 1.1 Newton’s First and Second law and their Explanation.  1.2 Working with Newton’s First and Second law.  1.3 Newton’s Third Law of Motion and it’s Explanation.  1.4 Various Types of Forces in Nature (Explanation) And Concept of Field.  1.5 Frame of Reference (Inertial, Non-inertial).  1.6 Pseudo Forces (e.g. Centrifugal).  Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. More precisely, the first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn't exist. These three laws have been expressed in several different ways, over nearly three centuries, and can be summarized as follows:  Newton’s Law: First law: In an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force.

Second law: In an inertial reference frame, the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object: F = ma. (It is assumed here that the mass m is constant.

Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.  Newton’s First Law And their Explanation.  The first law states that if the net force (the vector sum of all forces acting on an object) is zero, then the velocity of the object is constant. Velocity is a vector quantity which expresses both the object's speed and the direction of its motion; therefore, the statement that the object's velocity is constant is a statement that both its speed and the direction of its motion are constant.  The first law can be stated mathematically when the mass is a non-zero constant, as,  An object that is at rest will stay at rest unless a force acts upon it.  An object that is in motion will not change its velocity unless a force acts upon it.  This is known as uniform motion. An object continues to do whatever it happens to be doing unless a force is exerted upon it. If it is at rest, it continues in a state of rest (demonstrated when a tablecloth is skillfully whipped from under dishes on a tabletop and the dishes remain in their initial state of rest). If an object is moving, it continues to move without turning or changing its speed. This is evident in space probes that continuously move in outer space. Changes in motion must be imposed against the tendency of an object to retain its state of motion. In the absence of net forces, a moving object tends to move along a straight line path indefinitely.  Newton placed the first law of motion to establish frames of reference for which the other laws are applicable. The first law of motion postulates the existence of at least one frame of reference called a Newtonian or inertial reference frame, relative to which the motion of a particle not subject to forces  of inertia. Thus, a condition necessary for the uniform motion of a particle relative to an inertial reference frame is that the total net force acting on it is zero. In this sense, the first law can be restated as:  In every material universe, the motion of a particle in a preferential reference frame Φ is determined by the action of forces whose total vanished for all times when and only when the velocity of the particle is constant in Φ. That is, a particle initially at rest or in uniform motion in the preferential frame Φ continues in that state unless compelled by forces to change it.  Newton's first and second laws are valid only in an inertial reference frame. Any reference frame that is in uniform motion with respect to an inertial frame is also an inertial frame, i.e. Galilean invariance or the principle of Newtonian relativity. Newton's second law and their Explanation.  Explanation of Newton's second law, using gravity as an example (MIT OC)  The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force applied, and this change in momentum takes place in the direction of the applied force.  F = dp/dt = d(mv)/dt .  The second law can also be stated in terms of an object's acceleration. Since Newton's second law is valid only for constant-mass systems, m can be taken outside the differentiation operator by the constant factor rule in differentiation. Thus,  F = m dv/dt =ma,  where F is the net force applied, m is the mass of the body, and a is the body's acceleration. Thus, the net force applied to a body produces a proportional acceleration.

 Working with Newton’s First and Second Law.  Free-body diagrams are diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. A free-body diagram is a special example of the vector diagrams that were discussed in an earlier unit. These diagrams will be used throughout our study of physics. The size of the arrow in a free-body diagram reflects the magnitude of the force. The direction of the arrow shows the direction that the force is acting. Each force arrow in the diagram is labeled to indicate the exact type of force. It is generally customary in a free-body diagram to represent the object by a box and to draw the force arrow from the center of the box outward in the direction that the force is acting. An example of a free-body diagram is shown at the right.  The free-body diagram above depicts four forces Free-body diagrams are diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given acting upon the object. Objects do not necessarily always have four forces acting upon them. There will be cases in which the number of forces depicted by a free-body diagram will be one, two, or three. There is no hard and fast rule about the number of forces that must be drawn in a free-body diagram. The only rule for drawing free-body diagrams is to depict all the forces that exist for that object in the given situation. Newton’s Third Law of Motion & it’s Explanation:  The third law states that all forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite

direction: if one object A exerts a force FA on a second object B, then B simultaneously exerts a

force FB on A, and the two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction: FA = −FB.  The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies, or different regions within one body, and thus that there is no such thing as a force that is not accompanied by an equal and opposite force.  In some situations, the magnitude and direction of the forces are determined entirely by one of the two bodies, say Body A; the force exerted by Body A on Body B is called the "action", and the force exerted by Body B on Body A is called the "reaction". This law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law,

with FA called the "action" and FB the "reaction.  In other situations the magnitude and directions of the forces are determined jointly by both bodies and it isn't necessary to identify one force as the "action" and the other as the "reaction".  The action and the reaction are simultaneous, and it does not matter which is called the action and which is called reaction; both forces are part of a single interaction, and neither force exists without the other. Examples on Newton’s Third Law:  Third Law of Motion States: 'To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction'. ... The action and reaction are equal and opposite.  For example: when we placed a wooden block on the ground, this block exerts a force equal to its weight, W = mg acting downwards to the ground.  Example: Force exerted by boy on the ground, force exerted by ground on the boy .  Example: force on rocket by exhaust by exhaust gas, force on exhaust gas by rocket. The Fundamental Forces In Nature:  There are four universal or fundamental forces in nature. Without these forces, all matter in the world will fall apart. Force as such is any pull or push that causes an object to alter its physical state (in terms of motion or deformity). Newton defined a force as anything that causes an object of mass ‘m’ to move with an acceleration ‘a’. A brief overview of the four fundamental forces is given below.:  The Gravitational Forces:  Gravitational force is the force responsible for holding planets in their orbits and this is possible only because of their infinitely long range.  Gravitational force can be represented as follows  Fg = Gm1m2 r2  where,  Fg is the gravitational force. G is the universal gravitational constant. m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects in consideration. r is the distance between the centers of the two objects in consideration.  Properties for gravitational forces:  It is attractive.  It is central force.  It is conservative force.  It is long range force.  It is weakest force.  b) The Electromagnetic forces: The pen is matter made of atoms filled with nuclei, neutrons, protons and electrons spinning around the nucleus as well. By nature, the electrons that you are made of and the electrons that make up your pen will repel each other. So technically, you never truly touch anything.  These are electromagnetic forces. Why does a comb get charged when you continuously brush your hair? Why are the subatomic particles held together? Because… Electromagnetic forces.  Electromagnetic properties :  It is attractive or repulsive forces.  It is the central force.  It is long rang force.  It is conservative force.  It is about 10 (39) times stronger than the gravitational force.  It is the stronger forces c) The Strong Interaction:  Out of the four fundamental forces, nuclear forces are the strongest attractive forces. Electromagnetism holds matter together, but there was no explanation on how the nucleus is held together in the atom. If we consider only electromagnetism and gravity, then the nucleus should actually fly off in different directions. But it doesn’t, implying that there exists another force within the nucleus which is stronger than the gravitational force and electromagnetic force. This is where nuclear forces come into play. Strong nuclear forces are responsible for holding the nuclei of atoms together. d) The Weak Interaction: Weak nuclear forces are responsible for the radioactive decay, specifically the beta decay neutrino interactions. It has a very short range (less than 1 fm) and this force is, as the name suggests, weak in nature.  Pseudo Forces or Fictitious forces :  A fictitious force (also called a pseudo force, d'Alembert force, or inertial force is an apparent force that acts on all masses whose motion is described using a non-inertial frame of reference, such as a rotating reference frame.  The force F does not arise from any physical interaction between two objects, but rather from the acceleration a of the non-inertial reference frame itself. As stated by Iron.  Such an additional force due to non uniform relative motion of two reference frames is called a pseudo- force. Thank you