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Description of the Piedmont Sheet

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Description of the Piedmont Sheet DESCRIPTION OF THE PIEDMONT SHEET. GEOGRAPHY. Cumberland Plateau, also extending from New the province they form the Delaware, Susque- remain narrow. In the wide valley region inter­ York to Alabama, and the lowlands of Tennessee, hanna, Potomac, James, and Roanoke rivers, each vening between New Creek Mountain and Patter- General relations. The area included in the Kentucky, and Ohio. Its northwestern boundary of which passes through the Appalachian Moun­ son Creek Mountain many tops rise to an almost Piedmont atlas sheet, in extent one-quarter of a is indefinite, but may be regarded as an arbitrary tains in a narrow gap and flows eastward to the uniform elevation. They represent points in square degree, lies between the parallels 39° and line coinciding with the Tennessee River from sea. In the central portion of the province, in another plain which once extended between the 39° 30' north latitude and the meridians 79° and northeast Mississippi to its mouth, and then cross­ Kentucky and Virginia, these longitudinal streams higher mountains. The present creeks have cut 79° 30' west longitude. This area measures approx­ ing the States of Indiana and Ohio to western form the New (or Kanawha) River, which flows lower valleys in the floor of the former valley, imately 34.45 miles from north to south and 26.85 New York. Its eastern boundary is defined by the westward in a deep, narrow gorge through the and the brooks have dissected the plain into miles from east to west; it embraces, therefore, Allegany Front and the Cumberland escarpment. Cumberland Plateau into the Ohio River. From numerous small knobs and ridges. on account of the earth's curvature, about 925 The rocks of this division are almost entirely of New River southward to northern Georgia the The wide, smooth valley between Backbone square miles. In Maryland it comprises the sedimentary origin and remain very nearly hor­ Great Valley is drained by tributaries of the Mountain and Hoop Pole Ridge is in the same southern portion of Garrett County and a small izontal. The character of the surface, which is Tennessee River, which at Chattanooga leaves rocks that occur in the western slope of the valley area in the southwestern corner of Allegany dependent on the character and attitude of the the broad valley and, entering a gorge through east of the Allegany Front. The type of topog­ County. In West Virginia it includes nearly all rocks, is that of a plateau more or less completely the plateau, runs westward to the Ohio. South raphy is the same as that of the valley between of Grant County, the western portions of Hardy worn down. In the southern half of the province of Chattanooga the streams flow directly to the New Creek and Patterson Creek mountains: and Mineral counties, the northeastern portion the plateau is sometimes extensive and nearly Gulf of Mexico. smooth and wide stream basins and gently of Tucker County, and a narrow area of Preston flat, but oftener it is much divided by streams rounded low hills. Sandstones of the Hamp­ TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE. County adjacent to the Maryland boundary line. into large or small flat-topped hills. In West shire formation produce rounded knobs on the Its southeastern corner is in a region of Appa­ Virginia and portions of Pennsylvania the plateau The Piedmont sheet embraces an area nearly slopes of Backbone Mountain and in Hoop Pole lachian ridges, and it extends northwestward over is often sharply cut by streams, leaving in relief equally divided between the Appalachian Valley Ridge, as they do on the Allegany Front. This the Allegany Mountains and the upper Potomac irregularly rounded knobs and ridges which bear and the Cumberland Plateau, the middle and wide valley follows upon the axis of an anticlinal coal basin to the headwaters of the Youghio- but little resemblance to the original surface. western divisions of the Appalachian province. fold, and when erosion has continued for sufficient gheny River, a branch of the Monongahela. The plateau once extended much farther west­ The Allegany Front, which extends across the time the massive sandstone which farther east is In its geographic and geologic relations this ward, but the rocks beyond its present border area from the northeast corner approximately S. exposed in New Creek Mountain will be area forms a part of the Appalachian province, have been completely removed by erosion, and 30° W., marks the line between these two topo­ uncovered in this region. Then those streams which extends from the Atlantic coastal plain on the surface is now comparatively low and level, graphic districts. A belt of Devonian rocks which continue to cross the valley will cut ravines the east to the Mississippi lowlands on the west, or rolling. occurs between Backbone Mountain and Hoop across the sandstone arch, as Patterson Creek and and from central Alabama to southern New York. Altitude of the Appalachian province. -The Pole Ridge, presenting the same topographic Lunice Creek have cut them in Greenland, Cos­ All parts of the region thus denned have a com­ Appalachian province as a whole is broadly dome- features as the valley east of the Allegany Front, ner, and Kline gaps. mon history, recorded in its rocks, its geologic shaped, its surface rising from an altitude of about but less distinctly marked. Thus the sheet Taking valley and mountain together, the structure, and its topographic features. Only a 500 feet along the eastern margin to the crest of includes four areas of two topographic types, country east of the Allegany Front inclines part of this history can be read from an area so the Appalachian Mountains, and thence descend­ namely: a section of the Appalachian Valley and northward. The crest of New Creek Mountain small as that covered by a single atlas sheet; ing westward to about the same altitude on the the Devonian area about Deer Park, showing the at the southern boundary of the quadrilateral is hence it is necessary to consider the individual Ohio and Mississippi rivers. longitudinal ridge-and-valley type, and the basins 3,100 feet high, from which it gradually descends sheet in its relations to the entire province. Each division of the province shows one or of the North Branch of the Potomac and of the northward to about 1,500 feet at its northern Subdivisions of the Appalachian province. more culminating points. Thus the Appalachian Youghiogheny, which represent the plateau type. terminus. Charles Knob, in Patterson Creek The Appalachian province may be subdivided Mountains rise gradually from less than 1,000 feet The ridge-and-valley country is sharply bounded Mountain, is 2,700 feet high, and the highest into three well-marked physiographic divisions, in Alabama to more than 6,600 feet in western on the west by the steep rise of the Allegany point opposite Medley reaches an altitude of throughout each of which certain forces have North Carolina. From this culminating point Front, 1,100 to 2,800 feet high. At the top of 2,800 feet. The valleys at both the southern and produced similar results in sedimentation, in they decrease to 4,000 or 3,000 feet in southern this front there is usually a bold escarpment, the northern limits of the area of the sheet are geologic structure, and in topography. These Virginia, rise to 4,000 feet in central Virginia, formed by Carboniferous sandstones. Below this nearly 900 feet above tide, and they rise to 1,200 divisions extend the entire length of the province, and descend to 2,000 or 1,500 feet on the Mary­ escarpment for 500 to 1,000 feet the slope is and 1,800 feet south of the center, at the sources from northeast to southwest. land-Pennsylvania line. smooth, though steep, being carved in soft shales, of New, Patterson, and Lunice creeks. The val­ The central division is the Appalachian Valley. The Appalachian Valley shows a uniform increase except where in the middle of the descent hard ley between Backbone Mountain and Hoop Pole It is the best denned and most uniform of the in altitude from 500 feet or less in Alabama to sandstones and conglomerates of the Hampshire Ridge maintains a general level of nearly 2,500 three. In the southern part it coincides with the 900 feet in the vicinity of Chattanooga, 2,000 feet and Pocono formations project in spurs and feet. belt of folded rocks which forms the Coosa Valley at the Tennessee-Virginia line, and 2,600 or 2,700 knobs. Fore-knobs, due to these formations, are The two areas of the plateau division of the of Georgia and Alabama and the Great Valley of feet at its culminating point, on the divide between characteristic in the southern portion. East of Piedmont quarter-degree lie, the one between the East Tennessee and Virginia. Throughout the the New and Tennessee rivers. From this point it the Allegany Front the structure and lithologic Allegany Front and Backbone Mountain, and the central and northern portions of the Appalachian descends to 2,200 feet in the valley of New River, character of the rocks have particularly influ­ other west of Hoop Pole Ridge. The plateau is Valley the eastern side only is marked by exten­ 1,500 to 1,000 feet in the James River basin, and enced the development of ridges and valleys. On not now a smooth plain, but points in its once sive local valleys such as the Shenandoah Val­ 1,000 to 500 feet in the Potomac basin, remaining account of the folded structure of the strata, hard nearly flat surface survive in the crests of the ley of Virginia, the Cumberland Valley of Mary­ about the same through Pennsylvania.
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