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The Turner Family of Breathitt County University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2020 Patronage Politics in Eastern Kentucky: The Turner Family of Breathitt County Frank Allen Fletcher II University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2020.399 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Fletcher, Frank Allen II, "Patronage Politics in Eastern Kentucky: The Turner Family of Breathitt County" (2020). Theses and Dissertations--History. 61. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/61 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--History by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Frank Allen Fletcher II, Student Dr. David Hamilton, Major Professor Dr. Amy Murrell Taylor, Director of Graduate Studies PATRONAGE POLITICS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY: THE TURNER FAMILY OF BREATHITT COUNTY ________________________________________ THESIS ________________________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Frank Allen Fletcher II Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. David Hamilton, Professor of History Lexington, Kentucky 2020 Copyright © Frank Allen Fletcher II ABSTRACT OF THESIS PATRONAGE POLITICS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY: THE TURNER FAMILY OF BREATHITT COUNTY From the 1930s to the 1970s, the Turner family of Breathitt County held a political and economic monopoly over their rural county in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. They were emblematic of the patronage, clientele, and kinship politics that characterized twentieth century eastern Kentucky. The family rewarded their supporters with jobs and other economic benefits in exchange for continued political support. Ervine Turner served as a state senator during the Great Depression and was later appointed circuit judge over a three-county district, his wife Marie served 38 years as superintendent of Breathitt County schools, and their children later emerged as prominent political leaders in the region. The Turners were loyal Democrats who embraced New Deal liberalism and its commitment to government-sponsored economic development. They cultivated political connections with prominent Democrats that extended as far upward as the White House. Throughout their time in power, the family gained loyal followers but also attracted vocal critics for alleged acts of fraud and corruption. By the 1960s, the family’s influence had grown so strong that some observers referred to them as the “Turner machine.” Political machines have traditionally been perceived as corrupt, wasteful, and inefficient. This thesis uses the Turner family as a case study for reexamining the traditional roles of political machines by highlighting the benefits that patronage politics can deliver in historically isolated places like eastern Kentucky. It argues that the Turner family served as mediators between their constituents and the government. Through their political connections, the Turners generated jobs and infrastructure for the people of Breathitt County. But this economic growth did not generate long-term development and came at the expense of reinforcing conditions of dependence, processes that ultimately perpetuated poverty in Breathitt County and eastern Kentucky. KEYWORDS: Kentucky, Appalachia, Breathitt, political machines, politics, education Frank Allen Fletcher II (Name of Student) 07/31/2020 Date PATRONAGE POLITICS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY: THE TURNER FAMILY OF BREATHITT COUNTY By Frank Allen Fletcher II Dr. David Hamilton Director of Thesis Dr. Amy Murrell Taylor Director of Graduate Studies 07/31/2020 Date TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ v INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 The Turner Family’s Rise to Power ............................................................................ 2 Patronage Politics........................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 1: A NEW DEAL FOR BREATHITT COUNTY, 1933-1941 ...................... 23 Breathitt County in 1930 ........................................................................................... 24 Building New Deal Liberalism in Breathitt County ................................................. 26 A New Deal in Education ......................................................................................... 29 Alphabet Soup in Breathitt County ........................................................................... 40 Desirable Publicity .................................................................................................... 45 Undesirable Publicity ................................................................................................ 53 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 59 CHAPTER 2: POLITICAL AND EDUCATIONAL CONSOLIDATION, 1941-1959 .. 62 Wartime Mobilization ............................................................................................... 63 Ervine Turner’s Political Ascent ............................................................................... 74 The Turner Family in the 1950s................................................................................ 80 Political Crises in the 1950s ...................................................................................... 92 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 99 CHAPTER 3: POLITICAL LIBERALISM IN ACTION, 1959-1964 ........................... 101 iii Breathitt County in 1960 ......................................................................................... 103 The Benefits of Political Liberalism ....................................................................... 106 Breathitt County’s Bank War .................................................................................. 117 Democratic Factionalism, Continued...................................................................... 120 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 124 CHAPTER 4: BREATHITT COUNTY’S WAR ON POVERTY, 1964-1968 .............. 125 The War on Poverty in Eastern Kentucky: An Overview ....................................... 127 Breathitt County’s War on Poverty ......................................................................... 135 A War Within A War .............................................................................................. 143 Late Successes ........................................................................................................ 154 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 157 CHAPTER 5: THE FALL OF THE TURNER MACHINE, 1968-1973........................ 160 Maximum Feasible Participation? .......................................................................... 162 The End of an Era ................................................................................................... 171 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 180 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 187 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 200 VITA ..............................................................................................................................
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