DOCSLIB.ORG

A Human Ecological Analysis of the Causes of Conflict and Cooperation Between Nations Over Freshwater Resources

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Human Ecological Analysis of the Causes of Conflict and Cooperation Between Nations Over Freshwater Resources SHARING WATER: A HUMAN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF CONFLICT AND COOPERATION BETWEEN NATIONS OVER FRESHWATER RESOURCES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Brian E. Green, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Adviser Professor J. Craig Jenkins _____________________________ Adviser Associate Professor Edward M. Crenshaw Department of Sociology ABSTRACT The politics of fresh water in international contexts are becoming increasingly contentious. This study analyzes the effects of development, demographics and ecological factors on international disputes over water. From a human ecology approach, I develop a model of water conflict that examines the extent to which population growth and density, urbanization, water scarcity and degradation, social organization, inequitable distribution of water, social inequality, and trade affect the likelihood of conflict over water. Using water event data from the Basins at Risk section of the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database (Wolf 1998; Yoffe 2002) and ordinary least squares regression modeling, I tested hypotheses that specified predictors of international water conflict and cooperation. Field notes from a case study of the international dispute between Slovakia and Hungary were also analyzed. The results of the analysis indicate that, of demographic predictors, population density has the clearest and most consistent association with international water conflict and cooperation. Countries with higher population densities have more frequent international water interactions of a more conflictual nature. Population growth and urbanization are also found to be associated with water conflict in various predicted ways. Indicators of development tend to be associated with reduced levels of international water conflict, however, in the case of international inequality of development, water conflict is ii more likely. Among environmental factors, several indicators of water degradation and depletion were associated with an increase in the level of international water conflict, however these findings were somewhat inconsistent. Inequality in terms of the amount of internally available water was consistently associated with higher levels of conflict. A surprising and counterintuitive finding is that countries that sign international water treaties continue to have water events of a conflictive nature after the treaty is signed. In the case study of Hungary and Slovakia, environmental degradation and depletion was found to increase environmental activism, which had the effect of destabilizing the national government of Hungary. After regime changes in both Hungary and Slovakia, international conflict increased due to the new political openness associated with democracy. Institutional mechanisms have since been established to reduce the intensity of the earlier dispute. iii For my daughter, Hannah J. Green iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge and thank all of the people who helped me in big and small ways to successfully complete the Ph.D. program at Ohio State University. First and foremost I must thank my advisor, Dr. Maciek Slomczynski. Maciek worked with me and supported my studies for the five years during which I was in the program at Ohio State. Maciek’s expertise in comparative research methods and social change, and his willingness to meet with me many times over many years, made this entire project possible. More than his specific knowledge of my research areas, Maciek’s overall mentoring and consistent interest in my academic and personal development helped me to want to strive for success at all levels. I thank my dissertation committee members Drs. Craig Jenkins and Edward Crenshaw. Through the classes I took with them and the many hours spent in offices and writing e-mail, I learned tremendously from both men. Craig and Ed provided crucial comments, letters of recommendation, and other support during my years at Ohio State and through the process of writing this dissertation. The quality of their scholarship is an inspiration to me. There are many others who deserve recognition and thanks for their support in this project. Drs. Aaron Wolf and Shira Yoffe, both of Oregon State University, truly helped v to make this entire project through academic support and especially by sharing the data from the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database. Both Aaron and Shira, along with their colleagues, have paved the way for the kind of quantitative analysis of freshwater disputes presented in this dissertation. Among others who helped directly with the completion of this study, Matt Moffitt of the Sociology Research Lab deserves the most thanks for helping me to write the programs that imported my data into a usable format. Colin Odden, also of the SRL, deserves thanks for his help in that area. Financial support for this dissertation study was provided by the Phyllis J. Krumm Memorial Scholarship fund, the Graduate Student Alumni Research Award, and the Department of Sociology at Ohio State. I thank all of these organizations for their assistance. Tony Vigorito was a great friend during my time in graduate school. Together we went through the process of writing our dissertations and looking for academic jobs. I thank Tony for his companionship and emotional support during the past years. Other friends who supported me both personally and professionally during work on this dissertation include Jack Selig and Dagmar Ruskova. Jack helped me through many difficult times and always inspired me to keep going and do my best. Dagmar wrote to me nearly every day and always reminded me “you can do it.” Finally, my parents, Steve and Joyce Green, have always supported me in so many ways. Without them I could never have made this achievement. vi VITA April 9, 1970 .................................... Born – Baltimore, Maryland USA 1992 ................................................. B.A. Sociology, Pennsylvania State University 1996–1997 ..................................... Graduate Teaching Assistant, Kent State University 1998 ................................................. M.A. Sociology, Kent State University 1997 – present ................................ Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 2000–2001 ..................................... Program for the Enhancement of Graduate Studies Dissertation Fellow PUBLICATIONS 1. Green, Brian E. and Christian Ritter 2000. “Marijuana Use and Depression.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41 (March): 40-49. 2. Gregory, Stanford, Brian E. Green, Robert M. Carruthers, Kelly A. Dagan, and Stephen Webster. 2001. “Verifying the Primacy of Voice Fundamental Frequency in Social Status Accommodation.” Language and Communication 21(1): 37-60. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Sociology Studies in: Comparative Social Change, Environmental Sociology vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .............................................................. ii Dedication ........................................................... iv Acknowledgments ...................................................... v Vita................................................................. vii List of Tables......................................................... xi List of Figures ........................................................ xii Chapters: 1. Introduction ......................................................1 2. Theoretical Background ............................................5 The Social Science of Natural Resource Competition ............... 7 Classic Theoretical Perspectives on Natural Resource Distribution and Conflict....................... 8 Contemporary Ecological Positions.......................11 The Roles of Population, Organization, Environment and Technology ............................................12 Population Dynamics ................................. 13 Social Organization.................................. 14 The Environment.................................... 17 Technology ......................................... 18 Conclusion............................................... 20 3. Conflict and Cooperation Over International Freshwater as a Research Problem............................................ 21 Current Locations Where Water is Disputed..................... 21 viii The Effects of Human Ecological Variables on International Water Conflict ................................. 26 Population Dynamics ................................. 26 Social Organization.................................. 27 The Environment.................................... 28 Technology ......................................... 29 Conclusion............................................... 30 4. The General Model and Hypotheses ................................. 31 The Causes of International Freshwater Conflict.................. 32 Demographic Impacts on International Water Conflict....... 33 Development and Economic Effects on International Water Conflict...................................... 34 Ecological Effects on International Water Conflict.......... 36 Geo-political Effects on International Water Conflict ........ 36 5. Methods and Data ............................................... 40 Data Sources ............................................. 41 Freshwater Conflict.................................. 41 Independent Variables...............................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Health Systems in Transition
    61575 Latvia HiT_2_WEB.pdf 1 03/03/2020 09:55 Vol. 21 No. 4 2019 Vol. Health Systems in Transition Vol. 21 No. 4 2019 Health Systems in Transition: in Transition: Health Systems C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Latvia Latvia Health system review Daiga Behmane Alina Dudele Anita Villerusa Janis Misins The Observatory is a partnership, hosted by WHO/Europe, which includes other international organizations (the European Commission, the World Bank); national and regional governments (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Kristine Klavina Ireland, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the Veneto Region of Italy); other health system organizations (the French National Union of Health Insurance Funds (UNCAM), the Dzintars Mozgis Health Foundation); and academia (the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the Giada Scarpetti London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)). The Observatory has a secretariat in Brussels and it has hubs in London at LSE and LSHTM) and at the Berlin University of Technology. HiTs are in-depth profiles of health systems and policies, produced using a standardized approach that allows comparison across countries. They provide facts, figures and analysis and highlight reform initiatives in progress. Print ISSN 1817-6119 Web ISSN 1817-6127 61575 Latvia HiT_2_WEB.pdf 2 03/03/2020 09:55 Giada Scarpetti (Editor), and Ewout van Ginneken (Series editor) were responsible for this HiT Editorial Board Series editors Reinhard Busse, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Josep Figueras, European
    [Show full text]
  • From the Editor
    EDITORIAL STAFF From the Editor ELIZABETH SKINNER Editor Happy New Year, everyone. As I write this, we’re a few weeks into 2021 and there ELIZABETH ROBINSON Copy Editor are sparkles of hope here and there that this year may be an improvement over SALLY BAHO Copy Editor the seemingly endless disasters of the last one. Vaccines are finally being deployed against the coronavirus, although how fast and for whom remain big sticky questions. The United States seems to have survived a political crisis that brought EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD its system of democratic government to the edge of chaos. The endless conflicts VICTOR ASAL in Syria, Libya, Yemen, Iraq, and Afghanistan aren’t over by any means, but they have evolved—devolved?—once again into chronic civil agony instead of multi- University of Albany, SUNY national warfare. CHRISTOPHER C. HARMON 2021 is also the tenth anniversary of the Arab Spring, a moment when the world Marine Corps University held its breath while citizens of countries across North Africa and the Arab Middle East rose up against corrupt authoritarian governments in a bid to end TROELS HENNINGSEN chronic poverty, oppression, and inequality. However, despite the initial burst of Royal Danish Defence College change and hope that swept so many countries, we still see entrenched strong-arm rule, calcified political structures, and stagnant stratified economies. PETER MCCABE And where have all the terrorists gone? Not far, that’s for sure, even if the pan- Joint Special Operations University demic has kept many of them off the streets lately. Closed borders and city-wide curfews may have helped limit the operational scope of ISIS, Lashkar-e-Taiba, IAN RICE al-Qaeda, and the like for the time being, but we know the teeming refugee camps US Army (Ret.) of Syria are busy producing the next generation of violent ideological extremists.
    [Show full text]
  • Sociological Functionalist Theory That Shapes the Filipino Social Consciousness in the Philippines
    Title: The Missing Sociological Imagination: Sociological Functionalist Theory That Shapes the Filipino Social Consciousness in the Philippines Author: Prof. Kathy Westman, Waubonsee Community College, Sugar Grove, IL Summary: This lesson explores the links on the development of sociology in the Philippines and the sociological consciousness in the country. The assumption is that limited growth of sociological theory is due to the parallel limited growth of social modernity in the Philippines. Therefore, the study of sociology in the Philippines takes on a functionalist orientation limiting development of sociological consciousness on social inequalities. Sociology has not fully emerged from a modernity tool in transforming Philippine society to a conceptual tool that unites Filipino social consciousness on equality. Objectives: 1. Study history of sociology in the Philippines. 2. Assess the application of sociology in context to the Philippine social consciousness. 3. Explore ways in which function over conflict contributes to maintenance of Filipino social order. 4. Apply and analyze the links between the current state of Philippine sociology and the threats on thought and freedoms. 5. Create how sociology in the Philippines can benefit collective social consciousness and of change toward social movements of equality. Content: Social settings shape human consciousness and realities. Sociology developed in western society in which the constructions of thought were unable to explain the late nineteenth century systemic and human conditions. Sociology evolved out of the need for production of thought as a natural product of the social consciousness. Sociology came to the Philippines in a non-organic way. Instead, sociology and the social sciences were brought to the country with the post Spanish American War colonization by the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • 134TH COMMENCEMENT James E
    134 th Commencement MAY 2021 Welcome Dear Temple graduates, Congratulations! Today is a day of celebration for you and all those who have supported you in your Temple journey. I couldn’t be more proud of the diverse and driven students who are graduating this spring. Congratulations to all of you, to your families and to our dedicated faculty and academic advisors who had the pleasure of educating and championing you. If Temple’s founder Russell Conwell were alive to see your collective achievements today, he’d be thrilled and amazed. In 1884, he planted the seeds that have grown and matured into one of this nation’s great urban research universities. Now it’s your turn to put your own ideas and dreams in motion. Even if you experience hardships or disappointments, remember the motto Conwell left us: Perseverantia Vincit, Perseverance Conquers. We have faith that you will succeed. Thank you so much for calling Temple your academic home. While I trust you’ll go far, remember that you will always be part of the Cherry and White. Plan to come back home often. Sincerely, Richard M. Englert President UPDATED: 05/07/2021 Contents The Officers and the Board of Trustees ............................................2 Candidates for Degrees James E. Beasley School of Law ....................................................3 Esther Boyer College of Music and Dance .....................................7 College of Education and Human Development ...........................11 College of Engineering ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Coser 1957.Pdf
    Social Conflict and the Theory of Social Change Author(s): Lewis A. Coser Source: The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Sep., 1957), pp. 197-207 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The London School of Economics and Political Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/586859 . Accessed: 14/11/2013 12:31 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and The London School of Economics and Political Science are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The British Journal of Sociology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.210.85.113 on Thu, 14 Nov 2013 12:31:44 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOCIAL CONFLICTAND THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CHANGE LewisA. Coser r NHIS paperattempts to examinesome of the functionsof social conflict in the processof social change. I shallfirst deal with i somefunctions of conflictwithin social systems, more specifically with its relationto institutionalrigidities, technical progress and pro- ductivity, and will then concernourselves with the relation between social conflictand the changesof social systems. A centralobservation of GeorgeSorel in hisReflections onViolence which has not as yet been accordedsufficient attention by sociologistsmay serve us as a convenientspringboard.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Social Science Literature on the Causes of Conflict
    Research Report Understanding Conflict Trends A Review of the Social Science Literature on the Causes of Conflict Stephen Watts, Jennifer Kavanagh, Bryan Frederick, Tova C. Norlen, Angela O’Mahony, Phoenix Voorhies, Thomas S. Szayna Prepared for the United States Army Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ARROYO CENTER For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr1063z1 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface The recent spike in violence in places like Syria, Ukraine, and Yemen notwithstanding, the number of conflicts worldwide has fallen since the end of the Cold War, and few of those that remain are clashes between states.
    [Show full text]
  • Buku Panduan Prasiswazah FSSK 20182019
    The National University of Malaysia The National University of Malaysia Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan / 1 PANDUAN PRASISWAZAH Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan Sesi Akademik 2018-2019 2 /Panduan Prasiswazah Sesi Akademik 2018-2019 Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan / 3 4 /Panduan Prasiswazah Sesi Akademik 2018-2019 PANDUAN PRASISWAZAH Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan Sesi Akademik 2018-2019 Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi 2018 http://www.fssk.ukm.my Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan / 5 Cetakan / Printing Hak cipta / Copyright Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2012 Pihak Pengurusan Universiti sedaya upaya sudah mempastikan bahawa Buku Panduan ini adalah tepat pada masa diterbitkan. Buku ini bermaksud untuk memberikan panduan kepada pelajar memilih program dan kursus pengajian serta kemudahan yang ditawarkan dan tidak dimaksudkan sebagai satu ikatan kontrak. Pengurusan Universiti berhak meminda atau menarik balik tawaran dan kursus pengajian serta kemudahan tanpa sebarang notis. Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh / Published in Malaysia by FAKULTI SAINS SOSIAL DAN KEMANUSIAAN Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E Malaysia. Dicetak di Malaysia / Printed in Malaysia by UKM CETAK Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor D.E Semua pertanyaan hendaklah diajukan kepada: Dekan Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Tel: 03-8921 4123 / 8921 5356 Faks: 03-8925 2836 E-mel: [email protected] ISSN 1823-8637 6 /Panduan Prasiswazah Sesi Akademik 2018-2019 (Ucapan Tun Abdul Razak di Konvokesyen Pertama UKM, 1973) Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan / 7 Maksud Logo UKM Logo Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) ialah sebuah perisai yang berpetak empat. Setiap petak mengandungi gambar dan warna latar yang berlainan dengan membawa maksud tertentu.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Theories of Conflict and Their Social and Political Implications
    3 Contemporary Theories of Conflict and their Social and Political Implications Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo Introduction: Objectives and General Issues Africa’s Great Lakes region has been known in the past four decades or so – as an area of violent conflict. An advanced research project on this region has to start with some reflections on theories of conflicts, as some parts of this region have been characterised by a devastating disease which has resulted in loss of human lives, degradation of the environment, pillage, banditry, rape of women and girls, and a general political instability of high magnitude. To explain what has happened, we need to build a good explanatory tool. The beginning of wisdom is to be aware of one’s limits of knowledge and be certain of one’s areas of strength. For easy understanding, this chapter is divided into several sections. The first section describes the main objectives, clarifies the term ‘contemporary’ and raises general issues regarding the relevance or irrelevance of theories in this research project. The second section discusses the approaches used in the work; while the third, elaborates on theories of conflict, as well as their claims, assumptions and possible social and political implications. The study ends with some brief recommendations about these theories. Let me start by saying that we cannot change all the phenomena around us or those things that are far from us – things we do not know about, or understand. We cannot explain social phenomena effectively without building some systematic and testable tools of explanations. Empiricism is central to building a critical theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Revista Romană De Geografie Politică
    Revista Română de Geografie Politică Year XXIII, no. 1, June 2021, pp. 1-57 ISSN 1582-7763, E-ISSN 2065-1619 http://rrgp.uoradea.ro, [email protected] REVISTA ROMÂNĂ DE GEOGRAFIE POLITICĂ Romanian Review on Political Geography Year XXIII, no. 1, June 2021 Editor-in-Chief: Alexandru ILIEŞ, University of Oradea, Romania Associate Editors: Voicu BODOCAN, “Babeş-Bolyai” University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania Milan BUFON, "Primorska” University of Koper, Slovenia Jan WENDT, University of Gdansk, Poland Vasile GRAMA, University of Oradea, Romania Scientific Committee: Silviu COSTACHIE, University of Bucharest, Romania Remus CREŢAN, West University of Timişoara, Romania Olivier DEHOORNE, University of the French Antilles and Guyana, France Anton GOSAR, “Primorska” University of Koper, Slovenia Ioan HORGA, University of Oradea, Romania Ioan IANOŞ, University of Bucharest, Romania Corneliu IAŢU, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi, Romania Vladimir KOLOSSOV, Russian Academy of Science, Russia Ionel MUNTELE, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi, Romania Silviu NEGUŢ, Academy of Economical Studies of Bucharest, Romania John O’LOUGHLIN, University of Colorado at Boulder, U.S.A. Lia POP, University of Oradea, Romania Nicolae POPA, West University of Timişoara, Romania Stéphane ROSIÈRE, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France Andre-Louis SANGUIN, University of Paris-Sorbonne, France Radu SĂGEATĂ, Romanian Academy, Institute of Geography, Romania Marcin Wojciech SOLARZ, University of Warsaw, Poland Alexandru UNGUREANU, Romanian Academy Member, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi, Romania Luca ZARRILLI, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy Technical Editor: Grigore HERMAN, University of Oradea, Romania Foreign Language Supervisor: Corina TĂTAR, University of Oradea, Romania The content of the published material falls under the authors’ responsibility exclusively.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Conflict
    Social conflict Michel Wieviorka l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, France abstract Numerous approaches in the social sciences either refuse to consider or minimize the impor - tance of conflict in community, or else replace it with a Spencerian vision of the social struggle. Between these two extremes there is considerable space for us to consider conflict as a relationship; this is what differentiates it from modes of behaviour involving war and rupture. Sociology suggests different ways of differentiating various modes of social conflict. The question is not only theoretical. It is also empirical and historical: have we not moved, in a certain number of countries at least, from the industrial era dom - inated by a structural social conflict in which the working-class movement confronted the masters of labour, to a new era dominated by other types of conflict with distinctly more cultural orientations? Whatever the type of analysis, the very concept of conflict must be clearly distinguished from that of crisis, even if materially the two coexist in social reality. keywords action ◆ class struggle ◆ crisis ◆ social conflict ◆ social movements ◆ violence Is social conflict central to social life? Numerous approaches in the social sciences consider does Ludwig Gumplowicz (1883), who spoke of the that society constitutes an entity or a whole and ‘struggle of the races’. emphasize its political unity, which may often be rep - By refusing to adopt either of these two types of resented by the state, and its cultural and historical vision, at least in their most extreme versions, by unity, to which the idea of nation frequently refers.
    [Show full text]
  • Arizona State University Commencement and Convocation Program
    TE TA UN S E ST TH AT I F E V A O O E L F A DITAT DEUS N A E R R S I O Z T S O A N Z E I A R I T G R Y A 1912 1885 ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY COMMENCEMENT AND CONVOCATION PROGRAM Spring 2015 May 11–16, 2015 THE NATIONAL ANTHEM THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER O say can you see, by the dawn’s early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. O say does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave? ALMA MATER ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Where the bold saguaros Raise their arms on high, Praying strength for brave tomorrows From the western sky; Where eternal mountains Kneel at sunset’s gate, Here we hail thee, Alma Mater, Arizona State. —Hopkins-Dresskell MAROON AND GOLD Fight, Devils down the field Fight with your might and don’t ever yield Long may our colors outshine all others Echo from the buttes, Give em’ hell Devils! Cheer, cheer for A-S-U! Fight for the old Maroon For it’s Hail! Hail! The gang’s all here And it’s onward to victory! Students whose names appear in this program are candidates for the degrees listed, which will be conferred subject to completion of requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Sociology 2E
    1 This is an excerpt from the text listed below: Introduction to Sociology 2e Collection edited by: OpenStax ­ Content authors: OpenStax and Openstax College Sociology 2e ­ Based on: Introduction to Sociology <http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11407/1.7>. ­ Online: <http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11762/1.6> ­ This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Rice University. ­ Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ­ Collection structure revised: 2016/01/20 ­ PDF Generated: 2016/05/18 16:15:08 ­ For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see the "Attributions" ­ section at the end of the collection. ­ 10 Chapter 1 | An Introduction to Sociology Making Connections: Sociology in the Real World Individual-Society Connections When sociologist Nathan Kierns spoke to his friend Ashley (a pseudonym) about the move she and her partner had made from an urban center to a small Midwestern town, he was curious about how the social pressures placed on a lesbian couple differed from one community to the other. Ashley said that in the city they had been accustomed to getting looks and hearing comments when she and her partner walked hand in hand. Otherwise, she felt that they were at least being tolerated. There had been little to no outright discrimination. Things changed when they moved to the small town for her partner’s job. For the first time, Ashley found herself experiencing direct discrimination because of her sexual orientation. Some of it was particularly hurtful. Landlords would not rent to them.
    [Show full text]