Glynceiriog Uplands
An Archaeological Survey
Richard Hayman and Wendy Horton
for RCAHM Wales December 2014
Richard Hayman & Wendy Horton Archaeological & Historic Buildings Consultants Mount Pleasant, Harmer Hill, Shrewsbury SY4 3EA 01939 291974 Crynodeb
Cafodd arolwg archaeolegol ucheldir Glynceiriog ei gynnal yn ystod haf a hydref 2014. Rhyw 26 cilometr sgwâr o weundir wedi’i amgáu oedd ardal yr arolwg, ar ochr ddwyreiniol Mynydd y Berwyn, a hynny i’r gorllewin ac i’r gogledd o bentref Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog. Mae mwy na 23 cilometr sgwâr o ardal yr arolwg uwchlaw’r cyfuchlin 450 metr ac ar y cyfan mae’n dirlun tonnog o rug a rhedyn, a dyffrynnoedd serth afon Ceiriog a’i llednentydd yn ei chroesi. Cafodd yr arolwg ei gynnal drwy gerdded trawsluniau rheolaidd o 30 metr, a’r nod oedd dod o hyd i safleoedd o bob cyfnod. Cafodd cyfanswm o 478 o safleoedd ei gofnodi, 15 ohonyn nhw wedi’u cofnodi o’r blaen yn y Cofnod Henebion Cenedlaethol.
Gwelwyd wyth safle o’r Oes Efydd, sef pump o garneddi a phum maen hir. Mae’n ymddangos bod y mwyafrif o’r rhain yn gysylltiedig â llwybrau ar draws y Berwyn rhwng dyffryn Ceiriog a dyffryn Dyfrdwy. Wedyn cafodd gwersyll gorymdeithio Rhufeinig ei sefydlu ym Mhenplaenau wrth ochr un o’r llwybrau ar draws y mynydd yn nhrydydd chwarter y ganrif gyntaf OC. Gallai darnau bach o drac gerllaw fod yn gyfoes â’r gwersyll Rhufeinig, ond fel arall mae’n debyg bod y trac presennol ar draws y mynydd yn dyddio o’r cyfnod canoloesol. Cafwyd clwstwr o safleoedd o’r Oes Haearn uwchben Nantyr, sef pedwar llwyfan cytiau a seiliau dau gylch o gytiau.
Ychydig yn unig o dystiolaeth a welwyd o anheddu ar ôl yr oesoedd canol, yn bennaf am fod y tir yn agored ac anaddas ar gyfer aneddiadau. Cafodd un hafoty posibl ei weld, ond fel arall mae safleoedd aneddiadau wedi’u cyfyngu i’r dyffrynnoedd cysgodol. Hen gorlannau yn bennaf yw’r dystiolaeth o reoli da byw, a’r rheiny wedi’u hamgylchynu gan gloddiau yn hytrach na waliau. Erbyn y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg roedd y tir uchel yn perthyn i sawl ystâd fawr. Cofnodwyd nifer o gerrig terfyn ystadau, y mwyafrif yn perthyn yn ôl pob tebyg i ddiwedd y ddeunawfed ganrif neu ddechrau’r ganrif wedyn.
Yn y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg cafodd campau’r maes eu datblygu, gan barhau yn yr ugeinfed ganrif. Safleoedd saethu grugieir, wedi’u codi â cherrig, a blychau saethu tebygol yw’r safleoedd cynharaf. Yn yr ugeinfed ganrif, cafodd llinellau o safleoedd saethu grugieir, ar ffurf pantiau yn y pridd, eu palu ar y tir uchel. Cafodd llinellau o fannau saethu eu hychwanegu wedyn, sef pyst coed ag estyll wedi’u hoelio arnynt. Creiriau yw’r cyfan o’r rhain erbyn hyn.
Mae’r adroddiad yn gorffen gydag argymhellion ar gyfer gwaith cofnodi ac ymchwil at y dyfodol.
Summary
The Glynceiriog uplands archaeology survey was undertaken in the summer and autumn of 2014. The survey area comprises approximately 26 square kilometres of enclosed moorland on the east side of the Berwyn Mountain range in North Wales, to the west and north of Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog village. Over 23 square kilometres of the survey area lies above the 450-metre contour and is mostly an undulating landscape of heather and bracken, crossed by the steep-sided valleys of the Ceiriog river and its tributaries. The survey was conducted by walking regular 30-metre transects and aimed to identify sites of all periods. A total of 478 sites was recorded, 15 of which had been recorded previously in the National Monuments Record.
Eight Bronze Age sites were discovered, of which five are cairns and three are standing stones. Most of them seem to be associated with routes across the Berwyns between the Ceiriog and Dee valleys. Subsequently a Roman marching camp was established at Pen Plaenau beside one of these cross-mountain routes in the third quarter of the first century AD. Short fragments of track in the vicinity may be contemporary with the Roman camp, but otherwise the present track across the mountain is probably of medieval origin. A cluster of Iron Age sites was found above Nantyr, in the form of four hut platforms and the footings of two hut circles.
Little evidence of medieval and post-medieval settlement was found, largely because the terrain is open and ill-suited to habitation. One upland farmstead, or possible hafotty, was identified, but otherwise settlement sites are confined to the sheltered valleys. Evidence of livestock management is found mainly in the form of relict enclosures, defined by banks rather than walls. By the nineteenth century the uplands were in the ownership of several large estates. Numerous estate boundary stones were recorded, the majority of them probably of the late-eighteenth or early- nineteenth century.
Field sports developed in the nineteenth century and continued into the twentieth. The earliest sites are stone-built grouse butts and probable shooting boxes. In the twentieth century lines of grouse butts, in the form of earthen pits, were dug on the high ground. Later they were augmented by lines of shooting stands, in the form of planks nailed to wooden posts. All of them are now relict.
The report concludes with recommendations for future recording and research.
Glynceiriog Uplands An Uplands Initiative Archaeological Survey
Richard Hayman & Wendy Horton
© Crown Copyright, 2014
Contents
1.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………. 1 2.0 Methodology ……………………………………………………. 1 3.0 Results of Survey ………………………………………………. 2 3.1 Routes across the mountains ……………………….. 4 3.2 Bronze Age Sites ……………………….. 6 3.3 Iron Age Settlement ………………….….. 9 3.4 Roman Sites ………………….….. 10 3.5 Medieval and Post-medieval Settlement …...……………... 13 3.6 Upland farming from Medieval to Modern times ……………….. 15 3.7 Recreational Sites ……………………….…………………….. 19 3.8 Summary and statement of significance …….….………… . 22 3.9 Use of aerial mapping ………………….………… . 23 4.0 Recommendations ……………………………………………. 24 5.0 References ……………………………………………………. 27 5.1 Cartographic sources …..………………... 27 5.2 Printed sources ………………….……………………….. 27 Appendix 1: Table of sites by Period, Altitude and Type ……………. 31
List of tables
Table 1 Sites grouped by contour ……………………………………… 3 Table 2 Sites grouped by period ………………………………………. 3 Table 3 Sites grouped by Broad class …………………………………. 4 Table 4 Sites to be appended to Ordnance Survey mapping ……………. 26
List of figures
Figure 1 Location plan …………………………………………….. 2 Figure 2 Cairn on Mynydd Tarw (nprn 295286) ……………………. 5 Figure 3 Structure on top of Mynydd Tarw Cairn (nprn 295286) …….. 5 Figure 4 Cairn above Cwm Maen Gwynedd (nprn 306809) ………... 7 Figure 5 Cairn on Pen Plaenau (nprn 306804) …………..…………… 7 Figure 6 Cist of cairn on Pen Plaenau (nprn 306804) ………..……… 7 Figure 7 Standing stone on Pen Plaenau (nprn 309942) ……………… 8 Figure 8 Standing stone on Pen Plaenau (nprn 539171) ….……………. 8 Figure 9 Stone setting on Pen Plaenau (nprn 539172) ………….. 9 Figure 10 Hut circle, Bryn Du (nprn 539387) …………………………….. 10 Figure 11 Hut circle, Bryn Du (nprn 539371) …………………..…….. 10 Figure 12 Pen Plaenau marching camp (nprn 308852) ………………. 11 Figure 13 Ditch (nprn 539206) East of Pen Plaenau camp ………………. 12 Figure 14 Long hut on Graig Fawr (nprn 539274) ………………….. 12 Figure 15 Swch Cae Rhiw farm buildings (nprn 539438, 539439) ……… 13 Figure 16 Rhydwilym (nprn 539219) ………………………………… 14 Figure 17 Cow shed and yard on the Nantyr Estate (nprn 539149) …….. 14 Figure 18 Sheepfold beside Nant Cwm Geifr (nprn 539019) ……………. 15 Figure 19 Small boundary stone on Y Fawnen (nprn 539269) …………… 16 Figure 20 Engraved estate boundary stones (nprn 539158, 539308) …… 17 Figure 21 Bank and ditch on Cerrig Duon (nprn 539086) ………………. 17 Figure 22 Stones (nprn 539082, 539328) with drill holes for wire ………. 18 Figure 23 Boulder (nprn 539420) on a field bank at Maengwyn ……… 18 Figure 24 Base of Biddulph Tower (nprn 539070) …………………… 20 Figure 25 Grouse butt on Graig Fawr (nprn 539281) ………………. 20 Figure 26 Shooting stand (nprn 539146) in memory of James Darlington .. 21 Figure 27 Memorial inscription to James Darlington (nprn 539146) .……. 21 Figure 28 Grouse butt (nprn 539166) on Pen Plaenau …………………. 22 Figure 29 Shooting box (nprn 539155), Pen Bwlch Llandrillo ……………. 22 Figure 30 Archaeological sites on Bryn Du …………………………….. 24 Figure 31 Archaeological sites in the vicinity of Pen Plaenau camp ……. 25
List of maps
Map 1 Archaeological sites by Broad class ………………………..…. 28 Map 2 Archaeological sites by Period ……………………………. 29 Map 3 Archaeological sites by Altitude …………………….……. 30
Acknowledgement
The Historical Map Data is © and database right Crown copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd. All rights reserved. The archaeological data superimposed on the map is Crown copyright: RCAHMW, 2014. 1.0 Introduction
The Glynceiriog uplands archaeology survey area covers approximately 26 square kilometres of moorland in the Berwyn Mountain range on the west side of Glyn Ceiriog (fig 1). The survey area is divided into three blocks. Y Foel is unenclosed moorland on the east side of Ceiriog Forest, rising to 550 metres AOD on the southern flank of Vivod Mountain. The largest of the blocks is enclosed moorland on the west and south sides of Nantyr, rising to 700 metres AOD on the east flank of Cadair y Bronwen and descending to 320 metres AOD at the confluence of the River Ceiriog and Nant Rhydwilym. The third block is enclosed grass and heather moorland to the west of Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog village. Here, altitude ranges from 280 metres in the deep river valley at Cwm Geifr, rising to 681 metres AOD on Mynydd Tarw.
The upland landscape is primarily featureless moorland, punctuated by occasional peaks and crossed by deep stream valleys. Vegetation cover is a mixture of dwarf- shrub heath, mainly comprising heather and bilberry, blanket mire and areas dominated by acid grassland and bracken.
The survey falls within the Ceiriog Ucha and Llansantffraid Glynceiriog communities in Wrexham County Borough, and Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant community in Powys. The survey area is part of the Berwyn Special Protection Area on account of its ornithological significance, especially as a breeding ground for hen harrier, peregrine and merlin, and belongs to the Berwyn and South Clwyd Mountains Special Area of Conservation on account of its blanket bog, heathland and wet mires. For a combination of these reasons it is also designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The north block and northern section of the central block are part of the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB. Almost all of the survey area is designated Access Land.
There has been some significant previous archaeological work within the survey area. The Roman marching camp at Pen Plaenau was discovered by aerial photography in 2003 and was surveyed in 2004 (Toller 2006). Adjoining upland areas have already been surveyed under the RCAHMW Uplands Initiative (OAU 2003, Roseveare & Roseveare 2007).
The field survey was undertaken between June 2014 and November 2014 by Richard Hayman and Wendy Horton, with grant in aid from RCAHM Wales under the Uplands Archaeology Initiative.
2.0 Methodology
The project aimed to identify and record the resource through rapid, systematic field survey. Archaeological remains of all periods were considered equally. RCAHM Wales undertook aerial photograph mapping of the area, which was consulted through the fieldwork phase. The regional Historic Environment Record (HER) was consulted prior to the fieldwork, which yielded records of 64 sites. RCAHM Wales provided digital copies of the county-series Ordnance Survey maps at 6-inch scale. Tithe surveys and the first edition of the Ordnance Survey were also consulted
1 during the desk-top phase, but a search did not reveal any useful estate maps covering the area.
Figure 1. Location plan.
The area was divided into transects 30 metres apart, except in areas above 500 metres where archaeological sites were sparse. These were divided into 50-metre transects. The location (NGR) and altitude of each site was established by a hand- held Global Positioning System receiver (GPS). Written descriptions, including approximate dimensions, were made in the field and photographs were taken of all important sites and when conditions were favourable. The information for each site is entered into the National Monuments Record for Wales (NMR), each with its own unique identifying number, or National Primary Reference Number (nprn).
Site visibility was variable. In the southern block there is well-grazed moorland with short grass and good visibility. Over most of the survey area, however, there is currently limited cattle and sheep grazing, with a result that the heather has grown up to 1 metre depth. On some of the lower slopes bracken has grown to a similar depth, giving poor site visibility in places.
3.0 Results of survey
The survey identified 478 archaeological sites, giving a site density of 18.11 sites per square kilometre, a relatively low figure for a survey of this type. Previously there were 29 entries in the National Monuments Record, 15 of which were updated after field survey. The remaining 14 entries are not included in the total: One entry, Ffynnon y Brenin (nprn 32290) is a place-name with no archaeological features,
2 whilst two entries were found to be duplicates. A further 11 entries are of sites known previously to have been destroyed, some of which were noted in a previous survey (Roseveare & Roseveare 2007).
The number of sites by Altitude, Period and Broadclass is given in tables 1-3, whilst the distribution of sites is shown on maps 1-3. The highest site density is found in the 301-350 metre altitude band, in the sheltered valleys of the Ceiriog and Cwm Geifr. Above 350 metres, site density by 50-metre contour band remains relatively constant, before declining slightly over 600 metres. However, there were 246 sites above 500 metres AOD, an unusually high number but comprising mainly stones on boundaries (71) and grouse butts (159). These were the most commonly occurring site types across the whole survey area. There were only 11 Domestic sites, all below 500 metres. Most of the sites below 420 metres were in the class of Agriculture and Subsistence, but this class represents less than a quarter of the sites overall. By contrast, grouse butts are usually situated beneath the summits of hills, where there is good visibility, and only six were below 451 metres. Civil boundaries (particularly county boundaries) often follow the highest ridges, and they often coincide with estate boundaries.
Contour band (m) Area (square Number Density per km) of sites square km 251-300 0.001 (trace) 3 3,000 301-350 0.25 22 88 351-400 0.68 8 11.76 401-450 2.38 64 26.89 451-500 8.84 135 15.27 501-550 8.88 170 19.14 551-600 3.93 65 16.54 601-650 1.09 8 7.34 651-700 0.34 3 8.82
Total 26.39 478 18.11
Table 1: Sites grouped by contour
Period Number of sites
Bronze Age 8 Iron Age 6 Roman 5 Medieval 20 Post Medieval 212 Modern 221 Unknown 6
Total 478
Table 2: Sites grouped by period.
3
Broad class Number of sites
Agriculture and subsistence 111 Civil 2 Commemorative 2 Defence 2 Domestic 11 Industrial 8 Monument
Total 478
Table 3: Sites grouped by Broadclass.
Some of the general characteristics of the landscape account for the types of sites found. The landscape has few outcrops, with a consequence that there is little evidence of quarrying (and only eight industrial sites in total). Lack of constructional stone may also be a factor in the relatively small number of sheepfolds. Much of the stone used for walls and boundaries is naturally occurring boulders, which are found scattered across the landscape. Much of the landscape is exposed heather moorland, with settlement found in the surrounding sheltered valleys, which form only a very small proportion of the survey area. This accounts for the relative paucity of settlement evidence.
3.1 Routes across the mountains
Use of the upland landscape from prehistoric times may have been structured by the establishment of routes across the hills and passes. These are routes westwards across the Berwyn Mountains from the upper Ceiriog valley. The route, if not the present road (nprn 539181), that links Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog in the Ceiriog valley and Cynwyd in the Dee valley, crossing the ridge at Pen Bwlch Llandrillo is one example. Close to it are stones of probable Bronze Age date (nprn 539171, 539172). It was also along this route that Pen Plaenau Roman marching camp was later constructed (nprn 308852). A branch of the present road leads northwards, following the west side of the upper reaches of Afon Ceiriog past Swch Cae Rhiw farm, over the east flank of Pen Plaenau (nprn 539225). The presence of two Bronze Age cairns (nprn 306804, 306805) close by raises the possibility that this was also a prehistoric route, which perhaps continued northwards toward Carrog in the Dee valley, on the approximate line of what is now a public footpath.
4
Figure 2. Cairn on Mynydd Tarw (nprn 295286).
Figure 3. Structure built on top of Mynydd Tarw cairn (nprn 295286), possibly Sir Watkin Williams Wynn’s shooting box mentioned in 1843.
5
The third probable early route is the road known since at least the time of the 1839 Tithe survey as Ffordd y Saeson (nprn 23547). By tradition (in the sense that it is history without supporting evidence) it is linked with Henry II’s 1165 campaign in North Wales and it has been suggested that the route began as far east as Oswestry (RCAHMW 1914, 82). It passes close to Ffynnon y Brenin, apparently further suggestive of Henry II, although it is a place-name only since there is no evidence of a well, and it is merely an ill-defined area at the headwaters of Nant Blaen y Cwm. More significant is that Ffordd y Saeson passes by Tomen y Bwlch, a place-name emphasising a route across the mountains here. The interpretation of this route as ancient is strengthened by the presence close by of another cairn (nprn 306797). Ffordd y Saeson crosses over another mountain road (nprn 539346) running north- south from Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog to Nantyr, which is the most convenient route between the two. The road is labelled on early twentieth-century Ordnance Survey maps as Sarn Sws, traditionally described as a Roman road from Caersws to Chester, but more likely to be of medieval origin.
3.2 Bronze Age sites
Eight Bronze Age sites were recorded. Cairns are found at several high positions. The cairn (nprn 295286) on Mynydd Tarw is sited on the hilltop at 682 metres AOD with good views of other hilltops, but not of the valley below (fig 2). The cairn has been disturbed by the erection of a drystone structure inside, using cairn material, which could be the shooting hut belonging to Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, mentioned in 1843 (Lewis 1843) (fig 3). Further south-east, in a dramatic position standing on a ridge overlooking Cwm Maen Gwynedd and hills to the south and west, is a large cairn, 11 metres diameter, the centre of which has been hollowed out (nprn 306809) (fig 4).
Two cairns (nprn 306804, 306805) on Pen Plaenau are close to a path (nprn 539225), as mentioned above. They stand not on the highest ground of Pen Plaenau, an upland plateau, but in a position where the immediate valley of the Upper Ceiriog is not visible, but with good views over the valley further south-east. Both are relatively small cairns, 11 metres and 3.5 metres in diameter, respectively, although the former retains a slab set on edge that could have formed one side of a cist (figs 5, 6). Approximately 100 metres further north is a slim natural boulder that has been raised upright, with stones packed around the base (nprn 309942) (fig 7). This is a probable associated standing stone, because it stands in isolation and is not related to any other upright stones on the hill. A second stone is recorded in the regional Historic Environment Record (prn 327144), but was not found on the ground.
Other upright stones on Pen Plaenau are also of interest, and stand above the early route leading over Pen Bwlch Llandrillo, mentioned above. One of the stones is a boulder raised upright (nprn 539171), and the other is a setting of two stones raised upright, but only 0.6 metres and 0.9 metres high (nprn 539172) (figs 8, 9). A track (nprn 539173) passes between these 2 sites, which stand 60 metres apart. It has been interpreted as a road used by the Roman army and is discussed in more detail below (Toller 2006, 18). Although the standing stones are close to an estate boundary, marked by a series of boundary stones, they are of a different form to the other stones and have no legend engraved on them. It is possible that the estate boundary was originally fixed by the location of these earlier stones.
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Figure 4. Cairn overlooking Cwm Maen Gwynedd (nprn 306809).
Figure 5. Cairn on Pen Plaenau (nprn 306804).
Figure 6. Cairn on Pen Plaenau (nprn 306804), showing a slab laid on edge, probably defining the former cist.
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Figure 7. Standing stone on Pen Plaenau (nprn 309942).
Figure 8. Standing stone on Pen Plaenau (nprn 539171).
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Figure 9. Stone setting on Pen Plaenau (nprn 539172).
On Bryn Du is another cairn (nprn 306797), on the plateau above Nantyr and with views only of the surrounding upland landscape. It is large, approximately 15 metres in diameter, with some large stones laid around the edge. Approximately 75 metres north-west is an upright stone, 1.2 metres high (nprn 306798). This was previously recorded as a Bronze Age standing stone but although it is a natural boulder raised upright, it has been set into a field bank (nprn 539368). The existence of the bank makes a ceremonial function unlikely, and there is no evidence to suggest that the bank is prehistoric. The stone is of similar character to other stones raised on to banks, which are up to 1.5 metres high. However, what characterises the standing stones interpreted as Bronze Age in this area, is their relatively small size, very similar in fact to the stones on field banks. None of them was quarried – they are all naturally occurring boulders.
3.3 Iron Age settlement
Evidence of Iron Age settlement was found on the north slope of Bryn Du, above Nantyr. A well-preserved hut circle was discovered (nprn 539387), retaining foundations of rubble stone, partially buried under peat (fig 10). Near the top of the hill, close to the Bronze Age cairn (nprn 306797), another probable hut circle was found, a large structure 9 metres in diameter, with a sub-rectangular projection on the east side (nprn 539371), which would date it to the Romano-native Iron Age (fig 11). Three round platforms (nprn 539401, 539400, 539405) and a fourth site, a platform roughly square in plan (nprn 539406), were discovered in close proximity. Together, these sites may represent a settlement of scattered huts, although no associated enclosures were identified. However, there is some uncertainty regarding this interpretation, as the sites are laid out in a line and could therefore be later.
9
Figure 10. Hut circle, Bryn Du (nprn 539387).
Figure 11. Hut circle, Bryn Du (nprn 539371).
3.4 Roman sites
Roman archaeology is centred around the marching camp (nprn 308852) on Pen Plaenau, which has been described in more detail elsewhere (Toller 2006). The camp covers an area of 17.4 hectares and almost the entire circuit of its outer bank survives, with only a section on the north-west side missing (fig 12). On the east side is a large outwork (nprn 539206) in the form of a ditch made up of two straight sections approximately 450 metres long (fig 13). This is a feature found at some other Roman fortifications, but not in Wales (Toller 2006, 16-18). The camp was sited for the water supply from Nant y Lladron. It is also at the lowest point where Nant Rhydwilym can be forded. Further downstream to the east, towards its
10 confluence with the Ceiriog, the valley sides are steep and crossing the river is far less convenient. The camp has been interpreted as one of a series on a route between Uffington in the Severn valley near Wroxeter and Penrhos on the Dee, established at some time from the late 50s to the early 70s AD, when Wroxeter was a legionary fortress and before a fortress was built at Chester. Within and over the banks of, and outside the fort, are several small clearance cairns that are interpreted as post-medieval or modern. It is therefore possible that the fort was later used as a stock enclosure, although it is not shown as such on maps from the 1830s onwards. There is, however, a twentieth-century fenced enclosure around the fort.
The existence of the camp suggests the prior existence of an established route over the Berwyns. It has been suggested that intermittent sections of road have been found over a distance of 14 kilometres from Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog to Druid (Toller 2006, 18). The road from Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog to Cynwyd, passing over Pen Bwlch Llandrillo (nprn 539181), has no diagnostic features that indicate a Roman date, and in its present form seems more likely to be medieval in origin. Immediately above the ford is a ditch in two sections (nprn 539216, 539217) that may be remnants of an earlier track which would have crossed the stream a little further downstream than the ford of post-medieval times. The southern extent of the fort outwork (nprn 539206) terminates just above this possible track. Another section of track (nprn 539173) crosses the moor in a north-westerly direction from the south-west corner of the camp, branching off from the main road. This has also been interpreted as Roman, but there are no diagnostic features that identify it as such. It crosses the moor in the direction of a line of twentieth-century grouse butts (nprn 539170) and is not visible beyond it.
Figure 12. East rampart of Pen Plaenau marching camp (nprn 308852).
11
Figure 13. Ditch (nprn 539206) on the east side of Pen Plaenau marching camp.
Figure 14. Long hut on Graig Fawr (nprn 539274).
12
3.5 Medieval and post-medieval settlement
There is little evidence of medieval or post-medieval settlement on the uplands, largely for reasons of topography described above. Only six possible domestic sites were recorded. A building platform was identified on the ground above the River Ceiriog, immediately below Graig Fawr (nprn 539230). A long hut on Graig Fawr (nprn 539274) may represent a former dwelling, but it stands in a relatively inaccessible location and therefore could be the remains of a shepherd’s hut (fig 14). Likewise a long hut sited within a bend of the Ceiriog (nprn 539244), another relatively inaccessible position, could also be a shepherd’s hut.
Two post-medieval farmsteads are located near the confluence of Nant Rhydwilym and Afon Ceiriog, all marked on the 1830 Ordnance Survey drawing of Oswestry. Pantiau (nprn 539154), on the south side, was taken down in the twentieth century, but the surrounding enclosures remain in use. Masonry from the house is said by the landowner to have been used to build a bridge over Nant Rhydwilym (nprn 539424), replacing the old ford there. The present Swch Cae Rhiw is a mid-nineteenth century farmhouse (nprn 539442). The site of the earlier house (nprn 539437) is close by, surrounded by small outbuildings (nprn 539438, 539439, 539441) (fig 15). According to the Tithe survey of 1839, Pen Plaenau mountain was let to Swch Cae Rhiw farm, on which there was a house labelled Rhydwilym in 1839. There are substantial remains of Rhydwilym (nprn 539219), which might have been the hafotty of Swch Cae Rhiw before it was abandoned in the nineteenth century (fig 16). The size and state of preservation suggest a post-medieval date, although no evidence of a fireplace was found. It is a three-unit structure, one of which may have been a cow house, and raises the possibility that the dwelling was originally in permanent occupation. The building is set within a small enclosure.
Figure 15. Outbuildings at Swch Cae Rhiw farm (nprn 539438, 539439).
13
Figure 16. Rhydwilym (nprn 539219).
Figure 17. Twentieth-century cow shed and yard on the Nantyr Estate (nprn 539149).
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3.6 Upland farming from Medieval to Modern times
In the nineteenth century, the upland landscape around Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog was described as ‘common or inferior land. The upper part of the parish is very hilly, the soil covered with heath, and many thousands of sheep are kept there’ (Lewis 1843). Cattle were also grazed on it, and still are, for which some archaeological evidence was found, including a shelter wall (nprn 539115). On the Nantyr Estate is a large open-fronted cow shed with stock yard (nprn 539149), built in the twentieth century of rubble stone with a concrete-slab roof (fig 17). There is more evidence of sheep management, but sheepfolds are comparatively rare within the survey area, one of the reasons for which is probably the relative scarcity of easily available stone. Four post-medieval sheepfolds were found on the fringes of the uplands in sheltered valley locations. These consist of one sheepfold by Nant Sarffle (nprn 539002) and three below Graig Fawr (nprn 539227, 539231, 539302). A twentieth-century fold at Nant Cwm Geifr with associated sheepwash (nprn 539019), is of traditional character and materials (fig 18). A later fenced sheep enclosure was identified above Dolydd Ceiriog (nprn 539148), above an associated sheepwash (nprn 539147), which is built of stone but is concrete-rendered.
Figure 18. Twentieth-century sheepfold and sheepwash beside Nant Cwm Geifr (nprn 539019).
Enclosures are defined by earth and stone banks rather than drystone walls. It is not possible to determine the origin of these, but field systems were found that had been abandoned by the nineteenth century, as they are not shown on any of the
15 contemporary maps. At the head of Maengwyn, on the west side of Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog, a series of banks (nprn 539418) on ground up to 500 metres AOD defines a relict field system. It is therefore evidence of a retreat from higher ground by the nineteenth century. Part of it was forested by the end of the nineteenth century, but it is now rough pasture. Elsewhere only smaller field systems or individual fields were found to have been abandoned, mainly on the edge of enclosed (or now forested) land, as at Nurse Uchaf beside Nant Blaen y Cwm (nprn 539284), beside Nant y Dramwys (nprn 539048) on the western flank of Y Foel, and at Votty (nprn 539071, 539073). The date of these enclosures is uncertain.
Much of the upland had been enclosed by the nineteenth century, when most of the area covered by the survey was in the ownership of large rural estates, namely Chirk Castle, The West family of Tower in Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog, the Tyrwhitt family of Nantyr and Sir Watkin Williams Wynn of Wynnstay. Banks, stones and mounds were used to mark the long boundaries of these land holdings, although none of the mounds marked on nineteenth-century Ordnance Survey maps were found, and only some of the boundary stones marked on the same maps remain in situ. Three boundary stones without inscriptions (nprn 539409, 539410, 539411) were found on Blaen Llynnor, on the steep hill above Nant Cwm Llawenog, forming a line that does not correspond with any boundary known from historic maps. On Y Fawnen, on the plateau between Nantyr and Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog, are two small boundary stones (nprn 539269, 539294) that appear to have been superseded by a later bank (nprn 539270) (fig 19). In general two of the estates – Chirk Castle and the Wynnstay estate of Sir Watkin Williams Wynn – inscribed their boundary stones with a monogram, ‘CC’ and ‘WWW’, respectively (fig 20). The other estates did not. The most intriguing of the banks is a substantial and long bank and ditch extending at least 2 kilometres across open moorland on Cerrig Duon (nprn 539086). It is shown on an 1830 Ordnance Survey drawing of Oswestry, but is not depicted on later maps. It may be a relict estate boundary, but its length and form suggest earlier origins (fig 21).
Figure 19. Small boundary stone on Y Fawnen (nprn 539269), later superseded by a bank.
16
Figure 20. Stones marking the boundary of the Chirk Castle (nprn 539158) and Sir Watkin Williams Wynn’s Wynnstay (nprn 539308) estates, respectively.
Figure 21. Bank and ditch on Cerrig Duon (nprn 539086).
17
Figure 22. Stones (nprn 539082, 539328) with drill holes for fixing fence wire.
Figure 23. Large boulder (nprn 539420) raised upright on a field bank at Maengwyn.
18
On the Llangadwaladr Tithe map of 1839 the boundary of the Nantyr estate is marked as ‘Mrs Tyrwhitt’s wire fence’, which must have been a novelty at the time if it was worth mentioning specifically. The wire fences were held up by stone slabs, many of which are set at right-angles to the banks they are erected on, and are drilled with a series of vertically aligned holes (fig 22). These stones proliferate on this part of the uplands and were erected for this relatively mundane purpose rather than to act as boundary markers in their own right. A line of them on Dolydd Ceiriog is marked as boundary stones on the 1880 Ordnance Survey, but their presence on the parish boundary was a coincidence. Most of the stones with drill holes are flat slabs of local shale. Other large upright stones erected on banks have no drill holes, and most are unworked boulders, although they could have had wire tied around them. Some monoliths were clearly gate piers, with or without drill holes.
On Maengwyn, the field system (nprn 539418) that had been abandoned by the early nineteenth century retains four upright boulders on the banks (nprn 539419, 539420, 539421, 539422), suggesting that these stones were not erected to carry fence wire (fig 23).
3.7 Recreational Sites
By the nineteenth century landowners had begun exploiting the upland landscape for recreation. The most conspicuous of estate structures on the upland landscape in the nineteenth century was the Biddulph Tower (nprn 539070) on Y Foel. Robert Myddleton Biddulph (1805-72) inherited the Chirk Castle estate from his mother in 1843 and the tower was presumably built afterwards, perhaps posthumously. It is not shown on the 1832 Ordnance Survey drawing of Llangollen, but is marked on the 1880 Ordnance Survey. It is now ruinous, with only the wall footings standing, and is built on a natural eminence from stone quarried close by (nprn 539068) (fig 24).
Almost all of the 168 recreational sites identified in the survey were associated with grouse shooting, which was underway by the mid-nineteenth century. In 1843 Sir Watkin Williams Wynn was said to have a shooting lodge on Mynydd Tarw, which may be the structure built inside the hilltop cairn (nprn 295286) (fig 3). There are other sites, probably of the nineteenth century, associated with shooting, including a drystone grouse butt on Graig Fawr (nprn 539281) (fig 25) and a shelter or shooting stand (nprn 539355) on Bryn Du. Two probable shelters below Pen Bwlch Llandrillo (nprn 539407, 539408), may also fall into this category. A memorial to James Darlington (1854-1933) of Nantyr was erected in the form of a stone shooting stand (nprn 539146) (figs 26, 27).
The majority of sites associated with shooting are lines of twentieth-century grouse butts. Erection in lines expresses the social nature of field sports. These butts are built as earthen pits, typically up to 2.5m diameter, usually with the upcast banked around the edge, and accessed from the downhill side, allowing water to drain away (fig 28). Some of the interior linings of the pits were shored up by post and wire fences. In general, these grouse butts have become eroded and often waterlogged since they became disused and some are in poor condition with little discernible shape. Use of the grouse butts probably overlapped with later shooting stands, also
19 normally erected in lines, in the form of planks nailed to wooden posts. On the track to Pen Bwlch Llandrillo is a twentieth-century corrugated-iron shooting box (nprn 539155) (fig 29). Another shooting box, marked on twentieth-century Ordnance Survey maps on Bryn Du, has been removed and no trace of it is now visible.
Peat cutting was undoubtedly undertaken on the uplands but physical evidence is elusive, probably due to the erosion and movement of peat deposits. The 1830 Ordnance Survey drawing of Oswestry labels turbaries on Mynydd Tarw, but there is no identifiable field evidence for them.
Figure 24. Base of Biddulph Tower (nprn 539070) on Y Foel.
Figure 25. Nineteenth-century grouse butt on Graig Fawr (nprn 539281).
20
Figure 26. Stone shooting stand (nprn 539146) commemorating James Darlington of Nantyr.
Figure 27. Engraved tablet on memorial to James Darlington (nprn 539146).
21
Figure 28. Grouse butt (nprn 539166) on Pen Plaenau.
Figure 29. Twentieth-century shooting box (nprn 539155), Pen Bwlch Llandrillo.
3.8 Summary and statement of significance
The Glynceiriog uplands survey area comprises approximately 26 square kilometres of mostly enclosed moorland on the east side of the Berwyn Mountain range, and west and north of Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog. Over 23 square kilometres of the survey area lies above the 450 metre contour and is mostly an undulating landscape
22 of heather and bracken, crossed by the steep-sided valleys of the Afon Ceiriog and its tributaries.
Eight Bronze Age sites were discovered, of which five are cairns and three are standing stones. Most of them seem to be associated with routes across the Berwyns between the Ceiriog and Dee valleys. They command views of the uplands, but only one of them commands a view of the adjacent lowland. Along one of these cross-mountain routes, at Pen Plaenau, a Roman marching camp was established in the third quarter of the first century AD. Short fragments of track in the vicinity may be contemporary with the Roman fort, but otherwise the present track across the mountain is probably of medieval origin. A cluster of Iron Age sites was found on the hill above Nantyr, in the form of four hut platforms and the footings of two hut circles.
Little evidence of medieval and post-medieval settlement was found, largely because the terrain is open and ill-suited to habitation. One upland farmstead, or hafotty, was identified, but otherwise settlement sites are found in the sheltered valleys. Evidence of livestock management is found mainly in the form of relict enclosures, defined by banks rather than walls. By the nineteenth century, some of these banks had wire fences, supported not by posts but by stone slabs with holes drilled through them. One of these fences is mentioned in 1839, so this modern form of enclosure was adopted early here. The uplands were in the ownership of several large estates, and numerous estate boundary stones were recorded, the majority of them probably of the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century. Some coincide with county or parish boundaries. On one of the largest of these estates, a tower was erected in the mid nineteenth century by or for Robert Myddleton Biddulph of Chirk Castle, of which the footings have survived.
Field sports developed in the nineteenth century and continued into the twentieth. The earliest sites are stone-built grouse butts and probable shooting boxes. However, most of the sites are twentieth century grouse butts, in the form of lines of simple pits. Later these were augmented by lines of shooting stands, consisting of planks nailed to wooden posts. All of them are now relict.
3.9 Use of aerial mapping
Mapping of archaeological features from aerial photographs was undertaken by RCAHM Wales at the start of the project. The results were incorporated on to digital maps which were used in the field for identification. In addition, the location of existing entries in the National Monuments Record and the regional Historic Environment Record were also marked on these maps.
Some site types were identified by this exercise, including field banks and the Roman marching camp. However, the number of sites identified by aerial mapping made up only a small proportion of the total number of sites found. The comparatively featureless appearance of the landscape, combined with the physical characteristics of the sites discovered, make it very difficult to identify sites from the air. These include the numerous boundary stones, some of which were marked on the 1880 and 1900 Ordnance Survey maps and Tithe maps, and especially grouse butts, small pits which quickly became overgrown after abandonment.
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4.0 Recommendations
Peat is found across the survey area at depths of up to 1 metre. The valley of Nant Rhydwilym, above which are two cairns and the Roman marching camp, might prove suitable for environmental sampling. The other interesting area is on the north-facing slopes of Bryn Du, above Ty Uchaf and Hen Hafod farms, at approximately SJ 160 365, where there are hut circles, although the peat here is only of shallow depth.
Figure 30. Archaeological sites on Bryn Du. The line of hut circles is represented by red dots.
The line of hut circles on Bryn Du would benefit from a fuller measured survey, especially since they were found in an area where heather and bilberry inhibited site visibility. When plotted on a map, all but one of the hut circles form a straight line, in the manner of grouse butts, but the sites have more in common with Iron Age huts, in terms of their size and the fact that they are levelled sites, than with nineteenth or twentieth-century butts. However, a more detailed survey might help to clarify their
24 date. The Roman marching camp has been surveyed (Toller 2006), but there is scope for extending detailed survey to include the possible associated roads.
Figure 31. Archaeological sites on Pen Plaenau, with Roman sites marked by pink circles. The track running parallel with the stream is braided adjacent to the marching camp, but appears to be medieval. In the bottom right are sections of possible Roman road.
Modern Ordnance Survey maps show some archaeological sites, but there are significant omissions, notably Pen Plaenau marching camp (nprn 308852). Many nineteenth-century boundary stones are marked on the maps, usually merely as ‘stone’ rather than boundary stones, but others are omitted. Those stones that bear an estate monogram are especially recommended for inclusion on maps. A list of sites that could be added to Ordnance Survey mapping is given in table 4.
25 nprn site to be mapped
539002 Sheepfold 539048 Bank 539086 Bank 539149 Cattle shed 283142 Boundary stone 283144 Boundary stone 283016 Boundary stone 539158 Boundary stone 539171 Standing stone 539172 Standing stones 539187 Boundary stones 308852 Roman marching camp 539206 Roman ditch 309942 Standing stone 539256 Grouse butt 539274 Long hut 539281 Grouse butt 539284 Field system 539355 Shelter 539371 Hut circle 539387 Hut circle 539407 Shelter 539408 Shelter
Table 4. Sites to be appended to Ordnance Survey mapping
26
5.0 References
5.1 Cartographic sources
National Library of Wales
Llansantffraid Glynceiriog Tithe survey, 1838. Llangadwaladr Tithe survey, 1839. Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant Tithe survey, 1839. Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog Tithe survey, 1839.
Ordnance Survey, first edition, sheets 74SE (1837), 74SW (1838) and 74NE (1838).
British Library
‘Oswestry’, Ordnance Survey drawing, 1830, surveyed by Robert Dawson. ‘Llangollen’, Ordnance Survey Drawing 1832, surveyed by William R. Durrant.
5.2 Printed sources
Lewis, Samuel, 1843, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales, 2 volumes. London: Samuel Lewis.
Lynch, Frances, 2001, Prehistoric funerary and ritual sites in Denbighshire and East Conwy, Transactions of the Denbighshire Historical Society 50, 15-25.
Oxford Archaeology North (OAU), 2003, North Berwyn (Glynceiriog) survey area: Uplands Initiative field projects 2002-3. Unpublished report for RCAHM Wales.
RCAHM Wales, 1914, An Inventory of Ancient Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire, vol 4: County of Denbigh. London: HMSO.
Roberts, Kathryn (ed), 2006, Lost Farmsteads: deserted rural settlements in Wales. York: CBA Research Report 148.
Roseveare, A.C.K. and Roseveare, M.J., 2007, Berwyns North (E) Uplands survey. Unpublished report by ArchaeoPhysica for RCAHM Wales.
Silvester, Robert, 2006, ‘Deserted rural settlements in central and north-east Wales’, in Roberts 2006, 13-39.
Toller, Hugh, 2006, ‘A newly discovered Roman marching camp at Pen Plaenau in the Berwyn Mountains’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 153, 13-21.
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Map 1: Archaeological sites by Broad class
28
Map 2: Archaeological sites by Period.
29
Map 3: Archaeological sites by Altitude.
30
Appendix 1
Table of sites by Period, Altitude and Type
31
NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDE
SWCH CAE RHIW, CAIRN I 306804 SJ1272236108 Religious Ritual and Funerary CAIRN Bronze Age 477 SWCH CAE RHIW, CAIRN II 306805 SJ1266936344 Religious Ritual and Funerary CAIRN Bronze Age 485 PEN PLAENAU, STANDING STONE II 539171 SJ1071436220 Religious Ritual and Funerary STANDING STONE Bronze Age 486 PEN PLAENAU, STANDING STONE I 309942 SJ1260836441 Religious Ritual and Funerary STANDING STONE Bronze Age 489 BRYN DU, CAIRN 306797 SJ1576336146 Religious Ritual and Funerary CAIRN Bronze Age 491 PEN PLAENAU, STONE SETTING 539172 SJ1072336281 Religious Ritual and Funerary STONE SETTING Bronze Age 496 Y FOEL DDU, CAIRN 306809 SJ1273831847 Religious Ritual and Funerary CAIRN Bronze Age 595 MYNYDD TARW, CAIRN I 295286 SJ1126832444 Religious Ritual and Funerary CAIRN Bronze Age 682 TY UCHAF, HUT PLATFORM III 539405 SJ1613136737 Domestic HUT PLATFORM Iron Age 426 TY UCHAF, HUT PLATFORM I 539400 SJ1611536698 Domestic HUT PLATFORM Iron Age 440 TY UCHAF, HUT PLATFORM II 539401 SJ1608236616 Domestic HUT PLATFORM Iron Age 455 TY UCHAF, HUT CIRCLE I 539387 SJ1606436574 Domestic HUT CIRCLE Iron Age 458 TY UCHAF, HUT I 539406 SJ1604936533 Unassigned HUT Iron Age 467 BRYN DU, HUT CIRCLE 539371 SJ1579736220 Domestic HUT CIRCLE Iron Age 490 PEN PLAENAU, TRACK IV 539217 SJ1147235895 Transport TRACKWAY Roman 452 PEN PLAENAU, TRACK III 539216 SJ1142635923 Transport TRACKWAY Roman 454 PEN PLAENAU, DITCH I 539206 SJ1145136118 Defence DITCH Roman 476 PEN PLAENAU, TRACK I 539173 SJ1070836264 Transport TRACKWAY Roman 492 PEN PLAENAU, MARCHING CAMP 308852 SJ1111036320 Defence MARCHING CAMP Roman 510 SWCH CAE RHIW, PLATFORM 539230 SJ1319035558 Domestic BUILDING PLATFORM Medieval 329 VOTTY, ENCLOSURE I 539073 SJ1230631881 Agriculture and Subsistence ENCLOSURE Medieval 427 NURSE UCHAF, ENCLOSURES 539284 SJ1452736956 Agriculture and Subsistence ENCLOSURE Medieval 438 VOTTY, FIELD BANK I 539071 SJ1233531951 Agriculture and Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Medieval 446 FFORDD Y SAESON 23547 SJ1404136969 Transport ROAD Medieval 467 NANT Y DRAMWYS, BANK I 539048 SJ1786739420 Agriculture and Subsistence BANK Medieval 480 BRYN DU, TRACK II 539362 SJ1560335972 Transport TRACKWAY Medieval 481 RHYD CALEDWYNT, PATH 539364 SJ1582135957 Transport PATH Medieval 483
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BRYN DU, BANK 539368 SJ1573736217 Monument
33
SWCH CAE RHIW, SHEEPFOLD II 539231 SJ1312635657 Agriculture and Subsistence SHEEPFOLD Post Medieval 346 SWCH CAE RHIW, TRACK II 539440 SJ1302735660 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 347 SWCH CAE RHIW, OUTBUILDING III 539441 SJ1302825643 Agriculture and Subsistence OUTBUILDING Post Medieval 348 SWCH CAE RHIW, FARMHOUSE 539442 SJ1297935647 Domestic FARMHOUSE Post Medieval 348 SWCH CAE RHIW, FARMSTEAD 539447 SJ1297935647 Domestic FARMSTEAD Post Medieval 348 NANT SARFFLE, STONE PILE 539009 SJ1463533011 Unassigned STONE PILE Post Medieval 353 NANT SARFFLE, SPOIL TIP I 539003 SJ1417832759 Industrial SPOIL TIP Post Medieval 355 GRAIG FAWR, ENCLOSURE 539232 SJ1336235581 Agriculture and Subsistence ENCLOSURE Post Medieval 375 AFON CEIRIOG, WALL II 539235 SJ1304736661 Agriculture and Subsistence WALL Post Medieval 397 VOTTY, FIELD BANK II 539074 SJ1208631805 Agriculture and Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 398 PENTRE PANT, FIELD BOUNDARY I 539012 SJ1343433900 Agriculture and Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 402 AFON CEIRIOG, BOUNDARY STONE II 539237 SJ1307136820 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 408 AFON CEIRIOG, BOUNDARY STONE III 539238 SJ1307036829 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 408 AFON CEIRIOG, BOUNDARY STONE IV 539239 SJ1306636855 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 410 COED HAFODWEN, FIELD BOUNDARY II 539342 SJ1620335060 Agriculture and Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 410 MAENGWYN, BOUNDARY STONE III 539421 SJ1494432682 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 410 AFON CEIRIOG, BOUNDARY STONE I 539236 SJ1308536810 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 411 AFON CEIRIOG, BOUNDARY STONE V 539240 SJ1306436864 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 411 AFON CEIRIOG, BOUNDARY STONE VI 539241 SJ1306836881 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 412 AFON CEIRIOG, BANK 539242 SJ1306436868 Monument
34
AFON CEIRIOG, BOUNDARY STONE IX 539246 SJ1314637017 Monument
35
COED HAFODWEN, BOUNDARY STONE I 539344 SJ1599035069 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 454 NURSE UCHAF, STONE II 539286 SJ1461436778 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 455 NANT SARFFLE, FIELD BOUNDARY I 539008 SJ1417432547 Agriculture and Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 456 Y FOEL, PATH I 539066 SJ1956439199 Transport PATH Post Medieval 457 DOLYDD CEIRIOG, BOUNDARY STONE I 539075 SJ1206237574 Monument
36
DOLYDD CEIRIOG, BOUNDARY STONE VII 539081 SJ1148337813 Monument
37
CEIRIOG DDU, TRACK II 539126 SJ1236938411 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 507 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, TRACK II 539030 SJ1757539642 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 508 FFYNNON Y BRENIN, BOUNDARY STONE VIII 539265 SJ1381836709 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 508 Y FAWNEN, BOUNDARY STONE I 539271 SJ1385035837 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 508 FFYNNON Y BRENIN, BOUNDARY STONE IX 539266 SJ1383536659 Agriculture and Subsistence BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 509 BRYN DU, BOUNDARY STONE XIX 539378 SJ1544036102 Monument
38
BRYN DU, BOUNDARY STONE XV 539333 SJ1526336101 Monument
39
CEIRIOG DDU, PATH I 539088 SJ1237239441 Transport PATH Post Medieval 571 BLAEN LLYNOR, STONE I 283016 SJ0974837136 Monument
40
TY UCHAF, TRACK II 539404 SJ1596536861 Transport TRACKWAY Modern 400 TY UCHAF, PATH II 539403 SJ1546636812 Transport PATH Modern 422 TY UCHAF, PATH I 539402 SJ1545836804 Transport PATH Modern 424 TY UCHAF, GROUSE BUTT IX 539399 SJ1604136753 Recreational BUTTS Modern 432 NANT Y DRAMWYS, GROUSE BUTT II 539046 SJ1774238807 Recreational BUTT Modern 440 TY UCHAF, GROUSE BUTT VIII 539398 SJ1603436717 Recreational BUTTS Modern 441 NANT Y DRAMWYS, DRAINAGE DITCH I 539042 SJ1818538793 Water Supply and Drainage DRAINAGE DITCH Modern 443 DOLYDD CEIRIOG, POND 539153 SJ1307437382 Water Supply and Drainage POND Modern 443 NANT Y DRAMWYS, GROUSE BUTT III 539047 SJ1771538868 Recreational BUTT Modern 445 TY UCHAF, GROUSE BUTT VII 539397 SJ1602136678 Recreational BUTTS Modern 448 DOLYDD CEIRIOG,TRACK I 539150 SJ1310137459 Transport TRACKWAY Modern 451 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT XVI 539039 SJ1767938961 Recreational BUTTS Modern 452 DOLYDD CEIRIOG, CATTLE SHED 539149 SJ1309837489 Agriculture and Subsistence ANIMAL SHED Modern 453 COED HAFODWEN, DRAIN 539338 SJ1597235197 Water Supply and Drainage DRAIN Modern 455 TY UCHAF, GROUSE BUTT VI 539396 SJ1601336642 Recreational BUTTS Modern 455 DOLYDD CEIRIOG, SHEEP WASH 539147 SJ1310037536 Agriculture and Subsistence SHEEP WASH Modern 458 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT XVII 539040 SJ1763538976 Recreational BUTT Modern 459 TY UCHAF, GROUSE BUTT V 539395 SJ1600136603 Recreational BUTTS Modern 461 DOLYDD CEIRIOG, MEMORIAL 539146 SJ1310737545 Commemorative COMMEMORATIVE MONUMENT Modern 463 DOLYDD CEIRIOG, ENCLOSURE 539148 SJ1308837532 Agriculture and Subsistence ENCLOSURE Modern 463 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT XIV 539037 SJ1764039091 Recreational BUTTS Modern 465 NANT Y DRAMWYS, DRAINAGE DITCH II 539044 SJ1804239085 Water Supply and Drainage DRAINAGE DITCH Modern 465 TY UCHAF, GROUSE BUTT IV 539394 SJ1599036562 Recreational BUTTS Modern 468 NANT RHYDWILYM, STONE SPREAD 539208 SJ1145736013 Unassigned STONE SPREAD Modern 469 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT XV 539038 SJ1764539137 Recreational BUTTS Modern 471 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT XI 539034 SJ1768639247 Recreational BUTTS Modern 472 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT IX 539059 SJ1809039005 Recreational BUTTS Modern 473 BRYN DU, FENCE 539363 SJ1576335891 Agriculture and Subsistence FENCE Modern 473 COED HAFODWEN, DRAINAGE DITCH 539345 SJ1584735104 Water Supply and Drainage DRAINAGE DITCH Modern 474
41
VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT XII 539035 SJ1764739196 Recreational BUTTS Modern 476 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT X 539060 SJ1811039042 Recreational BUTTS Modern 476 TY UCHAF, GROUSE BUTT III 539393 SJ1597836516 Recreational BUTTS Modern 476 NANT Y DRAMWYS, GROUSE BUTT I 539045 SJ1764939441 Recreational BUTT Modern 477 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT X 539033 SJ1765939317 Recreational BUTTS Modern 478 TY UCHAF, GROUSE BUTT II 539392 SJ1596536475 Recreational BUTTS Modern 479 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT XIII 539036 SJ1764639249 Recreational BUTTS Modern 480 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTTS XVIII 539460 SJ1764639249 Recreational BUTTS Modern 480 PEN PLAENAU, CLEARANCE CAIRN VIII 539214 SJ1125636054 Agriculture and Subsistence CLEARANCE CAIRN Modern 482 TY UCHAF, GROUSE BUTT I 539391 SJ1595236431 Recreational BUTTS Modern 482 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT IX 539032 SJ1763239392 Recreational BUTTS Modern 483 RHYD CALEDWYNT, SHOOTING STANDS 539462 SJ1581535953 Recreational SHOOTING STAND Modern 483 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT XI 539061 SJ1812839082 Recreational BUTTS Modern 484 PEN PLAENAU, CLEARANCE CAIRN VII 539213 SJ1120536075 Agriculture and Subsistence CLEARANCE CAIRN Modern 485 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT III 539052 SJ1860539465 Recreational BUTTS Modern 486 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XIII 539249 SJ1200937159 Recreational BUTTS Modern 486 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, TRACK III 539031 SJ1757139387 Transport TRACKWAY Modern 487 PEN PLAENAU, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI 539212 SJ1111836113 Agriculture and Subsistence CLEARANCE CAIRN Modern 488 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT I 539050 SJ1841539572 Recreational BUTTS Modern 490 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT XX 539361 SJ1563836039 Recreational BUTTS Modern 490 TY UCHAF, TRACK I 539384 SJ1578536319 Transport TRACKWAY Modern 490 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT XII 539062 SJ1815339128 Recreational BUTTS Modern 491 NANT RHYDWILYM, SHOOTING HUT 539155 SJ1044536268 Recreational HUT Modern 491 PEN PLAENAU, CLEARANCE CAIRN IX 539215 SJ1132736102 Agriculture and Subsistence CLEARANCE CAIRN Modern 491 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTTS XVI 539458 SJ1815339128 Recreational BUTTS Modern 491 NANT RHYDWILYM, PATH 539435 SJ1043736243 Transport PATH Modern 491 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT IV 539053 SJ1852739432 Recreational BUTTS Modern 492 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT V 539054 SJ1848539419 Recreational BUTTS Modern 492 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTTS XVII 539459 SJ1848539419 Recreational BUTTS Modern 492
42
Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT II 539051 SJ1838939541 Recreational BUTTS Modern 493 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT XIII 539063 SJ1816939164 Recreational BUTTS Modern 493 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT XIX 539360 SJ1558336043 Recreational BUTTS Modern 493 Y FOEL, TRACK I 539055 SJ1848339417 Transport TRACKWAY Modern 494 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT VI 539056 SJ1831039355 Recreational BUTTS Modern 499 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT VII 539057 SJ1826039338 Recreational BUTTS Modern 499 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT XV 539065 SJ1820539232 Recreational BUTTS Modern 499 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT XVIII 539359 SJ1553036047 Recreational BUTTS Modern 499 CERRIG DUON, DRAINAGE DITCH II 539136 SJ1409138368 Water Supply and Drainage DRAINAGE DITCH Modern 500 PEN PLAENAU, ENCLOSURE 539210 SJ1102236250 Agriculture and Subsistence ENCLOSURE Modern 500 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT XIV 539064 SJ1819039201 Recreational BUTTS Modern 501 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XIV 539250 SJ1200337098 Recreational BUTTS Modern 502 Y FOEL, GROUSE BUTT VIII 539058 SJ1823339290 Recreational BUTTS Modern 504 CEIRIOG DDU, GROUSE BUTT XI 539127 SJ1238138330 Recreational BUTTS Modern 505 PEN PLAENAU, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV 539209 SJ1131436207 Agriculture and Subsistence CLEARANCE CAIRN Modern 505 FFYNNON Y BRENIN, SHOOTING STAND 539287 SJ1388536670 Recreational SHOOTING STAND Modern 505 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT XVII 539358 SJ1547636050 Recreational BUTTS Modern 505 CEIRIOG DDU, GROUSE BUTT X 539125 SJ1237238417 Recreational BUTTS Modern 506 BRYN DU, SHOOTING STANDS I 539305 SJ1490236310 Recreational SHOOTING STAND Modern 506 CEIRIOG DDU, GROUSE BUTT XII 539128 SJ1239338285 Recreational BUTTS Modern 507 PEN PLAENAU, CLEARANCE CAIRN V 539211 SJ1104336262 Agriculture and Subsistence CLEARANCE CAIRN Modern 507 CEIRIOG DDU, GROUSE BUTT IX 539124 SJ1236538428 Recreational BUTTS Modern 508 CEIRIOG DDU, GROUSE BUTT VIII 539123 SJ1235538475 Recreational BUTTS Modern 508 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT VIII 539029 SJ1754239681 Recreational BUTTS Modern 509 CEIRIOG DDU, GROUSE BUTT VII 539122 SJ1234838516 Recreational BUTTS Modern 510 PEN PLAENAU, CLEARANCE CAIRN I 539202 SJ1116636260 Agriculture and Subsistence CLEARANCE CAIRN Modern 510 PEN PLAENAU, CLEARANCE CAIRN III 539204 SJ1131436317 Agriculture and Subsistence CLEARANCE CAIRN Modern 510 GRAIG FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN II 539309 SJ1425035394 Agriculture and Subsistence CLEARANCE CAIRN Modern 510 CEIRIOG DDU, GROUSE BUTTS XIII 539455 SJ1234838516 Recreational BUTTS Modern 510
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PEN PLAENAU, CLEARANCE CAIRN II 539203 SJ1130236292 Agriculture and Subsistence CLEARANCE CAIRN Modern 511 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XV 539251 SJ1199437048 Recreational BUTTS Modern 512 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT XVI 539357 SJ1542036058 Recreational BUTTS Modern 512 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTTS XXI 539450 SJ1542036058 Recreational BUTTS Modern 512 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTTS XXX 539452 SJ1199437048 Recreational BUTTS Modern 512 CERRIG DUON, PIT I 539130 SJ1383838851 Monument
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CEIRIOG DDU, PATH II 539114 SJ1239439009 Transport PATH Modern 526 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT III 539314 SJ1481935689 Recreational BUTTS Modern 527 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT XI 539335 SJ1520236077 Recreational BUTTS Modern 527 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XVII 539253 SJ1198036940 Recreational BUTTS Modern 528 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT IV 539315 SJ1481435735 Recreational BUTTS Modern 530 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XXIV 539139 SJ1362538566 Recreational BUTTS Modern 531 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XXVII 539168 SJ1037436569 Recreational BUTTS Modern 531 BRYN DU, TRACK I 539313 SJ1482035742 Transport TRACKWAY Modern 531 BRYN DU, SHOOTING STAND II 539327 SJ1513436081 Recreational SHOOTING STAND Modern 531 GRAIG FAWR, FENCE 539312 SJ1433035598 Agriculture and Subsistence FENCE Modern 532 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT XIV 539352 SJ1486335767 Recreational BUTTS Modern 533 NANT RHYDWILYM, GROUSE BUTT VIII 539432 SJ1014635968 Recreational BUTTS Modern 533 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT II 539190 SJ1170036794 Recreational BUTTS Modern 534 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT V 539193 SJ1154536843 Recreational BUTTS Modern 534 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT I 539021 SJ1750139827 Recreational BUTTS Modern 535 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT II 539022 SJ1745839819 Recreational BUTTS Modern 535 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XXV 539140 SJ1362738499 Recreational BUTTS Modern 535 PEN PLAENAU, DRAINAGE SYSTEM 539201 SJ1154936840 Water Supply and Drainage DRAINAGE SYSTEM Modern 535 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XVIII 539254 SJ1197036885 Recreational BUTTS Modern 535 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT III 539191 SJ1165036809 Recreational BUTTS Modern 536 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT IV 539192 SJ1159736826 Recreational BUTTS Modern 536 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT VI 539194 SJ1149336858 Recreational BUTTS Modern 536 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT III 539023 SJ1741739811 Recreational BUTTS Modern 537 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT VII 539195 SJ1144136876 Recreational BUTTS Modern 537 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT VIII 539196 SJ1138936892 Recreational BUTTS Modern 537 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT V 539316 SJ1480835780 Recreational BUTTS Modern 537 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTTS XXXI 539453 SJ1144136876 Recreational BUTTS Modern 537 CERRIG DUON, PIT IV 539137 SJ1337638057 Monument
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CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XXVI 539141 SJ1363638442 Recreational BUTTS Modern 540 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XXVI 539167 SJ1038136620 Recreational BUTTS Modern 540 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT I 539189 SJ1175336779 Recreational BUTTS Modern 540 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTTS XXX 539454 SJ1363638442 Recreational BUTTS Modern 540 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XXVIII 539143 SJ1366338311 Recreational BUTTS Modern 541 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT IX 539197 SJ1133636909 Recreational BUTTS Modern 541 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT IV 539024 SJ1738339805 Recreational BUTTS Modern 542 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT V 539025 SJ1733739793 Recreational BUTTS Modern 542 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XXVII 539142 SJ1364938378 Recreational BUTTS Modern 542 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTTS XIX 539461 SJ1738339805 Recreational BUTTS Modern 542 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XXII 539111 SJ1384239201 Recreational BUTTS Modern 543 NANT RHYDWILYM, GROUSE BUTT VII 539431 SJ1012735914 Recreational BUTTS Modern 543 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT VII 539096 SJ1281238944 Recreational BUTTS Modern 544 CERRIG DUON, SHOOTING STANDS 539145 SJ1271638766 Recreational SHOOTING STAND Modern 544 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT X 539198 SJ1128336928 Recreational BUTTS Modern 544 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XI 539199 SJ1122536946 Recreational BUTTS Modern 545 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT VII 539318 SJ1479735884 Recreational BUTTS Modern 545 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTTS XXII 539451 SJ1479735884 Recreational BUTTS Modern 545 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT VI 539026 SJ1729439785 Recreational BUTTS Modern 546 VIVOD MOUNTAIN, GROUSE BUTT VII 539027 SJ1724339776 Recreational BUTTS Modern 546 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XXIX 539144 SJ1367838234 Recreational BUTTS Modern 546 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XXI 539110 SJ1381139207 Recreational BUTTS Modern 548 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XXV 539166 SJ1038836673 Recreational BUTTS Modern 548 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT VI 539095 SJ1284038988 Recreational BUTTS Modern 549 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XII 539200 SJ1116436966 Recreational BUTTS Modern 549 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT VIII 539319 SJ1478935937 Recreational BUTTS Modern 549 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT I 539297 SJ1476436107 Recreational BUTTS Modern 551 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT IX 539320 SJ1478135992 Recreational BUTTS Modern 551 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XVIII 539107 SJ1370939228 Recreational BUTTS Modern 552
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CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XIX 539108 SJ1374339220 Recreational BUTTS Modern 552 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XX 539109 SJ1377539213 Recreational BUTTS Modern 552 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XXIV 539165 SJ1039536727 Recreational BUTTS Modern 552 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT V 539094 SJ1286039036 Recreational BUTTS Modern 554 BRYN DU, GROUSE BUTT X 539321 SJ1477436042 Recreational BUTTS Modern 554 NANT RHYDWILYM, GROUSE BUTT VI 539430 SJ1011035864 Recreational BUTTS Modern 555 NANT RHYDWILYM, GROUSE BUTTS XI 539448 SJ1011035864 Recreational BUTTS Modern 555 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT IV 539093 SJ1288639081 Recreational BUTTS Modern 556 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTTS XXXII 539457 SJ1288639081 Recreational BUTTS Modern 556 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XXIII 539164 SJ1040436782 Recreational BUTTS Modern 558 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XVII 539106 SJ1366639242 Recreational BUTTS Modern 559 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTTS XXXI 539456 SJ1366639242 Recreational BUTTS Modern 559 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT III 539092 SJ1291639126 Recreational BUTTS Modern 561 BRYN DU, TRIANGULATION POINT 539322 SJ1463535999 Civil TRIANGULATION POINT Modern 561 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XVI 539105 SJ1362839245 Recreational BUTTS Modern 562 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XIV 539103 SJ1352739261 Recreational BUTTS Modern 565 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XXII 539163 SJ1041236837 Recreational BUTTS Modern 565 NANT RHYDWILYM, GROUSE BUTT V 539429 SJ1009435814 Recreational BUTTS Modern 566 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XV 539104 SJ1359039254 Recreational BUTTS Modern 567 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT II 539091 SJ1293739167 Recreational BUTTS Modern 568 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XIII 539102 SJ1354939265 Recreational BUTTS Modern 568 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT I 539089 SJ1258339347 Recreational BUTTS Modern 569 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XII 539101 SJ1353039270 Recreational BUTTS Modern 569 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT XI 539100 SJ1350939273 Recreational BUTTS Modern 570 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT X 539099 SJ1346839281 Recreational BUTTS Modern 571 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XXI 539162 SJ1042036889 Recreational BUTTS Modern 571 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTTS XXIX 539170 SJ1042036889 Recreational BUTTS Modern 571 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT IX 539098 SJ1342039292 Recreational BUTTS Modern 572 CERRIG DUON, GROUSE BUTT VIII 539097 SJ1334839306 Recreational BUTTS Modern 573
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PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XX 539161 SJ1042636943 Recreational BUTTS Modern 574 NANT RHYDWILYM, GROUSE BUTT IV 539428 SJ1007535763 Recreational BUTTS Modern 576 CWM LLAWENOG, SHOOTING STANDS 539412 SJ1015935636 Recreational SHOOTING STAND Modern 577 PEN PLAENAU, GROUSE BUTT XIX 539160 SJ1043536997 Recreational BUTTS Modern 578 NANT RHYDWILYM, GROUSE BUTT III 539427 SJ1005535713 Recreational BUTTS Modern 587 RHOS, MARKER CAIRN I 539016 SJ1230732305 Unassigned MARKER CAIRN Modern 590 RHOS, MARKER CAIRN II 539017 SJ1228232322 Unassigned MARKER CAIRN Modern 590 NANT RHYDWILYM, GROUSE BUTT II 539426 SJ1003935661 Recreational BUTTS Modern 597 NANT RHYDWILYM, GROUSE BUTT I 539425 SJ1002035610 Recreational BUTTS Modern 604 CADAIR BRONWEN, BOUNDARY STONE I 283173 SJ0867235086 Monument
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