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DOCUMENT RESUME UD 001 395 ED 022 796 By- Antonovsky, Aaron. Ed.; Lorwin,Lewis L.. Ed. DISCRIMINATION AGAINSTMINORITY CROUPS DISCRIMINATION AND LOW INCONES;SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INCOMES IN NEW YORK STATE. IN RELATION TO LOW Rights, N.Y. New School for Social Research.New York. N.Y.; New YorkState Commission for Human Spans Agency-New York StateInterdepartmental Committee on LowIncomes. Albany. Pub Date 59 Note- 379p. EDRS Price MF-S150 HC-S1524 DISADVANTAGEMENT. ECONOMICSTATUS. Descriptors-CAUCASIAN STUDENTS.DEMOGRAPHY, *ECONOMIC HIGH EMPLOYPENT CePORTUNITIES.*EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES. DVLOYERATTITUDES. EMPLOYMENT. PUERTO *LOW INCOME. *MINORITYGROUPS. NEGROES. OCCLPATIONS. SCHOOL STUDENTS. INVESTIGATIONS. SUBURBS, TABLES (DATA),URBAN AREAS. RICANS. SOCIAL DISADVANTAGEPENT.*SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION. VOCATIONAL INTERESTS Identifiers-Elmira. New York State. NewYork State CommissionAgainst Discrimination Discrimination This study under thedirection of the N.Y.State Commission Against relationship of low incomestosocial and economic (SCAD) investigatedthe of the discrimination against Negroesand Puerto Ricans inNew York State. The scope by various authorsof the present economicstatus of study included analyses capacities and Income,and Negroes and PuertoRicans. the limitations of their earning For the developments most lice_ly toaffect their futureemployment opportunities. annual family income wasassumed to be thepoverty purposeof this study S2D00.00 implications of the includes recommendationsdrawn from the line. The document of New York's minority groups. studies, basic factsabout the economic status of lustrations by specific cases.and a theoretical summationof the social meaning discrimination. A 54 pageappendix follows whichmcludes tables and questionnaires used in collecting the data.(R ) State of New York Nelson A. Rockefeller Governor INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON LOW INCOMES During 1956-1958 the New York State Interdepartmental Committee on Low Incomes engaged in investigations of the current distribution of incomes in New York State and factors which affect incomes and levels of living.Staff studies were undertaken to assess the magnitude of the low income problem in the State and to discover why many families and individuals do not share adequately in the continuing improvement of the American standard of living. A pilot program was launched to demonstratehow available resources -- public and private -- can be utilized effectively to help low income people achieve higher levels of productivity and self-support, and fuller participation in the social and economic life of the community. Defined objectives were to prevent the occurrence of low incomes, break the self-perpetuating cycle of poverty, and improve the capacity of local communities to provide employment for all available human resources. The sponsoring interdepartmental committee appointed by Governor Harriman consisted of Isador Lubin, Industrial Commissioner, as Chairman, and DanielJ. Carey, Commissioner of Agriculture and Markets; James E. Allen, Jr. , Commissioner of Education; Herman E. Hilleboe, M.D. , Commissioner of Ikalth; Paul H. Hoch, M. D. , Commissioner of Mental Hygiene; Raymond W. Houston, Commissioner of Social Welfare; Edward T. Dickinson, Commissioner of Commerce; Joseph P. McMurray, Commissioner of Housing; Charles Abrams, Chairman, State Commission Against Discrimination; Mark A. McCloskey, Chairman, Youth Commission; Persia Campbell, Consumer Counsel to the Governor; Philip M. Kaiser, Special Assistant on Problems of the Aging, Executive Department; and Angela Parisi, Chairman, Workmen's Compensation Board. The Committee's staff consisted of Meredith B. Givens, Executive Director, Eleanor M. Snyder, Gladys F. Webbink, John G. Meyers, Ncira K. Piore, and Iwan S. Koropeckyj. U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH, EDUCATION& WELFARE OFFICE Of EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENTHAS VEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS Of VIEW OROPINIONS STAB DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE Of EDUCATION University POSITION OR POLICY. j DISCRIMINATION AND LOW INCOMES 11 Social and Economic Discrimination Against Minority Groups in Relation to Low Incomes in New York State Studies under the direction of the ctrr11-tt,yrciA,, f-Qii,k4s NEW YORK STATE COMMISSION AGAINST-DISCRIMINA-WeN by the NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH Edited by Aaron Antonovsky, Director of Research New York State Commission Against Discrimination and Lewis L. Lorwin, Research Division New School for Social Research 1959 One of a series of related investigations supported bythe New York State Interdepartmental Committeeon Low Incomes and undertaken by cooperating agencies and universities in the State State of New York INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON LOW INCOMES INFORMATION RETRIEVAL CENTERON TRE DISADVANTAGED Ferkauf graduate Scheel of Eenten,Yesliiva (Ws:laity STATE OF NEW YORK STATE COMMISSION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION Geoecie ti.Fousix-P. ..rarbasesimier-earter. Chairman J. Edward Conway Bernard KatzenVice--ckary.sab41/4, Commissioner Commissioner ribexto..- i3ess:e, A. 6,44a bigwt 46.- --nrebone:molikkee- .Commissioner Commis sioner Lto yl L. Ku-st fewum;ssipsedclatters- %. ;eccritsia-, Charles Livermore Executive Secretary Henry Spitz General Counsel John B. Sullivan Director of Education Milton Rosenberg Director of Employment Edward Rutledge Director of Housing Philip Partnow Director of Investigations Aaron Antonovsky Director of Research ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR THE STUDY Charles Abrams - Former Chairman, StateCommission Against Discrimination Josephine Cunningham - Research Division, State Commission Against Discrimination John A. Davis - AssociateProfessor of Government, College of the City of New York and Commissioner, State Commission Against Discrimination Meredith B. Givens -Executive Director, New York State Interdepart- mental Committee on Low Incomes Charles Livermore - ExecutiveSecretary, State Commission Against Discrimination Morton J. Schussheim - Director of Research, New York Temporary State Housing Rent Commission John B. Sullivan - Directorof Education, State Commission Against Discrimination Arthur L. Swift, Jr.- Dean,School of Politics, New School for Social Research INFORMATION RETRIEYAL CENTER ON THEDISAINANTA Forkauf tralate CONTENTS School of Eduction,Yeshiva hire Pages CONTRIBUTORS vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix Chapters I - THE DISCRIMINATIONAND LOW INCOMESPROJECT- Lewis L. Lorwin I Part One - Recommendations II - IMPLICATIONSOF THE STUDIES -Charles Abrams 15 Part Two - Basic Facts III - MINORITY GROUPSAND ECONOMIC STATUSIN NEW YORK STATE -Gladys Engel Lang 49 IV - SIGNIFICANTTRENDS IN THE NEW YORKSTATE ECONOMY: With SpecialReference to Minority Groups - Vera R. Russell 71 Part Three - Cases inPoint V - NEGRO ANDWHITE YOUTH IN ELMIRA - Aaron Antonovsky andMelvin J. Lerner 103 VI - MANAGEMENTAND MINORITY GROUPS:A Study of Attitudes and Practicesin Hiring and Upgrading - Bernard Rosenberg andPenney Chapin 147 VII - DISCRIMINATIONIN THE HIRING HALL:A Case Study of Pressures toPromote Integration in New York's BreweryIndustry - Gladys Engel Lang 195 PV -I. T, .'.... C01: rENTS Chapters Pages Part Thred (cont. ) VIII - PUERTORICAN INTEGRATIONIN THE SKIRT INDUSTRY IN NEWYORK CITY - Roy B.Helfgott 249 IX - PROGRESSTOWARD INTEGRATION:Four Case Studies - Sally Backerand Harry C. Harris 281 Part Four - A TheoreticSummation X - THE SOCIALMEANING OFDISCRIMINATION - Aaron Antonovsky 307 Appendices A - MinorityGroups and EconomicStatus in New York State: Working Tablesfor Chapter III 327 B - The ElmiraStudy: Questionnaire 361 367 C - The ManagementStudy: Questionnaire D - A Classificationof DiscriminatoryEmployment Practices 369 Areas and Topicsfor Additional Research E - Suggested 373 onDiscrimination and LowIncomes F - Participantsin the AdvisoryConference, March 9, 381 1957 f - 114 -vi. CONTRIBUTORS Charles Abrams Chairman, New York State Commission Against Discrimination* Aaron Antonovsky Director of Research, New YorkState Commission Against Discrimination Sally Backer Research Division, New York State Commission Against Discrimination* Penny Chapin Research Division, Market Psychology Inc. Harry C. Harris New York State CommissionAgainst Discrimination Roy B. Helfgott Research Director, Cloak Joint Board, International Ladies Garment Workers Union,* Assistant Professor of Economics, Pennsylvania State College Gladys Engel Lang Research Division of the NewSchool for Social Research,* Lecturer in Sociology, Brooklyn College Melvin J. Lerner Assistant Professor of Sociologyand Psychology, Elmira College,* Russell Sage Resident, School of Education, Stanford University Lewis L. Lorwin Research Division, New Schoolfor Social Research Bernard Rosenberg Research Director, MarketPsychology Inc. ,* Assistant Professorof Sociology, College of the City of New York Vera R. Russell Economist, New York StateDepartment of Commerce *Positions held at the time ofthe study -vii- Discrimination and Low Incomes may be obtained from the New York State Commission Against Discrimination, 270 Broadway, New York 7, N. Y. Any section of the book may be used or reproduced provided appiopriate credit is given to the authors and publishers. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many persons and organizationshave assisted in the planningand preparation of the'studiesin this volume.It is a pleasure toacknowledge in particular theencouragement given byIsador Lubin, formerIndustrial Commissioner of the Stateof New York.The .assistance of theSCAD Commerce and IndustryAdvisory Committee wasmost helpful