to 0.0468 lbs ai) acre.

• Metam sodium (Vapam HL 4.26): is a Restricted-Use-Pesticide which has Danger listed as the signal word. Applied at a rate of 37.5 gallons per acre with a maximum of 320 lbs ai or 75 gallons formulation per acre. Applied as a pre-treatment, normally the fall prior to planting or 14-21 days before a new crop is planted in the fall. Applied to the top 2 to 4 inches of soil for weed control and slightly deeper for nematode control. Used to control nutsedges and nematodes. Provides fair to good control of both pests, depending on soil moisture and temperature.

• Paraquat (Firestorm, Parazone, Gramoxon Inteon 2SL): this product kills on contact of all green foliage and is used as a stale bed application used as a pre-plant or pre- emergence product. Thorough coverage is needed to achieve control on annual weeds. Most formulations recommend 0.5 lbs ai per acre per application.

• Pendimethalin (Prowl H2O 3.8): applied at the formulation rate range of 2 to 3 pints (0.95 to 1.425 lbs ai) per acre. It is used to control annual grasses and small seeded broadleaf weeds.

• S-metolachlor (Brawl, Brawl II, others 7.62, 7.64): The 7.62 lbs ai/gallon formulation is applied at the rate range of 0.8 to 4.5 pints (0.762 to 4.28 lbs ai) per acre, however is usually reduced to 0.8 to 1.67 pints depending on organic matter content of selected site. Hay should not be cut within 120 days following application. Normally applied as a preplant incorporated or as a pre-emergent product.

• Trifluralin (Treflan HFP, 4L): applied as a pre-emergent herbicide to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. The HFP formulation 4lbs ai per gallon is applied at the rate range of 1 – 1.5 pints (0.5 to 0.75 lbs ai) per acre preplant incorporated. This product is fairly inexpensive.

Post Emergence Herbicides:

• Bentazon (Basagran 4SL): Used as a post emergent herbicide for control of annual broadleaf weeds and yellow nutsedge. Applied at the formulation rate of 1 to 2 pints (0.5 – 1 lb ai) per acre. Has a 30-day PHI.

• Carfentrazone-ethyl (Aim 1.9EW, 2EC): 2EC may be applied at 6.1 fl. oz. (0.096 lbs ai) per acre and the 2EW formulation is applied 2 fl. oz. (0.031 lb ai) per acre. Used as a pre- plant burn down or as a hooded sprayer application. Provides control of most broadleaf weeds.

• Clethodim (Arrow 2EC, Select Max 0.97): the 2EC formulation is applied at the formulation rate range of 6 to 8 fl. oz.(0.0937 – 0.125 lbs ai), with no more than 8floz. 45

per single application. The Select Max is applied at the rater range of 9 to 16 fl. oz. per acre. No more than one application per season of the 0.97 lb ai per gallon product. Provides control of annual and perennial grasses, such as quackgrass, johnsongrass, red rice, wild oats, volunteer cereals, and volunteer corn.

• EPTC (Eptam 7E): Applied at the formulation rate range of 1.75 – 3.50 pints (1.53 - 3.06 lbs ai) per acre applied prior to planting or directed applications. Livestock should not be allowed to feed on pasture vines for a least 45-days after treatment. Used to control yellow and purple nutsedges.

• Fomesafen (Reflex 2EC): has Danger as the signal word. Applied at the rate of 1.5 pints (0.375 lbs ai) per acre. Livestock should not be allowed to graze treated areas or fed harvested hay or used for bedding. It provides control of various broadleaf weeds.

• Glyphosate (Gly-4, Roundup, various): this product controls most emerged weeds except marestail and other glyphosate resistant weeds. It is commonly used prior to planting and is translocated into the targeted plant. If applied after emergence, it is applied with shielded sprayer with extreme caution. Often applied in the fall the previous year, to aid in control of perennial weeds. May be used in the spring, if areas are used for second plantings. Used in row middles normally.

• Halosulfuron-methyl (Sandea, 75DG): applied at the formulation rate range of 0.5 to 1 oz. (0.023 – 0.046 lbs ai) per acre. Used to control yellow and purple nutsedge, common cocklebur, and other broadleaf weeds.

• Imazethapyr (Pursuit 2EC): used to control annual broadleaf weeds, including morning glory, pigweeds, smartweed, and purslane. This product is not labeled in Tennessee. For other states, the product should not be applied after July 31 in snap bean production. The 2.0EC formulation has a 4 hour REI. No more than one application per year. For succulent beans has a 30-day PHI and for dry beans has a 60-day PHI. Applied at the formulation rate range of 1.5 to 3 fl. oz. per (0.023 to 0.0468 lbs ai) acre.

• Quizalofop p-ethyl (Assure II, Targa, 0.88): applied at the formulation rate range of 14 to 24 fl. oz. (0.09 to 0.165 lbs ai) per acre depending on harvest method. It is used to control annual and perennial grasses. This product has a 30-day PHI for dry beans and a 15-day PHI for succulent beans.

• Sethoxydim (Poast 1.5EC): Applied at the maximum rate per acre of 2.5 pints (0.46875 lbs ai) per application and maximum per season rate of 4 pints per acre. Has a 30-day PHI for dry beans and a 15-day PHI for succulent beans. Used to control annual and perennial grasses.

• Clove oil (Matratec): is a non-selective, post emergent herbicide. Caution is listed as the signal word with no REI or PHI listed. Applied at the rate of 5% to 8% or 1.25 to 2.0 gallons of formulation per 25 gallons of water. Little use of this product due to lack of knowledge by growers concerning efficacy.

46

• Pelargonic acid (Scythe 4.2): Warning is listed as the signal word, 12-hr REI. It may be applied as a non-selective burn down product, pre-emergent, or directed shielded spray. If used as a harvest aid it has a 24-hour PHI, but normally is not applied to snap beans in this manor unless harvested as dry beans (seed beans).

Table 12. Herbicides, Relative Toxicity, Re-entry Intervals, Post-Harvest Intervals and Restricted Use Classification. Active Ingredient REI PHI (Common name) Trade name(s) SW (hrs) (days) RUP Bentazon Basagran 4SL C 48 30 N Carfentrazone-ethyl Aim 1.9EW, 2EC C 12 0 N Clethodim Arrow 2EC C 24 21 N Select Max 1EC Clomazone Command 3ME C 12 NA N Clove Oil Matratec C NA NA N Dimethamid** Outlook 6EC W 12 NA N EPTC Eptam 7E W 12 45-day N Ethalfluralin** Sonalan HFP 3EC D 24 NA N Fomesafen Reflex 2E D 24 30 N Glyphosate Roundup, Gly-4 Halosulfuron-methyl Profine 75DG, Sandea C 12 30-succ N 75DG Imazethapyr*** Pursuit 2EC, 70DG C 4 30 N Metam sodium Vapam HL 4.26 D 120* NA Y Paraquat** Firestorm, Gramoxone D 12 7-dry Y Inteon 2 Parazone Pelargonic acid Scythe 4.2 W 12 NA N Pendamethalin Prowl H2O 3.8AS C 24 60 N Quizalofop-p-ethyl Assure II, D 12 15 N Targa 0.88EC Sethoxydim Poast 1.5EC W 12 30-dry N Poast Plus 1.0EC C 15-succ S-metolachlor Brawl 7.62EC, Dual C 24 NA N Magnum 7.62EC, Brawl II 7.64EC Trifluralin Treflan HFP, 4EC C 12 NA N *120 hours after being un-tarped. ** dry beans only.

47

Table 13. Herbicides, Common Names, Trade Names and Classification. Active Ingredient * ** (Common name) Trade name(s) HRAC WSSA Classification Bentazon Basagran 4SL C3 6 Benzothiadiazinone Carfentrazone-ethyl Aim 1.9EW, 2EC E 14 Triazolinone Clethodim Arrow 2EC A 1 Cyclohexanedione Select Max 1EC (Dim) Clomazone Command 3ME F3 13 Isoxazolidione Clove Oil Matratec Z Dimethamid** Outlook 6EC K3 15 Chloracetamide EPTC Eptam 7E N 8 Thiocarbamate Ethalfluralin** Sonalan HFP 3EC K1 3 Dinitroanaline Fomesafen Reflex 2EC E 14 Diphenylether Glyphosate Roundup, Gly-4 G 9 Glycine Halosulfuron-methyl Profine 75DG, Sandea B 2 Sulfonylurea 75DG Imazethapyr Pursuit 2EC, 70DG B 2 Imidazolinone Metam sodium Vapam HL 4.26 Fumigant Paraquat Firestorm, Gramoxone D 22 Bipyridylium Inteon Parazone Pelargonic acid Scythe 4.2 Z Pendamethalin Prowl H2O 3.8AS K1 3 Dinitroanaline Quizalofop-p-ethyl Assure II, A 1 Aryloxphenoxy- Targa 0.88EC propionate (Fop) Sethoxydim Poast 1.5EC A 1 Cyclohexanedione Poast Plus 1.0EC (DIM) S-metolachlor Brawl 7.62EC, Dual K3 15 Chloracetamide Magnum 7.62EC, Brawl II 7.64EC Trifluralin Treflan HFP, 4EC K1 3 Dinitroanaline *HRAC=Herbicide Resistance Action Classification **WSSA=Weed Science Society of America Classification

48

Table 14. Expected Weed Response from Several Post-Emergence Snap Bean Herbicides*. Herbicides** C A Q R U F I E Z N A T L R O A I F Z M G O S O A F L P E C N B Z O Y - T L E E E M P p H E - N T E H - O T e T H S O e X H t A A A S t Y O h Z P F A h D D y O Y E T y I I l N R N E l M M Weed(s) Annual grasses 0 0 7 5 9 8 9 9 Burcucumber 0 3 -- 5 -- 0 0 0 Cocklebur 6 9 8 8 10 0 0 0 Ragweed, common - 5 7 7 9 0 0 0 Ragweed, giant 2 3 6 7 6 0 0 0 Groundcherry/ 7 1 8 8 6 0 0 0 Nightshade Hemp sesbania 9 0 0 9 4 0 0 0 Hophornbean 7 2 4 9 7 0 0 0 copperleaf Jimsonweed 7 8 9 7 8 0 0 0 Johnsongrass 0 0 6 2 9 9 6 9 (rhizome) Johnsongrass 0 0 7 5 10 9 8 9 (seedling) Lambsquarter 8 7 5 5 8 0 0 0 Morningglory, 7 2 8 8 8 0 0 0 entireleaf Morningglory, 7 5 8 9 7 0 0 0 pitted Morningglory, tall 7 3 9 9 8 0 0 0 Pigweed, palmer 7 0 3 8 2 0 0 0 Pigweed, smooth or 8 0 9 8 9 0 0 0 red root Prickly sida 4 7 6 2 6 0 0 0 Sicklepod 1 0 0 1 9 0 0 0 Smartweed 7 8 6 7 8 0 0 0 Spotted spurge 6 0 8 7 9 0 0 0 49

Velvetleaf 9 9 8 4 7 0 0 0 Nutsedge, yellow 0 8 3 6 7 0 0 0 *Ratings are based on labeled rates of each herbicide, applied at the optimum timing for each weed. Key to response ratings: 0=No control or crop injury; 10-100% control or severe yield reducing crop injury; --=No data available. **Snap beans must be shielded when using glyphosate products. Due to potential of glyphosate drift and crop injury, most glyphosate products are used the year prior to planting, to reduce weed seed production or applied in the late spring for fall planted snap beans.

Key Contacts

Steve Bost, University of Tennessee, Extension Service, Entomology and Plant Pathology, 5201 Marchant Drive, Nashville, TN, 37211-5201, telephone: 615-832-6802, e-mail: [email protected].

Craig Canaday, University of Tennessee, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, 605 Airways Blvd. Jackson, TN. 37301, telephone: 731-425-4746, e-mail: [email protected].

Frank Hale, University of Tennessee, Extension Service, Entomology and Plant Pathology, 5201 Marchant Drive, Nashville, TN. 37211-5201, telephone: 615-832-6802, e-mail: [email protected].

Darrell Hensley, University of Tennessee, Extension Service, Entomology and Plant Pathology, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4560, telephone: 865-974-7958, e-mail: [email protected].

Annette Wszelaki, University of Tennessee, Extension Service, Plant Sciences, 361 Ellington Plant Sciences Building, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, telephone: 865- 974-8332, e-mail: [email protected].

References

Evaluation of seed treatments and an in-furrow spray for control of snap bean seedling diseases in cool soil, 2005. http://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/personnel/Canaday/FNTestsvol61_V158.pdf

Evaluation of fungicides for control of foliar pathogens of snap bean, 2005. http://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/personnel/Canaday/FNTestsvol61_V012.pdf

Evaluation of fungicides and a biological agent for control of foliar diseases of snap bean, 2005. http://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/personnel/Canaday/FNTestsvol61_V013.pdf

USDA, 2012. Prices Received for Vegetables and Livestock – United States: December 2012 with Comparisons. http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Todays_Reports/reports/agpr1212.pdf

50

USDA, 2011. Principal Fresh Market Vegetable Production and Value by Crop – United States: 2009-2011 (Domestic Units). http://usda01.library.cornell.edu/usda/nass/VegeSumm/2010s/2012/VegeSumm-01-26-2012.pdf

Southeastern U.S. Vegetable Crops Handbook, 2012 https://store.aces.edu/ItemDetail.aspx?ProductID=13628

51