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Iechinihl Conservation Plan.Indd INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION SUBJECT PROPERTY: Iechinihl (Glenlyon Norfolk School) CIVIC ADDRESS: 1701 Beach Drive, Oak Bay, British Columbia ORIGINAL OWNER AND ARCHITECT: Francis Mawson Rattenbury CONSTRUCTION DATE:1898-99; additions to the estate until 1914 Iechinihl was the waterfront estate property of one of British Columbia’s most prominent architects, Francis Mawson Rattenbury. After the house was completed in 1899, Rattenbury continued to add to the house and develop the property, resulting in what was considered one of the most gracious homes in Victoria. In 1935, the house was acquired for use as a private school, which has continued until the present. The classroom structures that have been added over time are now showing signs of age and suit their functions poorly; the later structures on the site are proposed for complete replacement. Three original structures remain that were part of the Rattenbury estate: the House; the Coach House; and the Boat House. These three structures will be conserved as part of the redevelopment of the property, which is a designated municipal heritage site. DONALD LUXTON AND ASSOCIATES INC. | MAY 2015 1 DONALD LUXTON & ASSOCIATES 2.0 HISTORIC CONTEXT Francis Rattenbury’s work as an architect, and his personal life, been thoroughly covered in many publications. The following is abridged from Terry Reksten’s personal biography and Rhodri Windsor’s Liscombe’s account of his career in Building the West: The Early Architects of British Columbia. Francis Rattenbury dominated the architectural profession in British Columbia by virtue of his practical expertise and effective manipulation of Imperial symbolism. He was adept at the rich rendering idiom favoured in this period — he won a national competition when articling — and astute in the deployment of a broad vocabulary of historical styles. Those talents enabled Rattenbury quickly to supplant the previous generation of immigrant architects to the coast, whose patronage from the Canadian Pacific Railway he would soon seize. For Rattenbury appreciated the tenor of late Imperial culture, especially resonant in the still barely developed colony: a mixture of crude expansionism, evident in the dismissive attitude to indigenous architecture he shared with most of his contemporaries, and a desire to monumentalize those more idealistic societal aspirations then encapsulated in the term “civilization.” Rattenbury A young Francis Mawson Rattenbury had the professional knowledge and technical [City of Victoria Archives] confidence to realize the grander scale and stylistic allusion that could fabricate metropolitan civic 2.1 FRANCIS MAWSON RATTENBURY scenery. Has it ever been your good fortune, gentle reader, Born in Leeds, Yorkshire in 1867, his paternal to enter the harbour of Victoria, British Columbia, grandfather was a Methodist minister, famous for on a summer’s afternoon or evening? If you have the intensity of his religious fervour; his father was seen this you must have been impressed, as has a would-be painter and something of a dreamer. everyone else, with what is unanimously declared And so it fell to his mother’s family to nurture his to be one of the most strikingly beautiful spots to be interest in architecture. After spending a few terms at found in the whole world, and you will be interested, Yorkshire College, he joined his uncles, William and therefore, in learning that the subject of this sketch, Richard Mawson, in their successful architectural Francis Mawson Rattenbury, more than anyone else practice in Bradford. contributed to such splendid achievement in civic development. [Howay, F.W. and E.O.S. Schofield. His initiative, not unlike the flamboyance of his British Columbia: From the Earliest Times to the architecture, derived from careful calculation. Present, 1914, Vol. III, p.705.] Through personal acquaintance and reading about Canada, he recognized the potential for development ensured by the transcontinental 2 GLENLYON NORFOLK SCHOOL: IECHINIHL | CONSERVATION PLAN HISTORIC CONTEXT railway and immigration. He journeyed westward throughout the Boundary country and the Kootenays, along the “thin Red Line” acting as the agent of and the province’s timber displays had attracted Yorkshire entrepreneurs for whom he had designed much attention at the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair. buildings and who were attracted by the rising The existing provincial government buildings, the real estate market of Vancouver. He was only much-derided “Birdcages,” were now considered twenty-five when he arrived in British Columbia woefully inadequate, and nowhere near pretentious in 1892. Initially obtaining little work, Rattenbury enough as a symbol of the province’s increasing entered the international competition for a new prominence. Notice of an anonymous competition provincial legislature at Victoria. His winning scheme was given on June 16, 1892, and by the time it closed combined an intelligent cross-axial plan with an on September 30, sixty-two contenders had entered. impressive facade that scenically blended the latest Nineteen individuals or teams from British Columbia phase of transatlantic eclecticism. The Free Classic entered, sometimes with more than one scheme, and style recalled both the medieval association of the remaining entries came from Eastern Canada parliamentary democracy and recent institutional and the United States. Five designs were chosen as design in Britain while also alluding to the finalists, including two local architects, T.C. Sorby Richardsonian Romanesque popularly regarded as and F.M. Rattenbury, then a rank twenty-five year old the idiom of progressive North America. Inevitably, newcomer. After the submission of refined schemes, construction of such unprecedented size inflated in March of 1893 Rattenbury’s “Free Classical” design costs and exposed deficiencies in the local building was chosen as the winner. This was a stinging blow industry heightened by Rattenbury’s commendable to the more established architects, and it ignited insistence on the use of local stone and on high personal rivalries that would dog Rattenbury for the quality craftsmanship. Rattenbury compounded rest of his career. Called “a building which should the situation by his somewhat arrogant assertion of furnish a theatre for the great deeds of legislators and superior competence, but succeeded in creating an administrators unborn,” it was criticized by many as edifice worthy of the province’s future promise. an outrageous extravagance. Over time, however, Rattenbury’s design has come to be recognized The First World War heralded the collapse of the as British Columbia’s finest example of Victorian Imperial investment and attitudes upon which architecture. As a direct result of this winning the Rattenbury’s B.C. career had depended. A nostalgic competition, Rattenbury moved to Victoria early in historicism unites the Crystal Gardens, 1921-25, and 1893. the second Steamship Terminal of 1923-24, both undertaken in partnership with P.L. James for the This huge commission gave the entrepreneurial CPR. The Terminal, from which Rattenbury began Rattenbury sufficient financial resources to establish his last journey back to Britain in 1929, has survived himself in a number of business ventures. This was to become, along with the Empress Hotel and the the time of the Klondike Gold Rush, and thousands Parliament Buildings, icons of Victoria. were pouring through Victoria on their way north. Some, much shrewder, looked to ways to exploit After his arrival in Canada, Rattenbury spent only a business opportunities that would support the brief time in Vancouver. He set up his office in the activities of the gold seekers, and ultimately support Holland Block in June 1892. Despite the uncertain northern development. It was expected that the gold economic prospects in 1892, few appeared willing rush would usher in a long, steady period of new to give up the optimistic dream of unlimited western growth based on mineral extraction. Those who could expansion. In one year, between 1891 and 1892, provide water transportation to the goldfields would the number of architects advertising in the Williams make a fortune. Rattenbury clearly saw the potential B.C. Directory almost doubled, from twenty-six to in providing transportation in the Yukon, especially in forty-six. Great deposits of minerals were found moving miners and provisions, for a substantial price, DONALD LUXTON AND ASSOCIATES INC. | MAY 2015 3 DONALD LUXTON & ASSOCIATES Shops and Offices, Chapel Lane, Bradford, England, F. M. Rattenbury, Architect, Vancouver, B.C. [Canadian Architect and Builder, March 1893, Vol. 6, No. 3] 4 GLENLYON NORFOLK SCHOOL: IECHINIHL | CONSERVATION PLAN HISTORIC CONTEXT Competition Design for New Government Buildings, Victoria, F. M. Rattenbury, Architect, Vancouver [Canadian Architect and Builder, March 1890, Vol. 6, No. 5] from the end of the Chilkoot Pass, across Lake Bennett Rattenbury and his party made it over the Chilkoot to the Yukon River and on to Dawson. When the new during relatively good weather, and he wrote back Parliament Buildings were opened on February 10, an account of their travels to the Victoria Colonist, 1898 with great pomp and ceremony, the architect comparing it to a brisk walk, and boasting that he had was notable by his absence. He was in London not seen a single mosquito, statements at complete seeking financial backing for his Bennett Lake & odds with every other account. His BL&KNC had also Klondike Navigation Company (BL&KNC). Under acquired a charter to build a light railway that would great secrecy three prefabricated boats were ordered avoid the dangers of the Miles Canyon rapids, and and shipped north, where they were assembled, Rattenbury decided to accompany the surveyors as suddenly appearing on Lake Bennett to everyone’s they laid out the route. After rowing most of the first great surprise. To counter the gruesome stories of day, the party stopped to make camp, and Rattenbury, hardship on the Chilkoot Pass, Rattenbury decided to with painful water blisters on his hands, had to drink head to the North himself. Married on June 18, 1898, his tea without milk.
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