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Retrospective Summer Retrospective Summer 2013 WILLIAM I OPERATION BAGRATION GARIBALDI FELIX DZERZHINSKY THE PATRIOTS GHENGHIS KHAN THINK YOU’RE A HISTORY GENIUS? THINK YOU’RE BRITAIN’S YOUNG HISTORIAN OF THE YEAR 2013? Prove it! Enter the History Department’s essay writing competitions. You Can Chose One Of The Following Topics: 1) Any aspect of British involvement in the Second World War. (KS3 & GCSE/A Level categories) 2) Any aspect of the First World War (KS3 only) 3) Work on any local history theme (KS3 and A Level) What Should My Question Be? Formulate a question which begins with the following stems: How important was....? To what extent did....? How significant was...? How successful was...? CLOSING DATE: MONDAY 15TH JULY 2013. CONTENTS Foreword from Editors 4 William I 5 Genghis Khan 6 The Papacy 7 Operation Bagration 8 WW1 German Domestic Life 9 The Patriots 10 Felix Dzerzhinsky 11 Garibaldi 12-13 The Labour Party 14 Fact File: Rasputin 15 Wilson’s History: Stan Alfert 17-18 interview Can you help? If you’d like to help Wilson’s Retrospective with writing articles, please contact us at: [email protected] OR [email protected] The job of the historian is to scrupulously investigate, examine and to analyse the available evidence. Only when these processes are honoured is it possible for their conclusions to emerge. But is this really the case? Do the historian’s own subconscious political beliefs and moralistic allegiances have any impact upon their line of argument? The whole concept of historiography has been a compelling subject for centuries, as it represents and defines how the historian should propagate their discipline. The historians of Wilson’s Retrospective have exhaustively studied their subjects, and have crafted their conclusions according to their own beliefs of how history should be created. In this issue: Sean Richardson asks why Garibaldi was able to unify Italy and achieve celebrity status; Sam Barber probes the significance of Felix Dzerzhinsky in the operation of the Cheka; Andrew McDonald discusses the issue of William I's England after 1066, Jack Seal delves into the success of the Patriots and Jack Nicholls analyses the significance of Operation Bagration. There are also regular features, such as “The Fact File” and “Wilson’s History” which, for this issue, includes an interview with an old Wilsonian. We hope you enjoy your read. Louis D'Costa and Benjamin Flook Editors of Wilson’s Retrospective 4 MEDIEVAL HISTORY Whatever Happened to William I ? By: Andrew McDonald William I, illegitimate son of Robert William repulsed the Danes but, I, is potentially the most famous almost immediately, an English English Monarch. It is astonishing uprising started in Staffordshire. how a bastard son, who inherited Tired of constantly suppressing the perpetually contested title of English rebels, he ravaged all 'Duke of Normandy' in 1035 aged towns and fields between York and only seven, managed to secure Durham, incurring a famine before his position in Normandy against William's troops captured Chester assassination plots and uprisings, in 1070. This violent oppression but also to conquer England in between 1069 and 1070 became 1066. But, what happened next? known as 'The Harrowing of the Anticipating an invasion from Did the English welcome their new North' and epitomised William's King Cnut of Denmark, William King with open arms? The con- aptitude as a military leader and returned to England. Whilst wait- ventional interpretation is that im- his ruthless, brutal stance on those ing for the invasion, William com- who challenged his Kingship. mediately after the arrow pierced missioned a meticulous survey Harold's eye at Hastings, England On his return to Normandy, William of all land and wealth in England: was peaceful and prosperous and conquered Maine in 1073. 'The Domesday Book.' It noted accepted William as it magisterial However, in England, the Earl of every settlement in England in- King. Northumbria and the Earl of Nor- cluding Sutton and Wallington folk conspired against him; Geof- known as 'Sudtone' and Yet William returned immediately frey of Countances, a close friend 'Waleton.' Interestingly, Walling- to Normandy in 1067. Far from of William, commanded the fight ton was part of the land which peace, in England the full force of against the uprising. William himself owned. English resentment to their new Consequently, the rebels had their elites was illustrated with rebel- William’s final battle was against right feet cut off and, on William's lions in Kent, Hertfordshire and King Philip of France in France in return in 1076, had the Earl of the North, all of which were 1087. Their hostility began after Northumbria executed. crushed by William when he re- William heard that the King de- turned the same year. In 1068 an William had issues within his own scribed him as “looking like a insurrection led by Harold's sons family. In 1077 Robert of Curthose, pregnant woman” since William was repressed at Exeter. Far from William's eldest son, suggested had become very fat. In re- the harmonious nation united un- that he should become Duke of sponse, William attacked the der their new Monarch, these re- Normandy to which William re- King's territory and, in August, bellions represented the hostility fused. In response, Robert at- captured Mantes. After his victory to which the people of England felt tempted to siege Rouen. The fail- William fell off his horse and died towards their new aristocratic elite. ure of this campaign ensured he from internal injuries. William re- fled to Gerberoi in North-East quested that Robert Curthose Raids in 1069 led by King Sweyn France. Despite an attack by Wil- was to be made Duke of Nor- of Denmark, who vied for the Eng- liam on Robert in 1080, persuasion mandy and William Rufus, an- lish Crown, saw the Danish fleet from William's wife Matilda of Flan- other of his sons, was to succeed sail into the River Humber and ders ended their bitter feud. burn down the City of York. him as King of England. William On his return to France in 1083, died on September 9 1087 and William suppressed an uprising led was buried in the priory of St. by Hubert de Beaumont. Gervase in Normandy. 5 Uniting the Mongols: The Story Behind Genghis Khan’s Rise to Power. By: Nicholas Page However, on a food raid, Temujin was captured by the Tayichi'ud, a former ally of his father. It was during his time as a prisoner that he met his first followers. First, the son of the guard who eventually let him free and second, Bo'orchu and Jelme, both of which would even- tually become generals in Genghis Khan’s army. It was from this small group of followers that Temujin was able to start on his quest to make one Mongol tribe. In the early 13th Century, Mongolia was made up of 5 main confederations: the Naimans, Merkits, Tartars, Khamag Mongols and Keraits. All of these tribes were unfriendly towards each other and it was rare that there was a time when no fighting was tak- ing place. Temujin’s first ally was Toghrul Khan, leader of the Kereit and it is ru- Born with the name Te- moured that Temujin became a vassal (someone who offers their sup- port in return for certain privileges). This relationship was enforced mujin and as the son of the when Temujin’s wife, Börte, was captured by the Merkits. Temujin Khan of the Borjigin clan, asked Toghrul for help and was given 20,000 Kerait warriors, as well Genghis Khan is rumoured as the help of his childhood friend Jamukha who now also led a small to have been born grasping clan. With this force, he was able to entirely wipe out the threat of the a blood clot in his hand. Merkits and Börte was returned to him. After this victory, Temujin’s This was a traditional sign secret tactic became clear, as he took in everyone from the Merkit that the baby would grow tribe left living and integrated them into his own tribe. Not only did this up to be a great and power- inspire a great loyalty within his tribe, it also meant that Temujin and ful leader. Despite being his tribe grew stronger with each victory. born into a powerful family, However, the next threat to Temujin was from an unexpected source. Temujin did not have an After defeating Toghrul’s son in response to a threat on his life, Temu- easy childhood as, at the jin then faced Toghrul, Jamukha and the Keraits in battle. Temujin age of nine, his father won but was helped by an internal dispute between Toghrul and Yesügei was killed by Tar- Jamukha, as well as the desertion of some of Toghrul’s allies to Te- tars, another tribe who were mujin’s army. Although Toghrul was killed, Jamukha managed to es- enemies of the Mongols, cape but would meet Temujin again in battle. This battle also led to after delivering him to the the collapse of the Kerait tribe and the survivors were integrated into Onggirat clan where he Temujin’s quickly growing army. would meet his wife, Börte. The defeat of the Kerait tribe left only one major threat to Temujin and Temujin returned back to his aim of uniting all of the Mongol tribes. This was the Naimans, who the Borjigin clan to take also had Jamukha and his supporters in their ranks after he had control of his tribe but, after sought refuge with them. Unlike most tribes, the Naimans did not sur- deciding that they would not render themselves to Temujin and his forces.
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