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University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-2011 Media coverage of the U.S. contribution to conflict in colombia Hermes Fomutar Berinyuy University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Berinyuy, Hermes Fomutar, "Media coverage of the U.S. contribution to conflict in colombia" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7793. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7793 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE U.S. CONTIBUTION TO CONFLICT IN COLOMBIA BY HERMES FOMUTAR BERINYUY A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies Through the Department of Communication, Media and Film in Partial fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2011 © 2011 Hermes Fomutar Berinyuy Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre r6terence ISBN: 978-0-494-81735-3 Our file Notre r&terence ISBN: 978-0-494-81735-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduce, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE U.S. CONTRIBUTION TO CONFLICT IN COLOMBIA. BY HERMES FOMUTAR BERINYUY APPROVED BY: / %ovuA 6^6— Dr. Barry Adam Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminology filpkfi fc^hJ*4lJr*W?JL^ Dr. V. Scatamburlo-D'Annibale Department of Communication, Media and Film Dr. J. Winter Department of Communication, Media and Film. Dr. J. Virdi Chair of Defense Department of Communication, Media and Film January 28, 2011 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has been published or submitted for publication. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone's copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis and have included copies of such copyright clearance in the appendix. I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree in any other University or institution. in ABSTRACT The Propaganda Model of communication by Herman and Chomsky has been in the periphery of academia as its authors predicted. The authors also predicted what dimensions media coverage will take when the mainstream media cover events in states where corporate-governed super powers have interests, especially the U.S. It is this prediction of media performance that this research is testing in relation to the conflict in Colombia. In recent years Latin America has achieved some nationalist governments, as in Venezuela and Bolivia, however, the U.S quest for hegemony is a fact in Latin America. How the media cover conflict in Colombia, especially in relation to contributions of the U.S and its interventions is the concern of this thesis. This research uses Critical Discourse Analysis as methodology and the PM as its conceptual framework. The Toronto Star, CBC, National Post, and the Globe and Mail are analyzed in this research. Conclusions arrived at support the PM as a good instrument for predicting media performance: Mainstream media coverage favours allies of the U.S., protects U.S. corporations, supports capitalist values and imperialist ideology, and generally neglects the interests of the masses and social justice, while the elite agenda is favoured. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express gratitude to all those who have contributed and encouraged me throughout the process of doing the research and writing this thesis. I offer heartfelt acknowledgement to Professor Winter James for critical, careful, encouraging and extremely patient guidance. Great thanks to Dr.V. Scatamburlo-D'Annibale and Dr. Barry Adam for guidance and critical comments. I would like to thank family and friends for love and support through a long research process. Particular thanks go to Ana Maria Martinez, Mary and Ed Mcmath, Peter Bryant, Glenn Holland and Mr. Emmanuel Ngwainbi. v TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHORS'S DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY in ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Conflict in Colombia 7 Interest, imperialism and conflict in Colombia 13 Scope and limitations 15 Statement of problem 16 Rational for the research 18 Methodology and Conceptual framework 19 Significance of the research 23 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 25 Media Coverage and the Propaganda Model 28 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 42 Parameters of Research 45 Framing 47 Structuration of Details 51 vi The Propaganda Model (PM) 55 The predictions 56 Mechanisms identified by the PM for systematic control 57 Techniques of the PM 59 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION 61 Human rights 65 Plan Colombia and U.S. aid 69 Colombia's border crises and relations with Venezuela 87 Media sympathy with U.S. corporations - The Coca-Cola Case' 96 CONCLUSION 103 BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 APPENDIX 111 VITAAUCTORIS 143 Vll CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The U.S. with the purpose of effecting 'regime change' or spreading freedom and democracy has carried out imperialism in virtually all corners of the world for centuries especially in the last many decades. Hegemony, colonialism and neo-colonialism have been used to keep much of the Third World or Southern nations in conditions of despair. This has often taken the form of overt force, covert operation, or subverted election. In the last two decades, a few examples that come to mind include the successful use force in 1989 in Panama to oust Manuel Noriega. 1990 to 1991 saw the use of subverted elections in Haiti to manipulate and take out President Bertrand Aristide. In 1990s in Nicaragua Daniel Ortega, a Christian socialist was faced with confronting the 'Contras' that were backed by the Ronald Reagan U.S. administration. From the Carter presidency through the Bush administration, El Salvador was a base for U.S. hegemonic policy. As a civil war raged on the ground, Washington's cold war concerns ensured massive and continued U.S. support for the El Salvadoran government and military against the forces of the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) from 1980 to 1990s. Hugo Chavez of Venezuela saw a U.S. backed coup d'etat that failed in 2002 due to popular support. The present president of Bolivia since 2002 had been a target of the U.S. making sure that he never came to power because he and his leftist following would not let the U.S. control Bolivia the way it wants. 1 Recent events such as the coup d'etat in Honduras in 2009 during which progressive president Manuel Zelaya was overthrown is just one of many current examples of self-interested involvement by the U.S. in the affairs of third world countries. The U.S. preaches freedom and democracy but supports the overthrow of democratically elected presidents if this will protect her interests and empire.

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