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Las Fronteras: Espacios Estratégicos Para La Globalización

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Las Fronteras: Espacios Estratégicos Para La Globalización Las fronteras Espacios estratégicos para la globalización BENEMÉRITA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE PUEBLA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE CIUDAD JUÁREZ UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE CIUDAD JUÁREZ Ricardo Duarte Jáquez Rector David Ramírez Perea Secretario general Manuel Loera de la Rosa Secretario académico Ramón Chavira Director General de Difusión Cultural y Divulgación Científica X BENEMÉRITA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE PUEBLA Dr. José Alfonso Esparza Ortiz Rector Dr. René Valdiviezo Sandoval Secretario General Dr. Ygnacio Martínez Laguna Vicerrector de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado M.C.E. María del Carmen Martínez Reyes Vicerrectora de Docencia Mtra. Esperanza Morales Pérez Dirección General de Planeación institucional Dr. José Salvador Pérez Mendoza Director de la Facultad de Economía Las fronteras: Espacios estratégicos para la globalización Héctor Antonio Padilla Delgado Aurora Furlong y Zacaula Raúl Netzahualcoyotzi Luna Juan Manuel Sandoval Palacios Coordinadores UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE CIUDAD JUÁREZ BENEMÉRITA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE PUEBLA Las fronteras: espacios estratégicos para la globalización Primera edición, 2017 © Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Economía Avenida San Claudio y 22 Sur, s.n., Col. Jardines de San Manuel C.P. 72570, Puebla, México. ISBN: XXXX © Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez Avenida Plutarco Elías Calles 1210, Fovissste Chamizal C. P. 32310, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. ISBN: XXXX Este libro fue cofinanciado con recursos del Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente de la BUAP y del PFCE 2016 otor- gado a la UACJ Impreso y hecho en México Printed and bounded in Mexico Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total, directa o in- directa del contenido de la presente obra, sin contar previa- mente con la autorización expresa y por escrito de los editores, en términos de la Ley Federal de Derecho de Autor, y en su caso, de los tratados internacionales aplicables; la persona que infrinja esta disposición, se hará acreedora a las sanciones le- gales correspondientes ÍNDICE Introducción............................................................................. 9 PRIMERA PARTE: CONCEPCIONES SOBRE FRONTE- RA, FRONTERIZACIÓN Y FRONTERIDAD The Southwest region of North America: a conception beyond the border Carlos G. Vélez-Ibáñez…………………....................21 La frontera Estados Unidos-México como espacio global o transnacional Juan Manuel Sandoval Palacios………………….......47 Security and border militarization along the borderlands Laurence Armand French Magdaleno Manzanarez…………..............…….....107 Los espacios estratégico-discursivos de lo fronterizo José Arturo Magallanes Payán Arturo Santibáñez……………………………….....133 Estudiar la frontera desde una dimensión espacial. Reflexiones desde ciudades fronterizas de la Amazonia Jorge Aponte Motta……………………...........…....157 Representaciones espaciales ante la refronterización. El caso de la frontera México-Texas Xavier Oliveras González………..……………...... 191 SEGUNDA PARTE: IMPACTOS DE LA SECURITIZACIÓN Y MILITARIZACIÓN DE LAS FRONTERAS Impacto de la violencia en el imaginario de los juarenses sobre su ciudad y sus habitantes Héctor Antonio Padilla Delgado……………......…217 La dimensión de la seguridad ambiental fronteriza en el acceso legal a los acuíferos transfronterizos México-Estados Unidos Gonzalo Hatch Kuri………..........………………... 249 Exconvictos deportados, violencia y cooperación transfronteriza entre México y Estados Unidos David Rocha Romero Martin C. Vera Martínez Renato Pintor Sandoval……………...…….........….275 Migración en tránsito por la microrregión transfronteriza Altar. Control, militarización y vulnerabilidad en la movilidad humana Rosela de Jesús Rendón Rendón, José Guadalupe Rodríguez Gutiérrez Yessica Lara Soto…………...................……………301 Plan Frontera Sur y migración forzada Mesoamericana Raúl Netzahualcoyotzi Luna Aurora Furlong y Zacaula………....…….…………345 Sobre los autores……………..............……………….………...367 INTRODUCCIÓN A finales del siglo XX se inició una nueva y dramática expan- sión intensiva del capitalismo al nivel global, en la cual las relaciones de intercambio capitalistas invaden y mercantilizan ya todas las esferas públicas y privadas que habían permane- cido fuera de su alcance. Los principales mecanismos para in- sertar países y regiones a este proceso de expansión capitalista son los tratados de libre comercio (TLC) mediante instrumentos específicos como las reglas de inversiones, propiedad intelec- tual u otras. El Tratado firmado (1993) y puesto en vigor (1994) entre Estados Unidos, Canadá y México, estableció el modelo de integración asimétrica y subordinada al capital transnacional, el cual serviría como patrón para las negociaciones de otros como el Acuerdo de Libre Comercio de las Américas (ALCA), propuesto en diciembre de 1994, y tratados bi y multilaterales a lo largo del continente. Estos tratados tienen un componente de seguridad regional que implica la parte militarizada de los mismos para asegurar su funcionamiento, mediante el control de fronteras y otros espacios estratégicos, por sus recursos, la contención de la protesta social e inclusive acciones de contra- insurgencia. En particular, la frontera Estados Unidos adquiere una nue- va dimensión a partir de la década de 1980, pero sobre todo con el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN), al emerger y desarrollarse como un espacio global para la expan- sión del capital transnacional apoyado en medidas que apunta- lan un doble proceso de “securitización” y “militarización” de la sociedad. ¿Cómo se han venido presentando estos procesos, a través de qué medidas y con qué impactos regionales? Tales 9 son algunas de las cuestiones en que se enfocan los artículos compilados en este volumen, cuyo propósito es desentrañar, desde ángulos históricos, geográficos y sociológicos, sus impli- caciones para la vida democrática y bienestar de los pueblos latinoamericanos. Son textos elaborados por académicos de diversos países e instituciones que desde hace años se dedican a promover una reflexión colectiva acerca del devenir de la diversidad social, cultural y política de los países de América, en particular del subcontinente latinoamericano, enfocando principalmente los modos en que sus fronteras nacionales son impactadas por los procesos de integración vinculados a la globalización. El libro se divide en dos grandes partes. En la primera, el énfasis de los artículos está en explorar y revisar el concepto de frontera a la luz de la conformación del Continente Ame- ricano como un espacio global singular y vital para el avance del capitalismo transnacional, por lo que se estudian temas como la securitización y militarización de las fronteras, así como sus implicaciones, consecuencias y reacciones culturales entre las comunidades fronterizas, enmarcadas bajo las nocio- nes de fronteridades y (re) fronterización. La segunda parte se dedica a enfocar en las diversas maneras en que este contex- to global y militarizado afecta a grupos sociales particulares, como la población entera de una ciudad fronteriza como es Ciudad Juárez, el medio ambiente y en especial los recursos acuíferos que comparten México y Estados Unidos, y notoria- mente a los migrantes nacionales y centroamericanos en trán- sito hacia Estados Unidos. La visión general que arroja el conjunto de estos textos exhibe un Continente Americano que es simultáneamente un escenario y objeto en disputa o botín del capital transnacional, frente al cual las sociedades locales parecen inermes, aunque no por ello dejan de emerger movimientos sociales que resis- ten de múltiples maneras, de modo que el Continente Ameri- cano también es un espacio que experimenta una nueva fase 10 de larga lucha entre proyectos hegemonizantes y las socieda- des locales que les resisten. De este modo, la primera parte consta de seis artículos que reflexionan y revisan las concepciones de frontera, las dife- rentes facetas de la securitización y militarización de las fron- teras, al igual que se destaca, de una parte, el fortalecimiento del entramado institucional y tecnológico en el cuidado de la frontera norteamericana, y de la otra, los discursos sociales acerca de la frontera y los procesos culturales que son impac- tados o producidos por las medidas de militarización y re- fronterización. En el primero de ellos, “La región del suroeste de Norte- américa: una concepción más allá de la frontera”, Carlos G. Vélez-Ibáñez, opone a la noción de “frontera” entre México y Estados Unidos por considerarla limitante, el concepto de “re- gión del suroeste de Norteamérica”, a la que entiende como una ecología complicada pero persistente, que transciende la frontera actual, que limita y hace posibles las intervenciones humanas en el territorio a lo largo del tiempo, y donde se pre- senta un largo proceso de lucha y acomodo entre poblaciones indígenas, españolas, mexicanas y anglosajonas. Se trata de una región binacional, con dos porciones, norte y sur, produc- to de la guerra de intervención estadounidense y la compra forzada del suroeste de Arizona y Nuevo México; que es mol- deada intensamente por un largo proceso de integración eco- nómica, el cual genera economías y políticas asimétricas y un movimiento de poblaciones a gran escala entre las partes sur y norte de la región. Enseguida, en “La frontera Estados Unidos-México como espacio global o transnacional”, Juan Manuel Sandoval, mues- tra que la militarización de la frontera sur de Estados Unidos se ha justificado con la premisa de evitar que la migración indocu-
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