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When Fear Is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919
WHEN FEAR IS SUBSTITUTED FOR REASON: EUROPEAN AND WESTERN GOVERNMENT POLICIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY 1789-1919 Norma Lisa Flores A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2012 Committee: Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Dr. Mark Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Michael Brooks Dr. Geoff Howes Dr. Michael Jakobson © 2012 Norma Lisa Flores All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context. -
14707176.Pdf
I c/66-14 AN ESSAY ON REVISIONISM IN THE ITALIAN COMMUNIST PARTY Giorgio Galli Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for International Studies International Communism Project The following essay explores the evolution of Italian Communist re- visionism. In general when we speak of "revisionism" in the Italian Communist Party (PCI) we usually refer to the question of whether the conquest of power is possible and of what strategy the Party puts forward in order to achieve it: the classical questions, in short, which were at the center of the first great revisionist debate in the Second International. Extensive comparisons have therefore been made between Italian "revisionism" and its classical antecedents. But first a brief review of the PCI's attitude toward the Italian Con- stitution may be illuminating. At a particularly signi icant moment in its recent history, the Eighth Congress of December 1956, the PCI approved the "Elements for a Policy Declaration" which regards the Italian Constitution that went into effect in January 1948, as an "important victory on the Italian road to Socialism," and illustrates one fundamental aspect of it in the follow- ing manner: As far as private property is concerned, it is guaranteed by law, 'with the aim of safeguarding its social function and making it accessible to all,' and it is precisely for this reason that the Constitution lays down limits for it and even provides for expro- priation, with compensation, for 'reasons of general interest.' It is not, therefore, unreasonable to state that the Republican Constitution . sets up some of the conditions which may, when they are put into effect . -
S688p6 1920.Pdf
-- A Political Guide for the Workers Socialist Party Campaign Book 1920 Prebared by the Department of Labor Research, Rand School of Social Science A. L. Trachtenberg, Director Published by The Socialist Party of the United States 220 South Ashland Boulevard CHICAGO, ILL. 1920 CoPYnIoAT 1940 BY Tm SOCIALIST PARTY OF TAE UNITED STATES CHICAGO, ILL. Printed in the U. S. A. 7 FOREWORD %F This little book is the joint work of a number of con- tributors, which has been compiled under the general editorship of Alexander Trachtenberg, Director of the Department of Labor Resewch of the Rand School of Social Science, and James Oneal, member of the National Executive Committee of the Socialist party. Benjamin Glassberg of the Rand School also rendered valuable assistance in the editorial work. Among the contributors to the volume are Morris Hill- quit, David P. Berenberg, Evans Clark, Roger Baldwin, Solon DeLeon , Lewis Gannett, Benjamin Glassberg, Bertha Hale White, William Morris Feigenbaum, Alex- ander Trachtenberg, James Oneal and Irwin St. John Tucker. The book il the result of a request made by the Na- tional Executive Committee that the Research Depart- ment of the Rand School of Social Science co-operate in the preparation of material for it. The editorial committee believes that the book marks an advance over the bulky campaign books that have been prepared in the past, in that the material is much less in quantity, it is presented in a more popular style, statistics have been reduced to a minimum, while the information will prove of service to party speakers and editors and at the same time serve as a propaganda book among the workers. -
The Socialist Party
Social Democratic Herald: Indianapolis Convention Effects Unity [Aug. 17, 1901] 1 The Socialist Party: Indianapolis Convention Effects Union of All Parties Represented in Response to Call of the Social Democratic Party: State Autonomy Guaranteed: Immediate Demands Adopted After Prolonged Debate — Headquarters Located in St. Louis — The New Constitution. Unsigned report published in the Social Democratic Herald [Milwaukee], v. 4, no. 7, whole no. “159” (Aug. 17, 1901), pp. 2-3. † The Socialists of the United States in conven- This controlling passion of the assemblage was tion at Indianapolis added an important chapter to unmistakably evident as early as the first meeting of the history of the movement, and gave, as we firmly the Credentials Committee, when the members of that believe, a new impetus to Socialism in this country. In committee representing the Chicago wing tendered the response to the call adopted by the January [1901] records of National Secretary Theodore Debs to prove convention of the Social Democratic Party with head- the validity of the claimed representation under the quarters in Chicago, over 130 delegates representing provisions of the call. The Springfield wing had no the two main wings and four independent state and books; the [Chcago] delegates were willing to accept territorial organizations assembled in Masonic Temple, the word of the comrades on the other side without Indianapolis, at 10 o’clock in the morning of July 29, inspecting books and the representation they claimed and during their deliberations extending through 4 was allowed. days and 3 nights, disposed of the vexed question of unity. It was the largest national convention of Social- Called to Order. -
The Class Struggle (Erfurt Program)
The Class Struggle (ERFURT PROGRAM) By KARL KAUTSKY Translated by WILLIAM E. BOHN. on, re- •ate cial ;un- pro- still CHICAGO CHARLES H. KERR & (.^)MPANY CO-OPERATIVE CbPYBIGHT, 1910. By Charles H. Kekr & Cqmpany Inst. Indus. Ret. H /- /.- • - TRANSLATOR'S NOTE. At Erfurt, in 1891, the Congress of the German Social Democracy adopted a new program. The following year Karl Kautsky published Das Er- furter Program. This work turned out to be more than a mere exposition of the new state- ment of principles. In his preface the author ex- plained that it was designed to fill the gap be- tween propaganda pamphlets on the one side and special monographs on the other. It was at once scientific and popular ; it contained a system- atic survey of Socialist thought and was, never- theless, of sufHciently modest dimensions to be available for the average person's use. In 1904, in the introduction to the fifth edition, the author stated that the Erfurt Program re- mained in all essential particulars an accurate statement of the principles of the German Social Democracy. Hence, his work demanded no fun- damental revision. It may be added that the pro- gram adopted at Erfurt nineteen years ago is still valid, not only for the German Social Democ- racy, but, with comparatively unimportant modi- fications, for the international Socialist move- ment. Therefore, this book of Karl Kautsky's 4 THE CLASS STRUGGLE remains in a sense the most authoritative expo- sition of the principles underlying that move- ment. The following translation is based on the eighth German edition (1907). -
3. the Emergence of Socialist Parties, 1848-1914
Section XVI: Developments in Socialism, Contemporary Civilization (Ideas and Institutions 1848-1914 of Western Man) 1958 3. The meE rgence of Socialist Parties, 1848-1914 Robert L. Bloom Gettysburg College Basil L. Crapster Gettysburg College Harold L. Dunkelberger Gettysburg College See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/contemporary_sec16 Part of the Models and Methods Commons, and the Political History Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Bloom, Robert L. et al. "3. The meE rgence of Socialist Parties, 1848-1914. Pt. XVI: Developments in Socialism, (1848-1914)." Ideas and Institutions of Western Man (Gettysburg College, 1958), 30-48. This is the publisher's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ contemporary_sec16/4 This open access book chapter is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 3. The meE rgence of Socialist Parties, 1848-1914 Abstract The mee rgence of socialist parties frequently is treated by Marxians and non-Marxians alike, as an inevitable development. From this viewpoint, the Industrial Revolution completed the breakdown of an essentially land- based social structure, economy, and political system. New classes were creates; new interests required political expression. Working people, united by the often miserable conditions under which they lived and labored, ultimately turned to socialism. -
Socialism: a Historical Sketch
University of Central Florida STARS PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements 1-1-1916 Socialism: A historical sketch William J. Ghent Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/prism University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Book is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Ghent, William J., "Socialism: A historical sketch" (1916). PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements. 218. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/prism/218 APPEAL SOCIALIST CLASSICS EDITED BY W. J. GHENT No. a Socialism: A Historical Sketch Copyright, 1916, by Appeal to Reason APPEAL TO REASON Cirnrd, Kansa THE SERIES The pamphlets in this series are composed, in the main, of selections from the publlshed work of Socialist writers, mostly of the present day. In some of them, particularly "Socialist Documents" and "Socialism and Government," the writings used are mainly of collective, rather than individual autborship; whlle the EUstorical Sketch is the composition of the editor. To the selections given, the editor has added explanatvry and connecting paragraphs weldin~ the fragments into a co herent whole. Too aim is the ma mg together in conci e and systematic form, of what has been most clearly and pertinently said, either by individual Socialist writers or by committees speaking Ior the party as a whole, on al1 of the main phases of Socialism. In their finished form bey might, with some appropriate ness, be termed mosaics: each pamphlet is an arrangement of parts from many sources according to a unitary design. -
The Western Comrade "The Most Constructive Magazine for Socialism in America."
February, 19 18 STATt i Price Ten Cents omrade "THE PAINTED PIGEON" —a smashing Story by ROB WAGNER "BIRTH CON- TROL" -by MARGARET SANGER Beginning a Remarkable Series entitled " MODERN RE- LIGIOUS MOVE- MENTS" (Plantation -Woods and Scenes in the Colony) "DOES CO-OPERATION PAY?" "FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND DEM- —By E. RALPH CHEYNEY OCRACY" -By THERON P. COOPER TIMELY EDITORIALS —By JOB HARRIMAN FI CTI ON — POETRY — HUMOR Your Gateway to rreeoom Llano's 16,000 Acre Plantation in the H^f:?K!ands of We^iern I.oir^ RTan; THE Llano del Rio Co-operalive Colony was established at Llano, AM Pit: DEVELOPMENT Los Angeles County. California, in May, 1914. It attracted .- attention throughout the country because of the calibre of the Farming . Colony thoroughly realizes the respons- ibihties and the •.r.cosi-.l.m put it. Efficiency men who were conducting it. Hundreds joined the colony and during upon is insisted on, and once each week the three years hundreds of acres of orchards and alfalfa were planted, foremen are required to attend efficiency classes. The remaining a community garden was grown, and many industries were established. workers are also given instruction. Records are kept show- ing use of time, achievement, results, From the first, the intention was to form other colonies, extending costs. There is a systematic and orderly organization being the work as rapidly as possible. The first extension has been organized. perfected. Land is being cleared and plow- ed as rapidly as possible. With a complete understanding of the needs of [6,000 FERTILE ACRES agricultural production, every available man is put on the farm. -
THE CAPITALIST CLASS. by Karl Kautsky
THEPEOP~~' l\Iontbly Per Year, 60 Cents December, 1900 No. 19 I ~ THE Socialist Trade &Labor Alliance versus the "Pure and Simple" Trade Union A Debate held at the Grand Opera House, New Haven, Conn., November 25, 1900, between DANIEL DE LEON representing the Socialist Trade & Labor Alliance and the Socialist Labor Party, and JOB HARRIMAN representing the "Pure and Simple" Trade Union and the Social Democratic Party • Stenographica.lly reported by BENJA..MIN F. KEINARD PRICE, FIVE CENTS Published by the NEW YORK LABOR NEWS COMPANY ~6 New Reade St., New York City Entered at New York Post Office as Second Class Matter. WHAT IS CAPITAL? By FERDINAND LASSALLE. The Socialist proceeds upon the sci entific plan that nothing but confusion can lI'esult from discussion unless there is a rigid adherence to the proper use of Q;erms, and in the Organized Socialist Movement throughout the world the terms of Socialist Science are defined in as uniform a manner as language dif ferences permit. Inasmuch as the central ~emand of Socialism is that Capital be collectively owned, it is especially necessary for aD 'understanding of Socialis-ID that absolute clearness be had in the use of this term. In "What Is Capital7" Lassalle draws the distinction between wealth that is Capital and wealth that is not Capital. He first punctures several bourgeois definitions of Capital, then gives the characteristics of the principal industrial systems from Slavery through Feudalism to Capitali"m, and traces clearly the growbh or Capital from its €arliest historical appearance. The following summary of the book will be useful to the student: CONTENTS. -
Copyright 2014 Janine Giordano Drake
Copyright 2014 Janine Giordano Drake BETWEEN RELIGION AND POLITICS: THE WORKING CLASS RELIGIOUS LEFT, 1880-1920 BY JANINE GIORDANO DRAKE DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee Professor James Barrett, Chair Professor David Roediger Associate Professor Kathryn Oberdeck Associate Professor Jonathan Ebel ABSTRACT Between Religion and Politics: The Working Class Religious Left, 1880-1920 makes two main arguments: First, through an analysis of socialist print culture and party meeting minutes, it argues that Christianity animated socialist culture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Moreover, wage earners within socialist circles, and especially the emerging Socialist Party of America, used these working class spaces as their alternative to a church. They preached and prayed together, and developed a socialist Christian theology of cooperation, personal sacrifice, and a future “Christian Commonwealth.” While the Socialist Party of America was by no means a Christian Socialist movement, it served as a welcome spiritual home for the many working class Christians who melded their socialist convictions with their faith. Christian, Jewish, and agnostic socialists worked together under the banner of the emerging Socialist Party of America. By 1912, the number of socialist Christians outside the churches was so great that the new Protestant denominational federation, the Federal Council of Churches, organized a series of nationwide campaigns to root out socialists from industrial workforces and draw politically neutral Christians into the churches. Second, the project revises our understanding of the rise of Social Christianity. -
American Utopias
American Utopias Bolerium Books, ABAA/ILAB 2141 Mission, Suite 300 San Francisco, CA 94110 1.800.326.6353 or 415.863.6353. Fax 415.255.6499 email: [email protected] TERMS: We reserve titles ordered by phone, fax or email for 10 days. Individuals can remit by check, Visa, MasterCard, American Express or Discover (Novus). Credit cards are accepted for phone orders; please have your card number and expiration date available when ordering. Catalog prices do not include postage. Media mail, the cheapest and slowest within the US, is only $3.50 per order, no matter how many books are ordered – this rate only available for prepaid orders . Faster methods are available at cost. Foreign post, air and express mail will be billed at cost. California customers please add applicable sales tax. Institutions can be billed. Foreign customers may remit in US dollars with a check drawn upon a US-based bank, or by credit card. All listings subject to prior sale. CONDITION: Unless otherwise noted, all described titles are in very good or better condition. Presence of former library stamps, card pockets, and/or call numbers are described as ‘ex library’. Any additional blemishes will be described. Books may be returned for any reason with in thirty days of receipt.. OUR WEB SITE : www.bolerium.com has secure ordering, and free email lists of our recent acquisitions. You can sign up for our email new arrival notification at the web site, where you can choose your subject areas for updates, or contact us at the store if you need assistance to register. -
Frances Nacke Noel/Job Harriman Papers: Finding Aid
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8377ftn No online items Frances Nacke Noel/Job Harriman Papers: Finding Aid Finding aid prepared by Brooke M. Black, October 12, 2001. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2129 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org © 2001 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Frances Nacke Noel/Job Harriman mssNoel Harriman papers 1 Papers: Finding Aid Overview of the Collection Title: Frances Nacke Noel/Job Harriman Papers Dates (inclusive): 1889-1986 Bulk dates: 1940-1980 Collection Number: mssNoel Harriman papers Extent: 1,452 items in 13 boxes Repository: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens. Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2129 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org Abstract: This collection is made up of material gathered by Southern California historian Knox Mellon (born 1925) for his dissertation about socialist Job Harriman (1861-1925), founder of the Llano del Rio Colony. The papers chiefly deal with Harriman; labor activist and socialist Frances Nacke Noel (1873-1963); socialism; the Llano del Rio Colony; labor and union issues; and suffrage and women's rights. Language: English and German. Access Open to qualified researchers by prior application through the Reader Services Department. For more information, contact Reader Services. Publication Rights The Huntington Library does not require that researchers request permission to quote from or publish images of this material, nor does it charge fees for such activities. The responsibility for identifying the copyright holder, if there is one, and obtaining necessary permissions rests with the researcher.