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View Full Article YOUNG RESEARCHERS UDC 316.613 LBC 60.522.6 (2Rus-4Vol) © Lastochkina M.A. Social security of Russia’s population: an overview of the past years studies * The aim of the article is to evaluate the level of social protection and to define the most acute problems and risks (threats), undermining the feeling of social security in the people of Russian regions. It is determined, that the population feels less protected due to the onset of poverty, crime and environmental threat. According to the analysis results, the type of society existing in the regions can be defined as unsatisfactory for the social activity of an individual, since the population is poorly protected from external objective risks and threats. Feeling of social security, social danger, threat, region. Mariya A. LASTOCHKINA Ph.D. in Economics, ISEDT RAS Senior Scientific Associate [email protected] Social security is a multidimensional integrity of the state, the level of citizens’ rights concept. In juridical sciences, the social protection, the quality of life, social guarantees, security of an individual, is understood as legal, etc. Subjectively, social security is the feeling, as well as political, economic and institutional determined by the psychological state of an activities aimed at protection of human rights. individual while assessing the degree of social In economics this concept is closely related vulnerability. to social protection, i.e. the state or society A significant number of works by Rus- concern over citizens seeking help due to their sian scientists is dedicated to the research social position, health status, age, insufficient on social protection of population. Psycho- means of subsistence [1]. Accounting of the logical safety factors of an individual and objective and subjective indicators is the key issues on psychological security are dis- approach in sociological surveys. The objective cussed in the works of A.V. Koteneva [6], aspect of social security is defined as economic G.V. Grachev [3]. * The article has been prepared with the financial support of the Russian Fundamental Research Fund (project No. 13-06- 00898). 152 2 (26) 2013 Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast YOUNG RESEARCHERS M.A. Lastochkina The sources of psychological threats, Institute of Socio-Economic Development of extensively damaging the mental health of an Territories of Russian Academy of Sciences. individual, compromising his integrity, thus The sample comprised Vologda, Cherepovets, causing its deformation, interfering with as well as 8 districts of the Oblast. Each sample the normal activity of an individual are group amounted to 1500 people. The conditions distinguished in the works of Ye.N. Ruskina ensuring the sample representativeness were the [13]. L.S. Gutkin evaluates material security following: the maintenance of the proportion indicators and social protection of population between the urban and the rural population; the on the basis of statistical data on average proportion between the residents of different monthly income, scale of pensions and types of settlements (rural communities, small unemployment rate [4]. and medium towns); age and sex structure of O.B. Sheveleva, V.V. Mikhailov disclose the Oblast adult population (sampling error did methodological and theoretical basics of social not exceed 3%). protection, and elaborate the lines of social The responses to the question: ‘How safe security system improvement in the region do you feel from multiple dangers?’ by 10 on the basis of a system approach [16]. O.A. hazards (crime, poverty, abuse of power by officials, misuse of power by law enforcement Polyushkevitch highlights objective and authorities, environmental threat, loneliness subjective security indicators., ascribing and abandonment, political persecution, security against crime, economic viability, national origin discrimination, age or gender quality of life, social guarantees to the first harassment, religious discrimination) served as group, while sense of safety at home, in a city, the indicator for identifying the self-assessment or country, the degree of confidence in family on social security level. Social security ratio members, neighbors, governance, politicians, (as weighted arithmetic mean) was computed to the patriotism and tolerance formation for each hazard-issue. The total ratio of social [11]. Studying the population self-assesment security is calculated as the arithmetic average on social security in some regions of Siberia, of the given ratios and indicates the degree of V.G. Nemirovsky and A.V. Nemirovskaya, community sustainability (0 – 1 measurement have identified two types of societies: one range). Values above 0.71 indicate high level endangering social activity and the other of security, 0.51 – 0.7 values evidence of possessing a threat to the social identity of an sufficient security level, while values less than individual [10]. 0.5 indicate insufficient security level (the According to the data of the all-Russian ratio combines certain stability and the ability monitoring, N.I. Lapin, L.A. Belyaeva worked to differentiate regions, but disclaims the out the social security ratio, which is one of the complete comparability of the territories, which three components of the social health index might differ in dangers of topical interest). (i.e. index calculated as the arithmetic average The most urgent problems for the Vologda of the social security, life satisfaction, and social Oblast are crime and poverty (only 13% and optimism ratios) [12]. 17% of the population, respectively, consider The article provides the results of the themselves fully or rather protected). research, carried out within the project ‘Socio- The issue concerning the interaction cultural portraits of Russia’s regions’. The data between the authorities and the population is of the public opinion poll of the Vologda Oblast also acute, having become more negative in the population was used as the information base 2008 – 2012 period: 45% of residents in 2012 for studying the feeling of social security. The considered themselves unprotected (or rather poll was conducted in 2008, 2010, 2012 by the unprotected) facing the officials’ abuse of Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast 2 (26) 2013 153 Social security of Russia’s population: an overview of the past years studies power, as compared to only 39% of 2008. This Vologda residents to a lesser extent, with only may be explained by the aftereffects of the crisis 16% feeling unprotected, which is related period, which was characterized by production primarily to the fact that Russian-speaking decline, dismissals, wage violations, etc. Much population prevails in the Vologda Oblast. On in the situation depended on the attitude of the the whole, the ratio of social security in the officials of different levels, whose decisions oblast amounted to 0.58 in 2012, that is slightly often did not satisfy the oblast residents. The below 0.61 ratio of 2010, and 0.60 ratio of 2008. environmental threat and misuse of power by These trends did not have a negative impact on law enforcement authorities are also included the social situation in the oblast, so the level of in the list of the most acute problems (fig. 1). social protection has been remaining adequate National and religious discrimination concern throughout the period under review. Figure 1. Social security ratio of the Vologda Oblast population 0.58 Social security ratio 0.61 0.60 0.71 Religious discrimination 0.75 0.71 0.71 National discrimination 0.75 0.71 0.66 Age or gender harassment 0.68 0.66 0.61 Political persecution 0.67 0.65 0.55 Loneliness 0.55 0.58 0.54 Environmental threat 0.53 0.57 0.54 Misuse of power by law enforcement authorities 0.54 0.55 0.53 Abuse of power by the officials 0.53 0.55 0.49 Poverty 0.49 2012 0.52 2010 0.48 2008 Crime 0.47 0.49 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Source: Results of the survey ‘Socio-cultural portrait of the region’ (ISEDT RAS). 154 2 (26) 2013 Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast YOUNG RESEARCHERS M.A. Lastochkina Men feel insecure mostly due to the power Comparative analysis of hazard issues in the abuse by law enforcement authorities and enumerated regions showed, that crime is the officials, whereas women do not feel protected most accute problem for the Smolensk Oblast: from poverty and crime. Pensioners (over 50%) 62% of the residents consider themselves are more vulnerable than the other age groups. unprotected (or rather unprotected), while Thus, the misuse of power by law enforcement only 6% feel completely, or rather protected. agencies is much more urgent for the people The list is supplemented with poverty (59%) in the 45 – 49 age group, crime is of topical and environmental threat (55%). Smolensk interest among 50 – 54 age group. The citizens residents are the least concerned by national over the age of 55 are greatly concerned by the and religious discrimination (11 and 13%, poverty issue [15]. The needy population group respectively). Residents of the Chuvash of the oblast considers itself unprotected against Republic, as well as of the Smolensk Oblast poverty and abuse of power by the officials, expressed the greatest anxiety about the crime, above all [14]. Those who are financially however to a significantly smaller degree wealthy and are used to indulging in every (51% of respondents consider themselves pleasure, feel themselves mostly unprotected unprotected). Similarly, discriminatory against the misuse of power by law enforcement harassment worries only 4 – 6% of the Chuvash authorities (frequently, as a result of illegal cash Republic population. The situation in the income received by many representatives of the Smolensk Oblast is somewhat more acute category). The divorced and the residents of than in Russia on average, being a result of towns (with the population below 100 thousand the greatest concern expressed by the oblast people) suffer from social insecurity concerning residents with regard to all range of the all of the problems studied to a greater degree, problems considered, not of the sharp contrast than other population categories.
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