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Power Court West End and East End Luton Town Football Club Luton Power Court West End and East End Luton Town Football Club Luton Heritage Desk-Based Assessment for 2020 Developments (Luton) Ltd on behalf of Luton Town Football Club CA Project: 660708 CA Report: 16279 February 2021 © Cotswold Archaeology Power Court, Luton Town Football Club, Luton: Heritage Desk-Based Assessment Power Court West End and East End Luton Town Football Club Luton Heritage Desk-Based Assessment CA Project: 660708 CA Report: 16279 Elizabeth Pratt, Assistant Heritage Consultant, and Sophie Martin, Assistant prepared by Heritage Consultant date June 2016 (updated February 2021) checked by Rob Sutton, Head of Heritage Consultancy date June 2016 (updated February 2021) approved by Nathan Blick, Principal Heritage Consultant signed date June 2016 (updated February 2021) issue 01 This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission. Cirencester Milton Keynes Andover Exeter Suffolk Building 11 Unit 8 – The IO Centre Stanley House Unit 1 – Clyst Units Unit 5, Plot 11 Kemble Enterprise Park Fingle Drive Walworth Road Cofton Road Maitland Road Cirencester Stonebridge Andover Marsh Barton Lion Barn Industrial Gloucestershire Milton Keynes Hampshire Exeter Estate GL7 6BQ Buckinghamshire SP10 5LH EX2 8QW Needham Market MK13 0AT Suffolk IP6 8NZ t. 01285 771022 t. 01908 564660 t. 01264 347630 t. 01392 573970 t. 01449 900120 f. 01285 771033 e. [email protected] © Cotswold Archaeology Power Court, Luton Town Football Club, Luton: Heritage Desk-Based Assessment CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 6 Location and landscape context .......................................................................... 6 Scope ................................................................................................................... 6 2. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 8 Data sources ........................................................................................................ 8 Recorded heritage assets .................................................................................... 9 Assessing significance ......................................................................................... 10 Assessing harm (impact or effect) ....................................................................... 11 3. PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT .......................................................................... 13 Legislative framework, national planning policy and relevant sector guidance .... 13 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act (1990) ......................... 13 Local planning policy ............................................................................................ 14 National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF; 2012) ............................................ 16 4. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE AND STUDY AREA .................... 18 Topography, geology and the palaeoenvironment ............................................... 18 Pre-Holocene activity (c.500,000 – 10,000BC) .................................................... 18 Fulk de Breaute’s castle ....................................................................................... 21 Post-Medieval (1540 – 1800) and Modern (1800 – present) Luton ..................... 27 5. SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL AND SIGNIFICANCE .......... 39 Potential for archaeological remains .................................................................... 39 Previous Impacts ................................................................................................. 41 6. SETTING OF HERITAGE ASSETS ..................................................................... 43 Plaiters Lea Conservation Area ........................................................................... 43 Grade I Listed Church of St. Mary ....................................................................... 45 7. IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................... 51 Summary of Proposals ......................................................................................... 51 Impacts upon buried archaeology ........................................................................ 51 Impacts upon designated heritage assets ........................................................... 52 8. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 53 9. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 55 1 © Cotswold Archaeology Power Court, Luton Town Football Club, Luton: Heritage Desk-Based Assessment APPENDIX A: GAZETTEER OF RECORDED HERITAGE ASSETS AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT ........................................................... 62 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (interleafed between pages of report) Fig. 1 Site location plan showing nearby designated heritage assets Fig. 2 Prehistoric and Roman landscape Fig. 3 Medieval Luton Fig. 4a Previous archaeological investigations of Fulk de Breaute’s castle complex Fig. 4b North-west facing section through the southern arm of the castle moat Fig. 5 Post-Medieval and Industrial Luton Fig. 6 Model of archaeological potential LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (within text) Fig. A Extract from Plan of Luton (1855), showing the supposed earthwork of Fulk de Breaute’s castle (labelled ‘6’). Red lines show the Site. Fig. B Projected line of the moat surrounding Fulk de Breaute’s castle complex derived from Woodley and Abrams 2012, superimposed on the Luton Tithe Map, 1842. Redlines show the Site. Fig. C Plan of St. Mary’s Vicarage (1845) Fig. D Todd’s Pictorial Map (1865), showing St. Mary’s Church and Vicarage Fig. E Photograph of St. Mary’s Church, St. Mary’s Vicarage and Girls’ School (1895) Fig. F Postcard of St. Mary’s Vicarage (1900) Fig. G First Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1880) Fig. H Second Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1901) Fig. I Ordnance Survey Map (1924) Fig. J View of the Power Court cooling towers from the north-west facing elevation of St. Mary’s Church (1938) Fig. K Current view towards Power Court from the north-west facing elevation of St. Mary’s Church (2016) Fig. L Aerial photograph of Power Court, taken on 27th September 1947 Fig. M The Power Court cooling towers are a prominent feature on the Luton skyline in this photograph taken from the railway station in 1962 2 © Cotswold Archaeology Power Court, Luton Town Football Club, Luton: Heritage Desk-Based Assessment Fig. N View of the cooling towers from Church Street, taken in 1966 Fig. O Aerial photograph of Power Court, taken on 14th April 1969 Fig. P Ordnance Survey Plan (1968 – 1978) Fig. Q Google Earth satellite imagery of Power Court (2010) Fig. R Looking north towards the Site from Church Street (2016) Photo 1 Primary façade (north-west facing elevation) of St. Mary’s Church Photo 2 View of the tower of St. Mary’s Church from the churchyard path Photo 3 Looking south-west towards St. Mary’s Church from St. Mary’s Road Photo 4 Glimpse of St. Mary’s Church tower from the junction of Power Court, St. Mary’s Road and Church Street Photo 5 Pedestrian thoroughfare beneath the tower of St. Mary’s Church Photo 6 Glimpsed view of St. Mary’s Church from St. Mary’s Road 3 © Cotswold Archaeology Power Court, Luton Town Football Club, Luton: Heritage Desk-Based Assessment SUMMARY Project Name: Power Court Site, Luton Town Football Club Location: Power Court, St. Mary’s Road, Luton NGR: TL 0966 2131 Cotswold Archaeology was commissioned by 2020 Developments (Luton) Ltd, on behalf of Luton Town Football Club, to update a Heritage Desk-Based Assessment for a revised development proposal for a residential and retail development site with associated access routes and parking at Power Court in the centre of Luton. The revised development site is located to the east and west of the approved stadium location, which does not form part of the application. The objective of the assessment was to identify the nature, extent, character and condition of the heritage resource both within the Site and its immediate environs, in advance of the construction of multi-storey residential and retail units, and associated infrastructure. Sources consulted for this assessment indicate a complex sequence of historical development within the Site. Programmes of archaeological work at Park Square, c.150– 250m to the south of the Site, have identified buried remains of the castle that was established by Fulk de Breaute in AD1221. Woodley and Abrams (2012) have proposed that the north-eastern part of the castle complex (including the arm of its moat) extended across what is now St. Mary’s Road and into the southern corner of the Site. Their projected line of the moat is not well-supported by documentary and archaeological evidence; but there is nevertheless potential for buried remains of Fulk de Breaute’s castle to occur within the Site. Feeder channels from the River Lea and/or sections of the moat could survive at more than 1m below current ground level, and be relatively undisturbed by 19th and 20th century development. A medieval mill and a river crossing may have been located
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