1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE · 2889 the Congress; to the Committee on the Judi · The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown H. J. Res. 115. Joint resolution relative to ciary. Harris, D. D., offered the following determination and payment of certain claims 297. By Mr. GROSS: Petition of the Town against the Government of Mexi9o; and send Clubs of the Twenty-first Congressional prayer: H. J. Res. 141. Joint resolution making sup District of Pennsylvania, signed by E. _ W. God our Father, as the quiet splendor plemental appropriations for the fiscal year Laughman, district secretary, and others, of another day illuminates our path, we ending June 30, 1945, in lieu of certain ap memorializing t.he Congress of the United wait for the shining glory of the Light propriations contained in H. R. 2374, Sev States to enact into law House bills 2229 and enty-ninth Congress, firs session, and for 2230, what is known as the Townsend bill, that never fails nor fades. At noontide other purposes. we would step aside from the crowded which will provide annuities for all senior LEGISLATIVE SESSION citfzens 60 years and over who will refrain highway to seek the garden of the soul from gainful occupation, the permanently where Thou keepest tryst for us at the Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I disabled, the blind, the disabled soldiers, and beginning of the day's council together. understand that when the Senate re all widowed mothers with dependent chil Some of us have grown weary with the cessed yesterday it did so as in executive ren under 18; to the Committee on Ways and heat and burden of these tragic days. Means. session. 298. By Mr. RICH: Petition of residents of For Thy name's sake and for our souls' The PRESIDENT pro tempore. That Council, Alaska, and environs, protesting sake, lead us where. still waters· flow. is correct. against further reservations in Alaska as If we have closed and barred the door Mr. BARKLEY. Inasmuch as the sponsored by the Department of the In of our heart against unwelcome truth, -conference report on the so-called man terior; to the Committee on the Public may it steal back by some secret stair, power bill is to be brought up, I there Lands. bringing within the sweet peace of peni fore move that the Senate now proceed 299. By Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts: tence and pardon. In the Redeemer's to the consideration of legislative busi Memorial of the General Court of Massa name. Amen. chusetts, requesting the Federal Conserva ness. tion Commission and the Select Committee THE JOURNAL Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, am I on Conservattion of Wildlife Reserves to re correct in my understanding that there strain any further action by the United States On request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by will be merely a temporary suspension Fish and Wildlife Service in the Parker River unanimous consent, the reading of the of the consideration of the treaty? and Monomoy Point refuges until the com Journal of the proceedings of the calen Mr. BARKLEY. When the .Senate pletion of an investigation by a joint com dar day Tuesday, March 27, 1945, was goes back into executive session auto mittee of the general court; to the Commit dispensed with, and the Journal was ap matically the treaty will be the unfin tee on Agriculture. proved. 300. Also, memorial of the General Court ished business. of Massachusetts, urging the Federal Gov MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE Mr. MILLIKIN. And the only busi ness displacing the treaty temporarily ernment to purchase land in Massachusetts A message from the House of Repre-· for the establishment of a national ceme will be the conference report on the man- tery; to the Committee on Military Affairs. sentatives, by Mr. Maurer, one of its re-ad power bill? · 301. By the . SPEAKER. Petition of the ing clerks, announced that the House had Mr. BARKLEY. So far as I know, yes. Arkansas Basin Flood Control Association, passed the following bills, in which it re Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, may I Russellville, Ark., petitioning consideration quested the concurrence of the Senate: inquire, when the Senate goes back into of their resolution with reference to opposi H. R. 689. A bill to enable the Department executive session and recurs to the treaty, tion to establishment of an Arkansas Valley of State, pursuant to its responsibilities un Authority and requesting that the river basin der the Constitution and statutes of the will the Senator from Colorado [Mr. of Arkansas be developed by the Corps of United States, more effectively to carry out MILLIKIN] be the unfinished speaker? ~gineers, United States Army; to the Com its prescribed and traditional responsibilities Mr. BARKLEY. I never think the mittee on Flood Control. in the foreign field; to strengthen the Foreign Senator from Colorado is unfinished. If 302. Also, petition of Clifford Cooperative Service permitting fullest utilization of avail the Senator from Maine should refer to Association, of Tripoli, Wis., urging consider able personnel and faclllties of other depart him as a finished product, I would agree. ation of their resolution with reference to ments and agencies and coordination of ac The Senator from Colorado, under any opposition to the views and policies of for tivities abroad of the United States under a arrangements which he may see fit to eign affairs as expressed by Congressman Foreign Service for the United States unified O'KoNSKI; to the 'Committee on Foreign under the guidance of the Department of call it, will resume the floor. Affairs. State; and Mr. MILLIKIN. I thank the Senator 303 . Also, petition of the American Legion, H. R. 2775. A bill to permit certain sub from Kentucky very much. Horse Creek Valley Post, No. 77, Bath, S. C., sidy and loss operations, in the case of fi"'ur, Mr. TOBEY. Mr. President, will the urging consideration of their resolution with without regard to the provisions of the last majority leader yield? reference to adoption of universal military paragraph of section 2 (e) of the Emergency The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does training for the youth of the country; to the Price Control Act of 1942. the Senator from Kentucky yield to the Committee on Military Affairs. The message also announced that the Senator from New Hampshire? 304. Also, petition of the National Mari Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. time Union, New York, N.Y., with 19 signers, House had agreed to r.. concurrent resolu urging consideration of their resolution with tion CH. Con. Res. 37) authorizing the Mr. TOBEY. I should like to point reference to the enactment of a merchant printing of a revised edition of House out also-and I think the chairman of seamen's bill of rights along the lines-of the Document No. 394, Seventy-eighth Con the Senate Banking and Currency Com one passed by a grateful Nation in behalf of gress, second session, entitled "Hand mittee will confirm my statement-that our armed forces; to the Committee on the book for Servicemen and Servicewomen the conference report on the Commodity Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Credit Corporation bill is also to be 305. Also; petition of the Lions Interna- · of World War II and Their Dependents, Including Rights and Benefits of Veter taken up. tiona!, District 51, Puerto Rico, urging con Mr. BARKLEY. Yes; but I do not sideration of their resolution with reference ans of World War I and Their Depend to the establishment of ' an independent ents," as a public document, and provid think that will take more than a few Federal agency to study, weigh, and probe ing for additional copies thereof, in which minutes. into the problems of Puerto Rico, and for it requested the concurrence of the Mr. MILLIKIN. Did I correctly un other purposes; to the Committee on Insular Senate. derstand the distinguished majority Affairs. leader to say that the conference report ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLU referred to by the Senator would be TIONS SIGNED taken up? · The mes::;age further announced that Mr. BARKLEY. I said it would take SENATE the Speaker had affixed his signature to but a few minutes, and that while the the following enrolled bills and joint res Senate is in legislative session we might WEDNESDAY, MARCH 28, 1945 olutions, and they were signed by the try to dispose of it. It is a privileged (Legislative day of Friday, March 16, President pro tempore: matter, anyway. 1945) s. 681. An act to amend the National The PRESIDENT pro tempore. .The Housing Act, as amended, and for other pur- question is on the motion of the Senator The Senate met in executive session poses; _ from Kentucky that the Senate proceed at 12 o'clock meridian, on the expira H. R. 2404. An act to increase the debt limit ~ to the consideration of legislative bv.si tion of the recess. of the United States, and for other purposes: ness. I.
2890 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 28 The motion was agreed to; and the propositions written into the Constitution. must wield a baton. Such is the tradition Senate proceeded to the consideration of Thus without complete agree1;11ent about of music; but dictation does not fit into the freedom of speech, no one could speak out orchestration of democracy. legislative business. 1n disagreement about anything. 6. Hence we must find equivalents for score POST-WAR FULL EMPLOYM~NT Our economic progress, like our political and director if we are to make the music we freedom, depends in this -same way upon want to hear. We must have a unifying Mr. WAGNER. Mr. President, as our reconciling the privilege of differing about American economic policy directed toward · armed forces gain victory after victory, many matters with the capacity to arrive a common American economic goal, (Of we come closer and closet: to the prob freely at an accord about some essentials. these, more later.) lems of peace. On the home front, peace Can we say as much for this full-employ THE GAP FILLED BY THE BILL problem No. 1 is that of full employ ment bill-that it stems from heartening Once we found substantial agreement on ment. America's future depends up agreement on a few dominant factors to be such points as these, it would be a far cry on full job opportunities for those who reckoned with in our industrial affairs? Let from the time when serious. men accepted have borne the risks of war-and for me cite half a dozen in sequence·: literally that the poor should always be with those who have backed them up in the THE OPPORTUNITY THAT IS OURS us; or shook their heads forlornly at the factory and on the farm. 1. Our unrivaled American aptitude for natural and immutable laws of the "dismal To provide a firm foundation for our technological advance, spurred on by the de sciences." pression years and since driven harder by the But even with consensus about what we post-war economy, the Senator from have and what we need,· there would re Montana [Mr. MuRRAY], the Senator impulse of total war, has exceeded the most fanciful expectations. Witness Hagen and main one difficulty that has balked us at from Oklahoma [Mr. THOMAS], the Sena every turn. Aside from our war effort, we Kirkpatrick. In the American Economic Re have not yet arrived at enough fundamental tor from Wyoming [Mr. O'MAHONEY], view (September 1944) they estimate that and· I have introduced in the Senate the agreements--or even the machinery for the output per man-hour in a grouping of achieving them-with respect to the content full-employment bill, and Representa basic industries rose from an index of 100 or the application of an integrated economic tive PATMAN has introduced a similar bill for 1923-25 to 122 for 1929, to 167 for 1940. policy to carry us. where we want to go. in the House of Representatives. Dis Viewing the marvels of war production, they Curiously indeed, in a .Pragmatic and cussion of this bill by all thoughtful citi conclude that the index may well go above practical people, we have not developed any zens is, in my judgment, most desirable. 232 by 1950. device for a continuing inventory of exist The increase has not been so startling in ing and largely disjointed public policies I have just read such a discussion in an other industries or in agriculture. Yet if article in the March issue of the Survey even to measure whether these are working we couple this rising efficiency with reason wen or badly. Graphic. This article was selected as one ably full employment, it has been calculated The /full-employment bill is designed to fill of the three best magazine articles of the that (at the 1944 price level) the value of in thjs gap. It would blend the economic month by the Council of Librarians. The our annual gross national product, which programs of private enterprise and public author of the article, Leon Keyserling, stood at $106,000,000,000 in 1929, slumped to agencies into one American economic policy has been recognized for his studies of this $76,000,000,000 in 1932, and rose to $115,- headed toward what might be called an 000,000,000 in 1939, will reach $195,000,000,- American economic goal. No; the bill does subject, and last year was awarded a 000 to $200,000,000,000 by 1950. $10,000 prize for an essay in the same not use these terins. The goal stated is Allowing for increase in population, this simply this: field. would mean by 1950 a general output per "* • • The existence at all times of suf Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-' capita m.ore than 50 percent higher than in ficient employment opportunities to enable sent that the important article to wnich the peak prosperity year of 1929. all Americans who have finished their school I have referred may be printed at this 2. If we come near this attainable goal, ing and who do not have full-time house point in the RECORD in connection with we can assure the economic upgrading of the keeping responsibilities · freely to exercise average family and at the same time preserve • • * the right to useful, remunerative, my remarks. individual initiative, unusual reward for un There being no objection, the article regular, and full-time employment." usual merit, and full incent ives to legitimate But if we broaden this idea of full employ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, private risk-taking. · ment to include also the best utilization of as follows: Without making it impossible for any to our natural resources and technical skills FROM PATCHWORK TO PuRPOSE-FOUR RANK get rich, we can make it unnecessary for any (this the bill at least implies), then it may ING SENATORS THROW INTO OPEN DISCUSSION to suffer poverty. · · be said that it sets forth as our American THE MOMENTOUS ISSUE OF WHERE WE Go · 3. These bright prospects have their dis post-war objective: mal counterpoint, if the shortcomings of the AFTER THE WAR-AND How WE CAN GET The achievement of the highest levels of STARTED . past pervade the future. So long as our economic system retains its brittleness, the production and presumably the highest (By Leon H. Keyserling) impact of 20,000,000 veterans and ex-war standards of living that are within our reach. Without fanfare, last January, JAMES E. workers looking for post-war jobs will deal A goal of this kind, aside from the means MURRAY, of Montana, chairman of the Senate it a shattering blow. That is, one which of attaining it, would not seem subject to Committee on ·Education and Labor, intro ultimately might smash us down into a de mucb debate. Nor would there seem much . duced the full employment bill of 1945. pression as much larger than the depression room for questioning the stated policy of the Joined with him as coauthors were: of the thirties as our effort in this war has bill that as much of this achievement as pos ROBERT W. WAGNER, New York, chairman, been larger than our effort in the last war. sible should be through the medium of pri Committee on Banking and Currency; 4. Which of these two roads we follow will vate enterprise and other non-Federal under ELBERT D. THOMAS, Utah, chairman, Com not be left to fate. It will be a man-made takings. This course stems soundly from mittee on Military Affairs; and choice, representing a compound of economic Lincoln's statecraft that--:- JosEPH C. O'MAHONEY, chairman of the re policies and programs put into effect by in "It is the function of the Government to do cent Temporary National Economic Com dustry, agriculture, labor, and Government. for the people only what they need to have mittee. . Our future is in their hands--or rather, if done and cannot do for themselves, or cannot Representative WRIGHT PATMAN, Texas, in we will; in our own. do so well in their separate and individual troduced a companion bill in the House. 5. In order ·chat this compound of policies capacities." The range of sponsorship is significant; and programs achieve optimum results, it THE CORE OF THE BILL and ·so was the timing, for that was the is essential that industry, agriculture, labor, and Government work 'together . . The measure as drafted rapidly gets down first month of a new Congress which, we to earth in the industrial civilization that can hope, will prove the first post-war Con This imposes a double obligation upon the Federal Government. As itself the largest has sprung up in the United States since gress. Lincoln's time. It designs machinery for for single condition~r of our economy as a whole, Regardless of the vicissitudes it may face its actions must be reasonably clear, stable, mulating such an· over-all economic policy, before coming to a vote, this bill is central: and thought through- to their ultimate im for gearing it to such an American post-war to present public concern. Its short con plications. It must also take the leadership objective, and for consecutively evaluating fines and simple provisions embrace such (for no other agency can) in bringing its own the means used in terms of the ends sought. vital matters as the relationships between variegated economic activities into harmony Specifically the bill provides that at the industry and Government; between the (through conference and agreement) ·with beginning of each regular session of Congress President and the Congress; between the those .of private enterprise, organized labor, the President shall transmit a national pro Government and the people. and of our State and local governments . duction and employment budget. This would .At such a juncture, it is gQod to remember For each of these performers to take a set forth, in substance, an estimate of what that democratic states thrive upon the basis proper part in our national symphony of pro at the time would constitute full employ of agreement about fundamentals. Even our ductive effort, there must be a score. Clearly ment coupled with an estimate of: cherished rights to debate and dissent each of them should play the instrument 1. How much employment is in prospect such as freedom of speech, of conscience, for whiGh his gifts ar.e greatest; yet, if all of as the sum total of all private and other of assembly-derive from a few accepted them are to keep clear of discord, someone non-Federal undertakings. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2891 2. How far these undertakings will fall high employment before 1929. One factor omy as a whole, led inescapably to vagaries short of the yardstick of full employment. entering into that fall's crisis was the failure when we came to. apply them. We com 3. What policies the Federal Government of mass purchasing power to keep pace with menced to promote recovery in 1933 by a can and should utilize to maximize the suc productive capacity. Other factors were virtual suspension of these laws. We sought cess of these private and other non-Federal ra~pant speculation in securities and, in to prevent business recession after 1937 by undertakings in achieving full employment; · reaction to this, the psychology of business reinvigorating them. And we have gone and, as a final supplement fear and contraction which came to a head about promoting the war effort in some 4. What programs the Federal Government in the stock market crash. - quarters by enforcing antitrust laws, in itself needs to undertake to assure full em Under a national production and employ other quarters by ignoring them. ployment. (Present estimates put that at ment budget, depressive tendencies would In contrast, the series of economic meas :fifty-six to sixty million jobs.) ·have been registered through its continuing ures enacted in 1933 and after represented The bill contemplates, also, that the Pres annual inventories-long before the country a concerted effort to develop a system of ident shall, from time to time, transmit to was thrown into the spiral of depression. interrelated public policies. Nonetheless, it the Congress information and legislative By 1927, the economic brains and resources has been observed frequently that the Na recommendations bearing upon this national of America could ha'Ve been marshaled to tional Industrial Recovery Act and the production and emplOYJI?.~nt budget. exer Jise a corrective infiuence all along the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the two big On the congressional side, the bill would line. As time wore on, President Hoover cylinders of the New Deal recovery ma estab1ish a Joint Committee on the National sensed this, but his plea to stop wage cutting chine, were in ·orne degree incompatible. Production and Employment Budget. This, went unheeded. There were three main programs under in turn, would be composed of t:t;le chairman Concerted advance action throughcut the tho Recovery Act itself-one designed to and ranking minority members of the Sen highly strategic areas of prices, t axes, and strengthen labor through encouragement of ate Committees on Appropriations, Banking wages, accompanied by moderate public col!ective bargaining; another, to strengthen and Currency, Education and Labor, and Fi works, would have written a different story trade associations and tending toward re nance, and seven additional Members of arid gone a long way toward maintaining our stricted production; and the third, to ex the Senate appointed by the President of the economy in equilibrium. Much of this cculd pand production and employment through Senate. It would include, also, the chair have been voluntary; some would have re public works. These programs soon became men and ranking minprity ·members of the quired legislation or compulsion. Prompt conspicuously strange bedfellows. Some of House Committees on Appropriations, Bank public moves in a limited sphere might ha:ve the confiicts were smoot hed over; none was ing and Currency, Labor, and Ways and averted a major economic catastrophe. There . completely .rationalized. Means, and seven additional Members of would have been no occasion for the infi Our need for a unified American economic the House appointed by the Speaker. Party nitely more sweeping governmental under policy is not limited to times of st ress. Our representation on the joint committee would takings which the actual catastrophe pro · social security program sprang from emer refiect automatically the relative member voked. gency iri the · mid-thirties, but in the ship of the majority and minority parties. This illustration suggests a variety of rea years since, the program as it has developed The bill provides further that the joint sons why such a system for budgetary pro has exhibited the same need for wider committee shall study this new type of budget duction and employment sh'culd simplify and unity. Take unemployment compensation transmitted by the President, and by March . ·pare down the governm·ental structure. The which was advocated along three lines: 1 shall report its findings and recommenda testing of each separate administrative in To spur management to concentrate upon tions to the Senate and the House, together stitution in terms of a single American eco stabilizing employment; with a joint resolution setting forth for the nomic policy would help weed out duplication To check the spread of unemployment by ensuing fiscal year a general policy to serve - and cross-purposes. A constant inventory of maintaining purchasing power; and as a guide to the committees on Capitol Hill economic trends in general and of the eco ' To provide compensation (not charity) dealing with related legislation. nomic consequences of policies already in for those unemployed. THE PLACE OF THE Bll.L IN OUR THINKING effect, would encoun1ge the stitch in time Thes~ three purposes are not mutually ex · that saves nine. · By keeping our economic clusive; all of them are worthwhile, but the It can safely be said that no future his affairs on an even keel, the· proliferation of system should delineate paramount and sec torian will be able to date the decline of the remedial and rescue ventures can be avoided. ondary objectives and be accompanied by Republic from the introduction of this bill. In short. to compress these analogies into a some device for measuring success in achiev It proposes no redistribution of·functions be rule of thumb: : tween the Congress and the President. ' It ing each of them. If the American Governm.ent, in concert Collateral effects, also, should be weighed fastens upon no single economic program or with industry, agriculture, and labor, did a for example, the infiuence of the payroll panacea for producing full employment, nor few things very well, it would become un taxes, imposed by the Social S:curity Act, does it introduce specific economic D;~.easures necessary for it to attempt under duress of upon capital investment and consequently that have not now been tried out, It in emergency a great variety of - things with upon unemployment itself. Further, the volves neither socialization nor nationaliza varying degrees of success. relation of the system to other programs tion of anything that is now privately owned Of course, the economic specifics for effect with ldndred purposes should be explored. or operated. ing a smooth transition from wa r to peace For example, to other stabilizing programs, So far as philosophy goes, the bill preaches are very different from those which might such as tax incentives or the guaranteed neither the expansion of governmental func have averted or have minimized the depres purchase of excess products; and to other tions nor the contraction of _voluntary initi sion of the thirties. But the· full employ purchasing power programs, such as public ,. ative. To the contrary, it explicitly requires ment bill does not involve precommitment works. that every effort be made to enlarge our sys to details. It presents instead a 1.ew method This adds up to the conclusion that we can tem of private enterprise as our first and for developing sound measures to meet ctir have an organic social security policy only lonJ est front against unemployment. rent problems in their sequence. It has the as part of an American economic policy. As a second line of defense, the bill con- merit of being opportune, without the de . templates that, by some method, the Gov merit of reserving habitually to improvisa THE ART OF FINDING UNITY ernment shall provide jobs for those who tion to handle a crisis. It leaves room for The foregoing is not critical of those who want work when all other methods have fresh experiment without abandoning the have been responsible for establishing or failed to employ them. But this residual hard lessons of experience. administering separate programs of this sort. responsibility of government by the people, In the absence of an all-inclusive American for the people, was itself put forward last WHEN THINGS ARE LEFT AT LOOSE ENDS economic policy, it is hard to arrive at a fall with equal fervor by Franklin D. Roose What, in truth, has our experience taught satisfying tax policy, or social security pol velt and Thomas E. Dewey. us? By way of illustration, more than half icy, or public works policy, or labor policy. or What is more-two considerations that a century ago we initiated the antitrust banking policy, or foreign economic policy. have not always been uppermost in the past laws. It is not important here to appraise One test of subsidiary objectives is to fit · the bill requires that jobs provided through whether these laws were wise or not. The them into the over-all objective. We can direct public action shall be tested in terms point to be' made is that even while Uncle not excel in parts until we know what the of their effect upon stimulating private en Sam was shaking the _big stick at the whole job is-and how we are getting along terprise and in terms of the value of thei!' trusts, Federal tariff and tax ·policies moved with it. end products. in diametrically the opposite direction-to This lack of a unifying thesis in economic More difficult to allay may be trepidation ward encouraging nothing less than large matters explains much bickering on the that a thoroughgoing national policy to scale enterprise and monopoly. Not only home front. It sheds light on seemingly assure full employment would tend toward were these two sets of policies in confiict contradictory public action, on overlapping the spread of bureaucracy, toward public responsive to different social pressures and in governmental agencies, and on the blurred control and operation in an ever-increasing tuned to tickle different political ears-but line between what we need for a period of area of economic activity. there was never much meticulous checking crisis and what we need for all time. More Wise application of the act would pull as to whether they were accomplishing over, current discussion as to streamlining strongly in exactly the opposite direction. clear objectives, however inconsistent these Congress overlooks too often that reorgani Let us suppose, for example, that a national might be. zation can be approached fruitfully only production and employment budget had Moreover, the failure to orientate the anti through prior clarification. An articulation been in effect during a period of reasonably trust laws themselves to goals for the eco.n- of policies and goals would open the way for XCI--183 2892 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 28
improved functioning by the · CongteStl as benefits we can all look for if we do. The 1197, providing 'that no conveyance made by a policy-making body and for the most satis task before us is to gather up tools in our · an Indian of the Five Civilized Tribes on or factory division of labor with the Chief American kit which have· stood us in good · after April 26, 1931, and prior to the date of Executive . stead in other great tasks and emergencies, -enactment of this act, of lands purchased Thus the full-employment bill, as now check them against accomplishment, and prior to April 26, 1931, for the use and benefit drawn, provides for the initial development improve and align them systematically for of such Indian with funds derived from the of the national production and employment use in meeting the great test of the post sale of or as income from restricted allotted budget by the President and its submission war era. lands and conveyed to him by deed contain to a congressional joint committee for sub PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS ing restrictions on alienation without the sequent review and action. In view of the consent and approval of the Secretary of the scope of the undertaking and the prime de Petitions, and so forth, were laid be Interior prior to April 26, i931, shall be in sirability of evoking maximum accord in fore the Senate, or presented, and re valid because such conveyance was made testing it out, thought might be given to ferred as indicated: without the consent and approval of the placing the initial development of the budget By the PRESIOENT pro tempore: Secretary of the Interior: Provided, That all in the hands of an American economic com Petitions of sundry citizens of the United conveyances made after the date of the en mittee, constituted by law and containing States, praying that Italy be recognized as actment of this act must have the consent representation from both Cabinet and Con a full ally of the United Nations; to the Com and approval of the Secretary of the Interior': gress, with a permanent staff supplemented mittee on Foreign Relations. Now, therefore, be it by a rotating staff. drawn from the depart- By Mr. GEORGE: "Resolved by the House of Representatives ments concerned. . A resolution of the House of Representa of the Twentieth Legislature of the State of Such a plan would offer interesting possi tives of the State of Georgia; to the Com Olclahoma (the Senate concurring therein): bilities for adjusting the principle of sepa mittee on Finance: "SECTION 1. That the Congress of the United rating legislative, judicial, and ' executive "House Resolution 133 States of America be, and it is hereby, me powers, as written into the Constitution, to "Whereas in title III of the Servicemen's morialized to enact into law House Resolu the increasing interplay and overlapping of tion 1197, a bill to validate title to certain congressional and Presidential functions in Readjustment Act of 1944, certain provisions are made for loans to returning veterans of lands conveyed by Inaians, reading as above matters of high policy. Partial support for set forth. this idea can be found in a· recent recom World War No. 2; and "Whereas the said provisions of said act "SEc. 2. That the speaker be, and hr is mendation by the committee on Congress of hereby, directed to forward a copy of this the American Political Science Association . are complicated, involved, and restricted to such an extent that it is difficult and gen resolution to each House of the Congr'ess of that the Congress establish a permanent and the United States and to each Member of the formal liaison with the White House. erally impracticable for a veteran to nego tiate a loan thereundPr through the banks Oklahoma delegation in Congress." If an, American economic committee of as a designated agency; and this type were established, it might well in By Mr. CORDON (for himself and Mr. "Whereas prompt and re ~sonable financial clude, also, members appointed by the Presi MORSE): _ . assistance to said returning veterans .i:: A joint memorial of the Legislature of the dent to represent industry, agriculture, labor,' deemed to be of paramount importance: Now, and consumers. The prepara-tion of a- na State of Oregon; to the Committee on Ap therefore, be it ~ propriations: tional production ~nd employment'" .budget "Resolved by the House of Representatives "House Joint Memorial 8 necessarily involves what free enterprise- is ot the State of Georgia, That the Congress of going to do no less than what the Govern the United States be, and it is hereby, re "Whereas there is now pending before the ment is going to do. Its very essence is an spectfully petitioned and requested to re Congress of the United States Senate Joint appraisal of interaction between the two. view, revise, and amend the said title III of Resolution 8 proposing an amendment to Its very spirit is accord. It needs to be in the said Servicemen's Readjustment Act of the Federal Constitution providing that the itiated in an atmosphere of maximum co 1944 to the end that the provisions for loans President shall transmit to Congress his es operation and give and take. For this reason, to returning veterans of World War No. 2 timates of receipts of the Government during to bring nongovernmental representatives through designated agencies such . as the the ensuing fiscal year, together with his _ more explicitly into such a flexible process banks, shall be liberalized, clarified, and recommendations as to the purposes for seems more important than to preserve rigid simplified: which such receipts shall be expended, and, concepts as to the governmental structure. " Resolved, further, That copies of this reso except in time of war or during the period It can be argued that part of the reason lution be dispatched immediately to the ending on the date of the expiration of one why pressure groups have been so uncon Speaker of the House of Representatives of full fiscal year after the termination thereof, scionably at one another's throats, why their the United States, the President of the Sen the C~tngress shall not appropriate money for specialized objectives often seem so far ab ate of the United States, and to each of the expenditures during such fiscal year in excess stracted from the common good, is that they Representatives and Senators from the State of ~uch estimated receipts, except by a vote so seldom sense that good as a. common of Georgia." of three-fifths of each house, unless addi goal, or have had any chance to participate By Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma: tional revenues have been previously pro in a general drive to attain it. A concurrent resolution of the Legislature vided therefor, or unless such appropriation THE CHALLENGE OF 60,000,000 JOBS of the State of Oklahoma; to the Committee be for expenses and contingencies of the on Indian Affairs: Congress or the courts, or for ·payment of More unity arising from more common claims against the United States; and knowledge is the essence of the full employ "House Concurrent Resolution 21 ment bill. The measure is founded upon the "Whereas the house of representatives, "Concurrent resolution memorializing Con the senate concurring, recognizes, in the in proposition that nothing ·is worse than to gress to enact House Resolution 1197, a biU contribute to the confusion of the people at terest of good government, the urgent need to validate titles to certain lands conveyed for and the inestimable benefits to be de large-or to make more ditlicult their lines of by Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes, and communication when major decisions in na- rived from such a yearly control of the Na tional policy are under way. ' providing for a copy of this resolut ion to be tion's revenues and expenditures: Now, forwarded to each Member of the Oklahoma therefore, be it A national production and employment delegation in Congress budget would set objectives each year based "Resolved by the House of Representatives on realities, in terms understandable to "Whereas many citizens o ~ the State. of of the State of Oregon (the Senate jointly everybody, and related to our common un Oklahoma. have purchased homes from mem concurring therein), That we, your memo dertakings as a Nation. If it did no more bers of the Five Civilized Tribes, which sales rialists, the Forty-third Legislative Assembly than that, it would bring into our public and conveyances under legal rulings are in of the State of Oregon, do hereby most re affairs a clarity, a wholesomeness, and a dig valid becauS'e the conveyances were made spectfully petition and request the Congress nity that would strengthen immeas-qrably without the consent and approval of the of the United States of America to favorably our free institutions in the years ahead. Secretary of the Interior of the United States; consider and adopt Senate Joint Resolution But the full employment bill i~ founded, and 8; be it further also, on another proposition-that ou:· Amer ''Whereas the Commissioners of the Land "Resolved, That a copy of this memorial be ican way of life and livelihood, with all its Office have outstanding loans on lands ac sent to United States Senators Guy L.CORDON admitted imperfections, is a good one. We q'.lired by the borrower by conveyances· from and WAYNE L. MoRSE, and to Congressmen are committed to it by our history and our members of the Five Civilized Tribes, which JAMES W. MoTT, HOMER D. ANGELL, LOWELL ideas-and committed by the same token to conveyances were not approved by the Sec STOCKMAN, and HARRIS ELLSWORTH, and that remedy our imperfections as 'We go along, retary of the Interior; and they be and hereby are urged to use their Such a course is consistent with our essen "Whereas the Indians who executed the best efforts and influence to make this me tial practicality and inventiveness as a peo conveyances have been fully compensated morial effective, and the secretary of state ple, with our emphasis on individual enter- . and it would work a grave injustice upon hereby is instructed to transmit the same to prise, and our adventuresome democracy. the State of Oklahoma and many of its cit them. The human materials with which we have izens for said conveyances to b~ set aside "The secretary of state hereby is instructed to deal are mostly men of good will, who and held invalid; and to forward a certified copy of this memorial know the dangers we all face unless we devise "Whereas to prevent such an injustice to the President of the United States, the more rational ways to get rid of mass unem Congressman W. G. STIGLER, of Oklahoma, President and Chief· Clerk of the United ployment, and who know equally well the has introduced in Congress House Resolution States Senate, and to the Speaker and Chief 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2893 Clerk of the House of Representatives of the with the States and their political subdivi EVANSTON, ILL., March- 28.-A Federal ban United States." sions; and on future liquor-distilling holidays, as Two joint memorials of the Legfslature of "Whereas other extensive projects .are now permitted in August and January, last, as the State of Oregon; to t):le Committee on either authorized or planned by the same well as a curb on beer making, to conserve Commerce: cooperative method, all of which recognize grain for the duration of wartime food short tbe full sovereignty of the Stfl,tes, and the. ages, were urged by Mrs. D. Leigh Colvin, "House Joint Memorial 5 legal and independent rights of their politi president of the Woman's Christian Tem "To the honorable Senate and House of Rep cal subdivisions; and perance Union, in a telegram to J. A. Krug, resentatives of the United States of "Whereas if the said Columbia Valley Au Chairman of the War Production Board, America, in Congress assembled: thority is so established, it will create a huge today. "We, your memorialist:;, the forty-third monopolistic Government corporation, which Mrs. Colvin told Krug that members of legislative assembly of the State o" Oregon, will be: the union concur that the critical shortages convened in regular session, respectfully . "1. Vested with unlimited powers; of meats and. other basic foods will obvi represent that "2. Furthering bureaucratrc monopolies; ously skyrocket the need and consumption "Whereas despite a hard and uncertain "3. Beyond the jurisdiction of the General of foods made from grains and other edibles calling, the merchant seamen of the United Accounting Office- in the settlement of the ac used in distilling and brewing. States do not enjoy the protection of unem counts of the corporation or for any expendi "All food essentials should," she said, "be ployment insurance, workmen's compensa ture its board shall determine to have been conserved for wartime necessities, rather tion, group life insurance, pensions, or re necessary to carry out the provisions of said than diverted into nonessentials and hang tirement pla ns; and act; o...,ers which latter, camouflaged as illnesses, "Whereas although they are civilians, serv "4. Clothed with governmental immunity are a major cause of absenteeism and other ing voluntarily on the merchant ships of for its acts; wise impede the war effort." Her telegram this Nation, they work side by side with "5. Given broad, loosely defined powers, to K::ug was occasioned, she explained, by the military and carry troops, ammunition, and the use of Government funds so as to be x:eports that the W. P. B. has contemplated and supplies as an integral part of inva able to control the whole economy of the af additional liquor-making holidays this year. sion fleets; and fected States and districts; Mrs. ' Colvin pointed out that the "two "Whereas the Congress of the United States "6. Destroying present water and property hard-liquor-making holidays cost the country has • under consideration legislation which rights and will grant to the said authority at least 663,000 tons of grain and more than will, if enacted into law, make certain guar 29,000,000 pounds of molasses for the 113,- the right ·or eminent domain over irrigation 000,000 proof gallons of beverage alcohol antees to American seamen similar to the districts, water . works, and other such fa rights granted members of the armed forces manufactured during the 2 months. cilities; "The amount of grain so used in the holi in the G. I. bill of rights: Now, therefore, ' "7. Depriving States and their political be it · days alone," she added, ·~was ~qual to the "Resolved by the House of RePresentatives subdivisions of any control of the use of food requirements for 6 months of either of the State of Oregon (the Senate jointly the waters of the States for any purpose 1,265,126 soldiers, at 5.5 pounds per da"t, or whatsoever: Now, therefore, be it · concurring), That the forty.-thir.d regular 2,319,397 civili~ns, at 3 pqunds per day." ~ssembly of the Oregon Legislature petitiQn "Resolved by the Senate of the · S~ate ol She declared that the 84,000,000 barrels of the Congress of the United States to give Oregon (the House of Representatives jointly beer (about three-fifths) barrel per · man, favorable consideration to the Peterson bill concurring therein) , Thai; the Congress of woman, and child) consumed in the United (H. R. 5477) known as the seamen's bill of the United States be and it hereby is States in 1944 cost the Nation's food stocks rights;· and be it further memorialized not to pass S. 460 or H. R. some 1,731,000 tons of grain and more than "Resolved, That copies of this memorial be 1824, or any such similar legislation that 102,000 tons of sugar and molasses. sent to both branches of the Congress of the will deprive the States, and particularly Mrs. Colvin said the figures quoted are as United States; to Admi:, al Emory Land, the State of Oregon, its political subdi shown by Government statistics, and in the Chairman, United States Maritime Commis visions and its people of rights now exist case of the daily food needs of soldiers and sion, and to each of the Senators and Rep ing, and hitherto recognl.zed by the Federal civilians from the testimony, April 14, 1943, resentatives in Congress from the State of Government, to control and use the waters of Maj. Gen. E. B. Gregory before the United Oregon." within their borders for domestic use, irriga States Senate. tion and drainage, mining, and other indus REPORTS OF COMMITTEES .. "Senate Joint Memorial 8 trial purposes; for flood control and for navigation and power in cooperation with ex The following repOrts of committees "To the honorable Senate and House of Rep- isting Federal departments; but that the 1'esentatives of the United States of Bureau ot Reclamation and the Army engi were submitted: America, in Congress assembled: neers, in full cooperation with the States, By Mr. CORDON, from the Committee oil "We your memorialists, the Senate and the be permitted to continue the operation of Agriculture and Forestry: House of Representatives of the State of Ore existing Federal facilities, the planning of S. 427. A bill to repeal section 3 of the gon, in legislative session assembled, most and completion of further Federal facilities, act approved April 13, 1938, as amended, respectfully represent and petition as fol and that other such public works as irriga- · relating to hops; without amendment (Rept. lows: tion and drainage districts now operated and No. 127). "Whereas there has been introduced and controlled and fish and game resources now By Mr. O'MAHONEY, from the Committee is now pending in the Senate of the United managed within the States remain under lo on Indian Affairs: States a bill for a public law, S. 460, intro cal control; be it further S. 655. A bill amending the act of June 25, duced by Senator MITCHELL, of Washington, "Resolved, That copies of this joint me 1938 (52 Stat. 1207), authorizing the Gecre for the purpose of creating a Government morial be forwarded to the President of the tary of the Interior to pay salary and ex corporation to be known as the Columbia United States, to the Congress of the United penses of the chairman, secretary, an:! !:::! ~ Valley Authority, and another bill in the States, to United States Senators GUY CoR terpreter of the Klamath General Council, House of Representatives of the United States DON and WAYNE L. MORSE, of Oregon, and members df the Klamath business committee introduced by Representative RANKIN, H. R. Representatives JAMES W. MoTT, HARRIS and other committees appointed by said 1824, for the purpose of dividing the United ELLSWORTH, "LoWELL STOCKMAN, and HoMER Klamath General Council, and otll.cial dele States into nine districts, one of· which ANGELL, of Oregon." -gates of the Klamath Tribe, as amended, and would be the Columbia Valley Authority; for other purposes; with an amendment and if either is enacted into law, the States PROPOSED BAN ON MANUFACTURE OF (Rept. No. 128). included ·in such districts, and particularly LIQUOR AND BEER By Mr. ELLENDER, from the Committee on the State of Oregon, its political subdivisions, Claims: and all of its residents and inhabitants will Mr. CAPPER. Mr. President, I send to S. 90. A bill for the relief of Della O'Hara; be further regimented and federally con the desk and ask unanimous consent to with amendments (Rept. No. 129). trolled in that the said authority will regu have printed in the body of the RECORD By Mr. HILL, from the Committee on Mili late and control the use of all of. the waters as a part of my remarks a statement re tary Affairs: within the State of Oregon in the following leased to the press today by Mrs. D. Leigh H. R. 2277. A bill to insure adequate nUl's particulars : ing care for the armed forces; with amend- "1. For domestic use, irrigation, and Colvin, national president of the Wom ments (Rept. No. 130). · drainage, mining, and other industrial pur an's Christian Temperance Union. Her statement includes, among other things, BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION poses; INTRODUCED "2. For flood control; a telegram to Mr. Krug, Chairman of the "3. For navigation; War Production Board, in which she Bills and a joint resolution were intro "4. For power; and urges that no more liquor holidays be duced, read the first time, and, by unani "Whereas the people of the Northwest, and granted in view of current food short mous consent, the second time, and re particularly the State of Oregon, have al ready enjoyed extensive development of rec ages. ferred as follows: lamation, irrigation, flood control, naviga There being no objection, the state-. By Mr. WHEELER (by request) : tion, power, and other projects under ex ment was ordered to be printed in the S. 797. A .bill to amend section 409 of the isting ·Federal departments . in cooperation REcoRD, as follows:. Interstate Commerce Act, with respect to the •
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 28
utilization by treigpt forwarders of the se.rv'!' .Certainly .. tl).is·great eo.untry,: which-is ~ .th!Larticle_by,Mr. Edsqn,"which appear in the ices of common carrier~ by motor vehicfe; to known the. world over for its love of. Appendix.) ·' _ . . - the Committee on Interstate -Coinmer·ce. · · By Mi. SHIPSTEAD: . . . humanity, Which is now spending· bil- OPINION· OF UNITED STATES ·CffiCUIT S. 798. A blll to amend the Interstate Com lions of dollars for armaments, and 1 COURT OF APPEALS, SECOND CffiCUIT, merce Act so as to increase the period of which has spent hundreds of millions of IN THE CASE OF u ..s. v. ALUMINUM co. limitations on actions ·against railroad car dollars for proJects of doubtful merit, OF AM~ICA, ET AL. riers for recovery of overcharges from 2 to 4 will consider this undertaking equal in [Mr. HOEY asked and obtained leave to years, . and to authorize the making of . importance to the projected sports sta- have printed in the RECORD the opinion of ., reparation awards again_st.motor carriers sub dium which the ·senate is ~ now cconsid- · the United states Circuit· court of Appeals ject to the provisions of part II of such act, arid for other purposes; 'to the Committee on ering. for the se·cond· Circuit rendered ·March 25, Interstate Commerce. · Therefore, I ask unanimous consent to 1945~ in the case of u: s. v. Aluminum Com- S. 799. A bill granting an .increase of pen introduce fpr appropriate ·reference :a - pany of Am·erica et al., which appears in the sion to Mrs. Clara H. McNair; to the Com bill for the establishment of a national Appendix.] mittee on Pensions. infantile paralysis clinic. Particul~rly I : TREATY WITH MEXICO-EDITORIAL FROM (Mr .. LANGER introduced Senate bill .800, _ call the attention of the Senate to section - ·· THE coNCORD MONITOR . which was referred to th~ Co~~it~ee OJ?. ~u 3, providing for the establishment· of. a cation and Labor, and appears under a .sep- [Mr. TOBEY asked and obtained leave to . arate heading.) · board, to consist .of five members· to be -have 'pfinted in' the RECORD an editorial re By Mr. CORDON: appointed .by the President -from among lating to. the -pending Mexican · treaty, . en S. 801: A bill for the relief of Joseph. A. . pe_rsons who have had infantile paraly titled "Better Go Siow," published- in the Hannon; to the Committee on Claims. sis and have been treated for such dis Concord (N.H.) Monitor of March 27, which By Mr. CAPPER: ease in accordance with the methods dis appears in the Appendix.] · S. J. Res. 50. Joint resolution to provide for covered and practiced by Sister Elizabeth UTILIZATION OF MANPOWER · RE- the acquisition of the property known as Kenny. The sum proposed to be appro SOURCES-:CONFERENCE REPORT Temple Heights to be used for the duration priated, $20,000,000, is less than has been of the war as a recreation center for Govern spent for the· treatment of diseases of Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. President, ment employees and immediately thereafter in order that there may be something be-. : hogs, sheep, cattle.; and other , animals~ · _ as a site for a memorial building in commem I present the Conference The children of this Nation. who are ·~ fore ~he Bena:t~ oration of the deeds and sacrifices of the.de --report on House bill' 1752, the· so-c.alled, fenders of the Union during the Civil -War stricken with this terrible scourge-and ·: manpower bill. · · · w.here the relics .and records of all .veterans I have two nephews-and one niece among ' The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The of the Civil War, both North and -South, may them-need such a clinic. If this bill report will )::ie read. be preserved for posterity; and containing an· becomes law-and I hope and pray that auditorium providing ·a suitable are~a · for it will""7"'1ittle children as. well as. adults The Chief· Clerk· read the report, as fol symphony concerts and other useful and pa lows: triotic purposes, and dedicated by them ·as from ev~ry _corner of the globe will come their memorial' tribute to the·American youth to this world mecca to seek relief; and The committee of conference on the dis- of today who have sacrificed· their. lives on ·:after obtaining it will return home be- : - agre~ip.g vot~s of t:Qe two ·Houses . on · the the battlefields of the woFld; to the Com lieving in miracles. - amendmen~s of tlw :;>eaate· to the bill (H. R. 1752) to amend the Selective Training and mittee on the District of Columbia. There being-no objection, the bill 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2s9s- activities of all departments and agencies of '(b) . Whoever willfully violates the provi . with respect to whom he finds that such per the Government responsible :for production, sions of any regulation ~lade under subsec son ( 1) has left or has been released from a. procurement, or manpower in such manner tion (a) shall be guilty ef a misdemeanor position (other than a temporary position) as to carry out most effectively the purposes and, upon conviction thereef, shall be pun purusant to a request or requirement made declared in section 2 of this act.. The Direc- . ish~d by imprisonment for not more than by the Director and (2) has complied there . tor shall provide, among other things, that twelve months or by a fine not to exceed after with the requests and requirements manpower requirements and the availability $10,000, or both. ' made by the Director with respect to his ac of manpower shall be given due considera "(c) No wage or other compensation paid cepting and continuing in n.ny employment tion in determining where production sched for services· rendered in any employment or employments until section 5 of this act ules shall be·. increased or decreased and commenced or continued in violation of any ceases to be in effect or the Director deter where contracts shall be awarded, terminated, regulation made under subsection (a) shall mines that such person is no longer needed in or permitted to expire, and that notice shall ,. be allowed or allowable as a deduction from work essential to the war effort or that there be given to the appropriate agency of the income, or as a cost .or expense, for the pur is other justifiable reason for the Director not Government responsible for manpower at the pose of computing the tax payable under any to request or require such person to continue earliest practicable time of all changes or act of Congress or for ~he pur.pose of deter any longer in _such work, whichever first oc anticipated changes in war-production Eched mining the amount to be paid to or recovered curs. Any person to whom such a certificate ules, all awards or anticipated awards of war from any :r;erson with respect to the per is issued under this subsection shall be en contracts, and all terminations or anticipat formance of any contract with the United ·titled to the benefits of section 8 (b) (except ed terminations of war contracts, whfch are States. ·The provisions of - this subsection ·the last paragraph thereof and except that likely to result in any substantial increase shall not be applicable with respect to any ·ir lieu of the ninety-day pzriod therein spec or decrease of the manpower requirements of case of a violation.of a regulation by any per flied, the time within which application for any employer or any area. All departments son unless such regulation has been pub reemployment in his former position must be and agencies of the Government shall com lished in the Federal Register, has been pub made shall be thirty days), 8 (c), and 8 (e) ply with orders and regulations issued by the lished in a newspaper of general circulation o:i' th«; Selective Training and Service Act of Director under authority of this section. in the community for three consecutive days, 1940; as amended; to the same extent as if "SURVEYS OF MANPOWER UTILIZATION or has been served upon such person by per he had left such position in order to be and sonal service or by registered mail. The Di had been inducted ·into the land or naval "SEc. 4. (a) The Director shall make or rector shall transmit to the Commissioner of forces for training and service, had been cause to be made in-plant surveys and other Internal Reve:que and other agencies of the ·relieved therefrom on the day ·on which such investigations of the use of manpower by Government responsible for the administra certificate is issued to h~m. and had been . the Department of War and the Department tion of any functions under this subsection given the certificate referred to in section 8 of the Navy, to determine the extent to which copies of such ·regulations, and such addi (a) of such act. such Departments are making the most ef tional information, as the Director deems :fective use, in activities relating to produc- "(b) Section 8 (b) of the Selective Train Will be useful to the Cominlssioner and such ing and Service· Act of 19~0. as amended, is . tion, procurement,' or repair, of individuals other agencies in administering their func amended by inserting at the end thereof· the in their employ or subject to their jurisdic tions under this subsection. tion as members of the armed forces, and following new paragraph: shall take or cause to be taken, appropriate "AD:MINISTRATIVE . PROVISIONS " 'If such person, within ninety days after · having been relieved from such training and measures to eliminate labor wastage and "SEC. 6. To the maximum degree consistent labor hoarding, and otherwise to promote service or from such ·hospitalization, has be with this act and with its purposes, local come employed in an employment acc-epted the full utilization by such J:'Elpartments of initiative, and cooperative efforts of man individuals in their employ or subject to by him pursuant to a request or requirement agement, labor, and agriculture .shall be en made by the Director of War Mobilization and their jurisdiction as members of the armed couraged and utilized and use shall be made forces, and otherwise to carry out the pur Reconversion, any period (before section 5 of of existing hiring channels such as private the War Manpower Act of 1945 ceases to be poses of this act. employers, labor organizations, professional " (b) The Director shall also provide in · · organizations; schools, colleges·, technical in in effect) while he is employed in an em other cases for such- in-plant surveys and ployment so accepted by him (and any pe stitutions, and Government agencies. The riod, not exceeding fl.fteen days, between leav- other investigations of activities and' places management-labor committees and manage of employment, as may be necessary to deter ·· ing one such employment and entering upon ment-labor-agriculture committees . (na another such employment) shall be disre mine the extent to which such activities or tional, regional, State, and local) heretofore places of employment are making the most garded in computing the ninety-day period and hereafter established in connection with within which application for reemployment effectiv~ use of individuals in their employ, Government programs for the control or to the end that appropriate measures may be in his former position must be made and utilization of manpower shall be consulted shall be counted as training and service in taken to eliminate labor wastage and labor on basic policy decisions made at their re hoarding, to promote full utilization for pur the land or naval forces for the purposes ot spective administrative levels in the course subsection (c) .' · poses essential to the war effort, by employers of the administration of this act. of their available work force, and otnerwise ''PERMISSION TO PAY OLD-ACE ASSISTANCE TO IN• "TRAVEL EXPENSES : to promote the Pl:lrposes of this Act. - DIVIDUALS NOTWITHSTANDING THEIR EMPLOY "SEc. 7. In the case of any individual who, , MENT DURING PRESENT WAR '.'EMPLOYMENT CEILINGS, HIRING REGULATIONS, in response to the request of the Director, AND PROHmiTIONS ON LEAVING ESSENTIAL EM "SEc. 9. Notwithstanding the provisions of agrees to accept employment outside the . title I of the Social Security Act, as amended PLOYMENT locality where he is then residing, the Direc · "SEc. 5. (a) To the extent deemed by the - (relating to grants to States for old-age as tor, in accord1lnce with such regulations as he sistance), and of appropriations for payments Director to be necessary and appropriate to may prescribe, may furnish transportation to carry out the purposes and means declared the location of such employment, and, if such thereunder, in any case 1n which any State 1n section 2 of this act and also for the pur individual complies thereafter with the re pays old-age assistance to any individual at pose of keeping activities and places of em quests and requirements of the Director with a rate not in excess of th£: rate of old-age ployment essential to the war effort in pro respzct to his accepting and continuing in assistance paid to such individual during the ductive operation, the Director is authorized, any employment or employments in the same month of February 1945, any failure to take by regulation- locality until the Director determines that -~ into consideration any income and resources " ( 1) to prescribe employment ceilings in he is no longer needed in such locality for of such individual arising from labor per .' designated areas, activities, or places of em work essential to the war effort or that there formed by him as an employee after the date ployment, fixing the maximUm. number of is other justifiable reason for his not contin of enactment of this act and prior to the sev workers, by age, sex, or occupational qualifica uing in such work in such Iocali ty, shall fur enth calendar month occurring after the ter tions, who may be there employed, and pro nish transportation back to the locality from mination of hostilities in the present war, as· hibiting the employment of workers beyond which transportation was originally fur proclaimed by the President, shall not be a such maximum number; nished for such individual under this section, · basis of excluding payments made to such "(2) to prohibit or regulate the hiring, re or to any other locality selected by the indi individual in computing payments made to hiring, solicitation, or recruitment of new vidual which is not farther distant. The cost States under section 3 of such title, of re workers by employers and the acceptance of of such transportation shall not exceed the fusing to approve a State plan under sec employment by workers; and tion 2 of such title, or of withholding cer amounts allowable for individual civilian em tification pursuant to section 4 of such title. "(3) to prohibit the. individuals employed ployees in the executive branch of the Gov : in designated areas, activities, })!ants. . facili ernment and shall not include any per diem "APPEALS ties, and farms, which the Director deems are allowance. The. Director shall exercise the "SEc. 10. The Director shall by regulation essential to the war effort, from voluntarily authority conferred by this section only to provide an opportunity for a hearing before discontinuing '>UCh employment UnleSs, in the extent that he deems the exercise thereof an impartial. administrative tribunal to any the case of any individual so employed, the necessary to aid in relieving manpower short person who claims that any action taken Director determines that it is no longer neces ages which substantially impede the war with respect to him' under this act or any sary in the interest of the war effort for him effort. regulation thereunder is unreasonable as ap to remain in such employment or that he "REEMPLOYMENT RIGHTS plied to him or is inconsistent with this act has a jusijifiable reason fo1· leaving such em- "SEC. 8. (a) The Director shall provide for or such regulation. Subject to such further ployment. · · · · · .-· - the issuance of a. certificate to any person administrative review as may be provided in • 2896 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 28 regulations under this section, the determl• o! persons by any State or -any politi~ al sub The Senator from New York [Mr. nation made after such hearing shall be final. division thereof, without its consent. MEAD], the Senator from Washington To the ext ent practicable and appropriate, "SEPARABILITY [Mr. MITCHELL], and the Senator from such regulations shall provide for such hear Delaware [Mr. TUNNELL] are absent on ings to be accorded in local areas and for "SEC. 16. If any provision of this act, m: the such· hearing tribunals to be so constituted application of such provision to any person official business with the Special Connnit as to permit the ascertainment of the views or circumstance, is held invalid, the remain tee to Investigate the National Defense of persons selected as representatives of man der of this act and the application of such Program. agement, labor, and agricultural interests in provision to persons or circumstances, other The Senators from Pennsylvania [Mr. the locality. The Director shall by regula than those as to which it is held invalid, GUFFEY and Mr. MYERS] are absent on tion provide for and establish such admin shall not be affected thereby. public business pertaining to their State. istrat ive tribunals as may be necessary for The Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. the purposes of this section. "TERMINATION DATE WALSH] is absent on an inspection tour "MISCELLANEOUS ADMINISTRATIVE AND ENFORCE- "SEC. 17. The provisions of sections 4 and MENT PROVISIONS 5 of this act, and all regulations thereunder, for the United States Navy. Mr. WHERRY. The Senator from . "SEc.ll. Paragraphs (3), (4), (6), (7), and shall cease to be effective upon the termina (8) of subsection (a) of section 2 of the act tion of hostilities in the present war, as de Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON] is absent on of June 28, 1940 (54 Stat. 676), as amended clared by the President or by concurrent res official business of the Senate as a mem by title III of the Second War Powers . Act, olution of the two Houses of Congress, or ber of the Special Committee to Investi 1942, shall be applicable with respect to this upon June 30, 1946, whichever is the earlier." gate the National Defense Program. act to the· same extent as such paragraphs And the Senate agree to the same. The Senator from Delaware [Mr. are applicable with respect to such subsec Amend the title to read as follows: "An act to provide for the most effective utilization of BucxJ, the Senator from Nebras~a [Mr. ·tion (a), except that, for the purposes of BUTLER], the Senator from Indiana [Mr. this act, the word "President", wher'i:lver it the manpower resources of the.Nation in sup occurs in such paragraphs, shall be deemed port of the war effort, and for other purposes." CAPEHART], the Senator from New Jersey to refer to the Director. ELBERT D. THOMAS, [Mr. HAWKES·], the Senator. from Wyo "ESSENTIAL AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES EDWIN C. JOHNSON, ming [Mr.- RoBERTSON], and the Senator WARREN R. AUSTIN, "SEc. 12. Section 5 (k) of the Selective from Idaho [Mr. THOMAS] are necessarily HAROLD H. BURTON, absent. Training and Service Act of 1940, as amended, Managers on the part of the Senate. -is amended by adding at the end thereof ANDREW J. MAY, The Senator from Indiana [Mr. the following new paragraph: · R. EWING THOMASON, WILLIS] is absent on official business of " 'In carrying out the provisions of this OVERTON _BROOKS, the Senate as a member of the committee subsection (except the prGviso of the fore W. G. ANDREWS, attending the funeral of the late Rep're going paragraph) the selective-service local Managers on the part of the House. sentative, Hon. James V, Heidinger, of board in classifying the rEgistrant shall base Illinois. its findings solely and exclusively on whether The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The the registrant is necessary to and regularly question is on agreeing to the conference The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Sev engaged in an agricultural occupation or en report. enty-one Senators having answered to deavor essential to the war effort and their names, a quorum is. present. whether a satisfactory replacement can be Mr. FULBRIGHT obtained the floor. Mr. HILL. Mr. President, will the The question is on agreeing to the con obtained, without reference to the relative ference report. essentiality of the registrant-to an agricul Senator yield? tural occupation or endeavor as compared Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY-INTERNA with any other occupation, service, or en Mr. HILL. I suggest the absence of a TIONAL ORG!'\NIZATION FOR WORLD deavor; and the foregoing provision of this quorum. SECURITY sent ence shall apply upon any appeal or The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The review of a decision made thereunder by a Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, selective-service local board. Such defer clerk will call the roll. myths are one of the greatest obstacles ment shall be ·made by said board without The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the in the formulation of national policy. A consideration of any other circumstance or following Senators answered to their myth of some plausibility is being cur . condition whatsoever; and during the period names: rently revived at the expense of this of such deferment for such purpose, no other Aiken GurneJ Murray Senate. The Senate is being held solely classification, of said registrant, shall be made Austin Hart O'Daniel responsible for the failure of the United by said board.' Bailey Hatch O'Mahoney Ball Hayden Pepper States to join the League of Nations. "SAVING PROVISION RELATING TO SELECTIVE Bankhead Hicltenlooper Radcliffe This myth is a half-truth, and a very TRAINING AND SERV.ICE ACT OF 1940 Barkley Hill Reed dangerous half-truth. At home it is "SEC. 13. Nothing in ~his act (except sec Bilbo Hoey Revercomb being used to disparage our system of tion 12) shall affect the powers under the Brewster Johnson, Calif. Saltonstau Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, Bridges Johnson, Colo. Shipstead government._ Abroad it is being used to Briggs Johnston, S. C. Stewart explain any hesitation we may show in as amended, with respect to the classifica Brooks Kiigore Taft tion and selection of persons for, or the in Burton La Follette Taylor joining a system of world security. The duction, or deferment from induction, o! Bushfield Langer Thomas, Okla. Senate of the United States, it is said, persons into, the land or naval forces; or Byrd Lucas Thomas, Utah cannot be relied upon. pre:::Iude the Selective Service System from Capper McCarran Tobey As I see it, the responsibility for the classifying and selecting for induction any Chavez McClellan Vandenberg registrant who violates any regulation made Connally McFarland Wagner - rejection of the League of Nations does Cordon McKellar Wheeler not belong solely to the Senate. The under section 5, or preclude the land or naval Donnell McMahon Wherry forces from inducting such a registrant. Downey Maybank White American people must share that respon "REPORTS Ellender Millikin Wiley sibility. The perfectionists am·ong the - Fulbright Moore Wilson liberals, quite as much as the reactionar "SEc. 14. The Director shall submit reports George Morse Young to the President, the Senate, and the House Gerry Murdock ies, contributed to our failure. One has of Representat ives on the 1st days of Jan- _ merely to read again what was said a uary, April, July, and October, on the activi- . Mr. HILL. I announce that the Sena generation ago by our liberal press. Few ties undertaken or contemplated by him tor from Florida [Mr. ANDREWS], the people were against a league. But they under this act. such reports shall summarize Senator from Kentucky [Mr. CHANDLER], did not like this league, nor did they and appraise manpower mcbilization activi- the Senator from Mississippi [Mr. EAST- like the other fellow's league. All of ties and problems. LAND], the Senator from Rhode Island them seemed to want a league which "DEFINITioNs [Mr. GREEN], the Senator from Washing- suited them. The Senate of the United "SEc. 15. (a) As used in this act, the terms ton [Mr. MAGNUSON], the Senator from States has, I believe, been unjustly ma· 'employment', •work', 'hire'. 'rehire', 'employ', Louisiana [Mr. OVERTON], the Senator ligned. or words of similar import shall include any from Georgia [Mr. RussELL], the Senator The responsibility that I would attach contract, arrangement, undertaking, or re- from N evada [Mr. ScRUGHAM], and the lationship whereby or under which an indi- to this body is that, in rejecting~ the vidual undertakes to perform a service or Senator from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS] League of Nations, it did not suggest services for another, irrespective of the re- are necessarily absent. some alternative method of establishiniJ suiting legal relationship between the parties. The Senator from Virginia [Mr. GLASS] and maintaining order in the world. " (b) The provisions of this act shall n9t is absent from the Senate on account of Negation is not enough for this aggres be applicable with respect to the employment 1llness, sive and restless world; As the poet 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2897 says, a world is dying and another world more accurately evaluate the true de tion-since there was nothing to ratify is struggling to be born, and the job of sires and interests of 6Ur people than but upon the formulation in detail of the creating that new world belongs as much can the traditional diplomat who, in the treaty which was eventually adopted. to the Senate as to any other agency in nature of things, is ~solated from the At Mexico City, judging from the news the entire world. We shall be negative common man. paper report to which I have referred, again at our own peril, and we shall in I intend no refle.ction upon the char-. Members of the Senate were consulted in vite the same travail and tribulation acter of any man in our executive de advance of the Act of Chapultepec and which has kept all mankind in agony for partment; but it is inherent 'in their aided mightily in the formulation of that 5 long and terrible years. In peace, 5-S background and their position, that they act. We have to go bacl{ a hundred well as in war, victory will not come to be ultraconservative and reluctant to years for a precedent to this historic pro the negative, defensive strategy. A ·cer commit our people to any change in the ceeding-a proceeding which, as I say, tain boldness, a positive resourcefulne[s, status quo or to the assumption of any was envisaged by the Constitution is essential to win any battle in war or new responsibilities. Only recently we makers when they wrote the advice-and peace. General Patton, General Eisen have had an example where the par consent clause into our Constitution. hower, General Hodges, and Admiral ticipation of the distinguished senior It seems to me most urgent, Mr. Presi Nimitz are proving that today. Senator from Texas [Mr. CoNNALLY] and dent, that this body should proceed, in Under our Constitution this body has the distinguished senior Senator from the near future, to the consideration of the right, and the duty, to advise the Vermont ' [Mr. AusTIN] added backbone the basic principles of our foreign policy. Executive on matters of foreign policy. and courage to the decisions of our rep The t ~ me is drawing near when the great If it cannot consent to the measures resentatives at Mexico City. I should decisions must be made. Unless some presented by the Executive it seems to like to read at this point from an edi means is found to clarify beforehand me imperative that it offer our Nation torial in the ·washington Post of March many of the issues. involved .in these deci and the world an alternative. If it feels 6, describing the part played by these sions then, necessarily, our representa inadequate to this task, then certainly gentlemen: tives will be forced to improvise in the · it should proceed immediately to accede SEN ATO RIAL COOPERATION dark and by guesswork. to the rising demand of the people, that MEXICO CITy; Monday, March 5.-The job Of For example, there is a common be tl:te House of Representatives be given a advising and consenting, which is the S:m lief, perhaps a myth, that our people are ·. part in.this responsibility. It is very un ate's prerogative in our treaty relations with anti-British. There are several power becoming of the Senate to act the part the world, has been given a new definition at ful newspapers in this country which for of the dog in the manger. Mexico City. Hitherto the initiative in many years have drilled into the minds I am sure that some will say that we treaty making has bzen retained by the of their millions of readers hate and dis must rely upon the State Department Executive. All Presidents have been jea-lous trust of the British. The same news of it. But at Mexico C~t{y Senator AusTIN to formulate our foreign policy. I do took the ball as soon as lie arrived here, and papere and other papers have done like · not think we can afford to entrust this we were treated to the spectacle of a Senator wise with regard to the Russians, the function exclusively to the State De determining the administration's approach to Jews, and, for that mat.ter, all "furri partment. In the first place, it is no the continental security pact. and an oppo ners," as one governor of a sovereign longer possible to separate foreign from sition Senator at that. It was the earnest State used to put it. I do not believe the domestic policy. The two are much too and disinterested Vermonter who fremed the majority of our people, or the maj~rity clos2ly intertwined, too interdependent, formula on which action was taken Saturday of the Senate; subscribes to these narrow ·at Mexico City. Senator CoNNALLY made to be regarded as unrelated and sepa senatorial intervention complete by adding prejudices. However, if these matters rate problems. I know that the welfare to the declaration what might be called the were clearly and reasonably discussed, of the cotton farmers in Arkansas is Connally reservation. Not the· slightest re along with other matters of simi~ar im directly, and inevitably, dependent upon sentment has been caused by this senatorial portance, I think it would do much to re th~ '.maintenance of a free flow of inter intervention; indeed, it has been welcomed, assure our allies in the United Nations national commerce. When that flow is for, as Assistant Secretary Rockefeller says, and to strengthen the courage of our own interrupted by war, as at present, or by "The administration wants to know what it· representatives. On the other hand, if a short-sighted tariff like the Smoot can deliver to our Latin-American friends." it be true, which I cannot believe, that Senator AusTIN's work is especially the object Hawley measure, then we become in of comprehensive compliments. we do hate and distrust ol:lr allies, then volved with huge, unmanageable sur we and they should know about it. If pluses and such makeshifts as subsidies Senators with the experience and con these powerful influences in our press and loans to cotton producers. No; I fidence in their understanding of their have so far poisoned the minds of our · do not think a few polished and cul people, such as these Senators undoubt peopJe that they do not desire to cooper tured gentlemen, in the dark and digni edly have, naturally tend to be coura ate positively and concretely with our fied recesses of the State Department geous and bold in their approach to mat allies, then an entirely different policy should be entrusted, exclusively, with the ters of vital interest to their people. To from that now proposed should be pur formulation of our foreign policy. I them diplomacy is not merely a game of sued. hasten to add that I am encouraged by chess to be played by skillful maneuvers I think that a thorough examination the recent infusion of new blood into and double talk. They know the very on the floor of the S~nate o"f the history the Department and by the favorable lives of their people are involved. and of our relations with Great Britain would reports of the work of Assistant Secre they are not afraid to take risks to pro do more than all the treaties in the world taries Rockefeller and Clayton at Mexico tect them. to strengthen our relations. The Ameri City. Improvement has been made, but Mexico City was one of the few in can people should be told by their Sen much remains to be done. stances in the history of this Nation that ators why it is that· twice in 25 years we Our long-range policy,' if we are to the practice of advice, as well as consent, have been drawn into a war on the side have one, must be based upon a sound has been observed in · the strict sense, of Britain and France and Russia. Upon appraisal of the true interests of this which was meant by the makers of our examination it might appear that we Nation as a whole. There is a tend Constitwtion. The last time of any im have entered both these wars for excel ency, on 'the part of professional diplo portan~e was in 1846, nearly 100 years lent and compelling reasons rather than mats, to become ultracynical and to ago. The question of the Oregon bound because of the trickery and ·ambition of .reduce all human interests and desires to ary dispute had become a political issue the British, as the Chicago Tribune would the single element of material power. in the Presidential contest, along with have us believe. It may be that we en B2ing detached from the everyday life that of the annexation of Texas. James tered these wars because it was the only of our citizens, they forget that many K. Polk was elected on a platform-which possible way to preserve our very freedom people, in fact, I think the majority, demanded a settlement epitomized in the and indepen<;ience, about which even the would prefer to live in peace with their campaign slogan of -the Democrats, Tribune professes concern. It could be children, at home, than to have all the "Fifty-four forty or fight." In the that we were influenced by the fact that money, power, and glory in the world. course of the subsequent negotiations our basic institutions, our common law. I am confident that the representatives President Polk sought and received in our ideas of justice, and the dignity of of the people in this body, and in the advance the advice of the full Senate the individual human being were derived Hcus~ of Representatives, can much itself, not upon the matter of ratifica- to a great extent from the British, the 2898 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 28 French, the Greeks, .and the Jews. It trol the Government. The habits and we are sufficiently convinced of the ne might be that the fact we are a Christian prejudices of more· than a century were cessity of' coilective security to be willing · people influenced us when it was a choice too strong, even for the obvious· implica to make the necessary economic and between subservience, if not slavery, to tions of modern science, as exemplified psychological adjustments. the ruthless paganism of the Germans, ·by the motor car, the airplane, and the Many people have assumed that be or war in support of other Ghristian radio. The abortive effort of Wilson to cause the House of Representatives, the peoples. The similarity of the moral adjust our policy to the new conditions Senate,· and the Presiden·t have declared standards of our peoples, the love of of the world, by means of the League of for collective security, the job is done. family, the regard for contractual obli Nations, left our people divided and un But the establishing of order and the gations, the abhorrence of torture and able to agree-upon any policy. We .knew making of peace does not consist merely persecution, the distrust of a tyrannical neither what we were doing nor why. of a solemn declaration or .a well-drafted and oppressive government-all of these Instead of having a policy, we improvised constitution. The making of peace 'is a considerations may have led us instinc upon considerations of the moment. continuing process that must go on from tively to the making of these decisions. · \Ve declined to join the League and day to day, from year to year, so long as If it be true that reasons of this charac use our power and influence collectively, our civilization shall last. Our participa ter did and do exist, then we should ac to establish order and peace.. On the tion in this process is not just the signing knowledge them in order that a definite other hand we participated in disarma of a charter with a big red seal. It is a policy based upon sound and true con ment conferences and . proceeded to daily task, a positive partici-pation in all sideration be firmly adopted. These weaken our armed forces. We had the details and decisions -which together things do not happen just by chance. neither force, nor collective security, to constitute a living and growing policy. There surely are good reasons, and all of protect us. At the peace conference we What an empty shell the Dumbarton us and all the people .should know them. insisted upon further fragmentation of Oaks proposals will be, even ii complete Further, it should be made clear to an already chaotic political structure and agreement is reached -at San Francisco, our people that in entering an in'terna at the ·same time refused to erect any if at the s_ame time, or in the near future, tional organization we ·are doing so not responsible authority to protect our we are unable to agree upon such things because of charity or because we love handiwork. We insisted upon the col as exchange and monetary matters, avia the British, tbe French, the Chinese, or lection of war debts and at the same tion, the free fl.nw of information, trade the Russians. If there is reason for doing time erected tariff barriers which made barriers, cartels, armaments, and oil, it, it is because 1t is for our own national such pay~nent impossible. We made ·.- and, I may add, a simple treaty with self-interest. We have more to lose from pious declarations ag ~inst · wa:r: in the Mexico . on the-division of the waters of chaos and more to gain from the pur K ~llogg Pact and yet did nothing con.. the Colorado River. Surely we all know suits of peace than any other people. crete when Manchuria and.Etbio.pi·a,wer.e by this time that political solidarity in We must recognize from the outset that invaded. Our Ambassaoors reported this suffering world is dependent, in the to make such an organization work will preparations for war in Germany and final analysis, upon economic_stability . . require. our best brains, .much patience, J apan long before 1939, yet- we continued I do not mean that all of these prob and much of our worldly _goods. We to sell materials of war. We passed a lems must be solv-ed immediately, and at must be convinced, however, that it will neutrality act which was more to the once, to e1e satisfaction of all. I do require less of all of these things to make benefit of our enemies than our friends; think it very important that the Ameri- peace than to have another war, or it and so, not long thereafter, ·we had to . can people, and all people, recognize that obviously would not be a good bargain. transfer 50 destroyers to Great Britain. these 'matters are inherently involved in Mr. President, I believe that the Amer If there was anything definite or settled any system of mutual security; and that ican people are profoundly .interested, about our course of conduct, I am unable aqjustments and temporary sacrifices and I know that I am deeply interested, to see it. must be. made. They should be told that . in understanding the what and the why Our. floundering and purposeless con- the price of peace is higb. How high it is, of our foreign policy, if any .._. Since I . duct during this period was due, I · be is difficult to estimate; but I am confident have been a Member of this body, rela lieve, to the fact that, as a nation, we that it will not be nearly as high as the tively little time has been spent upon did not understand our proper role in the· price of war. However, unless we are this subject. In the hope that I may world arid had failed to examine and - prep.ared t.o make. these pay.ments for promote discussions and criticisms, out agree upon cer-tain basic convictions -peace we might as well recognize now the of which better understanding may · which ·are essential to any policy. AI futility of Dumbarton Oaks or San Fran evolve, I am venturing a few observa . though we had done -more than any cisco.· . tions. other nation to develop the scientific I said. temporary sacrifices, for ;r am During the past several years I have · t echnology which destroyed our isola convinced that because of our enormous heard various people say .that we have . tion, we refused. to_acknowledge . the re power to produce wealth of all kinds, had no recognizable foreign policy. I sult. We were unable to disentangle our given a reasonable length of time, in am inclined to agree. By policy is meant prejudices and superficial dislikes from . which we are free from the threat of war, "a. settled or definite course or plan considerations of major importance to or war itself, we can more than repay adopted or followed by the Goverh our welfare. Like any person unsure of ourselves for any reasonable concessions • ment/' To be definite and settled is of his convictions, we were timid and reti we may make in the way of loans, tariffs, the essence of policy. To be definite the cent in our approach to problems of for or·outiight ·relief. There are vast areas men responsible for carrying out a pol eign relations. _In short, we were be:. of the world, with untold wealth, that icy must know what they are doing and wildere.d, and therefore· we improvised can be developed if we can be reasonably why they are doing it, or it is not defi from day to day. sure of peace. We can be sure that as the nite. To be settled this knowledge must It is conceivable that,' as the leading areaJ are developed, we shall share with flow from a responsible source, in our industrial Nation, we might have em the rest of the world in the benefits of case the people of this country, or it can barked upon a career of imper{alism de these developments. So I repeat that our not be settled. signed to control the world by force. . sacrifices will be temporary if we can Prior to the First World War, in spite Germany in fact attempted this solution. establish and maintain peace. of some wavering from time to time, our In addition to the material costs uf But such a policy is alien to all our his peace ther ~ are other adjustments which policy was that of isolation. It was set tory and to all our instincts. This poli tled and definite. It was justified by the must be made and which may prove more · remoteness of our land from comparable cy is so at variance with our very nature painful to many of us than the payment great powers and was in accord with the that I do not think it could have been of gold. We must give up some of our wishes of our people. Our ancestors had followed with success then, nor do I think ·most cherished prejudices if we are to come here with the express purpose of it can be followed now. On the other work in harmony with other peoples. No getting a way from the oppression and hand I think .a system· of collective se plan on. earth can assure us of anything disturbances of the Old World. The First curity is not only the best hope for sue- . resembling a peaceful future unless, sup World War unsettled that poljcy. Pres cess, but it is also the only one consistent porting it, are the positive forces of pub- ident Wilson and others sensed the fact with our political and moral standards lic opinion. The beliefs and convictions that isolation had become in fact im- of conduct. The principal question that of the people must be in accord with our . possible, but they w~re unable to con- remains · in my mind is whether or not policy or it cannot be definite and settled. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2899 Among the prejudices which we must other system on earth. It is of value to have been great political ·compromisers. examine, I need mention only a few to us, and is defensible, only so long as it They call it "muddling through." Their illustrate my point. Foremost among maintains· that record. constitution is a collection of compro them is the anti-British already referred The highly emotional attacks upon mises with necessity. On the other hand, to. I shall not go further into that ex communism and Russia by some of our we think of our Constitution as a sacred cept to urge most. serious consideration public orators is an indication of the set of principles, inviolable, and immuta as to whether we desire to see the power weakness of their faith in our system. ble. When an American representative and infiuence of the British people de We must demonstrate the superiority of compromises at a conference, we always stroyed. Is it not true that in assisting individual initiative under capitalism by regard it as a giving up of our principles Britain and the Commonwealth of Na our results, by the provision of a superior and high ideals. When the British com tions, we were in fact preserving friends way of life, not by the violence of our promise, they regard it merely as the in who are, in a very real sense, indispen oratory .. clusion of some of the ideals of the oppo sable to our own welfare and the wel Russia is a great and powerful nation. sition. This difference is largely one of fare of democratic, freedom-loving She can become either a good friend and attitude, not• of substance. peoples everywhere? In this troubled customer, exerting her influence for Another idea around which clusters and violent world is it not true that we peace and stability, or she can become an much confusion and misunderstanding is would feel quite alone in the world if enemy using every opportunity to thwart the concept of national sovereignty. I the' British Commonwealth of Nations us. The Russia of today is a product of know of no word more abused and mis had been subjugated by the tyranny of a history less fortunate than ours. I do understood than sovereignty. I confess the Nazis, and its resources directed not believe the Soviets desire to domi that I share in that confusion. It is pri against us? If that be true, then whose nate the woild as the Germans do. They marily for that reason that I object to its chestnuts did we pull out of the fire? have given no evidence that they believe use in declarations of policy, or instru Another powerful prejudice which has they are supermen. Russia, like Amer ments of agreement. In the minds of affected our policy, and is vital to our ica, is a nation of many races, and I many the word "sovereignty" has some future, is our fear of Russia and com can see no real reason why we cannot get mystical connotation in some way asso munism. Until the revolution in Russia, along peaceably. ciated with divinity. In days gone by we had always been on friendly terms If this is sound reasoning, then we when men were slaves, their masters im with that Nation. We had never fought should make up our minds as to our basic posed their will by an appeal to the di her. We made one very profitable deal attitude and stop the irritating and con vine right of kings. "Your, sovereign by with her when we bought Alaska for fusing practice of ·condemnation on the appointment from the Ali 'Highest" was $7,200,000, and promptly extracted more one hand and praise on the other. Our the doctrine. · . · than $400,000,000 in gold from its moun policy should be one of respect and con It is obvious that few modern states tains. I should say that even the sideration for a valiant Ally in peace as possess the attributes of sovereignty as Tribune should approve of that kind of well as in war, at least until some com the word was understood in the days of a deal. Yet, after the revolution was pelling reason to alter our views in~er the divine right of kings. Americans, established by Lenin, we refused to venes. especially, have never regarded the state, recognize Russia until 1933, the last of Another myth that conf'!lses our atti _as such, as sovereign. It is the servant the major nations to do so. Moreover, tude toward the other nations is the oft-· of the people; and the people have re we sent two armed expeditions against repeated statement that "we have always served the right to control their servant, her without provocation. When one been a Santa Claus to the· world." The or to change its char-acter, whenever they recalls the birth of our own Nation more selfish among us call tis "Uncle think it fitting and proper to do so. The that in 1776 our forefathers were re Sap." The implication from these state divinity of rulers, or of states, has no garded as being quite as radical, by the ments is that we are soft-headed, starry place in the modern world. · · rest of the world, as Lenin was in 1920- eyed idealists who know nothing of the The first principle of the Dumbarton is it not strange that we should be so realities of this hard-fisted world. It Oaks proposals states that "the organi harsh toward Russia? ·Since we have would take too much time to explore zation is based on the principle of the been the most successful revolutionary fully this thoroughly false prejudice. sovereign equality of all peace-loving people in history, why are we so critical Its plausibility and the evil of it arise states.'' If this means that the mem of others who follow our example? from the confusion of two different ideas: bers of the organization agree not to use Surely it cannot be because we approved The idea of charity, in regard to which the power of the organization to destroy of Czarist Russia with its illiteracy and we have been and should continue to be the identity, the culture, and the inde abject, grinding poverty. As I read generous, is confused with the idea that pendence of the various members by history, the Russian experiment in we do not know how to look after our force, it is acceptable. On the other socialism is scarcely more radical, under · own interests in a business deal. One hand if it means that the organization modern conditions, than the Declaration often hears, when on the fioor of the undertakes to preserve for all time, every of Independence was in the days of Senate, that Great Britain is too smart member state as it presently exists, I George III. for us, that they always out-trade us. If think it is unwise. I realize · that it is not popular even · we are so stupid how is it that we are the The organization should not be the in to compare Russia with ourselves, and richest and most powerful Nation in the strument of reaction nor the means of yet it is necessary to get our ideas world? Are we Americans willing to freezing the status quo forever. On the straight. When I ·hear the unbridled admit that all our success is due solely to contrary it should be the means by which and intemperate attacks upon Russia by luck? I am not ready to admit that our the development of the world can be or some of our own people, I cannot help people are inferior in brains or ability derly. It should be the means by which but be troubled. If these people, who to the Britsh or · to any other people. desirable changes may be dictated by profess such profound love and faith for This whole line of attack upon our policy reason rather than by brute force. It our American system, are sincere in this of cooperation is so silly that it would should not be an eternal obstacle to the faith, then why are they so afraid of . not warrant atttention, except that it is many changes in the political map of Russia? I have a feeling that the real so constantly repeated that it, like the world which the welfare of the people re~son for their hate and distrust is Hitler's lies, has found receptive ears may demand. their lack of faith in our own system. among the uninformed. How ridiculous If it means anything today, sover, I believe firmly in the superiority of it would be for the United States to eignty, as applied to a state, surely means our democratic capitalistic system, and refrain from dealing with other nations that a state is sufficiently independent I desire to preserve it. But we should · because we are too silly and stupid to economically, politically, and physically remember that capitalism is not divine know what we are about. to defend itself and provide for the se and inviolable. .It was not handed down A slightly different aspect of this same curity and happiness of its own people. to us by the Almighty; and to question .myth is the belief that in every interna In this turbulent world can it be seriously it, or test it, is neither sacrilegious nor tional conference we always lose and the contended that the vast majority of ex treasonable. We have capitalism, and British always have their way. There isting states are sovereign powers? It we can defend it, because it has by all is a basic difference in the attitude of seems to me to offend one's common standards of decency provided better the British and the Americans toward a sense, regardless of fine spun political conditions for more people than any compromise. The British for centuries theory, to insist that Luxembourg with 2900 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 28 ' 300;000 peopl~. Panama: with 635,000, ·who 'have listened - ~ the remarl::s 'of the ·senate's ri!i·lit' to act :first upon the con ._ Lichten~tein with 11,000, or ·Andorra with junior Senator from· Arkansas tMr. FuL- ference report, ·but we conceded that 5,000 must be ·given the same power-in BRIGHT] to refrain from being iri:fiuenced · right to the House so that that· body the organization· as ·the United· States _- by them during our consideration of the might have full opportunity to meet the with 135,ooo,ooo. Russia with ·19o,ooo,ooo, · conference report on the civilian man- issue and ·to handle it unhampered. _and China with 450,000,000. It· was in· power bill. I trust with all my heart, . That opportunity ·has been given them recognition of the. absurdity of this p,rop and with all my soul, that the remarks each time the question has arisen, and osition that the Security Council with its · to which we have listened will in:fiuence -they have sustained the contention this permanent members was created. us. type of legisiation is needed. I wish to make it clear that I · am not Mr. BARKLEY . . Mr. President, will Mr. President, if the conference re- . objecting to the structure of the organi . the Senator yield? port shall be approved and· the confer- zation. In fact, I think it is probably· the Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield. · ence report bill shall become law, I hope · best solutio-n that could be worked out · Mr.- BARKLEY. I suggest the absence -it will be used with all the force which under present conditions. My purpose is . of a quorum. _ those in charge of our psychological war- merely to meet to some extent the critics The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The fare can employ, to show that a democ- who insist- upon regarding all . states as clerk will call the roll. racy, the greatest democracy of the equal when, -in fact, they are -not. I· The legislative cleric called the roll, world, can act with unity in the exercise look forward to the day when, as there and the following Senators answered of power and will in the accomplishment sult of- peaceful and rational changes, to their names: of a given purpose, when the times de- the states or ·federations of the states of Aiken Gurney Murray mand such unity. the world -shall become more nearly · Austin Hart O'Daniel I realize that there has been and that · equal in their-ability to provide decent ::~~ey ~:;~~n ~~~;~oney . there -will be much discussion of the bill, , conditions for the people, and to prevent -Bankhead Hickenlooper Radcliffe and there will be much said about our · -the use of violence as ' an instrument· of Barkley Hill Reed moving away from the traditions of our . decision. Bilbo Ho~y . R_e:vercomb land in the adoption of a pressure meas- Brewster Johnson, Calif. Saltonstall - My objection. to. the ·use _of ~ the_word Bridges Johnson! colo. Ship~tead ure of this kind. I do not accept that "sovereignty"·is ' that lt is· subject 'to no rBriggs / JohniStOn, s. c. Stewart thesis; I have always felt that to be . clear definition, and that it may be used . Brooks Kilgore Taft strong was in no sense. a liability but a · Burton La Follette Taylor t d t t d 0 by narrow-minded people to prev·ent the Bushfield Langer Thomas, Okla. remen ous asse o a emocracy. . ur orderly evolution of the organization Byrd Lucas Thomas, utah Government will not be saved because it into increasingly effective macqinery for · Capper Mccarran Tobey is weak, and democracy in the world will _Cchonnaveazlly 'McClellan Vandenberg not be saved by governments taking weak peace and security. McFarland ·Wagner In conclus-ion:, Mr: ~itient,- l ..re.p:eat. · Cordon. McKellar Wheeler action when strength is neli!ded. . that L thiDk..it is. ~s.t w:ge.JA.t_,.thatLtne Donnell McMahon Wherry · When the fathers framed our Con- no1,V};!'deeyr Maybank White people of this Nation should give sus E ._, Millikin Wiley stitution they saw that there would be . tained and -serious consideration to our Fulbright Moqre · wnson times when we should be united in ef- long-term relations with the other· pea- George Morse· Young fort to the last man, and such a time . pies of the world. If we are to have a Gerry Murdock confronts us when the Constitution it- definite and settled policy for the guid The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Sev- self is at stake. So, supreme, complete, ance of our representatives, the· people enty-one Senators having answered to and almost absolute powers were give·n must understand, and must develop con their names, a quorum is present. · -to the Congress of the United States to viction_s, regarding that policy, I believe Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. President raise armies and to carry on war; of it. is dangerous in the highest degree to as ·I had remarked before the roll cali course, with the injunction, as has been continue to improvise from day to day in was ordered, I have taken real inspira- so well said, to .carry on war successfully answer to fleeting and superficial emo tion from the remarks made by the in order that the oaths taken by all the tions. junior Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FuL- soldiers and by all officers of the United Since the Senate shares the responsi BRIGHT], .pointing out as he did the need States should be lived tip to, and that bility for translating into action our for of our country and of our people being the Constitution should be -preserved. eign policy, it obviously is our duty to as unit_ed in the effort to accomplish the Mr. President, I do not like light think sist the people in determining what that purpose we all have at heart. Mr. Presi- ing about-our Constitution and about our policy shall be. By the greatest good for dent, the remarks of the junior Sena- democracy. I do not like refere.nce, tune, and enormous sacrifice, we have tor from Arkansas in a way re:fiected the- even ln connection with a bill of this earned a second opportunity to help save feelings which I have, and which I kind, to the fact that we are probabiy the world and ourselves from self-de ~now are entertained by a number of imitating some other nation whose po struction. Twenty-five years ago the my associates, in presenting to the Sen- litical technique and political behavior Senate of the United States did not ad· ate the conference report. ar.e inconsistent with the fundamentals vise the President or the people, and As everyone knows, I am one of those of our land. it rejected the treaty then submitted to Senators who felt-in the beginning that The Constitution· of the United States it. This time I ·urgently recommend the legislation suggested was not wise. is no more and no less than the people;s that we advise them both in preparing a I am one of those now who believe that companion in the accomplishment of the treaty which we can accept, so that this it would be most unwise not to go people's will and purposes. When· that troubled world can live again in peace, through with the program once we have is once brought to us as an issue, I re free from fear of another world cata embarked upon it. By that I mean that peat, if the need is to bring unity forcibly clysm arising out of the refusal of those we are in the midst of the tensest mo- into existence against a· common enemy, who will win this war to accept the re ment of the present war. We are, I feel even when we are :fighting for the ·pres sponsibility for the peace. Let us seek and hope and pray, although, sad to ervation of that which we seem to be peace, and let us insure it with all our relate, I do not believe, on the very edge losing in passing a law, we should realize talents. A better life may then dawn for of the beginning of the end.. I trust that a failure to wage war effectively all mankind. that is so. A lack of American unity in would be disastrous to every ideal and UTILIZATION OF MANPOWER RESOWCES, these last moments might prove dis- every . hope and every aspiration all • CONFERENCE REPORT . astrous. Americans have had since the begin- Mr. President, there has been full and ning of .our Government. - In times such The Senate resumed consideration of free discussion of the manpower bill. as the present there devolves upon us the the report of the committee of confer No bill has had greater consideration, necessity for action. Sometimes action ence on the disagreeing votes of the two and in the consideration of no legisla- is demanded which re:fiects unity rather Houses on the amendments of the Sen tive proposal has the House had greater than any other objective. ate to the bjll ·at last, Mr. President, is placed ·into law the extra ·charge.for .an excess of .25 per -~ illegal in the _.United States, I want the the very theory which the Senator from cent of labor, and a loss of 25 percent Congress to say just that, and p.otl:ing Virginia [Mr. BYRD] has been discussing in production. What would be done if else. I am not in the least afraid of the so lohg, relative to the Government being the bill were enacted into law? If the power of our Government when the Gov the greatest hoarder of manpower, so Government inspectors or overseers do ernment is in the right: but I am afraid that if the Senator's contentions are not now have sufficient intestinal forti of any type of governmental action by true we will know about it and will dis tude to act, what could be done under indirection. · cover where the hoarding is. There was · the terms of the proposed law? That If this bill is an industry-labor rela no provision in the House bill for a sur is the question to which I am seeking an tions bill, or if it is anything more than vey, either of private plants or of GO-v answer. it purports to be, then I have been de- . ernment plants; so this provision is very Mr. THOMAS of Utah. If the Senator ceived, and I am doing.something which much stronger than the House bill. knows of some way by which the Con I do not wish to do. We should not by Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, will the gress can act except through law, per indirection overcome a right which is Senator y~el~? haps I can-answer his question. At the inherent in the Am.erican worker. If it The PRESIDING OFFICER '· I 2908· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 28 them, because you alone have been in skills of the workers and adapting them sonally for the attitude which I have vested with the sword and the purse, and to the places where the quitting of work taken on this subject. They misrepre the Constitution says, 'Congress &hall occurs must be wasted instead of being sented what I had said concerning the have power to raise and support armies spent on production which is so vital to need which will exist after Germany and to provide and maintain a navy'; but the winning of the war. So at once we surrenders. There was an assumption the Constitution says something else, and see that that problem requires attention. thati was t~lking about the need for this it is that about which we are speaking It must be given attention. If it is not legislation_in or.der to regiment business the Constitution says to the Congress, given attention, there will be a continua after the war is over. Allow me to keep 'You have the duty to support armies; tion of the manpower shortage which is the record straight by saying that I am you have the duty to maintain navies.'" spotty all over the country. talking about saving as many lives as Mr. President, do we think for a mo Mr. President, this subject is one about possible by speeding up the victory in ment that the consecration which Con which I have heard members of the Mili Europe, and in every other place where gress made of all the resources of this tary Affairs Committee raise questions. men of this country, and other countries Nation when it declared war against Ger We had available to our committee the as well, are at war in an P-ffort to pre many and-Japan was a mere gesture or a most reliable of witnesses upon whom . serve freedom fn the world. This bill mere pretense to the world that we were reasonable men might rely. We had be-.. may have the same fate that every other saying great things but that we did not fore us men who were producing war bill of like character has had in every mean them? When we made that decla materials, transporting them, and trying former war in which this country was ration and when we pledged the resources . to keep the pipe line filled with them. engaged. It will cease to be in effect by of this Nation, we promised the boys who \7e had before us mel). who had been on its express terms. Much has been said would be sent overseas that we would the field of battle and had seen the ex.,. about involuntary servitude; about this give all that is necessary, that we would penditure and waste Which was taking bill being novel, and about it being too ·keep the pipe line full, and that they place there. Those men who appeared severe 1or us to accept. We have never would not have to be rationed in respect before our committee want to make sure participated in a war without legislation to 8-inch shells, for example. I .say when that at no time does the _pipe line brealc of this character. Similar legislation conditions become such that we have no and. the men at the front. become short was enacted by the States before they stock pile of 8-inch shells left, and when of the supplies which are needed. were organized into a Union. During we have tQ ship them just as fast as we Mr. AUSTIN. Mr. President, I could the Revolutionary War several States can manufacture them, we are simply turn to the record and read the exact enacted their own laws. I should like to playing with fire, we are playing ·with words of the responsible persons to whom refer to a few of them. I shall not weary blood. I have referred who know ·the situation. the Senate with a long story. I wi5h Whose word are we going to take on They are the only persons who do know only to point up the fact that the great this matter? I do not indulge in sarcasm it. They have said that such a bill as obligation which was placed upon C~m if I can avoid it, but some things rise in the one under consideration is neces gress by the Constitution to wage war my mind when I hear men who have sary. Some Senators have said: "I would successfully was something which was nothing to do with strategy, who do not vote for any bill that I thought was nec natural, something which was bred in know the difference between "squads essary, but this bill is not n_ecessary." the bone and blood of the American. right" and "squads left," undertake to They have been told repeatedly that the It was something which Americans put dispute right to their faces the great men bil~ is necessary. They say, "Lo'ok at the into the Declaration of Independence in who have qualified themselves as experts, result which has already been accom black and white when they pledged for after having devoted a lifetime to this plished.'' To be sure, it has been a the support of its principles, our lives, subject, as they tell us, the Congress, miracle: but during the meantime the our wealth, and our sacred honor. "Now is the time for you to back us up. demand for supplies has increased and Before passing from the Revolutionary We have scraped the bottom of the bar has grown greater and greater as the war statutes I invite attention to the follow rel. We must have 900,000 new men for progressed. In the future the demand ing: In Virginia authority was given to the armies. Many of them will have to will be even greater than it is now. We impress workmen for manufacturing come fr{}m the factories. We must have have established schedules on the theory articles out of requisitioneJ raw mate 700,000 more men. for production. We that by virtue of the war in the Pacific rial; for example, the making of wear are already below our schedule in pro there will be a continued demand for ing apparel out of clothing and leather duction.'' With the war advancing at so the production of materials. which had been impressed. rapid a pace we must increase the sched We are also told that every time the In N2w York and other colonies, more ule of production, instead of cutting it mistake was made of men being misled or less generally, the power to impress back, to fit the conditions with which we into the hope that the war was almost drivers for teams was given. Impress are confronted. "\Ve have scraped the QVer, a relaxation took place all over the · ment was ordinarily accomplished bottom of the barrel. We cannot get any countrY. Men and women left the fac through a warrant issued by a justice more by the methods that are known to tories in great numbers, and production of the peace or, in cases of emergency us. The voluntary methods have done a declined. As they now look forward to by a person administering the Govern wonderful j~b up to date, but we are still the day when Germany shall collapse, ment of the S ~ ate, apparently the gov behind, and we have a shortage in man they look forward also to the greatest ernor, or any general in actual service power here and there in critical areas, relaxation and fatigue. There will fol of the State. No limitations appear to in "must" factories, all over this great low the desire to bring the boys home have been set upon the number who land. We have no general shortage. a.s quickly· as possible. They will want might be impressed. That was in 1779. -There is plenty of manpower; indeed, to use all of our shipping for the purpose In New York the judges of certain there is a hoarding of manpower in some of returning the men to their homes. counties or a specified number of them. of our plants. · They will want to use the ships whi'Ch were charged with ascertaining or de Mr. President, we observe that hoard are now forming the pipe line and hurry termining every 2 months the pay al ing has been the result of the volun the boys home. lowed for drivers impressed through an tary system which permits men to step Mr. Pr~sident, in our factories all over earlier New York statute provided that out and quit their jobs whenever they the land we see a repetition of the his · the ·pay should be the then accustomed feel that the war is almost over, and that tory of former war periods when we rate. they should find another place where thou5ht the war was almost over. In There are a .number of such statutes. their post-war security will be assured. other words, w_e are told that not only Reuben Clark, I think-, may be known What has been the effect of the sit is this legislation .needed in order to uation? The cessation of work in some maintain the present schedules in con to some of my colleagues. He is the au places on the part of individuals is tak: nection with the European war but that thor of an article entitled "Emergency ing place at an enormous rate. The ef it is needed tremendously as a safeguard Legislation" to D~cember 1917 with anal fect of it is hoarding. Employers must and a support of our effort in the Pacific ogous legislation since 1775. In that have in line, ready to step up and fill the which will follow immediately after the article there will be found many suc.h place left by the man who quits-not one · break-down in Europe. cases referred to. man but six· men. All the energy re · Mr. President, I have read some very These service acts were enacted before quired for training and increasing the unkind articles in criticism of me per- we had a Constitution; they were en- 1945 r ~ r J CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2909 acted before the people had commanded proper authority of Congress, nor Congress chairman of the War· Manpower Com Congress to wage war successfully. But upon the proper authority of the President. mission and the Director of War Mobili after the adoption of the Constitution There are other .cases which I am will zation. I do not mean a contest in which we had similar acts in the War of 1812, ing to furnish if any Senator is suffi they participated in any way, of course. and in Lincoln's time. We find that Lin ciently interested to want them. I shall I mean that the contest was an internal coln was impressing railroad men and not take the time of my colleagues to one with us, it was within our own group. telegraphers and such workers as were talk about them, but I do not want to On carefu- consideration we thought it immediately necessary for the war sup omit this important observation. As a would be better · to put the Director of port of armies and th~ maintenance of fundamental principle of government War Mobilization and Reconversion in navies. many of our States wrote into their own charge, subject to the direction of the Oh, the thirteenth amendment, some constitutions a dedication of the per President. Senators will remember that one may say, had not been adopted at sonal service of their citizens. I natu in the bill I introduced and fought for, that time. Well, what has happened rally refer to my own State first. In or tried to fight for, I made the President since the 'thirteenth amendment? Did article 9, chapter 1 of a declaration of responsible, and invested all these re the thirteenth amendment undertake to the rights of the inhabitants of the sponsibilities and authorities in the Pres repeal or modify or change the obligation State of Vermont, established June 19, ident. But we decided, after careful con imposed upon Congress to wage war suc 1793, it is provided: sideration, that it would be better not to cessfully? Oh, no. Nothing that the That every member of society hath a proceed in that way; that, as ~;~. matter of people required of Congress was a greater right to be protected in the enjoyment of - good, sound government, it would be exaction and a more binding obligation life, liberty, and property, and therefore is wiser to put this power and authority upon it than that Congress should wage bound to contribute his proportion toward into the hands of the Director of War war successfully to defend the freedom the expenses of that protection, and yield Mobilization and Reconversion, and in of the Nation. The thirteenth am~nd his personal service, when necessary, or an the same act enable him to employ exist equivalent thereto • •. • nor can any ment did not amend that. man who is conscientiously scrupulous of ing organizations which deal with man Dld the thirteenth amendment amend bearing arms be justly compelled thereto, power. Thus we would have the benefit the obligation expressed in the Consti if he will pay such equivalent: nor are the of the War Manpqwer Commission, if the tution that the Congress shall raise and people bound by any law but such as they Director found that that was an effective support armies or that Congress shall es have in like manner· assented to, for their way in which to handle the matter. tablish and maintain navies? Of course common good. · We provided standards for his regula not. Many cases have arisen since the I have numerous constitutions con tions. We cannot legislate the regula thirteenth amendment which have taining a similar declaration. They are tions. We do not know specifically what pointed to that amendm·ent expressly not characteristic of every State, but is necessary in New Bedford, where there and showed that it does not apply to such 'there are 'so many of them that they is one o:' the bad spots, and when we go a thing as the defense of the country. sustain the claim · that our forefathers to some other place, away out West, the Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will regarded the !Jreservapon of the Re the Senator yield there? situation will probably be found to be public as the foremost duty of the citi different from that found in New Bed The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does zen-foremost; nothing before it-and the Senator from Vermont yield to the ford. We cannot as a Congress legislate whenever it was ·necessary that the Re in broad terms which will be effective to Senator from Kentucky? public be saved, all the resources, includ Mr. AUSTIN. I yield. apply to all places. So we did the only ing the personal service of men and thing that appeared reasonable and ef Mr. BARKLEY. I was going to ask women, should be given as necessary. the Senator if, on account of the thir fective, that is, we authorized the Di teenth amendment, there was any break The bill relates only to the time and rector of War Mobilization and Recon or change in the trend of decisions of our the place when and where it is necessary version to make the regulations, which courts, the Supreme Court included, with that personal service shall be retained will. be adapted to the time and the place, respect to the power of Congress not only at work in support of the Republic. It the locality, and he will have the benefit to declare war but to do all things neces is rather absurd to contend that the fact of the advice and help of those who are that someone is personally directing specifically interested, employer and em sary to wage successful war? such service and making a profit in it Mr. AUSTIN. The Senator is right. changes the situation in any degree ployee, and the Government. We sur His question has in it what I know must whatever. The law as proposed provides rounded -his act of making regulations be engraved in his memory, namely the that the service is a public service, a with all kinds of standards and -safe language of the Supreme Court in ex service in the war effort definitely be guards. parte Milligan, a famous case upon longing to the Government, although I have heard the argument made here fundamental questions. Let me read a being performed through citizens, and that we are giving to this officer of the brief excerpt from it which I thirik is in an economic way which conforms to Government enormous and unjustified right in principle ·on this poi:r;1t. The our habits and our custom and our sys power, and that no standard at all is quotation I am about to read is from 4 tem. But it is limited in its application provided in the bill. Let me read section Wallace 2, at page 139, and, I have a ref to the time and the place when and 4 (a), which is the same ;_s section 3 (b) erence also to another case on the same where necessary, and it does not apply of the bill as it passed the Senate: principle, Swain v. the United States (28 to any other time or ii1 any other place. SEc. 4. (a) The Director shall make or cause C. of C., 173, affirmed 165 U.S., 553). I Congress does that if it passes the pend to .be made in-plant surveys and other in read now from ex parte Milligan: ing bill. Can Congress go forth and vestigations of the use of manpower by the Congress has the power not only to raise take care of the spotty shortages, involv Department of War and the Department of and support and govern armies but to de the Navy, to determine the extent to which clare war. It has, therefore, the power to pro ing some 1,200 "must" plants? Could such Departments are making the most effec vide by law for carrying on war. This power Congress, could the Senate, could even tive use, in activities relating to production, necessarily extends to all legislation essential a committee of either House step out of procurement, or repairs, of individuals in to the prosecution of war with vigor and its function of legislating, undertake the their emplqy or subject to their jurisdiction success, except such as interferes with the function of administering, and spend its as members of the armed forces, and shall command of the forces and the conduct of time traveling all over the country to take or cause to be taken appropriate meas campaigns. That power and duty belong to make -in-plant surveys, and to formu. ures to eliminate labor wastage and labor the President as the Commander tn Chief. hoarding- ' Both these powers are derived from the Con late the rules and regulations which stitution, but neither is defined by that in should be applied to a spot according to That is a definite, specific standard strument Their extent must be deter':llined its needs? Oh, no. So the only thing and otherwise to promote the full utilization by their nature, and by the principles of our that can be done by Congress is done by such Departments of individuals in their in-stitutions. The power to make the neces here, namely, put trust in somebody, employ or subject to their jurisdiction as sary laws is in Congress; the power to exe place the authority in some.body's hands, members of the armed forces, and otherwise cute in the President. Both powers imply and also place the responsibility in those . to carry out the purposes of this act. many subordinate and auxiliary powers. Each includes all authority essential tc its hands. Again, at the risk of wearying my col due exercise. But neither can the President, There was some contest, a little contest, leagues, let me read section 6, which is in war more than in peace, intrude upon the as between placing the power in the also a Senate provision. It was formerly 2910 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 28 section 2 (b) and section 2 (c) of the bill adequate. I promise to make an effort to There are some areas other than Con as it passed the Senate: reintroduce a national service bill which necticut of which the same thing can be SEc. 6. To the maximum degree consistent I feel will be adequate. correctly said, but there are other areas with this act and with its purposes, local Mr. HART obtained the floor. of importance to the war effort as to initiative, and cooperative efforts of manage Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, will which it cannot be said. Such measures ment, labor, and agriculture shall be en the Senator from Connecticut yield to as could have provided remedies for that couraged and utilized and use shall be made of existing hiring channels such as private me for a moment? dangerous condition, of undependable · employers, labor organizations, professional Mr. HART. Yes. production in spots, should · probably organizations, schools, colleges, technical in Mr. O'MAHONEY. I thank the Sen~ have been taken by the preceding Con stitutions, and Government agencies. The a tor. gress. This Congress found that situa management-labor committees and manage · Mr. President, I desire to make the tion facing it early last January. ment-labor-agriculture committees (na announcement that when I have the op It has also been said in this Chamber tional, regional, State, and local) heretofore portunity to take the :floor in my own and hereafter established..in connection with "that the blame for a general fall in pro Government programs for the control or right I shall make a motion to send this duction during the latter part of 1944 utilization of manpower shall be consulted bill back to conference in the event, as I can be largely laid at the door of certain on basic policy decisions made at their re believe will be the case, that the Senate military leaders who expressed undue spective administrative levels in the course shall reject the conference report. I optimism on an early end of the Euro of the adm41istration of this act. make this statement because I want it pean war. I agree with the able Sena · Those are only two paragraphs of the clearly understood that when we ask tors who expressed the opinion that such standards to which the Director must Members of the Senate to vote against ill-founded optimism was the reason for conform in making the regulations. the conference report it is not with the lowered production. That wave of opti There is another standard on the affirm design of killing legislation upon this mism and wishful thinking swept over ative side. ·The substantive part of his subject, but of sending the bill back to the country a few months ago with standard is found in section 2 (b) as fol conference where it may be reconsidered effects which we all know. I do . not lows: in the light of the criticisms which will know just who was to blame f.or starting be offered with respect to' the terms of (b) ·The purposes of this act are to provide it, whether it was military leaders, other the most practicable and effective means to the bill and with respect to the needs officials in high -places, or other persons. accomplish the fulfillment of such obligation of the situation. . It is past history now, but it did happen, and to provide for making the most effective In this connection, Mr. President, I and the point of it all is that such un use of the manpower resources of the Nation desire; with the indulgence of the Sena founded optimism is going to occur by the following means, among others: (1) tor from Connecticut, to read a brief an again. By providing for the accurate determination nouncement which came from the De~ of manpower requirements and supply and The opinion prevails that the end of of the relative urgency of the needs of em partment' of £he Na:vy yesterday after the war in Europe is near. There is ployers for workers; (2) by reducing wasteful noon. It is dated March 27, 1945, and at much to support that opinion; indeed, labor turn-over and unnecessary labor migra the top are the words "Immediate release that the end is very near. The psycho tio~; (3) by channeling available manpower press and radio." The announcement is logical results are already beginning to to employments in· which workers will con as follows: tribute most to the war effort; ( 4) by making show. Many Senators are already hear available, for work in essential activities INSURANCE SHIPBun.DING PROGRAM CURTAILED ing from constituents who urge that their workers presently employed in activities of The Nav1 Department announced today sons should be returned to them after relative unimportance to the war effort; and that plans for construction of 84 combatant they have won the victory over the Ger (5) by promoting the maximum utilization ships displacing . 636,860 t.ons as announced mans. That movement is just begin by employers of their available work foJ.:ce. March 6, 1945, have been altered so that only ning. We face the grave danger of a the 12 escort carriers representing 150,000 Mr. President. the last clause alone tons included in this program now will be major slump in all fields, most particu provides a standard of the highest value constructed. larly in the production field, as ~soon as in carrying out the will of Congress, of This additional shipbuilding program was the victory in Europe is assured. What Congress at war undertaking to throw all originally conceived as an insurance pro happened last fall is likely to look quite its magnificent power into the conduct gram to meet tllEl,. possibility of additional mild by comparison. The slump may of the war. so that it shall be successful, attrition as the tempo of the Pacific war in well be far-reaching and not nearly so creases with our approach closer to Japan. easy to recover from as was the case last and successful at the earliest possible When this program w.as first initiated it was time. estimated that, if at the end of 6 months the autumn. Moreover. that slump is very The language of our declaration was: progress of the war made it clearly evident likely to extend to our allies in even To bring the con.fiict to a successful termi that the additional ships would not be greater measure, which is, if possible, an nation all of the resources of the country are neaded, the program could then be aban .-ven more menacing situation. hereby pledged by the Congress of the United doned at an expenditure of not more than We shall have won a war on one front; States. $30,000,000---or less than the total cost of a we shall still have to win on the other light cruiser. front on the opposite side of the earth. When we come to think of the serious The Navy Department now has been in· ness of the present situation, of a war formed, however, that genera1 economic con Three or 4 years ago, the highest eche which has already cost us a tremendous siderations, including the most desirable use lons of command and of government of sacrifice, which is yet only partly over. of manpower and material, necessitate sus the United Nations decided that the when we realize that the worst is yet to pension of plans for construction of 72 of the European war was the more important· 84 ships originally contemplated in the in of the two fronts; and the major effort come, that the demand on u.s at home is surance program. probably going to be greater than it ever of all the United Nations has been em has been before, and when we then are Mr. HART. Mr. President, it has ployed on that thesis of grand strategy. aslced by those who are conducting this been said by several able Senators that Only time can tell whether that decision tremendous effort to save otrr liberties, no manpower legislation is required to was right or wrong. It was quite natural to save the very institutions which are meet our further necessities in war pro that our gallant allies, the British and so much talked about, to save something duction and that our production of war the Russians, should have viewed the upon which to build a better world; when materials will go on satisfactorily for Germans as the greater menace and in we are asked by them to do so little as to the remainder of the war without change sisted that our own primary effort also give them the sanction of Congress for in the so-called voluntary and coopera be directed against them. We accepted the things they have been trying to do tive methods of preceding years. Inso ·and have ioyally acted upon that thesis. through Executive orders and without far as concerns production in my own There is no use now in cogitating over any legislative sanction, I feel sad when State, I am inclined to agree with that the correctness of that decision. The I see any of my great colleagues delay view. Connecticut has produced, and its fact is that it was made, and we have the passage of a bill that would do that. general reputation with the Federal been pouring out our b1ood and treasure It is too little. God help us to make it offices which carry the heavy responsi in order to crush the Germans. The effective, at least to keep the schedules bility for procurement is high. There lnain interest of this country has· been we have laid down for the time being, has been ovJy one major interruption in directed toward the European war. Its and if we find later, after the surrender Connecticut's war industries during the events have received more publicity, it of G3rmany, that this legislation is not 'last 3 -years, and tbat one was very brief. has filled the majQr portion ·of the press 1945 CONGRES"SIONAL RECOR_D-SENATE . 2911 and radio time, ·and a large :portion ,of · Australia's. ground troops . appear to. be · wiU catcb it if :something is not done · our people have become accustomed to mopping up rear area-at lea:st we do not-.. about the ·rotton ones. looldng upon the European war as the hear of their having gone forward into Today there is hope that the war in war. the campaign in the Philippines. In Europe may soon be over; but no one The war against Germany will end Burma, a mixed force, in which British can say just how long the Pacific phase after about 6 years of continuous hos components are strong, has been waging of the conflict may last, how much of our tilities for some of our European allies. a brilliant campaign which is at last pro blood and treasure must still be spent Russia will not have been fighting that ducing valuable results. Even so, it . is before Japanese militarism is definitely -long, but the tempo and severity ·of the · likewise a-matter of mopping up- an area crushed. Now is the time for us to war on the Russian front has been such which has been ·cut off·from Japan by our ·guard against a let-down on the home that the degree· of exhaustion may well · own drive all the way across the Pacific. front follOWing victory in Europe. · Now be just as great. We ourselves are feeling I imply no criticism of our gallant a1Iies. is the time·'for us to gird ourselVes 1or some war-weariness after only 3 years of They have done their best, arid we· have · all-out war ·against the Japanese.· Now war. Six years of the variety of hostili ·their solemn· promise to contlriue; · but is tne time for us :;~.t home· to assure our ties whjch·have made up·World -War No. they. are worn·and tired. ·_ No; I am only . l)len who .are .now fighting and to assure 2 are exhausting. The slump· whi:eh we facing facts. -. Wit:Qout our' own full effort, those who wJll soon_be :tlwting in the shall be feeling on or after VE-day J-apanese militarism will not be crushed. - Pacific of · an ·uninterrupted flow of will be doubly "felt by the others; and we ·It· is absolutely essential .that it be · everything theJ· need. do not know what the effect will be. crushed'; and it will require great effort ·That is why I think the passage of the We shall have crushed the Nazis and to bring about that result. · pending war manpower bill is so· impor be in a positioh ,to cut that cancer out The conference report on the man tant at this time. It will help maintain of this world. We shall have won a war power subject lies before us. We have production during the transition stage of vast proportions and exceeding se already debe.ted this subject at length. . when our princip:;tl efforts are shifted verity on one front. If we do not crush I probably should not, after only 6 weeks from the European theater to the Pacific t11.e Japanese with equal thoroughness here, be thus consuming the Senate's theater. It will help bring the compara and also cut that malfgnant growth out time; but I .have to speak. tively few chiselers and loafers who have of our world, we shall not have really Some appl"-ehensimi ·has been ·expressed : cbntributed·· nothing of- use to the coun won this war. We shall not have more to the effect that such compulsory. fea try's war effort into line with the workers than half won it. We shall not have won tures as the. manpower bill now contain who have patriotically stayed on the job a victory. We shall have only a •draw. are too drastic, that it regiments the to produce the maximum for our armed Then, in a few years, we shall be faced people, conflicts with our free, demo forces. And it will show our fighting with the Japanese menace all over again; cratic institutions, and so on. Such men that/w:e at home realize that-the war and to my mind, the Japanese have all thoughts are expressed in the full light is not yet over; that we are backing along been a greater-menace to this Na.:. of knowledge of the sacrifices being made tbem to the limi-t in their fight in the tion of ours than -have the Germans. If by those whom · we send into· the fight, Pacific; and that we are as determined not ·utterly crushed at this time, the and of the. sacrifices which will yet be as they to get the war over with, so that Japanese menace will recur-perh!lPS not made. I cannot see it that way. Neither they may come home. Mr. President, if in a few years, perhaps not in a genera can I think that our people here on the we do not adopt the conference report tion; but come back it will. home front will generally resent or op and thus enact the bill; it will be tbe best A full, decisive victory over the Japa pose such measures as it may bec·ome and the most cheering news the Japa nese will not be a short or easy task. necessary to take under this proposed nese have heard for a long time. They are already rather badly beaten on legislation. They merit more faith than The bill before the Senate should be the sea ahd in the air; but the Japanese a supposition that they will not follow passed as the best solution. which two Army has not suffered very much. Let good leadership, when the necessity for bodies of conscientious legislators have me say to the able Senator from Wyo some sacrifice is made clear-small sacri been able to evolve. ·We may have some ming that it is time to note the cut-back fice at most when compared· with the lot mi~givings; but we should · also have of sl:lips by the Navy. That shows that of the men in the fight. The men at the hope, a hope t}J.at good administra the war on the sea has been progressing front take what comes. We can take tion:.._wise, understanding, and drastic · well. However, there is no companion whatever comes to us at home. I have . when necessary-will make the ceiling cut-back on the part of the Army, for entire .aith that, for instance, the people formula of the bill and the freezing proj · the ground forces of the Army. A great will accept such freezing to their jobs as ect in it work. Lastly, we may hope that, deal of war on that front most probably must be done under this measure. with the aid of the Selective Service Act, still lies ahead of us; and we must realize No, Mr. President; my apprehension, the loafers and chiselers will te com that the enthusiasm and elan which· has my doubts about this bill lie in the other pelled to render their country some·meas often carried our troops along may not direction. As the· bill now comes before ure of useful service. entirely endure. We face a slogging, us, small provision is made to compel the We must do no less than this measure wearisome period of war, to be carried on loafers, those who are serving no pur entails. Looking forward to wt.at will several thousand miles from our own pose useful to the country, to do what some day face ~s if we do not now slaugh shores, which will be· tiresome and bur ever it is needful that they should do. ter Japanese militarism, we mus,t not fail densome. We all know that a ·principal They are not numerous; they constitute in this. We not only owe it to the future hope of the Japanese is that we shall only a small proportion of the whole. of the country, but in the present-right simply become tired of it and not finally It has been said that such measures and now-we owe it to the fighting forces. go on to Tokyo and achieve a really such effort are useless because the loafers Facing what they are going to face on crushing victory. Quite likely, Japan will prove to be more trouble than they the far side of the Pacific, those men will approach the United Nations with will ever be worth in any plant. · In my need to feel from back home our deter peace offers. If so, they will make many opinion, there is much to that argument; mination to see this war through-to promises, and the case will be'made so at but it misses the main point, which is the feel our vengeful spirit and, if you will, tractive that the incentive to acceptance force and power of example-particu our utter hatred of Japanese militarism. will be strong in many minds. Such pro- · larly of bad example. · Mr. President, another thing: Maimed posals must not be accepted unless they The people of this land are generally men are a'ppearing among us; and women amount to unconditional surrender. of good will; but, mingled among them in black. Their numbers are increasing. Otherwise, we shall not have rid the are some loafers, chiselers, some who I must so do my small part that I may world of the menace of Japanese mili desire always to take out of the pot and be able to look those men and women in tarism which, even before 1939, con never put anything in. They amount to the eyes. stituted the greatest peril to us. a sort of infection. Other men who are Mr. O'MAH01mY. Mr. President That cancer must be cut out; and it not too stable, but who will travel The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The looks as though the United States must straight ordinarily tend to stray off the Senator from Wyoming. be the principal surgeon-as we have correct line and copy the ba~ example. Mr. O'MAHONEY. A parliamentary been in the past 3 years. It is our forces It is like having a rotten potato in a inquiry. which have carried the war to Japan's barrel of good ones·. The good potatoes, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The front door. Right now, for instance, which are lowest in resistance to rot, Sznator will state it. 2912 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE MARCH 28 Mr. O'MAHONEY. Is it 'now in order It is -fallacious to .say that 1f the- Govern reward th~ workers are to~ receive from the to make a motion to return the report to m~nt can order a man into the Army, it can lawmakers of the country in return for the conferenc.e? or~er him into a war plant . .Sucq. ~ P 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR-D-SENATE 2913 proper appe~l system and no adequate re today, that the power would be vested in Mr: McFARLAND. · I ·suggest the ab course to the courts. The Administrator is the Director of War Mobilization. I no sence of a ·quorum. judge and jury and as the bill now reads tice in section 3 of the bill which the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The he is capable of finding the individual· em ployer or worker guilty and subject to a year Senate committee adopted and which the clerk will call the roll. in jail or $10,000 fine. Senate passed on, this proyision: The legislative clerk called the roll, . The unbridled discretion of the Adminis The Director of War Mobilization and Re· and the following Sena_tors answered to trator combined with the severity of the conversion, hereinafter called the Director, their names: penalties promote an atmosphere which it shall, subject to the direction of 'the Presi Aiken Gurney Murray would be difficult to duplicate in the history dent- Austin Hart O'Daniel of a liberty-loving people. Perhaps more Bailey Hatch O'Mahoney important what fair-minded person could be I should like to ask the Senator's opin- Ball Hayden Pepper Bankhead-. Hickenlooper .Radcliffe lieve that labor operating in such a slave . ion abou..; this subjecting clause, I might ·Barkley Hill Reed atmosphere would be capable of the tasks call it, whether or not the Director of Bilbo Hoey Revercornb which wartime production requires? War Mobilization would have any power Brewster Johnson. Calif. Saltonstall It is a commonplace .that even without other than that approved by the Presi Bridges Johnson, Colo. Ships.tead Government restraint the individual worker Briggs Johnston, S. C. Stewart sta.nding alone is at the mercy of his em- • dent of the United States. Brooks Kilgore Taft player's economic power. To that existing Mr. THOMAS. of Utah. If the Sena Burton La Follette Taylor tor from Wyoming will permit me, I Bushfield Langer Thomas, Okla. restraint the report adds a more drastic Byrd Lucas Thomas, Utah one. Under this bill it is a true but startling should like to answer the question. Capper McCarran Tobey fact that the employer remains just as free Mr. O'MAHONEY. I am very glad to Chavez McClellan Vandenberg as formerly to discharge the individual work yield. Connally McFarland Wagner • er while even the inadequate weapon of the Mr. THOMAS of Utah. In my opin Cordon McKellar Wheeler individual employee, namely, his right to Donnell McMahon Wherry ion, no power which has not already been Downey Maybank White quit, is eliminated. This further invasion of granted to the President of the United Ellender Millikin Wiley the employee's freedom can hardly be justi Fulbright Moore Wilson fied by any manpower needs. Indeed the States is granted in this bill either to George Morse Young result of the bill's one-sidedness is to sacri the President or to anyone else, that is, Gerry Murdock fice the employee's freedom at the expense of so far as power in a quantitative sense The PRESIDING OFFICER 2914 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 28 and his maddened followers let loose other Members of the Senate have the no confidence in the Chief of Staff of upon the earth the ruthless Nazi forces greatest- reverence for Good Friday. If the Army or the Chief of Operations of designed to destroy our freedoms, the the calendar permitted it, we should all the Navy? My answer to all such ques one freedom to which they intended to be glad to take a recess; but we have tions is this: Have you no confidence in direct their most destructive blow was not established the custom of taking a the people of .the United States? How the freedom of religion. The reason for recess over Good Friday. I believe that does it come about that at this hour, that course was clear. No one who in view of the importance of the legis when the patriotic achievements of the worships God can in his conscience ad lation now before the Senate, it will be people of America have saved the world mit allegiance to Hitler. His totalitarian impossible to take a recess from tomor from totalitarian power, we are now system could tolerate no rival within its _ row over the week end, which it would asked to scr:ap the free system and realm. The teachings of Christ are be necessary to do, because it would be adopt the very totalitarian prospectus totally incompatible with the pagan Nazi futile to try to hold a session on Sat upon which Hitler attempted to conquer doctrines. · Under Hitler, Christianity, urday, even if we were to take a recess the world? like its ·founder, was to be nailed to the over Friday. That would mean that we 0 ye men of little faith. 0 ye men cross. Hitler's doctrines of religious and should have to take a recess from tomor who have not confidence in your fellow racial hatreds could not tolerate Christ's row until Monday. In view of the pend citizens; who feel that they must be spirit of peace to men of good will, of ing legislation and the calendar, in driven by the lash to serve their so~s justice, of love for one's fellow men, of cluding the treaty with Mexico and other upon the fighting front. kindness, and of mercy. The teachings matters which will be coming up, I do Mr. President, no testimony has been of Ckristianity about the dignity and in not see how it will be possible for the produced before any committee of either alienable rights of each human soul are Senate to take a recess over the week the Senate or the House which can con t:tterly incompatible with Hitler's doc end. vince anyone· who opens his mind to the trine of the superiority of the Aryans. Mr. MURRAY. Will consideration of realistic facts of the situation that this But, Mr. President, Hitler's scheme for the pending legislation be concluded to- bill is necessary. I have no·hesitation in the destruction of Christianity and the morrow'f r saying that the conference report could enslavement of the world is rapidly ap Mr. BARKLEY. I hope so. I am not not have been agreed to by the House if proaching an ignominious end. certain, however. it had not been for the organiz2d effort During this holy week the news from Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I can which was made to convince Members of the battle fronts of the world indicate state definitely that it will not be, be the House that unless they voted for the that Hitler's dream of the control of cause I plan to speak for 3 hours on the. conference report they would somehow the souls of men will soon be recorded as conference report. or other be going back on the boys at the a complete and ridiculous failure. The Mr. BARKLEY. As former Senator fighting fronts. A reading of the RECORD age-old truths of the Bib.le are proving to Heflin of Alabama used to say, "under of the debate in the House yesterday, be··infinitely stronger than the maniacal them heads" we cannot conclude to when the conference report was adopted ravings of any dictator. morrow. in that body, will indicate the Members Mr. President, the coming Friday will Mr. MURRAY. I appreciate the sit of the House voted for this measute with be Good Friday. On the first Good Fri uation; ~nd I tharik .the able majority the greatest reluctance. bne after an day Christ. died on the cross, an appar leader for his statement. other they rose to declare their inherent ent failure. His own people, misled and Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, let objections to the bill, but to explain that confused by the crafty leaders of His me restate the announcement which I they could not find it in their hearts to time, permitted Him to be condemned made earlier in the day, when I confi vote against it if such a vote should be to death. He· died in ignominy betweeri · dently believed that the Senate would interpreted by a soldier somewhere or a two wretched criminals. So far as reject the conference report. If it is sailor somewhere as meaning that the human eyes could see on that first Good rejected, it will be my purpose to move home front was not behind him. Mr. Friday, Christ was a complete failure. that the Senate .request a resumption of President, I understand that attitude. I Yet we now see that the crucifixion was the conference in order that the bill may can sympathize with Senators who feel the 11ecessary prelude to the glorious be sent bacl{ to a committee of the two that way; but I say to them have faith resurrection on Easter morning. Houses to perfect the legislation. I say in the boys at the-front as well as faith Again the world has been passing that in order that it may be understood in the men and women at home. Have through a period of trial. ·Ever since the at the outset that nothing which I say, faitn in the fundamental principles of advent of Hitler we have been· living and nothing which has been said to me your Government. No Senator who under a dark and foreboding cloud, but by any Senator who is supporting the votes against this bill need stand in the day is approaching when we shall position I take, is to be interpreted as a shame before any man in uniform, for see the end of his threatened pagan dic desire to prevent legislation. he can say to the boys in France or Ger tatorship and witness the reenthtone.; I recognize the desirability of legisla many, to the boys in the tropic islands of ment of justice and religion throughout tion in this situation; but, Mr. President, the Pacific, to the boys on the naval ves the whole earth. I am convinced that the legislation sels that are crushing Japan, "We voted This coming Easter Sunday thousands which has_been ,brought in by the con to send this bill back because we are de upon thousands of soldiers will attend ference committee would not only not termined that the country to which you religious services, and thousands upon serve any beneficial purpose but would will return will b-e as free as the one .you thousands of sailors over the seas will have the effect of introducing confusion left when you went forth to carry the bend their knees and bow their heads in and chaos into the productive activities Stars and Stripes on the battlefield." devout prayer. On Easter Sunday in the of the country, and would threaten to To vote for this bill is to place within churches of the United States millions cut away completely the foundations the power of one man the authority to of our citizens of all creeds will kneel · upon which this free Government of hold the millions of American civilians with bowed heads befote their God and ours stands. in their employment under the unregu pray earnestly for the early overthrow Mr. President, I use no idle words when lated and unstandardized method pre of Nazi paganism and the restorat.ion I say that as I look about this Chamber scribed in the bill, and to tear down the of religious freedom and a peace of jus and see in the niches above the gallery pedestal upon which freedom stands. tice and charity which will again bring the busts of the great Vice Pre.sidents Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, will the hope to the world. who have presided over this body since Senator yield? . Mr. President, plans are tJeing made its formation, beg'inning with John Mr. O'MAHONEY. i yield. in- the Nation for appropriate religious Adams, and Thomas Jefferson, whose Mr. HATCH. The.Senator is express services on Good Friday. At this time birthday we are about to celebrate, I ing. only his own individual opinion in I should like to inquire of the able ma feel that we should be doing violence to that regard: jority leader regarding the state of the every principle for which they stood if Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, I Senate calendar and the possibility of a we were to adopt the conference report. reassert that opinion. I reassert it be recess over Good Friday. Senators rise on the floor of the Sen· cause I am hoping that my words will Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I ap ate and asl:, Have you no confidence in enter the hearts and consciences of all preciate the inquiry of the Senator. I your Govermnent? Have you no con persons whom my voice reaches, and will am sure that he knows that I and all fidence in your President? Have you convince them that, although I am ex- 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2915 pressing only an .opinion, I am expressing Mr. Patterson then said: This is Under Secretary of ·war Patter an opinion which arises from my deep Apd they are working on the midnight son speaking- faith in American institutions, my deep shifts, too, and anybody who wants to get than to see these elderly people, women in confidence in the ability of the people of cynical can get a good /deal of benefit from . the sixties and seventies, out in a plant, Ame:ica to maintain freedom, and my going to those places and seeing the people many working at midnight, having to travel absolute conviction that we may in great that are working there and hearing the rea.;. 35 miles on a bus, working until 8 a. m. in confidence rely upon Americans to carry sons why they are working there. You ask a plant where the working conditions are them if they are worried about their post grimy and'dirty, to say the least. this war to a successful conclusion. war rights, and they just say, "No;. I want Mr President,_I say it is more than an to get those men home." That, Mr. President, is testimony opinion,· because the record stands un based upon the visual observation of the controverted that free Americans have That was the testimony of the Under Under Secretary of War with respect to already demonstrated by their productive Secretary of War with respect to the the patriotic effort of the mothers, fath-· capacity that they will support the fight character of people who have been pro ~rs, brothers, and sisters of the men in ing fronts. The record supports my ducing the munitions of war for the uniform. opinion. United States, for Great Britain, for Rus I continue reading: sia, for France, and for all the other Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, will the. Senator O'MAHONEY. Which situation ae Senator further yield? United Nations. I was struck by that sc·:ibes the condition-- Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield. statement. Secretary PATTERSON. I simply say that Mr. HATCH. I have no objection So, Mr. President, when Under Secre thest ~ people are the salt of the earth, and a whatever to having the Senator from tary of War Patterson appeared before great credit to the Nation. Wyoming make any statement he desires the Senate Committee on Military Af S:mator O'MAHONEY. Sure. to make about his own convictions and fairs, I again brought up the issue. Secretary PATTERSON. And they do not roaf, his own beliefs, but I seriously object There was talk 0f the loafers and slackers they do not come to that plant because they when he attempts to express implications and chiselers: and of the necesr ~ ty of want to loaf. You ask them if they are in:.. about other Senators who have opinions bringing them, somehow or other, into ~erested in a post-war job and they say, the war effort. I wanted to k'1ow wheth I want to bring my boy back." or beliefs different from his own. I think Senator O'MAHONEY. So we have the two er, in the opinion of Under S~cretary of that, as free Americans, each of us has classes of people, the salt of the earth, and a right to make up his own mind. War Fatterson, there had been any those you have just described, those who Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, change with respect to the character of have done this tt'emendous job of production nothing I have said challenges ~ tte right the men, the women, and the children and we talk of the loafers, we talk of the - of the Senator from New Mexieo or any who have been and are now turning· out shysters. other Senator to make up his mind as he cur war rna terials. Secretary PA'l"l'ERSON. The people in' non sees fit. Nothing I have said can possibly I now read from page 48 of the hear essential industry or less essential industry be interpreted as a challenge to the good ings before the Senate Military Affairs are :...ot loafers, the war is too remote, it has Committee on the labor and draft bill. not !Jeen brought home to them. faith of any Senator. If there was any Senator O'MAHONEY. You understand, we such implicat ~on, I withdraw it; I meant Under Secretary of War Patterson said: are talking about two classes in a plant. no such implication. Some charge that there is wasted man First, the salt of the earth whom you spoke Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, will the power in some war plants. I do not dispute of, and second, those who have contributed Senator further yield? it. In an undertaking as vast as this one, to the turn-over. Now are we to understand Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield. there are bound to be cases of waste. But that the great majority of these workers are Mr. HATCH. I thought that was ex General Knudsen will tell you that the effi to be regarded as people who belong to the ciency of labor in war industry, on the aver- . first category, the people who are nobly work a<..tly what the Senator from Wyoming age, is good. ing to bring their boys back and the boys of was dfling. their neighbors, or that the tnajority of Mr. O'MAHONEY. Of course, I was Why were we asking about that sub them belong in the other category, who have not doing anything of the kind, and I ject? We were trying to bring out no concern?· expressly disavow any such purpose. whether the conditions in the war plants S3cretary PATTERSON. The majority of them Mr. President, I say that the demon could be improved by better coordina .. 'are· of the. first class that you mentioned, strable facts are such that I urge all tion, and whether it wou)d be better arid peo~. e who work there steadily. Senators to consider them in forminr: more efficient to ·improve the · syEtem Senator O'MAHONEY. Isn't that· the over their opinions. - which we now have than to adopt the whelming majority? I hold in my hand the hearings before labor draft. The Under Secretary was Secretary PA:rTERSON. Well, it is a good ma acknowledging that there had been waste jority, all right.., The high turn-over rate the House committee. I read tho:: ::: hear sh 1ws that the other class form a substantial ings before the hearings in the Senate and hoarding in the war plants. That element, however. These turn-over people, Committee on Military Affairs took place. was the reason, Mr. President, why the the ones who loaf and quit voluntarily, they I read the testimony of Under Secretary Senate Committee on Military Affairs are not criminals. of War Patterson. I now shall read from wrote into the bill the special provision page 14 of the House committee hear· and I am glad that it has been retained Mr. President, the testimony of Under ings. Under Secretary of War Patterson in the conference report-calling on the· Secretary of War Patterson is to the ef appeared before the House Committee Director of War Mobilization and Recon fect that the great majority of the per on Military Affairs on Wednesday, Janu version to coordinate the work. It was sons who are working in defense plants ary 10, 1945, to make the opening state strange, Mr. President, that it became are not loafers or chiselers or slackers, ment. He was explaining why, in his necessary for Congress to issue amanda but that they are working with their judgment, Congress should enact a bill tory direction to bring about coordina hands, their eyes, and their hearts in which V'OUld reach the slackers, the per tion in the war plants, when the power to order to produce war materials with sons within the draft ages who were not coordinate had existed from the begin which America has crushed, or is about to contributing to the war effort. He was ning. crush, the terrific attempt of tyranny to very careful to make it appear that the Allow .me to proceed with the testi conquer the wor-ld. Old men and old bill he_was supporting did not' in any mony of Under Secretary of War Patter women with fading eyesight are working way or form reflect upon the patriotism son: in these plants. They are the ones who the intelligence, or the industrious effort~ I have been in many war plants, where gave Under Secretary of War Patterson a of the workers in the war industries. He planes, rifles, howitzers are made, where shells thrill. They are the ones, as he clearly said: are turned out, where ammunition is loaded. indicated to us in the committee, who The workers are not loafing. If you could see moved him to his depths, when he saw I have seen lots of grandmothers working them at their tasks, many of them elderly their patriotic effort. in shell-loading plants, and they say, "Well, men and women,-many of them on the mid_. Mr. President, shall we now send forth I have got sons and grandsons fighting in night shift, traveling as far as 50 miles to Europe," or "in the southwest Pacific, and work-working because their sons are in word to the sons of those mothers and that is why I am working in the plant." Europe or in the Pacific-to bring those boys those fathers that the Congress of the back sooner, as they will tell you-you would United States has voted to place shackles Representative SPARKMAN interrupted know that these people are not loafing. . on their hands, and leg irons on their at that point, and said: I have never seen a more moving sight in ankles, in order to hold them to the ma Yes; I have seen that, too. my life- chines? That is what this bill would do. 2916 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH .28 We talk about the morale of the men which are approved by the Director. draft anyone of any age, under the rules who are fighting this war. Shall we send Once one of them takes such a job, he and regulations which he may promul word to them now, Mr. President, and let cannot leave it without the permission of gate. it be published in the European editions the Director. They are absolutely under , Mr. O'MAHONEY. If the Senator will of American newspapers, let it go out his control, so far as I can see. I ask turn to the first page of the conference over the radio, and let it be sent by the the Senator from Wyoming if he can report, and to section 2 (b) clause (4), War Department in the broadcasts which place any different interpretation upon he will see that one of the means pro- · are prepared for the soldiers on the fight it? vided in this measure for the realization ing front, that Congress is being asked Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, the of its purposes is- to do what a free country never before very moment any serviceman is dis By making available, for work in essential was called upon to do, namely, to place charged and seeks employment he comes activities, workers presently employed in ac the power and authority in the hands of under the purview of the bill. If he goes tivities of relative unimportance to the war one man to control, under regulations to work in a facility, in a plant, in a fac effort. - which he shall prescribe, the working tory, on a farm, anywhere, which be Mr. WHEELER. Exactly. activities in every plant, in every factory, comes designated by the Director as es in every facility, and upon every farm, Mr. O'MAHONEY. When that is tak sential to the war effort, then he takes en in connection with paragraph (2) of from which there has been pouring out his place by his brother, by his sister, by the stream of munitions, materials, and his aged grandmother or grandfather, section 5 (a) from which the Senator food to win the war? read, we find the clear purpose of the and can be frozen to the job. bill is to enable the Director to prohibit Can anyone doubt the correctness of Mr. AIKEN. I do not claim that it what I say? Let me read the language employment in one plant for the purpose requires the Director to prohibit him of making those there employed avail of the bill on~e more. This is section 5 from &etting a job-- able for employment in other plants or (a): Mr. O'MAHONEY. Oh, no. SEc. 5. (a) To the extent deemed by. the facilities to which they should be Mr. AIKEN. Or requires the· Director directed. Director to be necessary and appropriate to to freeze him in the job; nevertheless, the carry out tbe purposes and means declared in Director woulri have the absolute power Mr. WHEELER. Exactly. And when section 2 of this act and also for the purpose there is added a provision under which of keeping activities and places of ·employ to do it, so far as I can see, from reading the bill. the Director may make rules and regu- ment essential to the war effort in productive .lations for the recruitment of labor, he operat:on, the Director is authorized, by reg Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. President, could go into the home and say to· a wife, ulation- will the Senator from Wyoming yield? (1) to prescribe employment ceilings in "You are more essential to the war effort· Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield. than to the home,'' and he coulc" hold designated areas, activities, or places. of em Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I am glad the ployment, fixing the maximum number of that it was necessary to recruit individ worl{ers, by age. sex, or occupational qualifi Senator £rom Wyoming answered as he uals, whether they were in nonessential cations, who may be there employed and did. It should be emphasized that.. of industries or wherever they were, or prohibiting the employment of workers be course, the treatment of veterans is no whatever their age might be. yond such maximum number; different from the treatment of anyone (2) to prohibit or regulate the hiring Mr. O'MAHONEY. To be quite frank else. with the Senator, I must say that para rehiring, solicitation, or recruitment of new Mr. O'MAHO:NEY. That is correct. I workers by employers and the acceptance of graphs (1) and (2) of sectioi,l 5 were . may say that I am delighted that the contained in the Senate bill as it was em!Jloyment by workers; and chairman of the conference, our distin (3)- originally reported and as it was passed. guished friend and colleague the able Hear me, Senators, while I read the The purpose was first to enable the Senator from Utah, fought valiantly Director to create employmen· ceilings third power wh:ch is to be placed in the against the labor draft in the conference hands of one man- and thereby to make available workers committee, and before the bill was re and to prohibit employment ·rin· non to prohibit the individuals employed in ported in the Military Affairs Committee designated areas, activities, plants, facilities, essential industries. That purpose, how of the Senate, of which he is-chairman. ever, was directed by the conviction that and farms, which the Director deems are . I cc,mpliment tlle conferees on the aban essential to the war effort, from voluntarily in a great national emergency :t is justi discontinuing such employment unless, in donment uf the labor draft, which came fiable to grant broad powers over the the case of any individual so employed; .the from the House. But they have substi distribution of materials, over the activi Director determines that it is no longer neces tuted, in p1ace ot that draft, not a freeze ties of businesses, over the number of sary in the interest of the war effort for him of the 13· to 45-year-olds, which was persons that may be employed; but now to remain in such employment or that he contained in the bill passed by the House, has a j.:st ifiable reason for leaving such em but a freeze of men, women, and children, there has been added the power to deal ployment. regardless of age or status or residence. with individuals, to which I have deep (b) Whoever willfully violates the pro seated objection. There is a difference visions of any regulation- Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will between human beings and a ton of coal the Senator from Wyoming yield? Not the law, but .. any regulation" that comes out of the ground. Mr. O'MAEONEY. I yield. Mr. WHEELER. I entirely agree with Whoever willfully violates the provis ~ ons of Mr. WHEELER. Section 5 (a) of the any regulation made under subsection (a) the Senator. As I statc1, I know he has shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conference report provides: given a great deal of study to the pro conviction thereof, shall be punished by im Tc the extent deemed by the Director to posed legislation, but it seems to me from prisonment for not more than 12 months be necessary and appropriate to carry out the a cursory, hurried reading of the confer or by a fine not to exceed $10,000, or both. · purposes and means declared in section 2 of this act and also for the purpose of keeping ence report--and I have not had an op Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the activities and places of employment essential portunity to study it because I have been Senator from Wyoming yield? to the war effort in productive operation, the tied up in committee meetings, and have Mr. O'MAHONEY. · I yield. Director is authorized, by regulation- just come to the floor of the Senate Mr. AIKEN. Earlier in the day I asked that there could easily be placed upon To do what? I turn to paragraph (2), the measure as now framed the interpre the Senator from Utah for an interpreta on page 3: tion of the provisions in the proposed act tation that to the extent deemed by the as it would apply to ·discharged service To prohibit or regulate the hiring, rehiring, Director to be necessary to carry out the men or women. The answer I re·ceived solicitation, or recruitment of new workers. purposes of section 2, he may "prohibit did not entirely clear up the matter in If he can make regulations with ref or regulate the hiring, rehiring, solici my mind. I have since read the bill, erence to the recruitment of new work tation, or recruitment' of new workers by and I ask the Senator from Wyoming ers, can he not put into effect a virtual employers.'-' now if this bill can be interpreted in any draft of men for employment? In other Then, in connection with the other other way than that it puts every man words, it seems to me he could put into provision to which the Senator called and woman discharged from the armed effect an interpretation to this effect, attention, it seems to me the language services under the control of the Direc "So many people have to be recruited, could very easily be interpreted in tor of War Mobilization and Reconver-· and I can prescribe the means by which almost any way the Director wanted to sion the inStant they leave the service. they are to be recruited." In other interpret it for the purpose, in effect, of They cannot get jobs except in industries words, he is given the power, in. effect, to drafting anyone he wanted to draft. • 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2917 Mr. O'MAHONEY. May I, in response to provide for making the most effective use it is said that a draft cannot be effected to the Senator, ask him to cast his eyes on of the manpower resources of the Nation- by an interpretationof the bill, I remind these three volumes which I have here And so forth. I skip over some of the the Senator that the bill can be very on my desk. They are parts 9, 10, and language and continue: easily so interpreted. If we grant the 11 of volume 9 of the Federal Register. · ( 4) By making available, for work jn es power to regulate recruitment for th,is They contain the rules and regulations, sential activities, workers presently employed purpose, we give extremely broad power the d.irectives and the orders issued be in activities of relative unimportance to the to say how the recruiting shall be done. tween September 6 and December 30, war effort. How is such labor to be recruited? Those 194.4. They constitute regulations issued That is one of the purposes. The pur charged with the administration of the without public scrutiny; but they dealt pose is to make available for work in law may say that the only way· to re with materials. Now Congress is asked to .essential activities, workers presently cruit labor is to take it from the home, give to one man the power to write an employed in activities of relative unim or anywhere else. ,The Senator cannot other volume of regulations dealing with portance to the war effort. get away from that construction, no mat indi"iduals. Then further on, in section 5 IN THE ARMY the great human family of God. In Thee, Mr. LYNCH asked and was given per TEMPORARY APPOINTMENTS IN THE ARMY OF THE 0 Christ, is the seal and certificate of mission to extend his remarks in the UNITED STATES :victory over the powers of darkn~ss apd RECORD and to include a letter from a To be gen~rals every form of human oppression. marine. Joseph Taggart McNarney How inscrutable is Thy providence; . Mr. BRYSON asked and was given per Omar Nelson Bradley Thy ways are past finding out. We re mission to . extend his remarks in the Carl Spaatz · joice that Thou hast not left us withQUt RECORD and to include a telegram ad George Churchill Kenney a witness. While reason is strong and dressed to the War Production Board. Mark Wayne Clark leads us through many a tangled . web, Walter Krueger Mr .. PATMAN asked and was given Brehon Burke Somervell it does not satisfy; the angel o.f hope permission to extend his remarks in the Jacob Loucks Devers comes in, lifts us into th,e upper .realm, RECORD on three subjects and to include Thomas Troy Hahdy and guides us on our way. .Through certain statements and excerpts. these most anxious times, bestow upon APPOINTMENTS, BY TRANSFER, IN THE REGULAR Mr. DICKSTEIN asked and was given ARMY our President Thy most gracious bless permission to extend his remarks in the First Lt. John William Burtchaell, to Field ing; be Thou with our beloved Speaker, RECORD and to include a poem written by Artillery. our leaders, all Members, all employees, Mrs. Josephine Louise Byrne. First Lt..- Franklin Rogers Sibert, to In and let Thy holy benediction rest upon Mr. RANDOLPH asked and was given fantry . . all our homes. In our Redeemer's name. permission to -extend his remarks in the Second Lt. Edward Joseph Geaney, Jr., to Amen. RECORD and to include editorial com Itifan try. ' The Journal .of the proceedings of yes ment. PROMdTIONS IN THE REGULAR ARMY terday was read and approved. Mr. ROONEY asked and was given George· Joseph Newgarden, Jr., to be colonel, MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE permission to extend his remarks in the Infantry. REcORD and to include remarks by Leo John Forest Goodman, to be colonel, In A message from the Senate, by Mr. Healey. fantry. Frazier, its legislative cJerk, announced Ferdinand Francis Gallagher, to be-colonel, Mr. LANE asked and was given permis Coast Artillery. that the Senate had passed without sion to extend his remarks in · the Ap Elmer Deloss Gay, to be major, Medical amendment a bill and joint resolution of pendix of the RECORD in two instances; Corps. . the House of the followinr titles: in the first to include an editorial ap Gordon G. Bulla, to be major, Medical H. R. 2745. 411 act to amend sP.ctfon ~ of pearing in the Boston Traveler and in Corps. the act entitled "An act to establish standard William Albert Todd, Jr., to be major, Med weights and measures for the District of the second to include an editorial from Ical Corps. Columbia; to define the duties of the the Boston Record. James Bowdoin Stapleton, to be major, Superintendent .of Weights, Measures, and Mr. LUDLOW asked and was given per Medical Corps. Markets of the District of Columbia; and for mission to extend his r.emarks in the Floyd Lawrence Wergeland, to be major, other purposes," approved March 3, 1921: and REcORD and to include- an article by Medical Cotps. H. J. Res.142. Joint resolution providing Booth Tarkington. Robert Stultz Brua, to be major, Medical for the employment of Government em Corps. ployees for· folding speeches and pamphlets, .Mr. WILSON asked and was given per Herbert William Jenkins, to be captain, House of RepresentaUyes. mission to extend his remarks ~n the MEdical Corps. Appendix of th.e RECORD and to include _ Freeman Irby Stephens, to be capt!iln, Med- The message also announced that the an editorial appearing in the Madison ical Corps. · Senate had passed a bill of the following Courier, also an editorial appearing in Seth Overbaugh Craft, to be lieutenant title, in which the concurrence of the the Seymour side by side with her allies. Poland was who during the last war served as Prime even in an Indian ".Vigwam. ~ But, as th~ ·the first nation to defy Hitler. When Minister of the British Empire. record shows, we have received it with the might of Hitler's war machine in No nation that has ever existed in all sufficient hospitality to supply a new vaded Poland, they fought back. In the · the tide of time has contributed more to proof of the old truth that- darkest hour of this World War, the human greatness than has the British Vice is a monster of so frightful mien, Poles never wavered. They stood by Isles, in practically every walk of life. As, to be hated, needs but to be seen; France and England, always eager to That is true not only in literature, where Yet seen too oft, familiar with. her face, fight back the aggressor. When their Shakespeare stands out as the greatest We fir~t endure, then pity, then embrace. country was invaded from the east and of them all, in science, ·where Newton In the hope of moving you to help .ex- west, their soldiers did not surrender, but reigned supreme, or in military leader- trude this linguistic moon-calf from the they fled to other countries and from ship, where Marlborough and Wellington embrace of the House and restore the there they took up arms and carried on rank among the first; but it is especially word lady to the rightful place which the the battle. They have suffered just as true in statesmanship, where Pitt, Wal- term gentlewoman has usurped, your at much as any other country. pole, Burke, and Gladstone have had few tention is invit'ed to a number of authori Now that the defeat of the Nazis is in equals in all the history of manlcind. ties on the question under consideration sight to which Poland has contributed To that great galaxy inust be added in the belief that they will convince you, her share, and the fighting nations are the name of David Lloyd George,- who beyond the shadow of a doubt, that the to meet in a conference to discuss the will take his place along with them, as word gentlewoman should go at once and problems of peace, this gallant ally one of the greatest parliamentary lead- the word lady should promptly return to Poland-has· not been invited. ers of all time. the House to stay. I believe it would be a grave mistake if The SPEAKER. The time of the gen- The New Standard Dictionary's defini- Poland did not have a voice at this Con tl~man from Mississippi has expired. tion of the word lady includes the follow- ference. Being one of the natiops who SPECIAL ORDER ing: fought so hard, she is entitled to a seat ' The SPEAKH"R. Under a previous A refined and well-bred woman; a term of at this gathering'. Poland was a . party ""1 courteous address; a woman of superior post- in the war and she should be a party to order of the House, the gentleman from tion in society: a woman of good family and the peaee conference. Her fate and her West Virginia [Mr. NEELY] is recognized recognized social standing; corresponding to future is at stake. Being a nation of for 40 minutes. a similar use of gentleman. 30,000,000 of fighting and courageous Mr. NEELY. Mr. Speaker- Subject to slight variations in phrase- people, they should have an opportunity New occasions teach new duties, ology, the definiti9ns of the word lady in to -present their views at this meeting. Time n1akes ancient good uncouth. the authoritative Webster's, Century and They should be in attendance to guard They must upward then and onward Oxford dictionaries are all in accord with and protect the welfare of their country. Who would keep abreast of truth. those quoted from· the Standard. They can contribute much to make this By virture of an ancient custom which Murray's New . English Dictionary on Conference a success. I like~se believe long since crystallized into a rule as in- Historical Principles says: that the other small nations shol,lld have flexible as the ·law of the Medes and In modern use lady is the recognized analog representation at this Conference, such Persians, a Member of the House can be or gentleman. as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. . This properly addressed or designated in de- would be a sign of good faith by the· bate or other official proceeding only as Webster's says, among other things, larger powers toward the smaller na the gentleman, for example, from Texas. that lady is the "feminine correlative of tions. It would help the cause of de This custom, of which we have become gentleman.'' mocracy. It would show the oppressed the ludicrous victims, originated in an Other dictionaries ·and grammars and downtrodden people throughout this age in which even the wisest statesmen Without number are to the same effect. troubled world that the Allies want to were as incapable of perceiving that the Authorities, with practical unanimity, see the people enjoy fre~dom and inde-: House would sometime be enriched by define gentlewoman as "a woman of good pendence. We are all hoping that this a great accession of Members of the birth and breeding; • • * a maid war will end all wars. feminine gender as they were impotent of honor; a female.attendant upon a lady But we must not think that defeating to foresee the marvels of the th'.t'illing of rank." our enemies will make them love us. aeronautical days in which ·we live. H. W. Fowler, joint author of both the There will be bitterness and hatred in There are now nine feminine Members of King's English and the Oxford Diction their hearts against all the Allies. Let the House, and unless all encouraging ary, in the 1940 edition of his work en us not make enemies out of those who signs fail, the lady membership will in- titled "Modern English Usage," discusses are now our friends. It will be difficult crease as rapidly in the near future as the words gentlewoman and lady, in sub- to bring about a permanent peace which it has increased in the recent past. . stance, as follows: is the hope and aim of all the Allied Na Both common sense and common cour- '·Gentlewoman" has no sense that does not tions, but at least, let us try to be just tesy demand that when a lady Member of belong to the word "lady," but "lady" has and honest with all nations who are the Congress is designated, the demgna- half a dozen for which "gentlewoman" will sympathetic with us and are waging not serve-for example, the virgin, titled tion be deferentially and accurately ex- woman, wife, beloved, ·woman politely de battle in our cause·. This will help con pressed in language as pure and modern scribed. siderably to bring about harmony and as the object to which it refers. Mani- understanding which is so necessary, to festly it will neither make sense, nor in,. Professor Fowler further says of the attain the object for which we are fight dicate sanity, for one to say "the gentle- word "gentlewoman": ing this war, which is a permanent, just, man from California, or Connecticut, or It is, ·however, an old-fashioned 1! not and lasting peace. Illinois," in speaking of a lady Member quite archaic word, anQ. as such tends to be degraded by facetious use, and to have as DAVID LLOYD GEORGTI of the House from one of these States. sociated with it constant epithets, of which Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask For an indefinite period after a lady some are derisive, as ancient, decayed, inno unanimous consent to address the House first became a Member of this body, she cent. for 1 minute and to revise and extend my was habitually addressed as "the lady Dr. Frank H. Vizetelly, manag'ing edi remarks. from Montana." Later, but nobody tor of the New Standard 'Dictionary and The SPEAKER. Is there objection to knows when; some place, but nobody its abri<;Igments, is generally considered the request of the gentleman from Mis knows where; someone, but nobody an outstanding American authority on . sissippi? knows who, said that feminine Members the correct use of language. In his There was no objection. of the House should be designated not as booklet entitled "Slips of Speech" he Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker; liberty ladies but as gentlewomen. Thus was says of the word "gentlewoman": loving people everywhere have learned launched to our doorstep an antiquated, This hom.ely term, which describes women with profound sorrow of the passing of un-American barbarism which should of gentle manners and kindly bearing, has David Lloyd George, the great Welshman, not be tolerated in the twentieth century been appropriated by persons who do not 2922 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 28 underatand the full significanc-e of "gentle nf inconceivable quantities of paper State? In~ little while he started back woman" as suggested by Tennyson 1n his that will be required to carry the mil... to the place from which he had come in famous llnes: ' lions of repetitions of the seven addi 1tn old covered wagon which bore the "Kind hearts are more than coronets, tional letters used in proclaiming the legend: And simple faitb tban Norman blood.'' · .notorious perversion of truth that the Farewell- In general, those who need to pro~laim word "gentlewoman,.. is the app: opriate themselves "gentlewomen" are not lnvanably -designation of a lady Member of the Naming the State- far from being such, and are more closely House. ! bid you adieu. I may go to --, but 1'11 allied to their sisters across the -sea who never come back to you. declare "'' am a perfect lady, -and don•t care Should we persist in the erroneous use whO knows it." of "gentlewoman.'' its bad example The term "lady" is a fundamental part would doubtless, sooner or later, be fol of the literature of the world. Ever,since In the 1ast edition of Quackenbos' lowed by the newspapers and the public Practical Rhetoric, under the caption the day it appeared as the third word of to an extent that would definitely in the ancient Babylonian "Prayer to Istar, -''"Everyday barbarisms, sol-ecisms, and in crease the inexactitude of the Nation's ~1egances," the following appears: Lady of Heaven" to this hour, it has been coiiU)oSition and hinder the progress of used as a refined and complimentary des The title "lady,. eventually came to lmply its education. If you doubt that pro ignation of woman. In every State in the rank. Then the wom~n of England generally priety and accuracy of expression are Union it is a household word, which no assumed it, rejecting that of -gentlewqman, highly important factors in the educa for which Ruskin says he "does not ~lame one is too illiterate to understand. '"" them, provided they claim not merely the tional equation, please remember. that On the other hand, it may well be title, but the office and Q.uty signified by 1t., the famous · scholar and teacher, Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, of Columbia doubted whether one American in a · Tilustrations without number could be University, says: thousand ever saw the term "gentle cited to support the assertion that all woman" in a newspaper or magazine First among .the evidences of an education before the word was countenanced by great American and all great British I name correctness and precision in the use :authors and statesmen, in referring to of the mother tongue. · Members of the House. In all probabil women of attainments such as feminine ity, not one in a thousand ever heard Members of the C'lllgress are -presumed Another point in favor Df our adopting the word pronounced except in the read to possess, have without exception des a rule that will bar the further use of ing of some ancient composition, or in ignated them as "ladies." Much more "gentlewoman" in sp~ing of our femi the presentation of some ancient theatrt than a casual investigation has con nine Members is found in the fact that cal production until after the House had, this House is today the only national Vince me that such masters of tb~ fine from the grave of this long-buried ar art of current expression as Shakespeare, parliamentary body in the entire world chaism, unfortunately "rolled the stone Milton, Dickens, Emerson, Longfellow, in which its lady members are designated away." Whittier, Jefierson, Lincoln, and Wood as "gentlewomen." The following are a In a humorous essay entitled "English row Wilson habitually designated· a per few examples of the basis of the preced as She Is Taught," the inimitable ·Mark ing assertion : Twain sets forth a rare collection of son of the feminine gender in the cir In the Canadian House of Commons a ~umstance_s of our cAse as a lady. school children's answers to examina Herbert Spencer, in his masterful es..:. lady member is called the honorable tion questions. One of these is as fol member without any indication of her lows: say on the Philosophy of Style, says that sex-see Canadian House of Commons language is the vehicle of thought and Congress is divided into civilized, half civi .Debates, 1943-44, pages 4330, 5440. lized. and savage. that in carrying out the metaphor In the British House of Commons a "there seems reason to think that in an lady member, without .a title of nobility:, Let us not, by continuing to ot!end the cases the friction and inertia of the ve is designated as "honorable lady" or "no eyes and assault the ears of the people. hicle deduct from its emctency; ahd ble lady"-Parliamentary Debates, vol of an educated Nation with an intoler that in composition~ the chief, if not the ume 400, pages 423, 2167. . able barbarism, justify the little one's sole thing to be done~ is to reduce this In Australia a lady member of Parlia b0lief that some Members of t.he Con friction and iriertia to the smallest pos ment is designated as "the honoFable gress are either half civilized or savage. si1"~le amount.~• Mr. Spencer then points · lady,-Parliamentary Debates, 1943-44. Let me entreat you to urge your out that economy of the r-ecipient's at page 71. ' tention is the effect among other things, friends who are members of the Com In the House of Assembly of the Union mittee on Rules promptly and favor ·of the "right choice and collocation of of Snuth Africa a feminine member is ·wc,rds, * • * and the rhythmical ably to act on my proposal to amend designated as "the honorabl~ member" the rules so that the-House may have an se11uence of syllables.". House Debates, 1944, page 259. .Opportunity to purge itself of the crime ' It is contended that to use "gentle In the Parliament of New Zealand a of deliberately misusing and willfully woman" as a substitute for the app:~;o lady member is mentioned as "the hon abusing the English language. pnate word ~lad~' flagrantly violates orable member"-Parliamentary De Thomas Jefferson spent a large part every law of economy in addition to vio bate~ 1939, volume 254. page 349. lating· all the Iawr of propriety in the of 4 years of his illustrious and busy life Please note that the word "gentle in formulating rules to assure dignified choice of words. Four Iet.ters ~re r-e woman" is simply a combination of the quired to ·spell "lady." Eleven are re,. and orderly procedure in the Senate and words "'gentle., and "woman." Accord the House. . quired to spell "gentlewoman." Hence ing to the dictionary, "gentle" means one must expend a hundred seventy-five Will you not devote a little of your "tame, docile, amenable to training, as time to the task of translating into real percent more thought, time, an? energy a hound." What would the country 1n speaking or writing the word "gentle ity my amendment, which is design~d so think of us; what would our lady col to modernize one of these rules that the woman" than it is necessary to expend leagues think of us; what would we think in speaking or writing the word "lady." word "gentlewoman" may once more be -of ourselves if we should substitute the buried-and buried, let us hope, with A coextensive additional burden is im synonymous words "tame" and "docHe'' posed upon the reader or hearer in or .. such finality that the body will never be for "gentle." and in debate refer to a resurrected. der to comprehend the meaning of the lady Member as "The tame woman," or longer of these words. The reporter of "The docile woman from such-or-such a If we all join in this undertaking and debates, the typesetter_, the :proofreader, State"? , our efforts are crowned with success, we &11 uselessly bear an expensive burden If we were to adopt this custom, which may rest assured that a feminine Mem every time they are compelled to desig would be no more barbarous than the ber of the House will thereafter be regu nate a lady by the . use o! the word one against which we are protesting, how larly designated by a word so fitly spoken "gentlewoman." long WQuld it be until the last glam:orous that it will be after the similitude of . The Government not only pays for all Membet' of the House would indignantly apples of gold in pictures of silver. the time thus wasted, but it also suffers leave here with a sentiment in her heart The.SPEAKER pro tempore :..