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Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΙΟ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΟ ΙΔΡΥΜΑ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΟΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΗΣ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΟΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗ, ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑΚΑ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΑ «Η χρηματοδότηση από το πλήθος ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας». ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ της Ζωής Κουγιουμτζή, Λογίστριας Επιβλέπων καθηγητής: Γεώργιος Τέγος Θεσσαλονίκη, Νοέμβριος 2018 1 Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας 2 Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΙΟ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΟ ΙΔΡΥΜΑ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΟΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΗΣ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΩΝ ΣΠΟΥΔΩΝ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΟΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗ, ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑΚΑ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΑ «Η χρηματοδότηση από το πλήθος ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας» «Crowdfunding as a means of payment for medical treatment costs» ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ της ΖΩΗΣ ΚΟΥΓΙΟΥΜΤΖΗ Επιβλέπων : Γεώργιος Τέγος Καθηγητής, ΤΕΙ Θεσ/νίκης Εγκρίθηκε από την τριμελή εξεταστική επιτροπή στις .../.../... (Υπογραφή) (Υπογραφή) (Υπογραφή) Θεσσαλονίκη, 11/2018 3 Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας 4 Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας Ευχαριστίες Με την ευκαιρία της παρουσίασης της διπλωματικής μου εργασίας, θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω τον επιβλέποντα καθηγητή μου κ. Τέγο Γεώργιο, για την εμπιστοσύνη του καθ' όλη τη διάρκεια της συνεργασίας μας. Επίσης θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω την οικογένεια μου και τους φίλους μου, για την υπομονή που μου έδειξαν σε όλη την διάρκεια των μεταπτυχιακών σπουδών μου και την στήριξη τους στην πορεία αυτή. Τέλος θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω ιδιαίτερα την αγαπημένη μου φίλη και χημικό, Έλενα Τζεκάκη, για την πολύτιμη βοήθεια της στον τομέα της έρευνας και τις εξαιρετικά χρήσιμες συμβουλές και προτροπές της, χωρίς τις οποίες δεν θα συνέχιζα με επιμονή στον στόχο μου. 5 Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας Περίληψη Το Crowdfunding είναι μια διευρυμένη μορφή εναλλακτικής χρηματοδότησης που κερδίζει έδαφος στον τομέα της υγείας. Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στοιχεία από μια βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση, συμπληρωμένη από συνεντεύξεις εμπειρογνωμόνων, για να επεκταθούν και ταυτόχρονα να αναλυθούν θεμελιώδεις αρχές και καθιερωμένες θεωρίες του crowdfunding σε ένα πλαίσιο αγοράς της υγείας. Τα προγράμματα υγείας Crowdfunded μπορούν να ταξινομηθούν σε τέσσερις τύπους σύμφωνα με τον σκοπό και τη μέθοδο χρηματοδότησης της επιχείρησης. Πρόκειται για έργα που καλύπτουν δαπάνες για την υγεία, πρωτοβουλίες για τη συγκέντρωση κεφαλαίων στον τομέα της υγείας, υποστήριξη της έρευνας για την υγεία ή χρηματοδότηση της καινοτομίας στην εμπορική υγεία. Το Crowdfunding θα μπορούσε να ωφελήσει οικονομικά τον τομέα της υγείας αυξάνοντας τη συμμετοχή στην αγορά, αντλώντας χρήματα και ευαισθητοποίηση σε παραμελημένα θέματα υγείας, βελτιώνοντας την πρόσβαση στη χρηματοδότηση και ενισχύοντας την υπευθυνότητα του έργου και την κοινωνική δέσμευση. Ωστόσο, οι οικονομικοί κίνδυνοι που σχετίζονται με την υγειονομική περίθαλψη περιλαμβάνουν τον αναποτελεσματικό καθορισμό προτεραιοτήτων, τον αυξημένο οικονομικό κίνδυνο, τις ασυνεπείς ρυθμιστικές πολιτικές, τις ανησυχίες σχετικά με τα δικαιώματα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας και την απάτη. Εφαρμόζονται, επίσης, ευρύτερες απειλές της ανεπάρκειας της αγοράς που προέρχονται από την αρνητική επιλογή και τον ηθικό κίνδυνο. Πολλά από τα συζητηθέντα οικονομικά οφέλη και οι κίνδυνοι από τη συγκέντρωση των εκστρατειών για την υγεία διαμοιράζονται ευρύτερα με εκείνες της συγκέντρωσης έργων σε άλλους τομείς. Σε σημεία όπου η περιθωριοποίηση της υγειονομικής περίθαλψης φαίνεται να αποκλίνει από τη θεωρία, ο λανθασμένος καθορισμός προτεραιοτήτων μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε αναποτελεσματική διαχείριση των σκοπών στον τομέα της δημόσιας υγείας. Ως εκ τούτου, ο σκοπός της χρηματοδότησης για την υγειονομικής περίθαλψη πρέπει να είναι σαφής, καθώς και να σχεδιάζεται για τη βέλτιστη και δίκαιη ευημερία της δημόσιας υγείας. Στην συγκεκριμένη εργασία διεξήχθη έρευνα με την χρήση ερωτηματολογίου προκειμένου να γίνει γνωστή μια 6 Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας νέα μέθοδος χρηματοδότησης στον τομέα της υγείας, αυτή του crowdfunding, και η αντίδραση των συμμετεχόντων στην έρευνα για την στήριξη οικονομικά παραμελημένων ανθρώπων οι οποίοι έχουν ανάγκη από ιατρική θεραπεία. Λέξεις κλειδιά Crowdfunding, εναλλακτική χρηματοδότηση, πολιτική για την υγεία, οικονομία της υγείας, παγκόσμια υγεία 7 Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας 8 Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας ABSTRACT Crowdfunding is an expanding form of alternative financing that is gaining traction in the health sector. This article presents a typology for crowdfunded health projects and are view of the main economic benefits and risks of crowdfunding in the health market. In this master’s thesis, we used evidence from a literature review, complimented by expert interviews, to extend the fundamental principles and established theories of crowdfunding to a health market context. Crowdfunded health projects can be classified into four types according to the venture’s purpose and funding method. These are projects covering health expenses, fundraising health initiatives, supporting health research, or financing commercial health innovation. Crowdfunding could economically benefit the health sector by expanding market participation, drawing money and awareness to neglected health issues, improving access to funding, and fostering project accountability and social engagement. However, the economic risks of health-related crowdfunding include inefficient priority setting, heightened financial risk, inconsistent regulatory policies, intellectual property rights concerns, and fraud. Theorized crowdfunding behaviors such as signaling and herding can be observed in the market for health-related crowdfunding. Broader threats of market failure stemming from adverse selection and moral hazard also apply. Many of the discussed economic benefits and risks of crowdfunding health campaigns are shared more broadly with those of crowdfunding projects in other sectors. Where crowdfunding health care appears to diverge from theory is the negative externality inefficient priority setting may have towards achieving broader public health goals. Therefore, the market for crowdfunding health care must be economically stable, as well as designed to optimally and equitably 24 improve public health. In this master’s thesis, a survey was conducted using a questionnaire to identify a new method of financing in the health sector, that of crowdfunding, and the reaction of the participants in research to support economically neglected people in need of medical treatment. 9 Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας Key words Crowdfunding, alternative financing, health policy, health economics, global health 10 Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας 11 Το crowdfunding ως μέσο πληρωμής ιατρικών εξόδων θεραπείας Περιεχόμενα Περίληψη ................................................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 9 ΕΥΡΕΤΗΡΙΟ ΔΙΑΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΩΝ .................................................................................................. 16 ΕΥΡΕΤΗΡΙΟ ΠΙΝΑΚΩΝ .............................................................................................................. 17 ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ 1Ο ........................................................................................................................... 18 1.1. Εισαγωγή .................................................................................................................. 18 1.2. Σκοπός Διπλωματικής .............................................................................................. 20 1.3. Οργάνωση κειμένου ................................................................................................ 21 ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ 2Ο ........................................................................................................................... 22 2.1. Επισκόπηση Βιβλιογραφίας ..................................................................................... 22 ΚΕΦΛΑΛΑΙΟ 3Ο ....................................................................................................................... 24 ΧΡΗΜΑΤΟΔΟΤΗΣΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΠΛΗΘΟΣ – CROWDFUNDING ..................................................... 24 3.1. Γενικά ....................................................................................................................... 25 3.2. Θεμελιώδεις αρχές του crowdfunding .................................................................... 25 3.3. Ιστορική αναδρομή .................................................................................................. 26 3.4. Τύποι Crowdunding ................................................................................................. 29 3.4.1 Reward-based .................................................................................................. 29 3.4.2 Μετοχικό κεφάλαιο ......................................................................................... 30 3.4.3 Λογότυπο αξίας λογισμικού ............................................................................. 30 3.4.4 Βασισμένο στο χρέος ......................................................................................
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    Acevedo: Stepping Up the Mérida Initiative: Community Policing as a Founda COMMENT STEPPING UP THE MERIDA INITIATIVE: COMMUNITY POLICING AS A FOUNDATION FOR BUILDING RESILIENT COMMUNITIES AND REFORMING THE RULE OF LAW IN MEXICO I. INTRODUCTION: A SNAPSHOT OF MASSACRE, CAPTURE, AND COLLABORATION On August 2010, in an abandoned farm shed in the middle of San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Luis Fredy Lala Pomavilla escaped through the night in search of help.' After walking ten miles through the arid countryside with a gunshot wound to his neck, he stumbled across a military checkpoint where Mexican marines were stationed.2 The wounded migrant led the marines back to that abandoned farm shed.3 They raided the location and drew gunfire from the drug cartels, killing three gunmen and losing one marine.4 After the dust cleared, the marines entered the abandoned cinderblock farm shed and found a mass grave of bodies with their hands tied and faces blindfolded.5 The marines counted seventy-two bodies, all from different parts of Central and 1. See Gary Moore, Unraveling Mysteries of Mexico's San Fernando Massacre, INSIGHT CRIME (Sept. 19, 2011), http://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/unravelling-mysteries-of-mexicos-san- fernando-massacre. 2. See. E. Eduardo Castillo, Mexico Migrants Massacre: Drug Cartel Suspected in Killing of 72, HUFFINGTON POST (Aug. 26, 2010, 11:54 AM), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/26/mexico-migrants-massacre- _n_695299.html; Moore, supra note 1. 3. See Survivor Details Massacre of 72 Migrants by Drug Cartel in Mexico, Fox NEWS (Aug. 25, 2010), http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/08/25/mexican- govemment-migrants-dead-ranch-killed-zetas-drug-gang/.
  • An All-You-Can-Read Buffet on Planning, Launching, and Growing a Good Food Business

    An All-You-Can-Read Buffet on Planning, Launching, and Growing a Good Food Business

    an all-you-can-read buffet on planning, launching, and growing a good food business. www.gfi.org.in benefiting from the Manual’s all-you-can-read buffet of unmissable knowledge, and Fast Company honoring it in its World Changing Ideas awards in 2019. Meanwhile, the Good Food Institute India team has been working Dear Good Food Innovator, diligently to build the smart protein ecosystem from the ground up in India. We’re currently seeing the sector take exciting strides, with As I write this in February 2021, the global alternative protein sector investor attention focused on the sector and multiple product launches continues to go from strength to strength. Rain, shine, or pandemic and startups formed across all categories. These innovators are working — foods made from plant-based, cultivated, and fermentation-derived with us to leverage India’s unique potential - our wonderful talent base, proteins are a juggernaut, and are demonstrating a model to save the our agricultural biodiversity, our track record in manufacturing and planet. Products that taste the same or better, while turning the tide biopharma - and grapple with its unique challenges. The opportunity of climate change, public health risk, and food insecurity? Now that’s to cater to domestic demand for delicious, sustainable, nutritious smart smart protein. The best time to devote our collective talents to this protein foods as well as become a supply and manufacturing hub for the sector was decades ago. The next best time is now - and we’re here to global sector is immense. All of this progress is set against the backdrop help you get started.
  • The Case for Cuban Autonomy in Globalizing Economic Reforms

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    Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Volume 19 Issue 1 Article 14 Winter 2012 Harmonization, But Not Homogenization: The Case for Cuban Autonomy in Globalizing Economic Reforms Heather Shreve Indiana University Maurer School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the Law and Economics Commons Recommended Citation Shreve, Heather (2012) "Harmonization, But Not Homogenization: The Case for Cuban Autonomy in Globalizing Economic Reforms," Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies: Vol. 19 : Iss. 1 , Article 14. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls/vol19/iss1/14 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Harmonization, But Not Homogenization: The Case for Cuban Autonomy in Globalizing Economic Reforms HEATHER E. SHREVE* ABSTRACT Since 1959, Cuba has been an anomaly in the Western Hemisphere. From its fierce isolationism to its steadfast commitment to-communism and Fidel Castro, the Cuban model shunned many modern conventions and developments of the increasingly globalized world. However, in the last decade, subtle shifts in Cuban governance and control led some scholars to question if and how Cuba could participate in the modern, global economy. President Razil Castro answered the speculation in late 2010 with an announcement regarding Cuban economic modernization and, again, in 2011, as significant economic reforms were implemented.