VOLUME 17 NO. 7 July, 1954

Int ~r nationa l nNever Let it Get Dirty" , . r

,

"The first and all important rule e We first reprinted these words more than 30 years ago. We have re­ is: never let a milking machine get printed them many, many times since. We dirty. Milk is clean as it comes from doubt that anybody has ever said so much the cow. It does not dirty the milker in so few words-we doubt that anybody unless it is allowed to stay in the ever will. They tell the whole story. milker and dry on. Thus the first e A Surge Unit can be step in never letting the milker get snapped all apart in twenty seconds. A few dirty is to rinse it immediately after seconds more and the pail, pail lid and rub­ the last cow is milked, not 15 or 20 bers can be buried in clean cold water. No minutes later or after breakfast, milk can dry. · but IMMEDIATELY.'' e Then ... scrub with a Old Cornell University Bulletin detergent* and hot water. Rinse and sani­ tize* as required. That's all there is to it. e The right way is the easiest, safest and surest way. •we recommend:-Pfonstiehl #47 Detergent Copy ri -'t hl I 95 .C Babson Bros. Co . Pfonstiehl HWD for hard water Pfonstiehl LSH Liquid Sodium Hypochlorite BABSON BROS. CO. 2843 West Nineteenth Street • Chicago 23, Illinois

Atlanta ·Houston ·Kansas City· Minneapolis· Sacramento· SeaHie ·Syracuse· Toronto , . r i A' '

The urgent need to increase consumption of dairy products points up the Dairyman's responsibility for the quality of the milk and cream he produces ... especially because appetite appeal of any dairy food depends upon the quality of the milk and cream from which it is made. But how can the producer know the quality of his product? YOU, Mr. Sanitarian, can provide one effective answer ... regular use of the Rapid-Flo Farm Sedi­ ment Check-Up,* one dependable way to check on milk production methods. And, to make a farm sediment check-up really effec­ tive, recommend the use of Rapid-Flo Filter Disks ... the fibre-bonded filter disk engineered for safe, reliable filtration every time . .. the filter disk pre­ ferred by quality milk producers two to one over the next three brands combined. Yes, quality is the key to increased consumption of dairy products. Frequent Rapid-Flo Farm Sediment Check-Ups will help the dairyman know he is pro­ ducing quality milk and cream.

*THE RAPID· FLO® FARM SEDIMENT CHECK-UP

1. After flltering each can of milk (10 gallons or le ss), the producer should carefully remove the used RAPfO.flO Filter Ditk from the strainer and place on a cardboard to dry.

2. When the RAPID-FlO Filter Disk is dry, it should be examined closely. The producer then has the facts . He can identify the sediment or exfraneous matter to determine its origin, and take precautions to prevent ih recurrence.

J • When conditions causing sediment ore corrected and the RAPID-FLO Filter Disk, following flltralion, is clean, then you hove the PROOF of clean milk production that you want.

FILTER PRODUCTS DIVISION ~ ~ 4949 WEST 65th STREET • CHICAGO 38, ILLINOIS , ·' ~ A' I

,

For example, Cherry-Burrell "Kold Vat" rapidly and thoroughly mixes, blends, cools, and stores an almost endless variety of liquid products. Light syrups and emulsions, extracts, fruit and vegetable juices, flavors, pharmaceutical products and bever­ ages- just to name a few. And if you need a refrigerated vat, you can have "Kold" surface for freon, ammonia, or refrigerated water. The features below tell why "Kold Vat" saves mixing time, draining time, cleanup time.

Fast Cooling-Mixing: Shape of vat and agitator produces rapid movement of product over large, re­ frigerated surface; prevents "patterned" flow; mixes fast without adding air or disturbing product structure.

Completely Sanitary: Generously pitched stainless steel lining, large radius corners, cone-type outlet assures fast and complete draining. Outlet and valve meet sanitary codes.

Easy to Clean: All stainless product surfaces easy to reach because of low rail and vat dimensions. Hinged, removable covers; removable agitator. No ha ~ d-to-clean bottom support agitator bearing.

For complete information about ve rsatile " Kold Vat," see your Cherry-Burrell Representative. Or Write your Branch or Associate Distributor. I CtiE RRY-B liRRELL CoRPORATION. I 427 W. Randolph Street, C11i cago 6, ill. Equipm e nt and Supplie s for Industrial and Food Processin!1 FAC TO RIES , WAREHO USES, BRA NCHE S, OFF ICES IO R DI STR IBUTORS AT YOUR SERVI CE IN $6 Ctri ES OFFICERS Journal of President, ]oHN D. FAULKNER Washington, D . C. President-Elect, I. E. PARKIN State College, Pa. MILK and FOOD First Vice-President., IVAN VAN NoRT­ , WICK, Laurence, Kansas ,, Second Vice-President., HAROLD S. ADAMs Indianapolis, Indiana ~ Secretary-Treasurer, H . H . WILKOWSKE A' TECHNOLOGY I Gainesville, Fla. Auditors: PAUL CoRASH INCLUDING MILK AND FOOD SANITATION New York City, N. Y. HAROLD s. RICHIE Official Publication Chicago, lll. Executive-Secretary, H . L. THOMASSON International Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc. Shelbyville, Ind. REG. u.s. PAT. OFF. Executive Board H. J. BARNUM H . H . WILKOWSKE Vol. 17 JULY No. 7 I. E. pARKIN H AROLD s. ADAMS ]OHN D . FAULKNER H. L. THOMASSON IvAN VAN NoRTWICK CoNTENTS Publication Board H. L . THOMASSON J. H. SHRADER Page H . H. WILKOWSKE Editorials: , Editors Food Equipment Standards Food, Its Importance to The Individual and To The Tation ...... 201 H. L. THOMASSON, Managing Editor Box 437, Shelbyville, Ind. Comparison of Escherichia Coli And Streptococcus Faecalis DR. J. H. SHRADER, Editor 23 E ast Elm Ave., Wollaston 70, Mass. As A Test Organism To D etermine The Sanitary Quality of Food ...... C. H . A llen and F. W. Fabian ...... 204 Beh avior Of A Heat Resistant Food Spoilage Associate Edito rs Spore Forming Anaerobe Inoculated Into Soils. . C. A. ABELE ...... Chicago, ill. N. \iV . D esros-ier, \tV. B. Esselen and E. E. Anderson...... 207 M. P. BAKER ...... Ames, Iowa F. W. BARBER ...... Oakdale, N. Y. Farm Bulk Milk Handling ...... R. P. March ...... 210 F. C. BASELT ------New York, N. Y. A. E. BERRY ...... Toronto, Canada Practical Sanitary Aspects of Bulk Milk Dispensing. L. A. BLACK ...... Cincinatti, Ohio Smnuel 0. Noles and H . H. W-ilkowske ...... 214 P. B. BROOKS ...... Montgomery, N. Y. F. A. CLARK ...... Auburn, Ala. The Temperature Variation Of The Specific F. W . FABIAN ...... East L ansing, Mich. C. R. FELLERS ...... Amherst, Mass. Gravity of Reconstituted Skim Mille A. W. FucHS ------Washington, D . C. ]. Babacl, Y. L evin ancl N. Sharon...... 219 L. G. HARMON ...... Lubbock, Texas R. W. HART ...... Kansas City, Mo. Recomendations Adopted By 1954 Tational M. D. HowLETT ...... Los Angeles, Calif. Conference On Trichinosis ...... 222 C. A. HuNTER ...... Topeka, Kansas C. K. JoHNS ...... Ottawa, Canada An Economic Analysis Of The Bulk Milk M. E. McDoNALD .... Sacramento, Calif. Collection System ...... E . L. Baum and D . E. Pauls...... 223 J. C. OLSON, ]R. ------St. Paul, Minn. E. H. PARFITT ...... Chicago, Ill. Association News ------230 K. G. WECK.EL ...... Madison, Wis. G. H. WILSTER ...... :·Corvallis, Ore. Classified Ad. ------233 The Journal of Milk and Food Technology !including Milk and Food Sanitation ) is i~sued Reservation Form For 41st Annual i\l!eeting ...... 234 monthly beginning with January number. Each volume comprises 12 numbers. Published by the International Association of Milk and Index To Advertisers ------X Food Sanitarians, Inc.J with executive offices of the Association at Ritz Building, 12Y, East Broadway, P. 0 . Box 437, Shelbyville, Ind. Entered as second clas~ matter at the Post Office at Shelbyville, Ind., March 1952, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Business Matters: Correspondence regarding Association, P. 0. Box 437, Shelbyville, Ind. business matters, advertising, subscriptions, Membership Dues: Membership in the In­ EDITORIAL OFFICES: J . H. Shrader, Edi­ orders for single copies, etc., should be ad· tor, 23 E. Elm Ave., Wollaston 70, Mass; H ternational Association of Milk and Food dressed to H. L. Thomasson (addres~ above). Sanitarians, Inc., is $5.00 per year, which in­ L. Thomasson, Managing Editor, P . 0 . Box Subscription Rates: One volume per year 437, Shelbyville, Ind. cludes annual ~ubscript ion to the Journal of Individual non·members, Governmental and Milk and Food Technology, !including Milk Manuscripts: Correspondence regarding ma n­ Commercial Organization subscription, and Food Sanitation). All correspondence uscripts and other reading material should be 1 yr...... $5 .50 regarding membership, remittances for dues, addressed to the Editor, J , H. Shrader (address Public, Educational and Institutional failure to rece ive copies of the Journal, changes above) . Libraries, I yr ...... $3 .00 of address, and other such matters should be Booklet entitled "JMFT Style-book" can be Single Copies ...... 1.00 addressed to the Executive Secretary of the obtained from the Editor for the use of con­ Orders for Reprints: All orders for reprints As"SOciation, H. L . Thomasson, Box 437, Shel­ tributors of papers. should be sent to the executive office of the hyville, Indiana. CoPYRIGHT, 1954, INTERNATIONAL AssoCIATION oF MILK AND FooD SANITARIANS, INc. III nature's chisel ... .!: Living bone is a constant target for the chemical chisels, , . I the osteoclasts, that erode osseous tissues and leave 1 ( the pitmarks of "lacunar absorption." This continuous A' process of wear and tear requires the formation and I deposition of new bone throughout every individual's life.

For everyone, both young and old, it is necessary to keep up a dietary supply of vital minerals, particularly

calciumI for the normal growth and replacement. of bone chiseled away by such osteoclastic erosion. But especially for the older person with osteoporosis, for those with defective skeletal mineralization or with delayed union of fracture, a therapeutic diet plays an important role in osseous regeneration. 2

Skim milk, retaining all of the essential mineral nutrienffJI 'Jf fresh milk but without its fat content, is gaining increasing recognition as an excellent source of calcium and protein. Skim milk is as ideal in helping to mend the older skeletal structure as it is in building the original framework during younger years.

Manufacturers and distributors of BORDEN'S Instant Like other Borden food products, Borden's Starlac Coffee STARLAC non-fat dry milk • BORDEN'S Evap­ Non-Fat Dry Milk and Borden's Non-Fat Fluid Skimmed orated Milk • Fresh Milk • I ce Crea m • Cheese • BREMIL powdered infant food , MULL-SOY hypo­ Milk are of the highest quality and are processed under allergenic food , BIOLAC infant food • DRYCO infant food • KLIM powdered whole milk the most hygienic conditions. The fluid Skimmed Milk, for example, like all Borden milk products, is made from the finest of fresh milk, pasteurized and processed under the most modern, hygienic conditions for improved palatability and greater nutritive value. The ?Jorden company 350 Madison Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. With Starlac, Borden pioneered in making wholesome non-fat dry milk available to Americans everywhere. Both types of Borden's Non-Fat milk are I S wenson, P . C ., and Jeffe ry, R. B. :G. P. 7:34 [Feb.) 1953. economical, eminently suitable for use in the home 2Stieglitz, E. J. : Geriatric M edicine, ed. 2, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Con: pany, 1949. p. 697. and in the hospital. ------~~------<

9 So/o OF ALL MILK USED IN

-~ , FAMOUS s PRODUCTS . r i A' • ' IS filtered through P~ DUBL - CHEM - DIs. C MILK FILTER S ,

says GEORGE L. MOSS, N estl~'s District Field Superviso1·

. lk filter DUBL-CHEM- FA CED ml regarding our use of discs: h came patrons since t eY d this disc for our ago and we have had ~~ have use b of years on the market a num er od results in all cases. go t "wash" as some . trong and does no b th The disc itself lS s he lastic faces on o other makes of discs do. lT fiiter but also reinforce sides of the disc not on Y -th-~ides does, yet gauze the disc just as gauze onlboholds the cotton together. t filter m1lk . .. on Y does no . filtered f all the milk we buy lS Ninety-five percent o L-CHEM-FACED Milk Fllter Discs. through Perfectlon DUB of this disc is the cost. Another redeeming feature uze-type disc. Slnce we is much cheaper.than th~o~: than 10 gallons of mli~ advocate filt~rlng no~atter what the make, we c~u his through one . dlS~, ~~r that he reallY gets m~re d~~ to ~~~:Yt~~ ~~~~~ t~~s ~~~r~:~~e~~~~na~~;~ -~~EM=~~CED supplY our patrons wl discs. DETERGENT SOLUTION Ll FE , A cigarette, hot-clog, glass of milk, and many other . r items are used only once. They are intended to be expendable. D etergent solutions are also expendable, i ~· but in a somewhat different sense. The user ri ghtfully I expects to wash more than one tTa yful of dishes, one case of bottles, or a few milk cans in a tankful of wash solution without having to add upkeep, or having to prepare fresh solution to wash additional equipment.

Although he expects a detergent solution to last awhile, the user knows from experience that its cleaning power decreases as the solution becomes more contaminated by removed soil . It is also true that the higher the cleaning power of a detergent, the sooner and more completely is soil removed and the solution contaminated. If removed soil also retal'Cls or interfers with the detergent action, exhaustion is further accelerated. And " so, the user's yardstick for determining the economy and sanitation value of a detergent solution must be its capacity to remove a reasonable quantity of soil before it becomes exh austed.

Since it is impossible to incorporate an unlimited so m ce of cleaning power into a detergent compound, it is inevitable that the cleaning power eventually becomes exhausted, unless upkeep is added.

Relatively short solution life necessitates increased up­ keep, and the higher total cost of cleaning often results in a reluctance to add detergent at the proper -tim e. Frequently, tl1e result is a rising and falling of cleaning effectiveness tlU'ou ghout the run. Also, as often occurs • Most bottle caps protect milk suffi­ when upkeep is not geared to a short solution life, -the latter portion of a run of dishes, bottles, cans, etc., is ciently from dairy to aoorstep. But for not effectively cleaned. safeguarding milk both.before and after delivery, none can match the "last drop" Increasing upkeep does not extend solution life; it protection assured by Seal-Hood and Seal­ merely increases tl1e product cost of tl1e cleaning opera­ Kap closures (disc and cap in one com­ tion by continually reinforcing solution stmngth. Only pact, easy-to-open unit). the manufacturer can increase solution life! No metal to fight with ... no annoying prying or special tool is needed to open a Diversey laboratories are specialists in tl1e compounding Seal-Kap or Seal-Hood closure. Both open of detergents combining maxilntllll solution life with excellent soil removal abiJi.ty. Knowledge obtained from easily ... yet snap back on tightly every constant field research is continually being incorporated time the milk is used. This means sure in Diversey products ... leaders in tl1e field of sanitation for over 31 years! Check witl1 Diversey for information sanitary protection-right down to the on detergents you can rely on for maxilnum performance. last drop of milk in the bottle. Both Seal-Kap and Seal-Hood have the double-safe qualities of a cap-plus-hood - without its cost or operation THE DIVERSEY CORPORATION trouble. These one-piece clo­ sures bring dairymen single­ 1820 ROSCOE ST. CHICAGO 13, ILL. operation economy. In Canada: The Diversey Corp. (Canada ), Ltd ., ICAN SEAL-KAP CORP. Lakeshore Rd., Port Credit, Ont. 11-05 44th DRIVE ONG ISLAND CITY I, N. Y. , , f ~ 's :v 9n.c.

Thanks! Inspector. • • [ zypr t y ••• I I I HAVE

~· , F-~ UR I c I •AIFfFO I T r,#A t QUALITY FIRST!

In our business, sanitation is a most vital aspect of quality. While we as manufacturers undertake the necessary research and inspection to keep DARI­ RICH at the top in quality ... it is your important function to maintain such standards in the field.

And these efforts over the years have greatly in­ creased the quality of dairy products, including the nationally-famous DARI-RICH Chocolate Flavored Milk and Drink. For your help, we thank you-and endorse your constant vigilance to protect the health of our nation. -'D~t:/.!1/ich CHOCOLATE FLAVOR SUPREME!

VII , . I i ~I ·

,

HOUSEWIVES ROTECTION NCE OF

••• AND THIS CAPPING SYSTEM GIVES DAIRY OPERATORS MORE PROFITABLE BOTTLING

CROWN P-38 Dacro Features-: CORK & SEAL COMPANY, INC. • Forms an air-tight seal Dacro Division • Completely covers the pouring lip Baltimore 3, Maryland • Easy hand removal • A perfect re-seal over and over

l

VIII 201 Editorial Notes ======:..._ FOOD EQUIPMENT STANDARDS standards which have been completed. The coni-~ , mittee's work with the Baking Industry Sanitary The importance of standardization is recognized by Standards Committee is pmely consultative but ', health officials throughout the United States. They 4 has been appreciated by people concerned with A' realize first of all that it is economically sound for baking sanitation. As to the standards put out ' both the restamateur and food processor as well as by the National Sanitation Fqundation, yom As­ the fabricator of the equipment. Prior to 1948, equip­ sociation last year endorsed standards 1, 2, and ment manufactmers were guided only by the com­ 3, recognizing that these standards if properly ments of individual health officials as they saw need followed, will do a great deal to improve food sanita­ for changes in pieces of equipment. One has only to tion. This is certainly a worthwhile program and stop and think for a moment of the 1500 or more n eed ~ the support of all the members of the ~ssocia­ health agencies throughout the country who are tion. 1 Yom committee is endeavoring to express yom involved in food inspection of one kind or another opinions dming these meetings with industry. In to see the difficulty fabricators would have in meeting the event you have comments regarding any proposed individual ideas for different sections of the country. standard the committee will welcome yom sugges­ Accordingly, the fabricators of equipment were reluc­ tions. It is yom collective approval of these standards . tant to change their designs unless forced to do so by which will make them function in the field. individual cities or other health agencies. At times J. H. Fritz, Cha·irman too, they faced conflicts in requests from two different Food Equipment Standards Committee , health agencies who practically demanded two different pieces of equipment to comply with these individual requirements. Accordingly, progress in FOOD, ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE sanitary equipment design and manufactme was retarded. INDIVIDUAL AND TO THE NATION ':' ':":' As public health people and industry representatives Nothing smpasses food in its importance to the started to dig into the problem, all concerned could individual and to the nation. begin to see the need for standardization. Individual The production of food from our lands, from the opinions and differences were ironed out and recom­ sea, lakes and rivers, its preparation, processing, mendations were based on public health reasoning. transportation and distribution combined make food The labors of a great number of people are now one of our largest industries, if not the largest. bearing fruit in the form of printed standards which It is a well-established historical fact that the origin are being made available both by the _National of Canned Foods dates back to the time of Emperor Sanitation Foundation and Baking Industry Sanitation Napoleon. Standards Committee. These standards represent the Scurvy and malnutrition were making serious imoads work of hundreds of people who have devoted an on his armed forces and the civilian population of untold amount of time and effort to bring about the France. The Emperor offered a prize to anym1e much desired standardization of equipment con­ who could devise a method of preserving perishable struction. foods so they would keep for a reasonable time. Nicholas Appe1t won the prize in 1809 by developing Now that the standards are here they will be of a method of sterilizing food in hermetically-sealed con­ little value unless they are used as a basis for tainers. This, fundamentally, is the method employed pmchasing and installing equipment in new establish­ by the canning industry of today. ments as well as on a replacement basis. So far, one We have a record of canning in the U. S. as early city has passed a law requiring that equipment being as 1819 when Wm. Underwood of Boston packed used in restaurants must meet National Sanitation sterilized food in sealed glass containers. It is reported Foundation standards. As each standard comes out, that Wm. Underwood & Co. shipped pickles, catsup, this city proposes to require that equipment covered sauce and jellies in sailing ships to South America and by the standards meet specifications laid out therein. later made shipments to the ·west Indies and Asian This is good news to those who have worked so markets of plums, quinces, currants and cranberries. diligently for so many years. In 1825 a patent was granted by the U.S. Govern­ Those in the public health field who have had the ment to Thomas Kensett and Ezra Daggett for an opportunity to work with industry personnel in this improvement in the art of preserving. This patent program have seen industry respond readily, and in referred to "Vessels of tin". many cases such as in the case of the Baking Industry During the next 35 years the canning industry Sanitary Committee, industry has gone even further than public health people have requested. Because of the splendid cooperation they have given, it certainly 0 Excerpts from an address delivered by Roy L. Pratt, Chairman of the Board of Directors, California Packing Corpora­ behooves those in the public health field to do their tion San Francisco, California, at the Public Conference on share in making all of this work worthwhile. Unless the Food and Drug Law, held in Los Angeles on May 15, 1954, these standards are put to use, they are of little value. under the joint auspices of the University of Southern California School of Law and The Food Law Institute. Annually, you are informed of the work of your 00Reprinted by permission of Food-Drug-Cosmetic Law food equipment committee and kept posted on those Journal. 201 ---======Editorial Notes======---

FOOD EQUIPMENT STANDARDS standards which have been completed. The corrl I mittee's work with the Baking Industry Sanitary ,, The importance of standardization is recognized by Standards Committee is purely consultative but health officials throughout the United States. They has been appreciated by people concerned with realize first of all that it is economically sound for baking sanitation. As to the standards put out both the restaurateur and food processor as well as by the National Sanitation Fqundation, your As­ the fabricator of the equipment. Prior to 1948, equip­ sociation last year endorsed standards 1, 2, and ment manufacturers were guided only by the com­ 3, recognizing that these standards if properly ments of individual health officials as they saw need followed, will do a great deal to improve food sanita­ for changes in pieces of equipment. One has only to tion. This is certainly a worthwhile program . and stop and think for a moment of the 1500 or more need& the support of all the members of the 4ssocia­ health agencies throughout the country who are tion. < Your committee is endeavoring to express your involved in food inspection of one kind or another opinions during these meetings with industry. In to see the difficulty fabricators would have in meeting the event you have comments regarding any proposed individual ideas for different sections of the country. standard . the committee will welcome your sugges­ Accordingly, the fabricators of equipment were reluc­ tions. It is your collective approval of these standards. tant to change their designs unless forced to do so by which will make them function in the field. individual cities or other health agencies. At times J. H. Fritz, Chairman too, they faced conflicts in requests from two different Food Equipment Standards Committee , health agencies who practically demanded two different pieces of equipment to comply with these 'individual requirements. Accordingly, progress in FOOD, ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE sanitary equipment· design and manufacture was retarded.· · INDIVIDUAL AND TO THE NATION~' ':":' As public health people and industry representatives Nothing surpasses food in its importance to the started to dig into· the problem, all concerned could individual and to the nation. , begin to see the need for standardization. Individual · The production of food from our lands, from the opinions and differences were ironed out and recom­ sea, lakes .and rivers, its preparation, processing, mendations were based on public health reasoning. transportation and distribution combined make food The labors of a great number of people are now one of our largest industries, if not the largest. bearing fruit in the form of printed standards which It is a well-established histQrical fact that the origin are being made available both by the .National of Canned Foods dates back to the time of Emperor Sanitation Foundation and Baking Industry Sanitation Napoleon. Standards Committee. These standards represent the Scurvy and malnutrition were making serious inroads work of hundreds of people who have devoted an on his armed forces and the civilian population of untold amount of time and effort to bring about the France. The Emperor offered a prize to anyone . much desired standardization of equipment con­ who could devise a method of pres.erving perishable struction. foods so they would keep for a reasonable time. Nicholas Appert won the prize in1809 by developing Now that the standards are here they will be of a method of sterilizing food in hermetically-sealed con­ little value unless they are used as a basis for tainers. This, fundamentally, is the method employed purchasing and installing equipment in new establish­ by the canning industry of today. ments as well as on a replacement basis. So far, one We have a record of canning in the U.S. as early city has passed a law requiring that equipment being as 1819 when Wm. Underwood of Boston packed used in restaurants must meet National Sanitation sterilized food in sealed glass containers. It is reported Foundation standards. As each standard comes out, that Wm. Underwood & Co. shipped pickles, catsup, this city proposes to require that equipment covered sauce and jellies in sailing ships to South America and by the standards meet specifications laid out therein. later made shipments to the West Indies and Asian , I This is good news to those who have worked so . markets of plums, quinces, currants and cranberries. diligently for so many years. In 1825 a patent was granted by the U.S. Govern­ Those in the public hea~th field who have had the ment to Thomas Kensett and Ezra Daggett for an opportunity to work with industry personnel in this improvement in the art of preserving. This patent program have seen industry respond readily, and in referred to "Vessels of tin". many cases such as in the case of the Baking Industry During the next 35 years tl;le canning industry Sanitary Committee,. industry has gone even further than public health people have requested. Because of the splendid cooperation they have given, it certainly "'Excerpts from an address delivered by Roy L. Pratt, Chairman of the Board of Directors, California Packing Corpora­ behooves those in the public health field to do their tion, San Francisco, California, at the Public Conference on share in making all of this work worthwhile. Unless the Food and Drug Law, held in Los Angeles on May 15, 1954, ;() these standards are put to use, they are of little value. under the joint auspices of the University of Southern California School of Law and The Food Law Institute. . Annually, you are informed of the work of your """Reprinted by permission of Food-Drug-Cosmetic Law food equipment committee and kept. posted on those Journal. I i'"

I i 202 :EmTORAL NOTES

continued to develop and spread from the East in 44 states and the territories of Hawaii and Alaska. Coast to the Middle West. The Civil War gave These memb~:Jrs pack 80% of the total pack: of canned considerable impetus to this development. fruits, vegetables, specialties and fish. In California the Franciscan Fathers had planted It is significant to note that within six years tl,:w fruit trees near their missions, and we know, after the Association was able to found its own Research ., occupancy of California by the U.S., several orchards Laboratories. Direction of these laboratories was 'f i were set out near Monterey, San Jose and Sacramento. placed in the hands of two eminent food scientists The first commercial canning in California is from the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry, which was, with credited to Daniel R. Provost who made a small pack respect to food law enforcement, a predecessor of the in San Francisco in 1856. present Food & Drug Administration. I refer to the From 1860 to 1900 the development of the Industry late Drs. W. D. Bigelow and A. W. Bitting. continued. Canning started in Oregon in 187~ Many other important positions in the National Washington in 1877, and Utah in 1888. More firms Canners Association Research Staff, and, in fact, in entered the business in all areas so that by the end of the privately-owned laboratories of the Canning the century the Industry was enjoying a youthful and Indqstry, have likewise been filled by men whose work robust growth. in fdod science began in the Bureau of Chemistry or The plants then in operation were, by today's the Food & Drug Administration. standards, small and inefficient for· the reason that It is a truism that we Americans enjoy the highest practically all operations were manually performed. standard of living the world has ever known. The 'fhe packs, however, that had gained in volume found rest of the globe continues to stand amazed, not only good consumer reception in our domestic as well as at our tremendous productivity, but at the quality and export markets. variety of our food products. The modern market, With the great industrial development of the United with its breath-taking and dazzling display of foods States in the latter part of the 19th Century, the rapid available to the families of our country, is a growth of large industrial urban centers, and the Twentieth Century miracle. developing technology in a young and vigorous Shortly after his retirement in 1951, Dr. Paul Dun­ country, the problem of a pure food law grew to be bar, formerly head of the Food & Drug Administration, of primary economic and social significance. The in addressing a meeting of this Institute, said: struggle for the enactment of the food law is a vivid "As .. a consumer, I. know that there are available page in our history. . to me ·the most varied, the most wholesome, the purest The management of the responsible firms of that· and the most honestly labeled foods of any nation. I time (as I believe that type of firm was in the know that the sanitary controls maintained in our majority) saw clearly the need of federal regulatory food plants are the highest in our history and that control of food packing. Those men knew if their our manufactured foods are prepared with a care that business was to grow and prosper, their policy and equals, and often exceeds that exercised by the careful also that of the industry must, of necessity, be to pack housewife in her own kitchen. When I sit down at wholesome food, graded to reliable standards, in con- the table, I am assured of a greater margin of safety tainers honestly labeled. . than is enjoyed by any other country on earth." As proof of this statement the record shows that in How has this happy condition come to exist? In 1905 a memorandum was sent to Congress, sponsored my opinion, it is by one of the most fruitful experi­ by three organiza~ions, known as the "National As­ ments in co-operation between business and Govern­ sociation of Packers of Pure Canned Foods", acting at ment which our country has known. The wise a joint session with two regional groups known as the administration of a sound law, coupled with a "Western Packers Association" and the "Atlantic States responsible industry which has recognized, not only Canners Association", asking for a regulatory food its legal responsibility but its social obligation for the law. welfare of our people, has served to raise our stand­ And so, when victory came with the enactment in ards higher than those ever before achieved anywhere~ 1906 of the Federal Food and Drug Act, it came not I do not mean to suggest that there are not and as a triumph of Government over business, but with should not be honest differences of opinion based on the thorough-going support of the majority of business­ deep conviction. TMs is as it should be in a men who not only had recognized the necessity for the competitive, dynamic society. Out of these differences protection of their businesses from the irresponsible, and the challenges of sharp controversy we shall be but were also stirred by an awakening sense of social able to distill the best of opposing views. responsibility. But these differences do not change the fundamental The Western Packers Association and the Atlantic understanding and confidence that exists today States Canners Association were merged to form the between the food industry and those charged with the National Canners Association which was formed in administration of the laws regulating it. 1907. The successful growth of the Industry is ample proof The National Association of Packers of Pure Foods of the wisdom of those men from the Food Canning discontinued prior to the time the National Canners Industry who, back in 1905, petitioned Congress for Association was organized. the enactment of a regulatory law. The National Canners Association has now grown The National Canners Association Research De- to be, without question, one of the country's outstand­ . partment and the facilities of their laboratories which ing industrial organizations with headquarters in are, of course, maintained by the Canner Members, Washington, D.C. Currently the Association consists as well as the private research department and lab­ of 816 member firms, operating 1,424 ca,nning plants oratories of the individual members, have co-operated EmTORAL NoTES 203

with the Food & Drug Administration. Real Estate, Patent, Trade Marks, Partnerships, The 1906 Food & Drug Act was amended in 1938; Corporations, Banking, Maritime and others too it was enlarged in scope over the 1906 Act by includ­ numerous to mention. ing under its jurisdiction, cosmetics. The enactment It is a fact, however, that until the advent of tqe of the new Act in 1938 was the result of approximately Food Law Institute, food law, as such, was not fomid ., 32 years of experience with the operation of the first to be included in the curriculum of Schools of Law, ,, Food & Drug Act. The co-operation of Industry, except in a general way. There is a ·real need for this Science and Law has worked. special education in Food Law. I believe the remarkable increase in per capita The Institute is committed to the study and teach­ consumption of canned foods proves beyond ings of our basic food law just as the Nutrition question of doubt that the Food Laws have operated Foundation is to the basic research for Nutrition. for the interests of all concerned. Had this not been so, · Ah·eady courses in Food Law are given in several consumer interest in the products would not be what schools through the sponsorship of the Institute, it is today. including such institutions of higher learning· as Hm·yard, N.Y.U., Yale, Stanford and other colleges. As an example of the Food Processing Industry's The · University of Southern California, one of the interest in the improvement of food quality and con­ sponsors of this Conference, maintains a regular sumer welfare, I believe .it would not be amiss to graduate course in the Food & Drug Law; established point out to you two accomplishments voluntarily about two years ago and underwritten by the Institute. projected by a group of leading food processors, We need the wisdom of learned men-we need train­ supply houses and distributors; ' ·. ed men and women to take our places in the business · First-in 1941 these firms 'bimded together and and professional world-we need the results of research established the Nutrition Foundation Inc., which is in science and law which universities and institutions , under the directorship of Dr. Charles Glenn King. of higher learning are in a position to undertake. Fifty firms were founder members. The Foundation's Financial and moral support by corporations, work is in connection with basic research of Nutrition. independently or collectively is, I believe, a proper They have accomplished a great deal. charge upon industry. Second-About 4 years ago, practically the same The Institute has gone a long way in its four years firms, in co-operation with Mr. Charles Wesley Dunn, ofexistance. It has already been recognized in many founded the Food Law Institute, thus implementing quarters, and appreciated by health officials every­ the work of the Nutrition Foundation-the Institute where and py practicing lawyers in the food field. Its dealing with Food Law-the Foundation with Food beneficial effect knows no bounds and it is hoped that Science. the Institute's influence will eventually bring about I I believe we have established the importance to uniform Food Laws for the several States. Mr. Charles the Nation of our Food Laws. They are most certainly Wesley Dunn is actively engaged in the development equally important as laws relating to such subjects as .of this needed objective.

DR. FRANK E. RICE RETIRES Dr. Frank E. Rice, executive everywhere. Parfitt was made published many articles in the secretary of the Evaporated Milk assistant executive secretary four field of bacteriology and milk sani­ Association will retire from that years ago. tation. position on July 1, Daniel M. Dent, Dr. Rice, a Hoosier by birth, The number one activity of the President of the Association, an- , schooled at Indiana University and Association still is that which was nounced today. Dr. E. H. Parfitt Cornell, came with the Evaporated provided in the by-laws - "to is being named to succeed Dr. Rice. Milk Association in 1927. To institute and· conduct research and Although Dr. Rice is. relinquishing determine the value of evaporated educational work". On .the staff the executive secretaryship, he milk in infant feeding and to are 6 women, trained in home

will remain as an active consultant interest the medical profession in economics and journalism, 5 men j of the Association for at least three its use was one of the principal with education and experience in ') years, Mr. Dent said, and will have activities of the Association in milk ~anitation, an attorney, a several specific assignments. those days. traffic specialist, a statistician and Dr. Parfitt came with the As­ Dr. Parfitt has long been promin­ a research nutritionist. sociation from Purdue University ent in the dairy industry. During Every evaporated milk manu­ in 1938 to head up the newly form­ the 19 years while on the staff of facturer in the U.S.A. contributes ed Sanitary Standards Program. Purdue University he was frequent­ to one or more of the Association This activity has grown to the point ly consulted by the dairy industry, programs. Active membership where it has the respect of public city health departments and equip­ includes more than 90% of the health and food control officials ment manufacturers. He has volume. .

FORTY-FIRST A,NNUAL MEETING HOTEL MORTON- ATLANTIC CITY, N.J., OCT. 21-23, 1954 204 COMPARISON OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS AS A TEST ORGANISM TO DETERMINE THE SANITARY QUALITY OF FOOD 1 PART I

C. H. ALLEN2 AND F. W. FABIAN3 Department of. Bacteriology and Public Health Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan enteric pathogens wei·e none too Since the discovery of the role that bacteria play in disease, a search has hardy after they left the body and been made for a suitable organism that some of them were difficult to would be indicative of dangerous bacterial grow on many media or could not contamination in food. Early work with compete with other organisms on pathogenic bacteria indicated that they would not be suitable to serve this purpose artificial media, it beca~e apparent since they were hard to isolate, were too that the more robust \E. coli was fastidious, and died off quickly under con­ more nearly the perfect test ditions favorable for keeping food. For -organism than any of the others these and other reasons the search turned to other bacteria associated with pathogenic found in the intestine. bacteria but which were hardier and easier Later, complications arose when to work with and identify. Fullfil'ing these it was discovered that a closely requirements were two organisms, E. coli and Strept. faecalis, normal inhabitants of the associated organism, Aerobacter intestinal tract and associated with many aerogenes, was also found in the pathogenic bacteria especially the enteric intestines, in water, and in food.· C. Henry Allen graduated with bacteria which. are responsible for many This difficulty was overcome when an A.B. degree from Albion food outbreaks. Today the presence of College, Albion, Michigan, with moderate numbers of these organisms is not methods were found to distinguish major in chemistry and biology. considered a sure sign of dangerous con­ between the two different organ­ He received his M.S. degree in tamination but rather of possible contamina" isms. It was also found that the 1951 from Michigan .State College tion. The'ir presence. indicates that a normal habitat of the Aerobacter where h~ majored in bacteriology search for the cause of the contamination and food technology. He then was should be made. group was in the soil and on foods employed as a bacteriologist for the rather than in the intestine. Gerber Products Co. at Fremont, Michigan, where he is at the The need for a bacteriological One of the more recent criticisms present time. He served in the test for the sanitary condition of of E. coli as an index of contamina­ Army Air Corps from 1941-1945. food has long been recognized. tion is its hardiness, a factor which He is a inember of Sigma Xi. Early investigators searching for previously recommended it. Some advocate a less viable organism, · such a test recognized certain merits Some bacteriological work had in the normal inhabitant of the which is· also an inhabitant of the intestines, Escherichia coli. This intestine, Streptococcus faecalis, as been done in the years preceding organism, while normally not a better index of contamination 1902 along sanitation lines, but it pathogenic, was sufficently hardy since its presence is indicative of was not until after this that present or more recent contamina­ 28 to survive a variety of physical and Papastiriu , Pres(:ott29, Winslow tion. chemical conditions so as to make and Walker38 Frommel3 Rogers it of value as a test organism.- As The present study was to deter­ 33 data on food-borne infections and mine the viability of E. coli and Clark, and Evans , a~d man; epidemics accumulated it became Strept. faecails on various foods others had published work on apparent that many of them were having a different nutritive and lactose fermenting organisms that directly traceable to, contamination chemical composition, a wide range interest began to grow in of the food by pathogenic, enteric of pH values, different consis­ Escherichia coli as a test organism bacteria such as the paratyhoid, tencies, and moisture content. Such for the sanitary quality of water and typhoid, paradysenteq, and dysen­ a study should help to determine milk. Concurrent with this interest tery groups. the suitability of each to serve as a however, there were developed ne~ It was found that bacteria gained satisfactory test organism for food media and methods which showed entrance to the food in a variety of contamination. that the lactose fermenting organ­ isms were a heterogeneous group ways such as through water, soil, LITERATURE REVIEW food handling by peonle sick with comprising many organislllJS not an intestinal disease, or by healthv No attempt has been made to associated with the intestine and of carriers, or by those careless in their review in this naper all of the doubtful sanitary significance. For personal habits, or by flies, insects, literature since it has become so example, Rogers, Clark, and Evans34 claimed through investiga­ and rodents. Since many of the voluminous that such a ·review would be out of place here. How­ tion that bacteria identical with the colon type frequently appeared on (Received for publication, March 23, ever, a few references are given to 1954). outline briefly the role which the grains, fruits, and grasses. Koser17 1. Journal article No. 1621. two organisms studied here have used simple nitrogen compounds 2. Bacteriologist, Gerber Products Co., played as a sanitary index to for utilization by microorganisms Fremont, Michigan. as a differential method of identi­ 3. Professor of Bacteriolo<:;v and potability of water and the sanitary . Public Health. · quality of food. . ' fication. The work of Rogers, TEsT ORGANISM FOR SANITARY QuALITY oF Foon 205

Clark and Lubs35 further stimulated and freezing elsewhere. Fountain transmissibility of the latter by ' interest in the coliform group. service at the retail level was also water and of typhus fever by Levine, Weldin, and Johnson 20 found to be a source of coliform ingestion). were also working on differen­ contamination as were glassware, (c) The antagonistic effects pf tiating between coli-like organisms. dippers~ syrups, spoons, and dipper 4 sorrie strains of Shigella and , Chen and Rettger identified B. water as studied by Fabian and ,f 10 11 Salmonella against coliform bacteria aerogenes and B. coli in their soil Hook • • Work done on factory which may interfere with the relationships. These and other packed ice cream showed that 25 detection of the latter. workers showed that the lactose percent of the samples tested were fermenting organisms could be outside of the safety standards of ( d) Reports of greater resistance divided into the organisms whose ten organisms per ml of sample. of the viruses and some strains of habita~ were in the colon of man Many other types of frozen desserts Salmonella, Eberthella, and Shigella and animals, and those whose had high coliform count, many to chlorination than are some strains habitat were in soil, grains, fruits, being of the fecal type. of the colon group. (e) Records of outbreaks of and grasses. To complicate the Pecan meats were found by picture further, certain sporogenic 1 21 enteric disease associated with the Ostrolenk · and Welc'h to be consumption of treated waters bacteria and yeasts found in heavily contaminated with coliform nature also fermented lactose. A which presumably were potable on organisms which originated from the basis of the coliform index. tremendous amount of work has pickers' hands, picking tables, and been done to differentiate oi: sup­ picking pans. (f) The presence of some press these various groups by using 12 varieties of coliform bacteria in various media. Faville, Hill and Parish found waters which by other criteria are bacteria to be the predominating Where it is the aim of water suitable, satisfactory, and apparent­ microorganisms present in con­ ly safe supplies, serve to raise technicians and sanitary engineers centrated orange juice, and that to eliminate every trace of con­ questions as to whether the in­ they died out quickly during cidence of the coliform group of tamination with fecal material of storage. E. Coli was significantly which E. coli is the indicator, the bacteria is an . adequate sanitary reduced in numbers at low tem­ index and whether this index needs presence of this organism in milk perature storage. must be viewed in a different light. be supplemented by other criteria, Although it is recognized that it, is As a result of over a half century particularly when dealing with un­ practically impossible to keep raw of intensive study by a great many filtered or treated stored waters milk free of E. coli, the contamina­ workers, the significance of the and other beverages. Much basic tion of this product after pasteuriza­ colon group as a sanitary index has research needs to be carried out 0 tion should lead to serious sus­ been greatly modified. For before adequate answers to these picions of impoper technique or example, Prescott, Winslow, and queries can be given. 30 equipment somewhere in the plant. McCrady felt that in water Although the significance of the Although W ashburn37 reviewed analysis the presence of moderate streptococci as sewage organisms the history of frozen and iced numbers of coliform organisms was not established with the same products, and Buchan2 made a should not be considered a sure sign definiteness which marks our know­ complete bactedological study of of dangerous pollution but rather ledge of the coliform group, these English ice cream plants finding should serve as an indication of bacteria had been isolated so large percentages of coliform organ­ possible pollution, and search for frequently from polluted sources isms, the attention paid to their the source should be the prime and so rarely from normal waters sanitary qualities seemed to have factor. Coliform organisms, when that it seemed reasonable to regard been embryonic until the 1930's; present, however, did present a their presence as indicative of pollu­ Fabian6, Jenkins16, Fabian7, reasonably accurate index of the tion. Originally reported by Laws 8 amount of pollution. Levine21 Fabian and Coulter , Newman and and Andrews18, their importance Reynolds25, Brannonil Smallfield36, stated that to select the colon group was not emphasized until Houston15 and Prucha31, noted the significant as a sanitary index of the potability laid special stress upon the fact that facts: ( a ) that coliform organisms of water and food-borne enteric streptococci and staphylococci will appear in the manufactured disease is untenable today since seemed to be characteristic of product if not eliminated in the the reasons for doing were pred­ ~ sewage and animal waste. Laws dairy product, (b) that a pas­ icated on the fact that typhoid and Andrews18 believed that they teurizing temperature of 65.5°C fever,. a disease peculiar to man, were more truly indicative of was better than 62.8°C for 30 was the primary water-and-food­ dangerous pollution, since they minutes, (c) that the protective borne disease. To support this were readily demonstrated in action of fat and sucrose were lhesis he gave the following waters recently polluted and slight, (d) that checks for E. coli reasons; seemed altogether absent in waters should be instituted to check plant (a) Recognition of non-lactose above suspicion. Horrock14 found procedures, and (e) that additives fermenting bacteria of the genera these organisms in great abundance to ice cream mix should be watched Salmonella, Shigella, and possibly in sewage and in waters which since coliforms entered through the Proteus and Pseudomonas, as in­ were known to be sewage polluted, addition of nuts, coloring matter, citers of enteric .disease. but which contained no trace of () flavors, and fruits. (b) Demonstration of the pres­ E. coli. He found by experiment Fabian9 discussed the error of ence of viruses of poliomyelitis and that E. coli gradually disappeared manufacturing the mix one place infectious hepatitis in . stools (the from specimens of sewage kept in 206 ~rEsT 0RcAmsM FoR SANITARY QuALITY oF FooD

the dark at the temperature of an the characteristic anion, ( c) the Products Against Germs, Ice C1'eam Field outside veranda, whereas the com­ effect of the undissociated Nov. 1931, pp. 62-64, ( 1931). monest forms which persisted were molecule, and ( d) the effect of <1. Buchan, G. F. Contamination oi varieties of streptococci and surface tension. lee (.;ream, Hygiene 10, 93-.100, lltlllJ). 0. Burton, M. 0. Comparison tor staphylococci. Mallmann and Colitorm and Enterococcus Organism as ,, Litsky22 believed that enterococci CuLTUREs UsED 1nawes ot .Pollution in Frozeil J:'·oodo. ,, would appear to be good indicators Escherichia coli sb·ains com­ l' ood Res., 14, 404-438, ( Ul41:J). of public health hazards from munior, communis, and 0-111 were 4. Chen, C. C., and Rettger, L. F. A sewage in soils and on vegetables. Correlatea Study ol the Coton-Aemgenes obtained from the Michigan State Group of .l:lacteria, witn ::.pecia1 They found that the streptococci Health Laboratory, Lansing. Strain 1\el:erence to the Organisms Occurring died out of soil samples much more 0-lll is of noteworthy importance m the Soil, j. Hact. 5, 253-:!.tl8, ( 11:J20). quickly than did 1[.:. coli, and Strept. in that it is credited with causing o. Erickson, F. J. and Fabian, 1''. W. faecalis persisted longer than S. the often fatal infant diarrhea. !'reserving and Germicidal Action OI typhosa. Various ::.ugars and Organic Acids on Culture ATCC 9637 was obtained 'i. easts and J:$acteria. Food il.esea1'ch 1, Burton3 suggested that the from the American Type Culture oc'l-79, (1942). enterococci might prove superior Collection, Washington, D.C. A 6. Fabian, F. W. A Suggested to the coliform organisms as an strain of E. coli which had been Bacteriological Standard for Ice '-'ream, i:ipl. Hull. 158, Mich. Agr. ~xp. Sta., index of fecal contamination in isolated from the rumen of the cow ~ast Lansing, Michigan. (1926). frozen foods as fecal streptococci was obtained from our department. 7. Fabian, F. W. The Bacterial were most likely to survive the Other strains of E. coli were isolat­ Analysis of Syrups, Fruits, and Coloring storage temperature, although the ed and pmified from human feces ,l:<;xtracts. Ice C1'6am Field, Hi, 10~, colifonns seemed to be the best and water samples. The culture April1930. 8. Fabian, F. W. and Coulter, E. W. test befoi·e freezing and storing. from the human source was assign­ Signiticance of Colon-Aerogenes Group 23 ed the number HS-04. The culture in lee Cream. Survival of Members DI Mallmann and Seligmann stated obtained from water was assigned the Escherichia-Aembacte1' Group to that media for streptococci detec­ the number w-52950. l'asteurizing Temperatures in Ice Cream., tion should be selected so that a ]. Dai1'y Science, 13, 273-287, .( 1930). clouding of the liquor would be All strains were rechecked before 9. Fabian, F. W. The New Era in indicative of the presence of using by the dilution plate method Ice Cream Sanitation, Ice .Cmam Tmde, streptococci. Lack of comparative using eosin-methylene blue agar 31, 17-18, (1935). studies did not permit an accurate and transferring single isolated 10. Fabian, F. W. and Hook, A. E. typical colonies to lauryl tryptose Esche1'ichia-Aei'Obacte1' Group in Ice determination of the best medium. Cream at the Fountain., Pmceedings of Limited studies, however, indicat­ broth. All transferred colonies 36th Annual Convention, Intemational ed that azide dextrOSEl broth was were gas positive in lauryl tryptose Association of Ice C1'6am Manufactu1'ers, superior to lactose broth, Strept. broth and staining showed all 2, Atlantic City, N. J., October, 1936. organisms to be gram-negative short 11. Fabian, F. W., and Hook, A. E. faecalis broth (SF), or azide broth. Sanitary Factors at the Fountain Other Azide dextrose broth has the rods. Than Ice Cream, Pmceedings of the 37th property of inhibiting the gram­ Viability of the E. coli was built Annual Convention, International As­ negative bacteria. Mallmann and up by seven daily consecutive trans­ sociation of Ice Cream Manufacturers, 22 2, Dallas, Texas, October, 1937. Litsky used various azide broths fers into a peptone broth base 12. Faville, S. W., Hill, E. G., and and SF broth in their tests of soils which consisted of: beef extract- Parish, E. C. Survival of Micro­ for the presence of enteric organ­ 3 gm, peptone-5 gm, lactose-5 organisms in Concentrated _Orange Juice, isms. They believed azide dextrose gm, water-1 liter. The last broth Food Technol., 5, 33-36, ( 1951). 13. Fromme, W. "Uber die broth superior to other azide media culture of the daily transfers served Beurteilung des Colibakterien befundes and noted, that, as some spore as the inoculum to test the viability in trinkwasser nebst bemerkun gen uber forming gram-positive rods grow of the different strains in the foods den nachweis und das vorkommen der studied. Colibazillen, Zeitsch1'ift fii1' Hygiene 65, in this medium, Gram stains were 251. (1910) per Wate1' Bacte1'iology, necessary for accurate determina­ Strept. faecalis cultures 1325 and Sixth Edition, ( 1947), Prescott, Winslow, tion. 6057 were obtained from the and McCrady. American Type Culture Collection, 14. Horrock, S. An Intmduction to the Foods contain not only nutritive Bacteriological Examination of W ate1', elements for microorganisms, but \Vashington, D.C. These cultures J, and A. Churchill Publishers,· London, · inhibitory agents in the form of were inoculated into semisolid England, (1901 ) . salt, suga;rs, and organic ac:i,rls. preparations of b·yptose blood agar 15. Houston, A. C. Bacterial Examina­ base which was made up as follows: tion of Drinking Water with Particular Many of these agents have long Reference to the Relation of Streptococci been recognized. Vinegar (acetic beef exb·act-3 gm, tryptose-10 and Staphyloccus with Water of This acid) and sour milk and sauerkraut gm, sodium chloride-5 gm, agar- Class. Supplement to the 28th Annual (lactic acid) have been used as 7 gm, water-1 liter. Before Report of the Govemment Boa1'd con­ inoculating into food, the organisms taining the report of the Medical Officer, natural preservatives' since ancient 1898-99: 439. times. The specific action of the were transferred daily for five days 16. Jenkins, H. Experiments on the acids, as summarized from the work into broth made according to the Pasteurization of Milk. ]. Hygiene, 25, 32 26 above formula by eliminating the 273-284, (1926) . - of Reid , Nunheimer and Fabian , 17. Koser, S. W. The Employ1nent of 19 agar. Levine and Fellers , Erickson and Uric Acid Synthetic Medium for the 24 Fabian5, and McCulloch may be Part II will appear in a subse­ Differentiation of B. · coli and A. due to one or more of the following: quent issue. aemgenes, ]. Infect. Disease 11, 160, (1915). . (a) the effect of the hydrogen ion BIBLIOGRAPHY concentration, (b) the effect of 1. Brannon, J. M. Safeguarding Dairy Continued on Page 218 2.07

BEHAVIOR OF A HEAT RESISTANT FOOD SPOILAGE SPORE 1 2 3 FORMING ANAEROBE INOCULATED INTO SOILS • ' N. W. DEsROSIER\ W. B. EssELEN, AND E. E. ANDERSON Department of Food Technology University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts ,f (table 1). The particular soils The heat resistance of putrefactive spore­ forming anaerobes isolated from experimental listed in the table were selected to soil plots was relatively low and not observe the effect of nitrogen, significantly influenced by different fertilizer potassium, and phosphorus (the treatments. The spores of Putrefactive commonly employed fertilizers ) on Anaerobe N!f, 3679 retained their high heat resistance when they were inoculated into the heat resistance of the organism the test soils and were subsequently re­ indicated. These soils may be covered several months later. described as fine, sandy Merrimac loam, deposited from lfu.e top area The purpose of the present of a glaciaUake. The depth of the investigation has been to observe loam was approximately 10 inches. the influence of env:i:t:onmental con­ Soil drainage was good. . ditions and fertilizers on the heat Due to the fact that a building resistance characteristics of "putre­ was proposed for the location of the factive anaerobes" naturally present soil plots, it was necessary to re­ in soils and a heat resistant putre­ move the top soil from its original factive anaerobe inoculated into Norman W. Desrosier completed , area and prepare test plots. For Ws Ph. D. in food. technology, these soils. Such organisms are this purpose, sections of tile University of Massachusetts, 1949; important as causes of spoilage in . drainage pipe 2 feet long and and was Assistant Research underprocessed low acid canned 2 feet in diameter were set into Professor there, 1948-1949. He foods. This study was initiated with then was appointed Assistant the ground. Top soil to a Professor, Department of Horti­ a full realization of the impossibility depth of 7 to 8 inches was re­ culture, Purdue University, 1949- of achieving a satisfactory degree of moved from the original ulots and 1951, Associate Professor, 1951- control and elimination of sources transferred into the pines. date, and Chairman, Food Tech­ of variation. In recognition of these nology Committee, Graduate A third portion of each test soil School. problems, the term "observations" was brought into the laboratory, is an apt one to describe the results He is Councilor, Indiana Section, and a quart home-cannin11;-type Institute of Food Technology. His - I obtained. In spite of the inherent ~lass container was filled with each field of interest is research activity problems associated with such of the soils, respectively, and sealed. in the areas of heat resistance of work, the results obtained do pro­ The samples were then heated for food spoilage bacteria, food sterili­ vide information on the behavior zation, objective color evaluation an hour and a half in an autoclave of foods, and food plant sanitation. and thermal resistance of the spores at 121° C to sterilize the soils. The of putrefactive anaerobes normally samples were stored at room tem­ and artificially present in soils. perature. A sample of each soil row of tiles downslope from the EXPERIMENTAL METHODS was taken, both ffom those in the other was used as the inoculated AND RESULTS field and those in the laboratory, plots to prevent a drainage effect Organism used. Putrefactive and the putrefactive anaerobes and possible contamination on the anaerobe (PA 3679) was obtained nresent were determined, as will be control areas. An inoculum of 300 from the Research Laboratories of described later. ml of the vegetative suspension, the National Canners' Association Prevaration of sporP and vegeta­ already described, was applied to as descriqed by Desrosier and tive cell su.mensions. Snore susoen­ each of the five plots, designated for inoculation. Esselen1 . sions of putrefactive anaerobes Soils. Through the cooperation were urepared as described previ­ The third sample of soil, pre­ of the Agronomy Deuartment, Uni­ ously by Desrosier and Esselen1. To viously sterilized, was also inoculat­ versity of Massachusetts. experi­ nreoare a large volume of vegeta­ ed with the vegetative suspension mental soil plots wem made avail­ tive cell suspensions, the same pro­ of the test organism. One hundred able. These ulots had been main­ cedure was followed. except that ml of the suspension uer jar of these tained on different fertili:n~r treat­ the final lot of inocn hted medium soils were inoculated. The moisture ments for a period of 58 years was incubated at 32° C for one content of these soil samples was week only. At the end of this neriod increased to 26.5 nercent, and a microscopic examination indicated 1Contribution No. 839. Massachusetts remained constant throughout the Agricultural Experiment Station. that a very high percenta~e of the study, as the containers were cover­ 2Presented at Meeting of Connecticut cells were in the vegetative form. ed. Valley Branch. Societv of American When counted by the dilution Sampling the soils. Soil samules Bacteriologists,. Smith College, N orthamp- method, the suspension was found ton. Mass., April 18. 1952. · were tal

TABLE I.-FERTILIZER TREATMENTS GIVEN THE TEsT PLoTs oF SmL1 realized that as many spores Amount present in the control soil were also Plot Type of added present in the inoculated soils. No. treatment (pounds) Remarks PREPARATION OF SPORE CROPS fROM 2 Lime 14 as CaO ,. SoiL IsoLATES ,, 3 Lime 14 as CaO Preparation of spore crops from Potassium 21 as KC1 soil isolates. The highest dilution 4 Lime 14 as CaO of the soil sample in the preceding Phosphorus 14 as Na3P04 - 12H20 section, showing positive growth, was used as an inoculum to prepare 5 Lime 14 as CaO spore crops for the thermal death Nitrogen 21 as NaNOa time studies. 11 Lime 14 as CaO Heat resistance studies of the Potassium 21 as KC£ cultivated spores. The heat resis­ Phosphorus 14 as Na3P04 - 12H20 tance of the spores of the putre­ Nitrogen 21 as NaN03 factive anaerobes isolated from the lPlots were 14 feet wide and 200 feet long. Fertilizer applied in spring of year, soils were detm ,nined by the commencing 1890. Data obtained from the Agronomy Dept., Mass. Agr. Expt. multiple tube thermal death time Sta., Amherst, Mass. technique described previously. (Desrosier and Esselen1 ) The suore samples, and a spatula for the 1/1,000,000 were prepared. Ali­ crops were counted bv means of the laboratqry samples. The surface quots of these dilutions were then shake agar method. One ml portion' of the test plot was cleared, and a inoculated into freshly heated liver of the spore suspensions were then vertical section extending from the broth, and the tubes were stratified inoculated into 99 ml of neutral surface of the ground to a depth of with non-nutrient agar. The tubes phosphate buffer solution (pH 6 or 7 inches was removed. were incubated at 32° C for one value. 6.95), to obtain a concentra­ week. At the end of this period, Estimation of spore content of tion of 10,000 spores uer ml of the the highest dilutions of soil evidenc­ buffer. Two nil of the inoculated soil samples. After the moisture ing positive growth of the putre­ contents had been determined, the buffer solution were introduced into factive anaerobes were used as the thermal death time tubes, and soils were diluted 1: 10 (dry basis) cultures for the preparation of spore with water. These dilutions were the urocedure was as previously heated at 100° C for ten minutes crops. The' results of the spore described. to destroy vegetative cells, and cool­ counts for each of the samples Treatment of data. A logarithmic ed. Decimal dilutions up to taken are listed in table 2. It was order Of death was assumed and

TABLE 2.-PUTREFACTIVE ANAEROBIC SPORES PRESENT PER GRAM OF SOIL (DRY BASIS) Svore counts/ gram sample dry weight1 Soil Control sample Inoculated Inoculated No. in field sample in field sample in laboratory Sample--=c~ol...-le-c-c-te-"-d, - November 8, 1948 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 11 100 Sample Collected - December 21, 1948 2 10 100,000 1,000,000 3 5 100,000 1,000,000 4 5 100,000 1,000,000 5 10 100,000 1,000,000 11 10 100,000 1,000,000. Samvle Collected - March 10, 1949 2 5 . 100,000 1,000,000 3 5 1,000 100,000 4 5 100,000 1,000,000 5 5 100,000 100,000 11 10 10,000 10,000 Samvle Collected - June 28, 1949 2 10 100,000 10,000 3 5 10,000 100.000 4 5 1,000 100,000 5 10 1,000 10,000 11 10 10,000 LOOO 1These are approximate counts determined by method of m,]tinle dih-ltlc-'.nn.-.---=The highest dilution with positive growth wa~ utilized for spore crop development. Samples reported were tdplicate results. HEAT REsiSTANT FooD SPOILAGE SPoRE: 209

TABLE 3.-'fHERMAL REsiSTANCE DATA oF PuTREFACTIVE ANAEROBE INocuLATED INTO AND IsoLATED FROM SOILS D Soil Fertilizer 225F 235F 240F 245F 250F z .I· Control (field plots) , 2 Lime 9.8 1.85 0.95 0.61 0.26 16.5 .r 10.8 2.34 17.2 3 Lime plus K 1.28 0.81 0.34 ~ A' 4 Lime plus P 10.1 1.87 0.98 0.75 0.43 20.4 I 5 Lime plus N 13.1 1.88 1.46 1.08 0.47 21.4 11 Lime plus NPK 13.1 2.62 1.55 1.22 0.57 21.3 Inoculated (field plots) 2 Lime 19.5 3.92 2.72 1.96 0.90 21.0 3 Lime plus K 15.2 3.32 2.33 2.10 0.91 25.1 4 Lime plus P 16.1 3.91 31.05 2.41 1.22 25.9 5 Lime plus N 19.6 4.16 3.37 2.43 1.20 21.3 11 Lime plus NPK 8.7 3.68 2.83 2.17 0.99 21.1 Inoculated (sterile soil in laboratory) 2 Lime 12.1 . 3.48 2.60 1.66 0.96 21.4 3 Lime plus K 10.9 3.77 2.42 1.82 0.96 20.2 4 Lime plus P 12.1 4.11 2.42 1.68 1.09 19.9 5 Lime plus N 14.1 4.06 2.83 1.48 0.87 19.2 11 Lime plus NPK 14.1 4.24 2.70 1.82 1.04 20.5 , D = Calculated time in minutes required for destruction of 90 pen;ent of spores at given temperature. z = Slope of thermal death time curve (number of degrees F reqmred for curve to traverse one log cycle),

the thermal resistance data were added significance. The natural necessary as a safe home-canning treated as described by Desrosier soils under investigation, however, practice. and Esselen1 using the method contained up to 100 spores per gram These observations are of interest described by Stumbo, Murphy, and of sample. The populations of the in relation to food processing in Cochran2 • The data obtained are organism introduced into the soils that it would appear that the heat summarized in table 3. These appeared to decrease in numbers resistant spore forming organism I data represent D values calculated during the period of observation, studied ( P .A. 3679 ) retained its for organisms isolated from the from 100,000 down to 1,000 to heat resistance when inoculated soils in December 1948 and March 10,000 spores per gram, as deter­ into soils which had been given and June 1949. A statistical analysis mined by multiple dilution. The different fertilizer treatments. The of the data indicated that no sterilized, inoculated soil in the presence of such organisms in the significant difference existed in the laboratory exhibited the greatest soil serves as a potential source of heat resistance of the organisms decrease, notably the soil No. 11, contamination of produce grown isolated at different times from the containing the completely fertilized thereon. The various fertilizer same soils. Likewise, the fertilizer soil. treatments employed had no signifi­ treatment given the soil appeared to The most striking difference be­ cant effect on the heat resistance have no significant effect on the of the spores recovered from the heat resistance of the putrefactive tween the inoculated and the con­ trol soils was the low heat resistance test soils. Likewise in the control anaerobes obtained therefrom. uninoculated soils, regardless of However, the difference in heat and small number of the isolates from the latter. The occurrence of their fertilizer treatments, the putre­ resistance of the spores from soils factive spore-forming anaerobes inoculated with P A3679 as compar­ spoilage organisms in the soil, and on the produce grown in such soils, present were of essentially the same ed with that of the spores of putre­ heat resistance. Their F values factive anaerobes from uninoculat­ with heat resistance in the range herewith reported, would in part (destruction time at 250° F) ed control soils was highly signifi­ ranged from 0.37 to 3.1 minutes as cant at the 0.01level. explain the apparent success of some home canners with the boiling compared to F values of approxi­ DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY water bath processing of low acid mately 5.0 to 6.2 minutes for The putrefactive anaerobic spore foods. It is of interest to note that putrefactive anaerobe spores from populations of the control and the Tischer and Esselen3 were able to the inoculated soils. These limited inoculated soils are listed in table isolate from spoiled home-canned observations suggest that environ­ 2. It was apparent that all the vegetables organisms with F values mental factors such as type of isolated spores from any one soil of putrefactive anaerobes with heat fertilizer treatment have little or were probably a heterogeneous resistance characteristics compar­ no effect on the heat resistance group of putrefactive anaerobes, able to those of 2.1 to 4.5, and z of putrefactive anaerobe types of and not necessarily the organism values of 15.5 to 17.5 isolated from spoilage organisms present in the I inoculated into the soils. Un­ the fertilized control soils in the soil. doubtedly many strains of the present study. These observations REFERENCES organism were present, and, for this provide further evidence that pres­ 1. Desrosier, N. W., and Esselen, W. reason, the results obtained have sure processing of vegetables is Continued on Page 213 210

FARM BULK MILK HANDLING':' R. P. MARCH Department of Dairy Industry Cornell University, Ithaca, New York ,. 5. DeLaval Separator Company, ,f This article is based largely on a paper .Poughkeepsie, New York. presented by the author to the Orange County, New York, milk sanitarians and 6. Esco Cabinet Company, West guest farmers. The purpose of the talk Chester, Pennsylvania. was to give a general picture of the bulk .handling situation with emphasis on facts I. Girton Dairy Equipment Com­ of interest to New York State producers. pany, Millville, .t'ennsylvania. The economic aspects as they affect the c;, GroC:m farm tank distributed hauler, dealer and producers are briefly 1·eviewed. Producers are informed and ad­ by West Dairy Equipment Com­ vised concerning some of the engineering pany, 356 Willard Avenue, Elgin, aspects of bulk cooling. The: effect on 1llinois. ( milk quality is discussed and the advantages !i. and disadvantages of bulk tanks for the Haverly Electric Company, farmer are summarized. Inc., Syracuse 4, New York. lU; C. E. Howard, Corporation, The first calibrated farm bulk 9001 Rayo Avenue, South Gate, cooling tank was introduced by the California. Lucerne Milk Company~ Oakland, 11. McHale Manufacturin'g Com­ California, in November, 1941. ~ 4 pany, 3200-20 Mines Avenue, Los , Angeles 23, California. The first farm tank in New York Assistant Professor R. P. March · · 12. Mojonnier Brothers Company, received his B. S. degree in Dairy State was installed on the Hedge 4601 West Ohio Street, Chicago Manufacturing at the University of Farm at Pine Plains in April of 1948 Massachusetts in 1944. After two 44, Illinois. years in the U. S. Marines he enter­ by Bryant and Chapman - R. G. 13. Package Machinery Colllr Miller and Sons. The milk on this ed the graduate school at Cornell pany, East Longmeadow, Mass- University, and in 1948, upon the route went into Hartford, Connec­ achusetts. , completion of his studies for the ticut. 14. Purity Manufacturirig Com­ M. S. degree, took charge of the The first every-other-day bulk One Year Curriculum in Dairy pany, Inc., Cattaraugus, New Manufacti:tring and Marketing, pick-up system in New York State York. ifi.,.(, was started by Green's Dairy in teaching a majority of the dairy OJ.',\ 15. Emil Steinhorst Corporation, subjects. Recently he has devoted Schenectady in May of 1952. 612-616 South Street, Utica 3, New much of his time to extension work Today, there are at least 10,000 pertaining to bulk milk handling York. in New York State and to research farm tanks in the United States and 16. Sunset Electric Company, at least 400 in use in New York problems connected with bulk 300 Westlake North, P. 0. Box tanks. State. 3148, Seattle 14, Washington. TANK MANUFACTURERS 17. Tolan Machinery Company, in some cases, make more than one Inc., Port Street, Port Newark, New trip per day. Surprisingly enough there are Jersey. 1 about 125 companies who are A report by Nelson shows con­ 18. ·Val co Manufacturing Com­ siderable savings in hauling rates. building tanks or plan to build pany, 3470 Randolph Street, Hunt­ tanks. Tank trucks in Oregon ranging in ington Park, California. size from 1,200 gallons to 1,700 Below is a list of companies that 19. Wilson Refrigeration, Inc., gallons have shown savings in I know have tanks on the market. Smyrna, Delaware. . transportation costs varying from 1. Cherry-Burrell Corpomtion, 20. Zero Manufacturing Com­ 11 to 15 cents per hundredweight. 501 Albany Street, Little Falls, New pany, Washington, Missouri. The average distances these trucks York More new makes will be on the traveled was 62.3 miles with an 2. The Creamery Package Manu­ market soon. average of only 6.5 stops. Some facturing Company, 1243 West Tanks manufactured by Numbers of the organizations used 2,100- Washington Boulevard, Chicago 7, 3 6, 13, and 19 are cooled by the gallon and 2,500-gallon trucks Illinois. i~e-bank system. With Numbers traveling an average of 77 miles 3. Dairy Equipment Company, 1, 11, and 18, chilled water or with stops numbering from 8 to 13. Department A-3, 1444 East Wash­ direct expansion cooling is optional. These roiites reported a haul~ng ington Avenue, Madison, Wis­ Manufacturer No. 9 sells three rate reduction of from 18 to· 20 consin. types-ice-bank, direct expansion, cents per hundredweight. ··· 4. Damrow Brothers Company, and semi-direct expansion. The However, as Nelson states early 196-234 Western Avenue, Fond du remaining tanks are cooled by the in his paper, each tank truck route lac, Wisconsin. direct expansion method. has replaced four can routes in: EcoNOMIC AsPECTS most areas of their state, resu:Iting ll

I II _jJ FARM BuLK MILK HANDLING 211

as it does to operate a van-type With tank pick-up the caliber of actual pounds of milk weighed in at truck designed to haul1500 gallons the truck driver becomes very the plant, but this was an excep­ in 40-quart cans. important. He must be a licensed tionally high loss. In New York State some haulers "weigher" and sampler, have some Some people have shown concern ·have not been able to lower their of the qualifications of a competent about the errors which may resuft , ' hauling rates, probably because Heldman, and lastly be a capable when measuring milk with a stain­ they have more stops than stated truck driver. less steel rod because of volume ·' changes with a change in milk ~ above, less intensive use of their Concerning the Dealer A' equipment, and not a complete temperature or because of varia­ ' Obviously, the dealer can obtain tions in weigpt with a change in every-other-day farm pick-up his greatest savings only when he schedule. fat test of the milk. These errors, can completely eliminate the receiv­ however, are extremely small, less Again, with reference to a west ing of milk in cans. He may have 3 than the allowable error in the coast study, Clarke reports that some saving in cooling costs or measuring rod as permitted by 3-A tank truck pick-up is more econom­ other savings if tank pick-up Standards for Bulk Cooling Tanks. ical than the can method if for a eliminates over-time on,the receiv­ 3000-gallon route at .least'· 130 ing deck or the necessity for Concerning the Producer gallons can be picked up per expanding the receiving room. In many cases the demand for collection, for a 2000-gallon route The Oregon paper by Nelson1 farm tanks has stemmed straight at least 120 gallons can be picked states that plant savings can range from the producer, perhaps for such up per collection, and for a 1000- from 2 ·cents per hundredweight reasons as his desire to have the gallon route at least 100 gallons when receiving 3000 cans ner day milk measured, sampled, judged, can be picked up per collection. to 4 cents per hundredweight when and purchased on the farm, to Coming closer to home, Mr. A. C. receiving about 600 cans per dav improve milk quality, and to , Fisher4 reported the following in if complete conversion to tank increase his income. a paper p1'esented at the North­ pick-up is made. A reasonable examnle of costs eastern Dairy Conference in 1952: An article5 in the Milk Plant and savings for a 7- to 10-can " ...... we would now consider Monthly by Hall of Michigan gives producer is given in Mr. Fisher's it practical and economically sound the total costs of receiving and talk referred to earlier in this paper. for a producer of 6 to 8 cans to cooling milk in a very efficient one He recommends a 150-gallon tank install a tank. We also know that man operation as follows: for this producer. If the tank is it is practical to consider every­ filled on an average to 65 percent of Quantity of milk Total receiving its capacity, it could be amortized other-day pick-up at the farm. If received daily costs per cwt such a practice is put into effect over a five-year neriod at the cost ( pounds ) ( cents ) of 14 cents per hundredweight. If I we could then consider from the 20,000 7.4 trucker's standpoint, picking up a this producer had a can 'cooler, 40,000 4.4 amortization would cost him 6 3- or 4-can producer on an every­ 60,000 3.3 other-day basis and make it cents per hundredweight, or an 80,000 3.0 increase of 8 cents per hundred­ practical to stop for that amount. 100,000 2.7 On producers of a lower volume weight for the tank. In the 1953 February issue of the Fisher of General Ice Cream than this, of which we have many Southern Dairy Products Journal, in Connecticut, we are about to Corporation and officials of the an article by A. A. McArthur states Connecticut Milk Producers Associ­ try a method which may or may not that savings from 8 to 20 cents per be practical. We expect to supply ation have estimated that Con­ hundredweight are possible. necticut producers will save 4 cents the 1- and 2-can producers, located The dealer or the producer will in an area where tank pick-up per hundredweight in volume, 4 have some loss unless the tanks are cents per hundredweie:ht in fat and is to become the rule rather than pronerly calibrated. The farmer's the exception, with stainless steel 2 cer1ts per hundredweight can milk is measured on a volume basis expense, or a total of 10 cents per 40-quart cans which .they will use but the dealer must pay for it on a in their regular cifn coolers as they hundredweight. This· would more weight basis. Reports indicate that than make up for the 8 cents addi­ have been doing at present. On calibrations have been fairly the days of nick-up at the farm · tional cost for the tank accurate. Mr. P. C. Farrar of Hill­ The bulletin by Nelson referred of their neighbor who owns a tank crest Dairy, Worcester, Massa­ they will transport their milk'~ to to earlier in this paper shows chusetts, has stated~ that it ir. substantial savings for the Oregon that neighbor's milk house, where unusual for their weights to be off it will be measured and sampled nroducer with a tank as compared .more than 6 or 8 pounds per tanker. to one with a can cooler. The range by the truck driver in the tank A dairy plant in one of the major after picking up· the tank's original was from $103 per year for the New York State cities has had uu contents. This plan could also be 10-cow herd to $1,681 -per year for to a 1.2 percent loss of milk on a the 100-cow herd. These savings put into effect in the case of a tank truck shipment due to a producer situated so as to be inac­ resulted from reduced labor and difference between the milk re­ reduced handling rates. These cessible to the tank truck. This ceipts left the farmers and the contemplated action has the Oregon farmers had to spend a tentative · approval of our state significant amount of time handl­ authorities in Connecticut, and mav 11

State producers, however, do not Standards for Holding andjor or a !-horsepower compressor motor have to wash their milk cans nor Cooling Tanks. These standards if every-other-day pick-up is do they have surface coolers to published in the 1953 Tuly-August anticipated. clean and as explained earlier many issue of the I ournal of Milk and In general, ice-bank coolers~have New York State truckers have not Food Technology are formulated compressor motors that a r e been able to cut their handling by the INTERNATIONAL AssoCIATION about one-third as large as those costs significantly. OF MILK AND FooD SANITARIANS, on direct expansion tanks, but these Nevertheless, bulk tanks are INc., the United States Public units run for a much longer time feasible for many farmers in this Health Service, and the Dairy to store their refrigeration in the state because of the savings listed Industry Committee. They cover form of icy. This type of tank also below. minimum standards for design, has a water circulating pump with 1. Savings in volume of milk may construction, and performance of a 114 to 113 H.P. motor not found I ' easily equal about 4 cents per farm bulk milk tanks. on direct expansion makes, but this hundredweight. At Cornell we Before buying a tank one should cooler has a smaller power demand have a loss of about 0.4 pound of be sure it meets the 3-A Standards at any given time and also cannot milk per can of warm morning and the state and lbcal health de­ freeze milk. milk and about 0.6 pound per can partment requirements. Direct expansion tanks will not of cold night mille In our plant On February 1, 1954, the New freeze milk if properly designed we have a slow, careful dumping York State and New York City De­ and operated. They require slightly operation. A commercial receiving partments of Health published a less power per given volume of operation may easily lose one pound list of manufacturers whose farm milk cooled. per hundredweight because it is tanks were approved for use in Each type has its own merits so not economically feasible to dump this state. before purchase of any tank the, cans as slowly and methodically as The 3-A Standards require that producer should carefully consider is done in our small plant. the milk be cooled to 50° F within the advantages and disadvantages 2. Savings in fat may range from the first hour after the completion of both types in the light of his 0 to 5 cents per hundredweight. of milking and to 40° F within specific circumstances, keeping in (Greater than 5 cents per cwt. the second hour. New York State mind the importance of good savings have been reported). The and New York City Health De­ design, good construction, good difference of 0.2 pound between partments require that the milk be performance and the need for the 0.4 and 0.6 stated above cooled to 45° F within one hour satisfactory future service on the represents cream which has stuck after the completion of milking. tank. to the shoulders of a cold can. Most tanks are cooling much more The refrigeration system on a This cream, testing about 25 per­ rapidly than this, but some of the bulk tank may have one of three f'ent fat means a loss of .05 percent reports of extremely fast cooling types of condensers, air cooled, fat per can of cold milk Com­ rates are attributable to cooling combination air-water cooled, or mercial plants may average higher only a very small quantity of milk completely water cooled. The last losses than this esnecially in winter. in proportion to the maximum rated two types are more efficient than In many areas of New York State canacities of the tanks. the first. morning milk is not cooled so Tanks may be designed either to For satisfactory performance of there would be no significant fat cool one-half their volumetric air cooled units, adequate venti­ loss in these warm cans. capacity of milk at one time for use lation is imperative. This subject 3. Savings by elimination of cans on daily pick-up routes or to cool is discussed in detail in Cornell is often quoted as 2 cents per one-fourth their volumetric capac­ Bulletin 899 entitled "Bulk Cooling hundredweight. itv of milk for use on every­ and Storage of Milk on the Farm." 4. Some producers have received other-day pick-up routes. A In winter the water connections j 10 cents per hundredweight as a Producer should not make the to combination air-water condens­ bonus or premium for their tank mistake of buying a tank designed ing units should be disconnected I milk, especially fi:om rlants which soley for use on an every-other-day and the unit carefully drained, or if i · have been able to switch to 100 per­ route and then use it to capacity as not disconnected, protected from ! cent bulk pick-up. a daily pick-up tank Under such - freezing. The straight water cooled ' 5. Some producers have had a circumstance the tank simply units must be protected from i. their hauling rates reduced. could not cool rapidly enough. freezing. Additional benefits that should There are two general types of Ptoper wiring and correct over­ not be overlooked by the farmer tanks on the market todav, the load protection for each motor is are: satisfaction of having milk direct exnansion tank and the ice­ very important. This subject is measured, judged, and sampled bank tank. Both can be designed also discussed in Bulletin 899. on the farm; elimination of can to do an excellent job of cooling MILK QUALITY handling; the 1;1ride of ownership milk If milk . is cooled slowly or not of a stainless steel tank in place The direct expansion tanks in at all, poor, insanitary handling of the shabby cans; less danger of general require about 1 horsepower methods are easily revealed, but rejections; and lower bacterial of compressor motor size for each in the author's opinion this does not counts in properly handled milk 50 gallons of milk to be cooled justify poor cooling of milk The (~,., ENGINEERING AsPECTS ideal is proper handling methods ' I at one milking. For example a 200- . I All bulk tanks sold in this gallon tank from which the milk is followed by very fast cooling. In country today should meet the re­ to be picked up daily should have bulk handling, one approaches the quirements of the 3-A Sanitmy a 2-horsepower compressor motor, latter; and this fast cooling does FARM BuLK MILK HANDLING 213

help to keep bacteria counts down. when rubbed between the fingers hauling rates. · So, in general, it is not difficult for but they were not butter particles. (IS) Possibility of saving in labor. a ,producer to keep his bacteria This does not mean, however, that (h) Elimination of can handling. co\.uit well below 50,000. churning does not occur oc­ ( i) Better quality mille if proper}y However, some farmers who casionally, for it can under such handled. . · produced high count milk in circumstances as: ( 1) abnormally ( j) Possibly more room in the the past are still producing slow cooling as caused by slippage milkhouse, especially for the larger ~ unacceptable milk after changing ot tne compressor belt, loss o:t A' . producers. I to a tank. One report of some refngerant, ':tack of coolmg water . (k) Highly adaptable to pipe line tank milk produced last August tor condenser, or poor ventiuition of milkers. showed a plate count of 180,000. eonaenser; l.l::) agitator runmng ail Disadvantages: This is much too high. D;i;rty nignt because it was accictentally (a) High initial outlay for tank. milking equipment and improperly lett on manual control; or ( 0) adOI­ (b) Not as great a saving in cleaned tanks especially in warm tion ot warm milk to an unagitated dollars for most of the New York weather, or cows with mastitis at tanK of mille which has formed a State producers as indicated by certain stages, or improper opera­ cream layer. Z many reports. tion of the tank may be the cause of Churnmg is undesirable because (c) Freezing in some tanks if these high counts. it makes it very difficult to take a improperly operated. Tanks should be thoroughly representative sample for the fat (d) More difficult to cool milk rinsed immediately after emptying test and it causes. a cream plug on in case of power outage. and washed as soon as possible. the top of bottled milk and cream. (e) May require: In this state cold water undell" One more difficulty that may be ( 1) New milkhouse or extensive pressure and not less than 15 found in some farm tanks is freez­ modification. , gallons of water at not less than ing of the milk. Freezing can occur ( 2) Extensive rewiring. 140° F must be available in the m most direct expansiOn tanks ( 3) Improvement of farm drive­ milkhouse at the time of washing under certain circumstances, such way to handle tanker. the tank. (New York City Health ·as: ( l) if a small quantity o:t mille ( 4) Installation of hot and cold Department requires hot water Is poured into an excessively pre­ water facilities in milkhouse. under pressure). cooled empty tank; (2) if the REFERENCES Milk low in bacteria count can agitator is left off while the con­ 1. Nelson, G. T. Economic Aspects of still be of poor quality due to off­ densing unit is runp.ing; ( 3) if the Farm Tank Handling of Milk in Oregon. odors. It was mentioned earlier tank is accidentally lett on manual Circular of Information 520, Agric. Exp. control and the milk is cooled below Sta., Oregon State College, Corvallis. that truckers should first qualify Feb. 1953. I as competent fieldmen. Truckers its freezing point; ( 4) if the 2. Baum, E. L.f and Pauls, D. E. should not fail to smell each tank of thermostatic control fails to shut A Comparative Ana ysis of Costs of Farm mille. A driver may become care­ ··off the compressor; or ( 5) if the Collection of Milk by Can and Tank in thermostatic control is set too low. Western Washington, 1952. Tech. Bull. less in this respect because most of No. 10, Washington Agric. Exp. Sta. the tanks of cold milk will have : Freezing may cause some de­ Institute of Agricultural Sciences, State very little odor. But occasionally 'stabilization of the milk and when College of Washington, Pullman. May, an odor is so intense that it is thawed, flakes of curd and butter 1953. particles may appear. This is 3. Clarke, D. A., Jr. A Comparative obvious if any effort is made to Analysis of Costs of Operating Milk detect it. It is not common, but especially true if a high percentage Collection Routes by Can and by Tank tank loads of milk have been of the milk is frozen. in California. Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. rejected for such odors as skunky, 1947 (OOP). SUMMARY 4. Fisher, A. C. A System of Bulk onion, garlic, silage, and sweet , 1. When properly established, the Milk Cooling in Farm Tanks and Tank odor. tank truck method of picking up Transportation to Market-Developed for Another problem that should be the Connecticut Market. Paper presented milk is better and cheaper than the at the Northeastern Dairy Conference mentioned in connection with bulk can method. held in Springfield, Mass. April 9, 1952. tanks in churning, or the appear­ 2. When the dealer completely 5. Hall, C. M. Engineer's Analysis of ance of tiny butter particles in the eliminates can :receiving he can Bulk Milk Handling. Part II of two milk. This trouble was more com­ realize a significant saving. parts, Milk Plant Monthly, Jan. 1954. mon in some of the earlier tanks, , 3. For the Producers: especially those with high speed Advantages: · agitators. Recently the author (a) Satisfaction of having mille BEHAVIOR ,O'F A HEAT RESISTANT examined the milk with a strainer measured, judged and sampled on FOOD SPOILAGE SPORE dipper in 29 tanks in eastern New the farm. · · Continued from Page 209 York. No evidence of churning was B. Attempts to Increase the' Heat (b) :A saving in milk volume of Resistance of the Spores of a Putre­ found in any of these tanks. There about 1 pound per hundredweight factive Anaerobe by Selection. ]. Bact., were some flakes in every single or 4 to 5 cents per hundredweight. 61, 541-547, (1951). . tank regardless of make or type (c) A saving in fat of 0 to about 2. Stumbo, C. R., Murphy, J. R., and but most of these so-called "flakes" Cochran, J. Nature of Thermal Death 5 ·cents per hundredweight. Time Curves for P.A. 3679 and were foam particles and a few, (d) Reported savings of 2 cents Clost1·idium botulinum. Food Technol., ice particles. When pressed be­ per hundredweight by elimination 4, 321-326, (1950). I tween the fingers they reverted to of cans. · 3. Tischer, R. G., and Esselen, W. B., ordinary mille. The author found Jr. Home Canning. I. Survey of Bac­ (e) Possibility · of receiying a teriological and Other Factors Responsible some cream flakes in a few tanks. premium.··· · for Spoilage of Home-canned Foods. These cream ·flakes were greasy ' (£) Possibility m reduction in FoodResearah, 10,197-214, (1945). ! I I

PRACTICAL SANITARY ASPECTS I i ~ ·t· OF BULK MILK DISPENSING '1,111 SAMUEL 0. NoLEs Milk Consultant Florida State Board of Health, Jacksonville, Florida I~ and ,,I II H. H. WILKOWSKE Assistant .Dairy Technologist Florida Agricultural Experiment Station l! Gainesville, Florida · '.'I '.. Many sanitation problems have ac­ ed in understanding the practical companied the rapid growth of the bulk aspects of the problems which dispensing method of serving milk. might be encountered in their daily This article deals with some of the current problems which have been observed work by sanitarians in the field and their Because of the 1rapid develop­ practical solution. ment of the bulk . system of Until such time when sanitary equipment dispensing milk the answers to all standards and timeproven operating and of the many problems, unfortu­ handling proceduras are deve(ojped, the suggestions here should be of immediate nately, are not readily available. practical value to the many sanitarians But until such time when sanitary who are responsible for milk dispensing . equipment standards and time­ operations at the present time. proven operating and handling procedures are developed, the sug­ The number of cafeterias, res­ gestions here may be of some Mr. Samuel 0. Noles is milk taurants, and similar food estab­ immediate practical value to the consultant with the Florida State lishments adopting the bulk dis­ many sanitarians who are -respon­ J?oard of Health. He graduated pensing method of serving milk is from the University of Florida, sible for milk dispensing operations majoring in dairy products manu­ increasing rapidly. Since this in their areas at the present time. facturing. He received his M.P.H. method of mill( distribution is still from the School of Puolic Health in its infancy-and subject to grow­ SANITATION PROBLEMS University of Minnesota. He ha~ ing pains-there are many problems In general the sanitation prob­ done public health work in lems of bulk milk dispensing are _municipal and state lev.els and was to be overcome with respect to in meat and dairy inspections for sanitation . requirements. Fortu­ the same as those of handling milk fom; years in the U,: S. Army nately, these problems . are not in any other recognized manner. dunng the World War IL He is insurmountable and can be over­ It is still a matter of using clean a member of the INTERNATIONAL utensils kept in good repair, clean AssociATION OF MILK AND FooD come by cooperation of all concern­ SANITARIANs, National Association ed-the dispenser manufacturers, handling of both containers and of Sanitarians, Florida Public the milk processors, the food milk, and proper protection of the Health Association, and other establishment operators, and the contents from contamination and organizations. regulatory agencies. adulteration until the milk is con­ The bulk milk dispensing system sumed. Sanitation problems frequently cans do not compare well with of merchandizing offers some glass bottles or paper cartons used distinct advantages for the dairy occur during bulk milk dispensing operations because of number of for distributing the final pasteur- industry. In general, it is more ized product. . . economical. Also, most people find people and materials involved. milk more palatable when served Problems occur during this opera­ In most food establishments a very cold, and consumers generally tion as the homogenized milk is greater number of cans of milk are obtain it that way from a bulk processed and placed in a can at delivered than may be placed in dispenser. This has been attested the plant, carried by plant person- the dispenser. The extra full cans by food establishment operators . nel to the food establishment, and of milk usually are sto~ed in an who claim milk sales have been placed in an approved dispenser adjoining walk-in type ref.rigerator. increased after installing a bulk in such manner that the personnel When the cans in the dispenser are milk dispenser. This being true, of the food establishment can replaced, the empty cans are held bulk milk dispensing is. no longer withdraw the contents without at room temperature until they are a fad; it is here to stay. It becomes disturbing the container. picked up later by the person who the sanitarian's responsibiHty ;to TYPE OF CAN delivered the mille During this recognize that this revolutionary The cans used generally are 2~, time the cans are held at tempera­ method of milk distribution appears 5, or 10,-gallon size. At the present tures ~avorable for acid-producing to be another important advance time most milk cans in use are of orgamsms to grow readily in the by the dairy industry . in recent the tinned variety. Few stainless small amount of milk that remains years which might well rank with steel cans are in use today. The in the can. Since acids attack such things as pipe line milkers, use of stainless steel, however, the tinned metal cans we may permanent pipe . lines, cleaning in should be encouraged for very assume the cans will not remain in place, farm holding tanks, tank practical reasons. Close examina­ a suitable sanitary condition for truck pick-up, and others. There­ tion of some of the cans in current very long. fore, sanitarians should be interest- use reveal that the cans have been One solution to this problem has subjected to severe abuse. From been to keep the cans . refrigerated "'Submitted Februaqr 10, 1954. a sanitation point of view most at the food establishment until they BuLK MILK DisPENSINC 215

can must be thoroughly brushed with a proper size brush. A further precaution is to have a steatn jet arrangement at the end of thet third sink for one-minute stE;aming of each can and lid. To insure adequate steaming a rotary hand valve is recommended instead of a foot-pedal yalve which might tend to influence the onerator to cut short the length of time of the steaming,, operation. Thorough steaming is excellent insurance for complete sanitization.

RoLLING CAN Rl\.cK The plant engi~ee~ . can easily fabricate a useful cap rack from galvanized pipe. The size will depend upon the number· of cans, and the width and height of door­ ways. The rack may be mounted on wheels for easy moving. As soon as the returned cans are washed they may be inverted on the rack for draining and storage. Rinsing Returned Cans. The rack of cans may be rolled to are picked :up. Immediately upon CLEANING ANP SANITIZING THE CA,N the various stations as required for return to the plant the cans should When cans are to be used the washing, storage, re-washing, next day after return to the plant, sanitizing, and filling. A strong be thoroughly washed. Also, each shelf, 18 inches from the floor, may can should be checked carefully they should be re-washed and sanitized just prior to use. Final be mounted on one end of the rack while being washed, eliminating sanitizing should be done just to be used later for holding cans from use those cans which have before the cans are filled with milk. during the filling operation. broken seams or rust spots. As But the question is, what method ATTACHING THE RUBBER TUBES these cans are replaced with those should be used for washing and The rubber tubes through which of the stainless steel type, the sanitizing? the milk is dispensed should be cut problem will be significantly re­ Attempts to clean and sanitize with a blade having a sharp cutting cans in conventional rotary or duced. To hasten the solution to edge which has been carefi11ly straight-away can washers have sanitized. For cutting, the tube this problem it may be well to con­ proven unsatisfactory. Adequate sider the possibility of condemning should be placed on a metal table cleaning and removal of soil is which has been recently sanitized. any unsuitable types of cans for not always obtained. Such cans bulk milk dispensing, includin6 The glacine wrapper on the dis­ cannot be sanitized properly. Also, pensing tube should be allowed to tinned cans. the cans which are to be filled with pasteurized milk might be washed in can washers previously used for cans which contained raw milk. A hand cleaning and sanitizing method which has been found satisfactory for both cans and lids is as follows: ( 1) Thorowzhlv rinse the cans with tap water. (2) Hand­ brush in sink of warm water con­ taining a good cleaner, or use a mechanical-powered can brush which is preferred for hard-to-clean cans. ( 3) Rinse in hot water in a second sink. ( 4) Sanitize in a third sink with a suitable sanitizing agent equivalent in bactericidal action to a solution containing not less than 100 ppm available chlo­ rine. Washing of Cans. The nipple on the bottom of the Sanitization of Cans, 216 BuLK MILK DISPENSING

FILLING THE CANS ... There is greater var;j;!j,Jion in methods of filling cans tWI!ffi. in any other phase of the entire operation. , The filling of these cans-being a ,, hand operation-is a departure from the usually accepted and approved i A' praCtices considered necessary· Jor I complete protection of pasteurized milk. Possibly it is a concession made by regulatory · officials for. lack of anything better. Every possible precaution should be observed during the. filling opera- tion. . . ( A:c1y method which exposes the milk to possible contamination should be avoided. Cans should not be filled by lifting them U:~' to the ·· · nipple leading out of the•! trough from cooler boards. They'"should not be filled by using badly. pitted aluminum releaser pipes plaped on Fitting of Tubes. a valve of the bottle filler. They Filling of Cans. should not be· partially filled· with cedure which affords about as much remain intact on each of the tube a short nipple, followed by dinping halves. Immediately after the can off the foam, and then completing protection as possible with the the filling using a pitcher or pail hand-filling method. In this pro­ is sanitized the rubber tube should of some type. Filling several cans cedure a valve with the elongated be placed on the nipple of the can at a time and permitting them to can-filling nipple is used which and secure in the clamp on the sit open until the foam is dipped off or settles and then refilling reaches to the bottom of the can. bottom of the can. The can then Such arrangement reduces foaming may be set down on the can-holding them should be avoided. Such careless methods of filling cans do to a minimum and permits complete shelf of the can rack. Place the not afford the maximum protection filling at one time. A plastic or sanitized lid on the can to await stainless steel drip-diverting apron which should be achieved. is used on the valve. Such anron being filled. Some plants are using a pro- cbmpletely covers the top or the can and protects the milk from drippage and foreign materials. This apron is located on the elongated nipple not more than four inches above the ton of the can during the filling . ooeration. As soon as the can is filled, the nipple is raised and the can moved to one side of the can shelf, which is large enough to hold two cans. J;lje can is covered immediately with. a parchment and the lid is pressed on tightly. Be sure the parchment paper used to cover the tog•, of the can has a hole aoproxi­ m:ltely; one-eighth inch in diameter in the center. Such narchment naners can be purchased with the hole already punched in them. A hole is necessary to permit air replacement of liquid as the milk is drawn out of the dispenser. With­ out a hole in the parchment the milk may not flow out of the tube satisfactorily .

. STORAGE AND HANDLING After the cans are completely Cutting of Tubes. filled they should be placed im- BuLK MILK DisPENSING 217

mediately in a refrigerator and opposite sides of the can lid before kept below 40° F until placed in leaving the plant. Sanitarians are the dispenser. Plant and food advised to reject any milk found establishment cold-toom tempel'­ in a can if either seal has been atures should be checked frequently broken. This is necessary for the , to insure that they are beirtg protection of both the dairy opera­ ,, maintained at 40° F or lower. tor and the consumer. Generally Dispense1· temperatures should be operators of food establishments set at 36° to 38" F. Each time the would not tamper with the contents can is set down, in the plant of these cans of milk But at least refrigerator, on the truck, in the one case has been observed in refrigerator at the food establish­ which an operator was mixing ') ment, and in the dispenser itself, homogenized milk and reconstitut­ the can should always be placed ed nonfat milk together which was on a clean surface. This is being sold as whole mille So it important in preventing the con­ seems essential that t!te cans are tamination when the dispensing sealed at the plant and remain tube is placed in position for use sealed until returned to the plant. in the dispenser. A tag should be placed on each SEALING THE CAN can bearing the name of the Each can of milk should· be processor, identification of the Sealing of. Cans. . ·.~ sealed with two wire seals·· on contents, and date the milk was placed in the can. The milk should be completely used within four , days after the date on the tag or should be removed from the dispenser. Dairy plant operators should avoid delivery of too much milk to a given establishment at one time. The use of dispensers should be permitted only in establishments which handle suffi­ cient volume of milk to warrant the use of a dispenser. DISPENSING PRECAUTIONS There are precautions to be observed in the dispensing of the milk at the food establishment. Employees .should be instructed thoroughly on how to avoid con­ tamination of the tube with their fingers. The dispensing tube should be firmly pulled through the valve, after which the valve should be seated and lifted several times. This p1:ocedure is necessary so that the tube becomes fixed in the prooer position and will not later tend to draw back into the valve. The tube should be cut with a sharp cutting edge of a clean cutting instrument. A good procedure is to keep a supply of new razor blades near the dispenser and use a newly un­ wrapped one each time. discardin,R: after a single using. The end of the tube should be cut off exactly : one-fourth inch from the valve. It is not desirable to cut too close to the valve, allowing the milk to i.l come into contact with the valve. On the other hand, if the tube is too long, there is greater possibility 11 of external contamination. Warming il on. the end of an excessively long 'I• ,! tube end may permit microon~ani~m Filling of Cans ( Continued). growth. It is claimed that flies 218 BULK MILK DISPENSING

TABLE I-INFLUENCE OF SANITARY PRACTICES ON THE PLATE COUNTS OF 31. Prucha, M. J. The Relation of Fruit, BULK DISPENSED MILK Flavors, Nuts and Colors to the Sanitary Production of Ice Cream. Poor sanitation practices Good sanitation practices (a) Importance of problem from public ;o;St::-a-n'd'a-rd-t-· -p'l-at::--e-----"~Coliform Standard plate Coliform health point of view. Rept. Proc. ~6th Sample Ann. Conv. International . Assn. Ice No. count per ml per ml count per ml per ml , C1·eam Manufacture1's. 2, 40-45, ( 1936). ,f 1 6,300 0 4,200 0 32. Reid, J. A. The Disinfectant 2 .38,000 0 <3,000 0 Action of Certain Organic Acids, Am. ] . 3 64,000 0 <3,000 0 Hyg., 16, 540-555, (1932). 4 68,000 200 <3,000 0 33. Rogers, L. A., Clark, W. M., Evans, A. c;. The Characteristics of Bacteria of the Colon Type Found h1 will not land on a cold tube but ments on the same days, and the Bovine Feces., J. Infect. Dis. 15, 100, will alight on a tube which has cans had the same date tags. In (1914). been permitted to become warm. table 1 are listed the bacteriological 34. Rogers, L. A., Clark, W. M., Manufacturers of dispensers results obtained during a two- Evans, A. C. The Characteristics o' week period. ( Bacteria of the Colon Type Occurring would do well to redesign dispenser on Grains, Ibid. 17, 137-159, (1915). valves with a protective shield over SUMMARY 35. Rogers, L. A., Clark, W. M., and the end of the tube which would Careful consideration of dis­ Lubs, H. A. The Characteristics of automatically move aside as the penser manufacturers, milk proc­ Bacteria of the Colon Type Occurring milk is withdrawn. After an empty essors, and food establishment in Human Feces, f. of Bact. 3, 231-252, ( 1918). can is removed from the disuenser operators is needed to solve the 36. Smallfield, H. A. Are Liquid Colore the inside of the cabinet arid th~ problems which might occur in Ice Cream a Source of Bacterial dispensing valve should be cleaned through the use of bulk milk dis­ Growth, Ice Cream Trade /. 29, 11-4.4, and sanitized before the next can pensers for the distribution of milk ( 1933). , 37. Washburn, W. A. The History of of milk is placed into· the cabinet. Each has a specific responsibility Frozen and Iced Products, Vt. Agr. Exp. A recent investigation indicates to put into practice the best known Sta., Bull. 155, 1910. the value of careful consideration materials and methods considered 38. Winslow, C. E. A., and Walker. of the above details by food essential for the sanitary handling L. T., ( 1907), Note on the Fermenta­ tive Reactions of the B. coli group, establishments. It was observed of milk, and to comply with all Science NS 26, 792. that one food establishment was known regulations, requirements, more careful about its care and and accepted procedures. The attention to sanitation details than sanitarian's responsibility is to was the other. The 5-gallon cans of educate, encourage, execute, and ;OAKITE PUBLISHES milk being delivered to the two enforce suitable sanitary methods MAINTENANCE•CLEANING GUIDE establishments were from the same and procedures that will momote How-to-do-it charts based on processor. Laboratory samples public health for the safety and actual in-plant maintenance pro­ were collected from both establish- welfare of mankind. cedures are a feature of the new "Plant Maintenance Guide" recent­ 23. Mallmann, W. L., and Seligmann, ly published by Oakite Products. COMPARISON OF E. D. Jr. A Comparative Study of Inc., manufacturers of industrial Media for the Detection of Streptococci cleaning and related materials. ESCHERICHA COLI in Water and Sewage. Ibid., 40, 286-289, (1950). Desi~ned for quick reference, the Continued from Page 206 24. McCulloch, E. C. Disinfection and charts list recommended cleaning Sterilization, pp. 231-247, Second Edition materials, methods of auplicatimi, 18. Laws, J. P., and Andrews, F. W. ( 1945), Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. concentrations And temperah~res Report on the Results of Investigation 25. Newman, R. W., and Reynolds, for such specific operations as of the Microorganisms of Sewage, Report A. E. Bacterial Flora of Some Ice Cream cleaning, and treating the water Ingredients, Calif. Dept. of Al:!1'., Mnnthlt1 to London County Council, December Bull. Sept.-Oct., 1930, 19, 677-680, in, ail' conditioning and refrigera­ 13, 1894. • (1930). tion units; cleaning compressors 19. Levine, A. S., and Fellers, C. R. 26. Nunheimer, T. D., and Fabian, and condensers; descaling diesel Action of Acetic Acid on Food Snoilag~ F. W. Influence of Organi() Acids. water jackets and water-cooled Microorganisms, J. Bact., 39, 499-514, Sugars and Sodium ChloridA upon furnaces; cleaning floors, oil (1939). Strains of Food Poisoning Staphylococci., Amet'. J. Pub. Health, 30, 1040-1049, heaters and coolers. windows and 20. Levine, M., Weldin, J. C., and (1940). light fixtures; controlling mold and Johnson, B. R. The Vogues-Proskauer odors; stripping paint from and Correlated Reactions of Coli-like 27. Ostrolflnk. M., and Welch, H. Bacteria, J. Infect. Dis., 21; 39-46, ( 1917), Incidence and Significance of the Cnlon­ machinery and transformers; and Aerogenes Groun on Pec>tn Meats, Food 21. Levine, M. Bactetial Indices of removing rust. The booklet also Resem·ch, 6,117-125, (1941). describes Oakite cleaning materials, Pollution. Address presented at the 28. Papastiriu. Lactose Fermrmtinq; "Symposium on Recent Researches in Org>tniRms, Arch.f. Hya. 41. 439. (1902). Oakite Solution-Lifting Steam Water, Sewage and Industrial Wastes" 29. Prescott. S. C. Thfl Occurrence of Guns, and the Oakite Hot Spray Washington, D.C., June 23-24, 1949, Organism~ of Sanitary Sig-nificancfl on Unit. under the auspices of the Sanitary Sec­ r.rains. Biologi()al Stt.tdies hu pwoils nf tion of the Division of Research Grants · W. T. Sedgwick, Boston, Massachusetts, Copies of this comuact. handy, and Fellowships, U. S. Public Health (1906). . 12-page booklet are available free Service. 30. Prescott, S. C., W'inslow. C. E. A .. on request. Write on comoany 22. Mallmann, W. L., and Litsky, W.

-1' 'I: u·' .-11

220 RECONSTI'ft1TED SKIM MILK

TABLE I.-EQUATIONS FOR THE RELATION BETWEEN LANDT sAT which is now being introduced into VARIOUS TEMPERATURES the dairies in Israel. Mter reading the results on this Stand- hydrometer, the appropriate t{f.m­ No. of Formula for Standard Formula for ard perature correction is made (Fig. 3 , Temp. measure- calculating error calculating error or Table 2). ,f oc ments L of L TS ofT S ( 3) An improved lactometer will i 10 21 4.287TS-2.20 1.21 0.233L+0.54 0.28 include a thermometer at its upper A' 15.5 49 4.236TS-2.40 1.19 0.236L+0.60 0.28 part. This thermometer will be ' 20 21 4.221 TS-3.68 1.74 0.236L+0.92 0.41 calibi·ated te> give the temperature 25 21 4.196TS-4.84 0.58 0.238L+L16 0.14 correction for % T S directly, 30 39 4.181TS-6.47 0.43 0.239L+l.ll 0.10 instead of giving temperature 35 21 4.152TS-7.86 1.17 0.240L+L92 0.28 degrees. 40 21 4.138TS-9.67 1.19 0.241L+2.36 0.29 . In addition to the practical is given on the right coordinate of made, according to T~ble 2. One implications of this work, it is of Fig. 1. may also· use the conversion table interest to calculate the specific ln practice it is more convenient of specific gravity into % T S given gravity of the T S in solution, as to have a temperature correction in the appendix of this paper. the results given hitherto in litera- for %T S. This is given in Figure 3. Usually, however, approximate u temperature coifrections may be ~ used, as given in Table 2. M MILK POWDER SAMPLES "0 • g , TABLE 2.-APPROXIMATE ~ 6 :0 c-o G-"' 0.40 :0 TEMPERATURE CoRRECTION VALUES. U'l ., Lri 0- A H- • ~ Range of L Correction for 1 o C z E-v I - X 0 TS L t::J z up to 55° 0.07% 0.30 3: F- o 0.35 ~ 5 55 - 85 0.08% 0.35 t:i r 85 - 120 0.09% 0.40 Ill ., Since the reference temperature -l 0 is 15.5°C., the values presented ~ 0.30 :0 t]l in Table 2, multiplied by the tern- w » n0 perature difference from 15.5° C. ~ 4 must be added when measurements w I are made above this temperature,. ~ 0.25 and subtracted when measurements. t: 30 are made below 15.5° C. Cl 10 15 20 The results presented in this 0j TOTAL SOLIDS paper may be used in dairies for 0 the routine estimation of total solids Figure 1.-Change .of specific gravity with temperature between 15.5 and 30o C of R S M in any one of the follow­ ( Scale on left) and l o C ( Scale on right) . ing ways: ( 2) A hydrometer especially ture are based mainly on the ( 1) Specific gravity may be measured with a simple hydrome­ constructed for the estimation of limited range of concentrations ter, and the T S calculated ac­ T S in R S M may be used. This found in fluid mille Table 3 cording to one of' the formulas hydrometer reads the % T S gives the apparent specific gravity given in Table 1. The appropriate directly. Fig. 4 shows a drawing of T S at several concentrations. temperature correction can then be of a hydrometer of this kind, Calculations were made according

L L

10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 TEMP. oc TEMP. oc TEMP. oc Figure 2.-Temperature variation ·of specific ·gravity at 10%, 20% and 30% total solids. REcONSTITUTED SKIM MILK 221

0.10 •IV o/ TS u 0 0 (,) 0 1.() 0 Lri.- a: .. 5 ~ 0 A'· :2: I """' (f) 0:

0: ~ 0 La.. """'0 0: z la.J 0 t­ ;::: La.J ~ :2: a: ~ a: 0 0 >­ u :I: 20 LACTOMETER DEGREES

Figure 3.-Temperature correction of % total solids for 1 o C at various lactometer degrees. to the relation given by Fleisch­ Total solids Specific mann4. For the case of skim milk content gravity a simple transformation of his (%T S) n equation gives: 10 1.635 DxTS 15 1.625 n = ---=--c10~0--~D ( 100 ---=To-:S"'~- 20 1.615 25 1.605 where: n ---: specific gravity of 30 1.595 T S in solution (in this case T S = These values agree with the S N F). values given in literature3 • · The D = specific gravity of R S M change of n with concentration is to be expected, since complex Figure 4.-A hydrometer for estimating TABLE 3·,'-APPARENT SPECIFIC solutions such as those of milk GRAVITY 'oF ToTAL SoLIDs IN total solids percentage in reconstituted powder, do not exhibit an ideal skim mille. SoLUTION AT 15.5° C · behaviour. APPENDIX TABLE FOR CALCULATING TOTAL SOLIDS ( TS) OF RECONSTITUTED SKIM REFERENCES MILK FROM SPECIFIC GRAVITY (DEGREES L) AT" 15.5° c (60° F). 1. A.O.A.C.-Official and Tentative L %TS L .. %TS L . %TS Methods of Analysis of the Association of 26 6.74 62 15.23 98 '23.73 Official Agricultural Chemists, 7th ed., 28 7.21 64 15.70. 100 .. 24.20 Washington D.C., p 231 (1950). 30 7.68 66 16.18 102 24.67 2. Babad, J. and Shenhav-Hetman, A. 32 8.15 68 16.65 104 . 25.14 -].Milk Food Technol, 16, 162, (1953). 34 8.62 70 -l7J.2 106 . 25.62 36 9.10 72 17.59 . 108 26.09 3. Elsdon, G. D. and Walker, C. H.­ 38 9.57 74 I$.06. no 26.56 Richmond's Dairy Chemistry, Charles Griffin & Co., London, p. 125 (1942). 40 10.04 76 1S)54 ll2 · c· 27.03 42 10.51 78 ).9.01 . . ll4 27.50 4. Fleischmann, W. and Weigmann, H. 44 10.98 80 c . .19;48 ' ll6 27.98 -Lehrbuch de1· Milchwirtschaft, 7th 46 11.46 82· 19.95 i< ll8 28.45 ed. Verag Paul Parey, Berlin, p. 404 48 11.93 : 84 •· 20A2,. 120 28.92 (1932). 50 12.40. ·, 86 .' 20:90 122 29.39 52 12.87 '.:·.'·_,$8 21.37 124 29.86 5. Joslyn, M. A.-Methods in Food Analysis, Academic Press Inc., New 54 13.34 .. 9'6 21.84 126 30.34 York, Chapter VII (1950). 56 13:82 92 22.31 128 30.81 58 14.29 94 22.78 130 31.28 6. Snedecor, G. W.-Statistical Meth­ 60 14.16 96. 23.26 132 31.75 ods, 4th ed., The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Chapters 6 and Temperature corrections to be made according to Table 2 in the paper. 14 (1946). 222 --MILK and FOOD SANITATION-- RECOMMENDATIONS ADOPTED BY and by the Los Angeles Livestock Sani­ of field and administrative personnel. tary Board. 1954 NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON 3. All states that have not.f already B. Furthm· mcommendations. TRICHINOSIS done so, should enact laws, patterned 1 Chicago, Illinois, March 1, 1954 1. Swine diseases transmitted by gar­ after the regulations of the Meat Inspec- , r bage include animal vesicular diseases, lion· Service of the U.S. Department of I. Public Health hog cholera, brucellosis, salmonellosis, ';\griculture, which will require meat pro~ ~ tuberculosis and trichinosis. The Con­ ~essors to carry out proper processin.g A'· A. The recommendations of 1952 Con­ ference reiterates its 1952 statement in ference, concerning Public Health, are procedures in the manufacture of pork ' urging all states to adopt regulations re­ :Products customarily eaten without cook- approved with the following additions: quiring the cooking of garbage and offal ing. ' ' 1. Besides the research problems enu­ that is to be fed ot hogs, with the merated, research should be undertaken exception of states that may wish to pro­ 4. Legislation should be enacted by also on the role of rats and other ani­ hibit the feeding of any garbage. t,he states and for municipalities defining ,. mals in the transmission of trichinosis. "hamburger," "ground beef," and similar , 2. States that have adopted laws re­ Comminuted meat products to prohibit . 2. Much remains to be learned re­ lating to the cooking of garbage, before garding trichinosis and its scope, and the inclusion of any quantity of pork in granting licenses to c(JOk garbage, should ~uch products. legislatures should be asked for funds require all piggeries 'to have approved for the study and control of this disease. cooking equipment which shall be de­ ; 5. Legislation should be enacted re­ Nevertheless, this Conference feels it monstrated by the piggeries to be effi­ quiring every retail store selling meat or is not necessary to postpone vigorous ac­ cient. Licensure should be granted an­ ineat products to J?Ost one or more signs tion toward control and possible eradi­ nually and should be dependent on com­ 1\eading "Cook J:.lOrk thoroughly" or bear~ cation of trichinosis. pliance with sanitary regulations. The ihg equivalent language. . · B. Further recommendations. location and operation of all piggeries ~ 6. Legislation should be enacted pro­ 1. The American Medical Association should comply with all local and state hibiting the grinding or comminuting of and the Conference of State and Ter­ public health laws, and all piggeries pork in the same t;]quipment used Jilr ritorial Health Officers are urged to should be subject to public health in­ Qomminuting beef lamb or other meats. adopt measmes to stimulate better re­ spections regarding health matters, in­ porting of cases of human trichinosis in cluding control of rodents, flies, drain­ IV. Education all areas of the United States. age, odors and noise. '0 3. State Colleges are urged to give : 1. Efforts should be intensified to 2. Cooperation should be stimulated achieve the recommendations relating to between state and local health depart­ short courses for garbage feeders to demonstrate standards of construction, ~pucation, adopted by the 1952 Con­ ments, departments of agriculture and fprence. livestock sanitary commissions and cor­ operations and maintenance of equip­ responding Federal agencies in obtain­ ment and facilities. These courses should : 2. Efforts should be made to reach ing enforcement of existing laws re­ acquaint farmers with the dangers of apditional target audiences in broad and quiring the cooking of garbage that is feeding raw garbage and the benefits to nflW .areas in the general population, in­ to be fed to hogs. While all but 7 be derived from feeding. cooked garbage cJudmg school children, homemakers states now have laws or regulations, and offal. It is also urged that confer­ otganizations and ¥roups of men wo~ enforcement of these laws or regulations ences be held with County Agents to ac­ nien's clubs, women s publications, ~aga­ at present is inadequate. auaint them with the princiules of gar­ zines and trade publications, church 3. Because of the advantage of hav­ bage feeding and with its dangers and gl:oups, restaurant operators, and cooks ing up-to-date information concerning benefits. al;ld other food handlers, especially in the incidence of trichinosis in man, and 4. The Federal government is urged to small restaurants, restaurant systems and in view of a decreased incidence of require that all garbage removed from cooking schools. trichinous infection encountered in Federal installations be cooked adequate­ 3. It is urged that booklets of instruc­ swine, the United States Public Health ly before being fed to hogs. tion on proper cooking of pork be issued Service is requested to repeat the random 5. The Conference recommends. the pro. with licenses to food handlers and res­ survey of human trichinosis carried out hibition of any type of garbage feeding taurants, and be distributed also by food by that agency between 1936 and 1941. in those states or areas of the country in inspectors of local health departments. which garbage feeding has not been made In this program, cooperation should be II. Animal Health a general practice. sought from the National Restamant As­ A. Review of recommendations of ·the 6. Research on animal serology should sociation, hotel associations and caterers' 1952 Conference, relating to animal be pursued in an effort to obtain an associations. health, indicates that much progress has adequate diagnostic method for trichino­ sis. 4. It is recommended that an article be been made to date. (Due credit must be prepared for Today's Health, a publica­ given to organizatfons and persons pri­ 7. A study of the garbage-feeding marily concerned with vesicular exan­ laws of various states should be made by tion of the American Medical Association, thema .in hogs, for adoption of legislation the Continuing Committee on Trichinosis. on the proper handling and preparation reauiring the cooking of garbage that is of pork, and that reprints be made a­ to be fed to hogs. Ill. legislation vailable at cost, through the help of the 1. Instead of only a few states with · 1. Inasmuch as 41 states have already Association of State and Territorial regulations or legislation concerning the adouted legislation regarding the proper Health Officers, the U. S. Public Health cooking of garbage fed to hogs, today cooking of garbage fed to hogs, the re­ Service, and local health departments. 4.1 states have such regulations or laws. maining states (Arkansas, California, 5. Placards for butcher shops, reading 2. The recommendation "that the re­ New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, "Cook pork thoroughly," should be pre­ . i Rhode Island and Vermont), as well as I mective states allow the sale of garbage­ pared and distributed by U. S. Pub­ fed hogs for slaughter only at a federal­ any of the 41 states whose present laws , li6 Health Service, U. S. Department of lv insuected plant or plant having equiv­ or regulations require strengthening; Agriculture and/or State Health Depart- alei]..f: inspection," has since been ·adopted should enact appropriate legislation re­ ments. " by th" Federal government. quiring that all garbage or kitchen waste : 6. It is urged that the Health Educa­ 3. The recommendation "that no in­ be treated by heating, at least to 212° F tion Section of the American Public rlemnity be paid for losses from animal for 30 minutes, before it is fed to swine, Health Association and the Association dis;,a~es at piggeries where raw iJ'arbaq'e or .should adopt some other measure that of State and Territorial Health Officers. ;, ffcld." has since been adopted by the will be eaually effective in the control inform local health officers regardinP: Ferleral government and by most states. of livestock disease and thereby protect their responsibilities in control of tri­ 4. R;,search on the comuarative vahte pttplic health. chinosis. of feeding hogs cooked garbage and raw ~. State legislation relative to the cook­ rrarbage has been undertaken at Iowa ing of garbage fed to hogs should be State College, University of California, strictly enforced with an adequate staff Continued on Page 229 223 AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE BULK MILK COLLECTION SYSTEM~' E. L. BAUM AND D. E. PAULS Department of Agricultural Econm;nics, State College of Washington, Pullman ~ A' Greater investments in farm storage creased operational costs? I and refrigeration equipment are necessary lf the answer to the above is in for farmer participation in a bulk milk : the affirmative, then procurement program. Economies in opera­ 2. What combinations of inputs tional costs are effected in the collection and receiving point procedures which more . of labor, equipment, power, and than offset the relatively greater costs of route lay-out will result in the farm bulk storage and refrigeration. Marked lowest practical costr economies may be secured by increasing the lt is expected that sorpe varia­ relative utilization of the capacity ot the storage facilities. Receiving room costs tions from the cost rates employed per hundredweigh_t of milk under a 100 · in this study will exist in other percent bulk, procurement operation are areas. However, the physical and _ significantly lower than a 100 percent can economic relationships are the system. Cost efficiencies which may be effected important considerations. The under a bulk milk handling program are costs presented in this paper are closely ossociated with (a) average daily ':those that existed in western Wash- volume per producer, (b) sound route 1 · ington during 1952. In this area, planning (proper route length and route volume), (c) frequency of collection, and - the climate is relatively mild E. L. Baum received the B.S. (d) securing a proper technical balance - throughout the year and the county degree in Agriculture from Cornell in the equipment necessary to service the roads (farm to market) are at University in 1942. During World ·route. War II he served as a combat least macadamized, but in all cases infantry officer. He received the ·· the xoadbed is structurally strong. M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Iowa INTRODUCTION ., When the cost rates applicable in State College, June 1947, and Bulk handling of milk from farm other areas are substituted for March 1949, respectively. Work to receiving point is increasing in conducted at Iowa State College · those employed in this study, the emphasized dairy marketing and importance in all major milk · general cost relationships between pricing problems. He has been a producing areas in the United the bulk and can systems of milk staff membe1· of the Department of States. This innovation was -procurement should be similar to Agricultural Economics at the State initiated and expanded becau_se its College of Washington since July those found in western Washing­ 1949. Since that time, he has been proponents believed that ( a) it ton. would result in lower milk collec­ in charge of research in dairy METHODOLOGY economics. A major share of their tion and receiving costs, and (b) a efforts have been in the economic higher quality of milk would be Cost data were secured from milk evaluation of technological innova­ secured and maintained. A prompt handlers employing both bulk and tions in the dairy industry which and uninterrupted movement of can systems of milk procurement, are designed to effect major and from dairy equipment firms economies in procurement, pro­ milk from the farm to the city cessing and distribution of milk processing plant is essential for the operating in the area. Time re­ and milk products. maintenance of high quality stand­ 'quirement data for both methods D. E. Pauls, Supervisor of ards. This system of moving this of milk collection were obtained Field Studies, has been on the high quality, perishable food py accompanying the drivers on staff of the Department of .Agri­ their routes and timing their opera­ cultural Economics since 1948. He product requires costly inputs of has participated in various produc­ labor, equipment, and ol:Jler opera­ tions with a stop-watch. Other tion and marketing projects in the tional costs. Therefore, any innova­ data essential to the cost analysis dairy field. tion that promises lower milk­ of both systems were secured at the same time. · handling costs becomes a matter Interest charges on the un­ of primary concern to producers ' Most of the cost relationships were developed by using the amortized portion of investment in and handlers of milk. equipment were computed at the Since the introduction of the bulk budgetary approach. Collection cost components were categorized rate of 4J~ percent. Charges ap­ milk procurement system, there has propriate to the area for taxes, been an increasing demand by as (a) farm storage and refrigera­ tion, (b) truck opemtion, (c) re­ licenses, and insurance were also milk industry people for compara­ included in the cost analyses. tive cost information (bulk vs. ceiving room, and (d) route labor. traditional 10-gallon cans). The These costs were determined for The hourly wage rate paid to important questions are: specifically defined route condi­ drivers of milk pick-up trucks and 1. Will the adoption of the bulk tions, such as (a) the number of receiving room workers was $1.74 procurement system result in de- shippers served on a particular per hour. An additional amount was route, (b) volume per shipper and added to this rate since, ordinarily, total volume of milk to be collected, a driver receives a two weeks' ~Scientific Paper No. 1232, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Pull­ (c) the distance to be tmveled in vacation with pay per year during man. Project No. 965. · servicing the route, and ( d ) fre­ which a relief hauler must be hired. Submitted for publication June 15, quency of milk collection for any Consequently an adjusted wage 1953. particular milk procqrement route. rate of $1.81 per hour was used to

!,1, 224 EcoNOMIC ANALYSIS i TABLE I.-PuRcHASE AND INsTALLATION CosTs, INVESTMENT PER HuNDREDWEIGHT oF CAPACITY, AND DAILY l<'IXED CosTs OF VARIOUs SizEs oF FARM STORAGE AND · KEFRIGERATION UNITS, WESTERN W ASHINGTONu/ Daily deprecia- 't Capacity Cost of Investment tion, interest, of farm Total refrigeration Cost of per cwt. of insurance, .f. and storage tank cost unit storage tank capacity repair costs ,,I

gals. ~ dollars dollars dollars dollars cents A' 100 1873 401 1472 217.79 47.5 ' 150 2070 433 1637 160.47. 52.4 200 2190 516 1674 127.33 56.0 300 2502 574 1928 96.98 63.8 400 2845 638 2207 82.68 72.5 500 3112 668 2444 74.33 79.9 600 3421 764 2657 66.28 88.2 700 3650 809 2841 60.58 94.0 800 4288 848 3440 62.33 109.3 900 4605 915 3690 59.54 116.2 1000 4853 915 3938 56.40 124.4 1500 5929 1197 4732 45.93 149.7 2000 7019 1197 5822 40.81 181.7 a/Costs based. on data seemed from Interstate Dairy Supplies, Inc., Seattle, Washington; Creamery Pack­ I, age Manufactunng Co., Seattle; Monroe Dairy Machinery Co., Inc., Seattle; Western Dairy Equipment Cof Inc., Portland, Oregon; Rathke and Co., Seattle; Professor W. H. Johnson, State College of Washington, Pullman. allow for the additional cost. No ciating the refrigeration unit. The refrigeration and storage in a can allowances were made for overtime. 20-year life span is, however, con­ procurement system consists of a FARM STORAGE AND ditioned by repair and overhaul storage cabinet and a refrigeration REFRIGERATION CosTs charges amounting to a yearly unit forming, together with the Bulle Procurement Program average of 3~ percent of the i The equipment on a dairy farm original purchase and installation cans, an intergrated storage and essential in a bulk milk procure­ price. refrigeration unit. ment system consists of a storage Investments in farm storage tanks · Except for the original purchase ~1i tank and a refrigeration unit. These of various capacities, refrigeration and installation costs, the tates for form an integrated unit for the units, and their installation costs life expectancy and for .. repaifs purpose of cooling and holding the are presented in table 1. If milk charged to can cabinets and refri­ milk at the desired temperatme. i~ collected on alternate days (as eration units were identical with The depreciation rate of the practiced in most areas where tbe those charged to tank units. These storage tanks is based on an expect­ bulk collection system is in use ) , are presented in table 2. The cost ed life span of 20 years. No the costs will be those of units of the cans on a unit basis and on a allowance was made for repairs twice as large as required for a hundredweight of capacity basis since, barring accidents, there were daily collection program. are presented in table 3 ..· Where no indications that repairs would be double sets of cans are used, the needed. A 20-year life expectancy Can Procurement Program costs will be twice the amount also served as the basis for depre- The equipment necessary for the given, TABLE 2.-PuRCHApE AND INSTALLATION CosTs, INVESTMENT PER HuNDREDWEIGHT OF CAPACITY, AND DAILY FIXED CosTs oF VARmus.SrzEs oF CAN STORAGE CABINETS AND REFRIGERATION UNITS, WESTERN WASHINGTON, 1952a/ ,.. ,, Daily deprecia- Capacity of Cost of Cost of Investment tion, interest, can storage Total refrigeration storage per cwt. of insurance, and cabinet cost unit cabinet capacity repair ·costs l gallons dollars dollars dollars dollars cents 30 418 233 185 161.97 12.0 40 438 244 194 127.33 12.6 60 509 284 225 98.61 14.6 80 595 332 263 86.51 17.1 120 666 371 295 64.54 19.1 160 776 427 349 56.40 22.2 240 886 487 399 42.91 25.4 a/Costs based on data seemed from Creamery' Package Manufacturing Co., Seattle, Washington; Interna- \f tional Harvester Co., Seattle; Standifur Refrigeration Service, Pullman; Monroe Dairy Machinery Co., Inc., Seattle; and Professor W. H. Johnson, State College of Washington, Pullman. EcoNOMIC ANALYSIS 225 J TABLE 3.-ANNUAi"CA'N CosT PER 10 GALLONS AND PER HuNDREDWEIGHT as those outlays necessary for .lj · 'crl!''· Mr'LK, WEsTERN WAsHINGTON, '1952af receiving milk at a plant, the Item of Cost per Cost per experiences of the handlers in cost 10 gallons hundredweight western Washington indicate that1. bulk receiving room costs run 38.4' , dollars dollars ,, Repairs 0.92 1.07 percent of a can operation. The larger portion of the reduction in Depreciation 0.90 1.05 ~ costs is due to the elimination of A' Interest 0.20 0.23 I Taxes and insurance 0.20 0.23 the can weighing and washing equipment. Wi1;h the elimination of Total 2.22 2.58 this equipment, other costs associated with its use (labor, afCosts based on data secured from Whatcom, Skagit, Snohomish, power, cleaning supplies, taxes, Dungeness-Sequim Dairymen's Associations in Washington; and Dairy etc.) are either eliininated or Cooperative Association, Portland, Oregon. reduced. On the other hand, much I FARM STORAGE AND REFRIGERATION ToTAL TRUCK OPERATING CosTs of the labor normally performed in CoSTS AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF PER RouTE MILE . a can receiving operation is trans­ CAPACITY UTILIZATION Tota!;,truck operating costs, like ferred to the farm and to the collec­ tion route and must be considered The costs of storing and main­ the c~:sts · of farm storage and taining milk at proper temperatures refrigeration equipment, were de­ when comparing the costs of the in the tank and can on the farm termined after an analysis of each t_wo systems. Takin~S samnles, for various unit sizes and levels of component making un the total. determining weight of milk from capacity utilization are presented in These costs, presented in table 6, depth in farm tank, washing farm tables 4 and 5. Can storage and amount to 14.93 cents per mile for tanks and truck tanks require refrigeration costs at lower levels the 1500-gallon tank truck and expenditures for labor and material. of capacity are appreciablv lower 14.09 cents for the can nkk-un Administration and clerical costs, than comparable farm tank costs. ·truck. The two items, fuel and field expense, and general over­ head apply in varying degrees to both systems. The costs of both TABLE 4.-TANK STORAGE AND REFRIGERATION COSTS PER HUNDREDWEIGHT can and tank receiving room onera­ OF MILK FOR VARIOUS SIZES OF UNITS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF tions thus considered are presented CAPACITY UTILIZATION, WESTERN WASHINGTON, 1952a/ in table 7. Size of . CoLLECTION RouTE TIME storage and Level of capacity utilization refrigeration (percent) REQUIREMENTS Driving Time unit 25 37.5 50 75 100 The time in which the driver of gallons cents cents cents cents cents a milk collection truck can travel 100 44.8 30.1 22.7 15.4 11.6 the length of his route depends on 150 33.1 22.3 16.8 11.4 8.7 the distance between shippers, rate 200 26.6 18.0 13:6 9.3 7.1 of truck speed, physical condition 300 20.4 13.8 10.5 7.2 5.6 of the road, and traffic density. 400 17.5 11.8 9.0 6.2 4Jl A certain amount of time is lost 500 15.5 10.5 8.0 5.6 4.:3 getting a truck under way, making 600 14.3 9.7 7.4 5.2 4.0 turns, and slowing down for stops. 700 13.1 8.9 6.8 4.8 3.7 The relationship between distance 800 13.3 9.1 7.0 4.8 3.R per shipper arid. rate of truck speed 900 12.6 8.6 6.6 4.6 3.6 (miles per hour) is of the modified 1000 12.2 8.3 6.4 4.5 3.5 1500 9.9 ·• 6.8 5.2 3.7 2.!=! exponential form; i.e., truck speed increases at a decreasing rate as 2000 9.1 6.2 4.8 3.4 2.7 the distance between milk shinpers afAdjusted to alternate day pick-up oflllilk at the fa~r-m--.----- increases. Variable driving sm.;eds Partial use of milk refrigeration lubricants and garage and repairs, associated with variable distances storage facilities on the farm is renresent the highest components between shippers w e r e used associated with higher costs per of total costs. Any efficiencies thi·oughout this study in computin~ hundredweight of milk. Marked resulting in lesser route mileage total route collection time require­ ments. economies are secured by greater and lower renair and garage needs utilization of given capacities for would materiallv reduce procure­ Loading Time-Bulk System both types of farm refrigerated ment costs. Careful route planning The time required to load milk storage facilities. If farm facilities and proper vehicle care cannot be from farm tanks to collection tanks are expected to be used at or nesr overstressed. on b·ucks falls into two categories. 100 percent of capacity, and an RECEIVING RooM 0PERAT~ON CosTs The first, composed of such "fixed" increase in milk production is Contrary to a frequently voiced operations as determining weight highly probable, it would be less opinion, receiving room costs are of milk, agitating, sample taking, costly in the long run to install the not eliminated (or nearly so) under making and unmaking connections, next larger-sized storage unit than a bulle collection program. If etc., required an average of 8.5 is needed at the time of installation. receiving room costs are considered minutes (variation between 5.8 to EcoNOMIC ANALYSIS

12.9 minutes). The second cate- TABLE 5..-CAN STORAGE AND REFRIGERATION CosTs PER HuNDREDWEIGHT 0ry, variable time, is the time the OF MILK, VARIOUS- UNIT SIZES AND LEVELS OF CAPACITY UTILIZATION, ~umP is in operation transferring WESTERN WASHINGTON, 1952 the milk from the farm tank to Size of ,: the truck tank. These pumping storage and Level of capacity utilization rates averaged 488 pounds pe'l· refrigeration (percent) . . minute (variation between 412 to unit 25 37.5 50 75 100 555 pounds per minute). ~ gallons cents cents cents cents cents A' Loading Time - Can System I. The time required to load cans 30 21.2 15.5 11.8 8.7 6.6 is associated mainly with the 40 16.7 12.2 9.3 . 6.9 5.7 60 13.8 10.0 7.7 number of can~ collected on the 5.9 4.8 route. Approximately 82 percent 80 11.9 8.6 7.0 5.3 4.5 of the variance in total loading time 120 9.4 7.1 5.7 4.4 3.8 ' (unloading empty cans and loading 160 8.4 6.3 5.2 4.1 3.6 full cans) was associated with the 240 6.9 5.3 4.5 3.6 3.2 number of cans handled. The · loading time (including the "break-even" point of 140 tank collection system result fn, ·1: · operations and unload- pounds. Beyond this point, total a. Lower truck operating costs, empty cans) averaged 0.38 costs per hundredweight of milk since the tank truck will travel per can. The fixed time, under the tank collection system only one-half the distance of the are lower. These costs decrease can truck secure equal volumes consists of gettin~ off and to ,truck, averaged approxi- (throughout the range studied) as of milk. 0.7 minute per stop; the daily volume per shipper b. The lower receiving room costs Time - Bulk System increases and the number of associated with a tank system. time required for unloading shippers decreases (fig. 1 ) . At an c. Lower route labor costs per plant averaged approxi- average daily volume of 200 pounds hundredweight of milk, since 20 minutes in preparation TABLE 6.-SuMMARY OF TRUCK OPERATING CosTs PER RouTE- MILE, each load of milk WESTERN WASHINGTON, 1952a/ three per day), and 90 ·Washing, sterilizing the Item of 1,500-Gallon Can pick-up O!i\uo.ou~·uuibling and assembling cost tank truck (van type) truck for each day's operation. cents percent cents percent rate of the ·flow of Fuel and lubricants 5.10 34.16 5.22 37.05 () tank truck to the Tires 1.51 10.11 1.49 10.58 was 517 pounds per Depreciation 2.52 16.88 1.88 13.34 Interest 0.64 4.29 0.41 2.91 Garage and repairs 4.08 27.33 4.29 30.45 Insurance 0.30 2.01 0.25 1.77 Taxes and licenses. 0.78 5.22 0.55 3.90 Total 14.93 100.00 14.09 100.00 afOn the basis of 23,725 route-miies per year. per shipper, the costs per hundred­ driving, ·loading, and unloading weight of milk are 51.5 and 46.7 time are reduced sufficiently to cents for the daily can and alternate result in lower total time for the day tank collection systems. At an route. average daily volume of 500 pounds d. The fact that although farm per shipper, these costs are 45.0 storage and refrigeration costs . among the and 28.9 cents, respectively. under the tank system are hiq;her, m this renort The relatively lower handling they do not exceed those of the The route costs per hundredweight of milk can system sufficiently to raise the are used to associated with the alternate day total tank system handling costs total costs ner milk handled TABLE 7.-ANNUAL AvERAGE RECEIVING RooM CosTs PER HuNDREDWEIGHT refrigeration, OF MILK, CAN vs. TANK, BY ITEM oF CosT, WESTERN WASHINGTON, 1952 I room, Item of cost Can operation Tank operation I cents percent cents percent Field expense 1.67 7.23 1.45 16.35 Labor 8.59 37.19 1.33 14.99 Factory expense 3.97 17.19 0.78 8.79

Administrative I \ and clerical 4.64 20.09 4.02 45.32 General overhead 4.23 18.30 1.29 14.55 J Total 23.10 100.00 8.87 100.00 EcoNOMIC ANALYSIS 227 per hundredweight of milk higher ttlan those incurred in a can opera­ 240 IL----.------~------~------_,------,------tion. ....! \ The manner in which the I ·I components of these costs change \ CONSTANTS' ,,I is presented in figure 2. The results I ROUTE LENGTH - 65 MILES ._180 \ ROUTE VOLUME - 12,500 POUNDS DAILY ot this analysis indicate that the :I: VARIATIONS ALLOWED IN; (!) economies in collection costs, when iii ' VOLUME PER SHIPPER 3: \ NUMBER OF SHIPPERS the daily volume per shipper is . 0 w large, are achieved, first, through a: \ METHOD OF COLLECTION lowering the time requirements be­ z0 \ cause of less total fixed time as­ il20 \, a: ' ~COMBINATION· DAILY CAN AND ALTERNATE DAY TANK sociated with fewer stops, and w 0...... __ ... -l __ greater truck speed associated with greater distance between stops. ....(I) -,------z 1.. The second reason for a lowering of w total handling costs is the econo­ u 60 DAILY CAN (40% RETURN OF EMPTY CANS- SAME DAY) mies associated with larger farm storage and refrigeration units. Effect of Varying Frequency of Collection OL------~----~~------~------~------L------~0 0.& 1.0 1.5 5.0 Given the constant route condi­ AVERAGE DAILY VOLUME PER SHIPPER (THOUSAND POUNDS) in I: tions presented figure 3, and Figure I.-Effect of variations in average daily volume per shipper (route length varying the frequency of milk and volume constant) on milk collection and receiving costs. collection by 1-day increments, lower collection and receiving costs pick-up of milk in cans is used. A similar comparison made for tank per hundredweight of milk are increase in the collection time pick-up systems indicates every secured by the tank (bulk) collec­ interval; hence, truck operation third day pick-up to have the tion of milk in each case. An co~ts per hundredweight of milk lowest cost per hundredweight of increase in the time interval be­ wonld decrease. The shorter route milk. Beyond these points, the in­ tween collections necessitates length associated with a given crease in farm storage and refrigera­ . '!i greater investments in farm storage volume of milk and the decrease tion costs offsets any savings gained ,.•t! and refrigeration equipment. This in· the · total fixed time required by the other factors. The relative policy would result in higher fixed to service fewer stops result in component and total costs for the costs on the farm. Since the total lower route labor costs. tank and can systems for each amount of milk handled each day The analysis comparing daily frequency of milk collection are at the receiving point would not be can pick-up of milk and alternate presented in figure 3. affected, receiving room costs per day, every third day, and every EFFECT OF VABlATIONs IN RouTE hundredweight of milk ought to fourth day, indicates the lowest CONDITIONS ON TIME remain the same. The distance cost of collection and receiving REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS- traveled to collect a given amount per hundredweight of milk i~ 2,500-GALLON TANK vs. CAN of milk decreases with each day secured when the alternate day PICK-UP TRUCK SYSTEM The previous comparative anal­ COMPONENT COSTS• CONSTANTS yses were based on a 1,500-gallon ROUTE LENGTH - 65 MILES ROUTE LABOR tank truck servicing a 65-mile route ROUTE VOLUMEJ 121100 POUNDS-DAILY CAN RECEIVING ROOM j25p00 POLMIS-ALTERNATE illll' ' TANK on alternate days, and a daily can ·• VARIATIONS ALLOWED IN; pick-up operation servicing the TRUCK VOLUME PER SHIPPER same route. These route specifica­ FARM STORAGE NUMBER OF SHIPPERS • REFRIGERATION CAN• COLLECTED DAILY (40'11. RETURN OF EMPTY CANS - tions were chosen because they SAME DAY) were most representative of present cvnditions. Some milk handlers have supplemented their fleet of 1,500-gallon tank trucks with 2,500- gallon tankers. These larger collec­ tion vehicles are expected to service larger routes. The planned changes are expected to result in lower collection costs on certain routes only. Therefore the 2,500-gallon tankers would be used only to service routes where their opera­ tion would result in lower costs. 100 200 500 An advantage of using a larger VOLUME PER tank truck would be the resulting Figure 2.-Effect of varf~tions in average daily volume per shipper (route length and lower truck operation and route volume constant) on the component costs of milk collection and receiving. labor costs for routes having daily EcoNOMIC ANALYSIS

6 0 r------~------; system of routes under can procme­ COMPONENT COSTS; CON STA NTS: ment is so planned as to result in ~ RO UT E L AB OR ROU TE VOLUME -12,50 0 .POUNDS DA ILY more than minimum travel for the c:=::J RECEIVING ROOM RO UT E LENGT H ~ 6 5 MILES retmn of empty cans. Furthermore, c:=J T RUCK VO LUME PER SHI PPER - 5 00 POUNDS DAI LY it would be an error to cortclude ~ FA RM STORAG E VARIAT IO NS ALLOWE D IN . that costs would be reduced by , ~ REFRI GERATIO N ,, I­ FR EQUENCY OF COL LEC T ION* . collecting a portion of the milk in I <.? * A LL EMPTY CANS RETURNE D WH EN M ILK IS COLLECTED cans and the balance in bulk trucks i w4 0 if such a mixed operation results ~· ~ • 0 in unused equipment, cross hauling, LJJ a: and an i'ncrease in labor require­ 0 z ments. The comparisons presented ::::> :r in the foregoing were made on the assumption that the handler was a: LJJ a. organized for and employing either method of collection t o t h e (/) 1- exclusion of the other. The effect z 20 LJJ that such a mixed system would (.) have on costs is indicated in figure 1.

SUMMARY Greater investments in fam1 storage and refrigeration equir/­ ment are necessary for farmer o L_~C~A~N~~~~_x~~aQ~~L_~~~~TA~N~KfL-~~LA~~~ participation in a bulk milk pro­ EN TIR E ROU TE ALTE RNATE DAY EVERY THI F.I'O ~ DAY cm ement program. Economies in ~~ ~~~ ~~ 2 ·~~~ ~ ~~ o gorE ~~~FoN ~i~ 0 go if'[0Euc~?5N operational costs are effected in COLL EC TI ON the collection and receiving point FREQUENCY OF MI LK COL L ECTION procedmes which more than offset the relatively greater costs of farm Figme 3.-Effect of varying frequency of milk collection (can vs. tank) by 1-day storage and r efrig er~ ation. Marked intervals on collection and receiving costs. economies may be secured by volumes of milk in excess of assume bulk costs to be lower than greater capacity utilization for both volumes normally collected by a can costs when the former are types of farm refrigerated storage 1,500-gallon tanker. Also, the use based on routes collecting milk facilities. of the larger tank truck ought to from the larger producers and the Receiving room costs per hun­ result in lower costs where it is latter on routes from the smaller dredweight of milk under a 100 necessary to travel long distances to producers. (See figme 1) Again, percent bulk procmement opera­ and from the receiving point to a fair comparison between the two tion are significantly lower than :; ervice a route having an average methods cannot be made if a under a 100 percent can system. daily volwne of approximately 10,500 pounds of milk. In effect, this condition increases route length 120 and makes two separate hauls with a 1,500-gallon tank servicing the CO NSTA N TS ROUT E LENGTH - 100 M I L ES given route on alternate days too DAILY VOL UME- 20,000 P OUNDS VA RI AT IONS AL L O WE O IN : costly. ... 90 :I: VOLU M E PER SHIPPE R The cost of operating a 2,500 ~ w DISTANCE BETWEEN Sl'i!PPERS gallon truck was 19 cents per route 3: 0 mile. There was no appreciable w }< "'0 difference in the driving speed and ,z . the time required to wash and :I: 60 sterilize the tank, pmnp, and DAI LY CAN (4 0•;. RE TUR N OF EMPT Y CANS - SAME DAY) w related equipment between the "'a. larger and smaller tank trucks. ...

Operational costs under various realization. l. To promote the control of human route conditions indicate lower 8. Cotmty Agents and Extension \i\lork­ trichinosis with a view toward its eradica­ costs per hundredweight when all ers are urged to continue to instruct, and tion in the United States, and intensify their efforts in p ersuading inch­ 2. To cooperate with organizations and milk is collected on alternate days vidual farmers to exclude raw pork scraps oth er agencies and groups in prog r a m s ~ by farm tank pick-up trucks reJative and offal from the feed of swine. allied to the control or eradication of· , :to the daily procurement of milk V. Research trichinosis. ,, in conventional 10-gallon cans. A. Wildlife SU.1"Ve y. Inasmuch as the B. The following results have been Given a Grade A milk collection sylva tic" occurrence of T·richinella spimlis achieved since the 1952 Conference was route having a daily volume of probably plays an important role in the held: life history of this parasite it is highly l. Regulations or laws requmng the 12,500 pounds and 65 miles : .il) desirable to obtain information con­ cooking of garbage have been adopted length, lower operational costs per cerning instances of trichinosis in wild in 41 states. ( See reference to vesicular hundredweight of milk are indicat­ animals, including the rat. It is recom­ exanthema, in Section IIA.) ed when the average daily volume mended that an appeal be made to or­ 2. The active interest in the conb·ol of per shipper is in excess of the ganizations and groups of workers who trichinosis by Public Health organiza­ are accustomed to examine wild anin1als, tions and wmkers has b een secured . break-even point of 140 pounds. including the U .S. Fish and Wildlife Service, various biologic suryey groups, 3. ReDresentatives of national organi­ The relatively lower per unit costs zations liaving widely divergent .field of are indicated· for the alternate day the American Society of Parasitologists and the American Society of Mammolo­ interest have sat together and tliscussecl tank collection system result from gists, and through these agencies to mutual problems for the public good. (a) lower truck operating costs, their members, to examine, wh erever 4. The objectives and the work of the (b) lower route labor costs, ~V. d possible, any wild animals ·and to report Conference have been sponsored b y ( c) lower receiving room costs their findings to the Continuing Com­ !

MICHIGAN AsSOCIATION OF SANITARIANS Association News .Pres., Clifford Bracy, Dept. of Agriculture ...... Lan,sing 1st Vice-Pres., Dale Brooks ...... f lint AFFILIATES OF 2nd Vice-Pres., Dr. Clyde Smiili ...... East Lansing , International Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians Sec.-'J.'reas., Robert Lyons . I ...... 303 Bailey, East Lansing Asst. Sec.-Treas. Robert Brunner, Dairy i AMERICAN INDIAN SANITARIANS Directors: Dept. M. S. C., ...... East Lansing ~· AssociATION R. D . Lundy ...... Moore Haven Directors: ' P1'es., Joseph Medina, Bemallilo, N. M. J. S. Massey ...... Pensacola Lyle Littlefield ...... Lansing 1st. Vice-P1·es., Richard Teboe, ...... S. 0 . Noles ...... Jacksonville J. D . Robinson ...... Plant City William Wade ...... Flint ...... Fort Yates, N. D. Emerson Teal ...... Romeo 2nd. Vice-Pres., Willis Titla, .... Bylas, Ariz. W . R. Thompson ...... _Jacksonville Don Foster ...... Saginaw Sec.-T1'eas., Frank C. Estes, GEORGIA CHAPTER OF THE Gale Mosey ...... Lansing ...... Lower Brule, S. D. I NTERNATIONAL AssociATION OF MILK Past Pres., Winfred Ettesvold Auditors : AND FooD SANIT~Ns, INc...... Grand Rapids Mike Ford, ...... Gallup, N. M. Pres...... _... Mrs. 'Louise Stephens Louis Zimmerman ...... Rosebud, S.D. Sec.-Treas ...... Dr. John J. Sheuring MINNESOTA MILK SANITARIANS AssociATION ARIZONA ASSOCIAT ION OF Dairy Dept., U. of Ga., Ailiens, Ga. Bom·d of Directors: MILK Al\'D FooD S ANIT ARIANs P~es., C. H. Holcombe ...... St. Paul P1'es., George W . Marks ...... Phoenix N. E . Region ...... Roy Perry Vice-Pres., A. L. Ratzlaff...... Rochester P1·es.-Elect, Claude C. Cox, Cave Creek N. W. Region ...... G. T. Knowles Sec.-Treas., Dr. J. C. Olson, Jr., Depart- Sec.-T1·eas., 0. V. Cooper, 4103 N. 20th W. Central Region ...... James Brown ment of Dairy Husbandry, University St., Phoenix. E. Central Region ...... Lamar Hartley of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. S. W. Region ...... Jimmy Drake Executive Board Membm·s: Board of Directors: ' Lane C. H anson ...... Phoenix S. E . Region ...... George Weailierly Orlowe M. Osten M. A. Lang ...... Kingman IDAHO A SSOCIATION OF SAN ITARIANS Peter Hanson Thomas J, Stibal A ssoCIATE D ILLINOIS MILK SANITARIANS P·res., D . J. Boughton ...... Coeur d'blene E. C. Omundson P1'es. Harold B. Richie, Swift & Company 1st Vice-P1·es., C. J. Hammond ...... Boise Carl Mattson ...... Chicago Sec.-Treas., Jack Ross, Bonner County Richard Novak P1·es.-Elect., Charles A. Abele, Diversey Office, Panhandle District Healtl1 Corporation ...... Chicago Unit, Court House, Sandpoint, MISSOURI AssOCIATION OF MILK AND 1st Vice-Pres., Harry Cohen, Chicago Idaho FooD SANITARIANS Board of Healtl1, ...... Chicago I l\'DI ANA Ass o c iATION OF 2nd Vice-P1·es., Noah B. Chambers, MILK AND FooD SAN ITARIANS Pr~s., Vernon D. Nickel ...... St. Louis Springfield Healili Dept., Springfield P1'es., John :M. Schlegel...... Indianapolis Vice-Pres., Marvin Campbell Sec.-Treas., P. E. Riley, 1800 W . Fillmore Pres-Elect, 'William Geller...... Ft. Wayne ...... Cape Girardeau St., Chicago, Ill. · 1st Vice-P·res., Edmund H. Stoy Sec.-Treas., John H. McCutchen, Mo. Sergeant-At-Arm s, Edward Malm, Oak State Healili Dept., Jefferson City ...... New Albany Auditors: Park Healtl1 Department, Oak Park 2nd V·ice-P1·es., David E. Hartley Audito1·, Robert Coe, Illinois Dept. of Calvin B. Ages ...... St. Louis ...... Indianapolis Paul W. Klusmeyer .... Jefferson City Public Healtl1 ...... Carbondale Sec., Karl K. Jones, 1330 W. Michigan Auditor, S. J. Conway, Chicago Board St., Indianapolis of Healili ...... Chicago · NEw YoRK STATE AssociATION oF T-reas., Harold S. Adams ...... Indianapolis MILK SANITARIANS C ALIFORN I A ASSOCIATiON OF D AIRY AND Aucl·itors: Pres., Paul W. Corash ...... New York City MILK SAN ITARIANS Leo Biever ...... Michigan City Pres.-Elect, Fred E. Uetz .. New York City Pres. William Whitton ...... Los Angeles Clifford W . Friend ...... Evansville Sec.-Treas., C. W . Weber, 18 Dove St., 1st. Vice-P1·es. Don A. Cordray Santa Ro <:·a IowA ASSOCIATION OF Albany 6, N. Y. 2nd. Vice-Pres, Saul Gavurin, Los Angeles MILK SANITARIANS MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Sec.-Treas, E. R. Eichner, State Agr-icul- Pres., James Evers ...... Cedar Rapids Fred Uetz ...... New York City ture Building, Embarcadero & Mis­ Vi.ce-Pres. , Ray A. Belknap .... Des Moines George H. Hopson, D.V.M ... Poughkeepsie sion Sts., San Francisco 5, Calif. Sec.-Treas., F . W . Kreamer, State Dept. Prof. James C. White ...... Ithaca Attdit01'S of Health, Des Moines, Iowa. Mr. Claud Woodward, Past President A. 0 . Kircher ...... Fresno KAN sAs Assoc iATION OF MILK R. R. Perkins .... :! ...... _ ...... Los Angeles OKLAHOMA AssociATION oF MILK SANITARIANS CONNECTICUT ASSOCIATION OF AND FooD SANITARIANs D AIRY & MILK S ANITARIAN S Pres., Frank Kelley, Milk Sanitarian, Pres., R. L. Howell ...... Tahlequah Pres., Friend Lee Mickle ...... Hartford ...... Parsons, Kansas 1st. Vice-Pres., :Berl I. ·Poe ...... Muskogee Vice-Pres., S. A. Washburn ...... Cheshire 1st Vice-Pres., John Mullinix, Milk 2nd. Vice-Pres., T. T. Potter ...... Okema•h Sec., H. Clifford Goslee, Sanitarians, ...... Kansas City 3riJ.. Vice-Pres., N. W. Amadon .... Tulsa ...... 356 Palm St., Hartford 2nd Vice-Pres., Kenny Ticknor, Sec.-Treas., Tim Green, 206 New County Treas., Curtis W . Chaffee ...... Hartford Milk Sanitarian, Building, Oklahoma City 2, Okla. Shawnee County, ...... Topeka DAIRY S ANITARIANS Assoc iATION C>F Sec.-Treas., Ivan Van Nortwick, OREGON AssociATION oF MILK THE D E L- MAR-vA P ENINSULA State Board of Health, ...... Topeka Pres., W. L. Ulsh, ...... Ridgely, Md. r SANITARIANS Auditors: Pres., Virgil Sirnons ...... Salem Vice-P1·es., ,;v, Baumgart ...... D over, Del. Roy Mitchell, Milk Sanitarian, Sec., Stephen J. Racz ...... Goldsboro, Md. Vice-Pres., Dr. P. H. Elliker .... Corvallis Cowley County Health Sec.-Treas., Ellis Rockleff- Office of Treas., Harry G. Ricker Dept...... Winfield ...... Rehoboili Beach, Del. Meat and Milk Inspector Ray Fair, Milk Sanitarian, - ...... City of Eugene, Oregon FLORIDA A ssoc iATIO:I o F Labette County Healili MILK S ANITARIANS Dept. .. .. , ...... ~ ...... Parsons ·PENNSYLVANIA DAIRY SANITARIANS P·res., C. 0. Stoy, Dairy Supervisor, KENTUCKY AssociATION OF AssociATION ...... M:iami MILK AND FooD SANITARIANS Pres., Henry Albert ...... Johnstown Vice-P1'es., H. H. Rotl1e ...... Gainesville P·res., T. R. Freeman ...... Lexington Vice-Pres., Clarence Moss .... Philadelphia Sec.-Treas., H . H. Wilkowske, University Vice-Pres., H . L. DeLozier .... Louisville Sec., William Boyd ...... Box 2B9 of Florida ...... Gainesville Sec.-Treas., H. B. Morrison, Dairy Sec- . Lewistown, Pa. 'f(I.S t-l:'res., L . L. Chaffee, St. Petersburg tion, U. of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. Treas. Clark Herbster ...... Selinsgrove l

NEWS 231

RocKY MoUNTAIN AssociATION NEW BREAD MAKING PROCESS tion of a sweet goods line. oF MILK AND FooD SANITARIANs 3. Processing time is reduced de­ (Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, Continued from Page 229 Nebraska, Montana) pending on the situation in individ- Pres., Gene Tuttle...... Ogden,Utah ual plants. t Pres.-Elect., Ray l ams .... Sheridan, Wyo. Bread may be as individual as the 4. Various types of bread may be , 1st Vice-Pres. William Hoskisson baker may desire. Due to the ...... Salt Lake City, Utah made, from the balloon type to the ', 2nd Vice-Pres. Wayne Stell flexibility of the process, he may compact one. Other yeast-raised ...... Albuquerque, N. M. modify the characteristics of his bakery products can also be pro­ .i. Sec.-Trell$., Peter G. Stevenson bread, making formulary adjust­ duced under the process . ' ...... Denver, Colo. ments at the dough stage. Auditors: 5. The proc~ss eases the work Hugh Templeton...... Ornah, Neb. The finished loaf is uniform with load. Ferment for a full day's pro­ Warren E. Harrisberger duction of yeast-raised products ...... Helena, Montana respect to volume, symmetry, break­ and-shred and crust color. The may be prepared at one time, stor­ SouTH DAKOTA AssociATION interior of the loaf has a soft, well­ ing the excess ferment for use on OF SANITARIANS developed texture with

Dakota and !VIiimesota. After these zation we became affiliated witl1 PROPOSED APHA REPORT ON boys completed theiJ.· traii1ing at the International Association of CONTROL OF INTERSTATE MILK Phoenix, Arizona, each boy was lo­ Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc. as cated at an Indian Reservation. Dmii1g that year these tvvelve boys of June 23rd, 1953. The.committee on Ad~inis6:a t ive , started the fii·st organization known One of the benefits of the associa­ Practice oil Interstate Acceptance . r as the 'American Indian Sanitarians tion is its monthly reporting system. of Milk of the American Public Association.' The officers were Joe i Each Sanitarian submits his month­ Health Association has made the A' i\!Iedina, President; Julius Thunder, ' Vice-President; Richard Teboe, Sec­ ly report to tl1e Secretary & Treasur­ followmg recommendations: retary and Treasmer. This associa­ er and he in turn amalgamates tl1em l. Recognition be given to the tion had not yet formed their con­ into one narrative report and sub­ acceptance, on the basis of certifi­ stitution nor had they their by-laws. mits them to each member and cation, of milk supplies that are Then in the year 1953, when the honorary member. It is a tedious under the full-tilne supervision of second class, which consisted of I job re-writing repotts. Officers this a municipal, county, or state agen­ ten boys, coming from Montana, year have not. changed since we Arizona, New Mexico and South cy. have not yet had our annual elec­ Dakota, went to Phoenix, Arizona, 2. Actual certification be made tion of officers. It is believed that for training, both classes were per­ by a designated state rating officer mitted to meet and discuss actual another class will be held at Phoe­ of the shippii1g state. problems of each individual reserv­ nix, Arizona, this summer, for Sani­ ation. This first meeting threw a tarians. 3. The somce of supply be under little light on the dynamic job ahead We, the Indian Sanitarians, are routine laboratory control approveS of us. \Ne had yet to realize that we now begilming to realize, after a by tl1e shipping state and in con­ were not going to be greeted with few difficult years out ii1 tl1e field, fonnance with APHA Standard flying colors on om reservations; tl1at as money is tl1e root of all evil, we were over-enthusiastic and ex­ so is Environmental Sanitation the Methods for the Examination of pected to change the environment root of healtllfulliving. TI1e Indian DaiJ.·y Products. of the Indian entirely overnight. Service fmally reached bottom m 4. The U. S. Public Health Serv­ vVe should have known better. A­ conquering the high mortality rate ice Milk Ordmance and Code or .its long with om Sanitation measmes among tl1e American Indians by m­ and practices, to cope with this troducii1g this Sanitation program. equivalent be used as the ba ~is for problem, a great deal of health edu­ I think we could use more Sanitar­ ratmg milk supplies. cation is needed. Resultingly, a ians because it will take a period 5. The rating procedure used be new organization was formed, along of years to really see what is being that outlined m the U.S. Public with new officers and a constitu­ accomplished. tion and by-laws. The newly elect­ Health Service recommended Milk It has given me great pleasure Sanitation Ratmg Method. ed officers were Joe Medina, Presi­ giving you this information because dent; Richard Teboe, Vice-Presi­ I am proud to be a part of this as­ 6. The U.S. Public Health Serv­ dent; Willis Titla, Second-Vice­ sociation. vVe received the cards ice make check ratmgs on a periodic President; Frank C. Estes, Secretary safely and also the boys have been basis, and, ii1 addition upon request, and Treasmer; Mike Ford and receiving their Publication regular­ for purposes of verification of the Louis Zimmerman, Auditors. How­ ly because if they weren't they ratmgs and laboratory procedures ever Richard Teboe and Louis Ziln­ would have written and told me. of the shipping state. merman are no longer with us since they are in the service of our cotm- Last year I was not able to make 7. The shipping state reports re­ try. ·· it to Aberdeen, South Dakota, for sults of ratings to the U.S. Public the South Dakota Association of Health Service for publication and In om fii·st meeting it was voted Sanitarians' annual meeting ii1 disseminatl.on . The receivmg state that we retaii1 our fii·st name of which I had mtended to meet you reports to the shipping state and to 'American Indian Sanitarians Asso­ personally. This year while I am the U. S. Public Health Service m­ ciation.' I might also mention one able to attend tl1e one in Sioux: stances in which any question of : thmg significant about the organi­ Falls, South Dakota, tl1ey inform sanitary quality is mvolved. These . zation. Only persons tl1at are ii1- me that you probably would not be may be changed m the light of terested in the objects' of the asso­ there. It would be awfully nice whatever presentations may be ciation and are engaged as a Sani­ to see Mr. Egan and Mr. Borches made by the membership. tarian ii1 the Bureau of Indian Af­ once agam, perhaps I may this sum­ fairs or Agency thereof, or research mer when we go to Phoenix, Ari­ or educational endeavors related to zona. VERMONT DAIRY PLANT this field of endeavor, are eligible for membership. Also, one of the Will be looking forward for this MEETING write-up in the Journal. qualifications to gain entrance to Vermont Daii·y Plant Operators this training course is being an In­ Cordially yours, and Managers Association Annual dian and ]:laving the knowledge of Frank C. Estes Meeting and Conference, will be the Indian language. Secretary & Treasmer held October 13-14, 1954, at Uni­ After forming the hew organi- .,A.I.S.A. versity of Vermont, Birrlington, Vt. NEWS 233

OCTOBER DAIRY INDUSTRY ment is to be furnished by a world accommodated to such instances. MEETINGS ANNOUNCED championship rodeo. "The first of the events occurs Dairy industry people from all The D airy Industries Exposition in one of the nation's great agri­ over the world will have an op­ takes place in Atlantic City, N. J., cultural regions. The second ist placed in the incessantly active , portunity to view and study the October 25 to 30. This is the . r broad range of dairy progress in largest regularly-held single-indus­ mid-western metropolis, Chicago, the United States of America in one try Exposition in the world; some the nation's air and rail travel i A' brief period next October, accord­ 400 firms which supply and equip center. The third is at a famous I ing to an announcement by Lester the dairy industries will present seashore site, close to the world Olsen, President of Dairy Industries displays. The Collegiate Students' ports of Jew York City and Society, International, ll08 16th International Contest in Judgin g Philadelphia. St., N.W ., Washington 6, D. C., D airy Products occurs here. D ata "Dairy Industies Society, Interna­ U.S.A. on 3-A Sanitary Standards for dairy tional is interested in stimulating The Society is a world-wide body equipment will be available. the greatest possible spread of of men and women interested in Concurrent convent'ions or understanding of all phases of the development of all phases of special meetings will be held in dairying and dairy industrial activ­ dairy enterprise in all lands. Atlantic City by dairy industrial ity everywhere," says Olsen. "It Olsen points out that for the first and scientific organizations, includ­ encourages international attend­ time dairy people from all ing National Association of Retail ance at all major dairy gatherings, countries will be able in a brief Ice Cream Manufacturers, Interna­ no matter in what countries held." four-week period to see examples of tional Association of Milk and Food H e urges everyone outside the a whole continent's many-sided Sanitarians, Dairy Industries U.S. A. interested in all or parts of , dairy resources and to examine Society, International, Milk Indus­ the October North American closely into cattle care; the produc­ try Foundation, Dairy SuJ?pliers schedule of events to communicate tion, handling, transportation and Foundation, International Associa­ with the office or correspondent processing of milk; the manufac­ tion of Ice Cream Manufacturers, nearest to hin1 of Thomas Cook & ture of dairy products, and the Evaporated Milk Association and Son, Inc. , international operating distribution and merchandising of National Ice Cream Mix Associa­ travel agent, which will handle milk and dairy foods in all their tion. details of transportation and be­ forms. tween-show tours. Three of the world's greatest Dairy Industries Society, Inter­ dairy gatherings and demonstra­ national representatives will be on tions, encompassing all ohases of hand to welcome visitors from CLASSIFIED ADVERT IS EMENT the indushy , will be held in the other countries to inspect many Milk Sanita1"ian Position. Wanted United States during the four-week types of dairy farms. including Milk and Food Sanitarian, B.S. period. orominent purebred dairy cattle in D airy Manufacturing, 7 years The National Dairy Cattle herds, and dairy factories, and to commercial dairy plant experience Congress takes olace in ·w aterloo, study husbandry, milk production, and 10 years Public H ealth Milk Iowa, October 2 to 9. This event milk orocessing, dairy products Sanitation experience in a policy comprises the official National manufacture, and milk and dairy forming supervisory capacity for , shows of the Guernsev, Holstein, oroducts marketing and distribu­ a large· City-County Health D e­ Brown Swiss and Ayshire breeds, tion practices. partment. and nation-wide shows of other "Some visitors will have time for D esires position as Chief Sani­ dairy breeds. The National Inter­ or interest in perhaps only one or tarian of Milk and Food Division. collegiate and National 4-H Judg­ two of the Shows," says the DISI Excellent references. Prefer Mid­ ing Contests, as well as the Na­ President's announcement. "Travel west location. tional Future Farmers .of America and tour details can b e readily Box 437, Shelbyville, Indiana dairy cattle and dairv products judging contests, are also held · at this event. An extensive farm equipment exposition is featured . Ideal for· Holding and The International Dairy Show occurs in Chicago, Illinois, October Cooling Dairy Products¥ 9 to 16. At this are featured the official National shows of Jersey Including and Milking Shorthorn breeds. Additionally, several thousand head ~ Mix of all breeds of purebred dairy cattle from the United States and Canada will be exhibited. There ~EEPER will be displays of many new types REFRIGERATED TANKS of dairy farm equipment, feeds,<\ S e lf- C o ntain e d Capacities from 150 to 1000 gallons Mo d e ls can b e and other products and services furnishe d on cast­ for the dairy fanner. Collegiate e rs for porta bl e THE {3teame1Uf il'ac~9e MFG. COMPANY plug-in oper a tion. and 4-H Judging Contests are also 1243 W. Wa•hingtan Blvd., Chicago 7, Ill. W RITE FO R BULLETIN . featured here. Daily entertain:- Branch es in 2 J Principal CiUes 234

RESERVATIONS 41ST ANNUAL MEETING-INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION MILK AND FOOD SANITARIANS, INC . , HOTEL MORTON ':' . I 150 South Virginia Avenue, Atlantic City, New Jersey The 1954 Annual Meeting of the International Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc. is meeting in .4. Atlantic City October 20th to 23rd, with Headquarters and all meetings in Hotel Morton. I I am planning on attending. Please reserve for me the accommodations as checkecl:- Front, double room ( 2 persons ) room with bath ...... 12.00 per day European Plan O ( 1 person ) room with bath ...... 8.00 per day European Plan 0 Rear, double room / ( 2 persons) room with bath ...... 10.00 per day European Plan 0 ( 1 person ) room with bath ...... 7.00 per day European Plan 0 Rear, suite of 1:\-vo double rooms with bath between ( 3 or 4 persons to suite) ...... 5.00 per day each person European Plan 0

I ' "'ill arrive ...... Will depart ...... Rate desired ...... , AJVIE ...... ADDRESS ...... Tame of other persons sharing room ...... This reservation will be acknowledged. 3% city tax on all rooms .

Table D'Hote - meals will be served Breakfast ...... $1.00 Dinner ...... $2.00 Lunch ...... 1.00 Banquet on Friday, October 23rd ...... 3.50 "Send all reservations direct to Hotel Morton.

Journal • • • THIS JOURNAL IS PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY FOR APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY IN GREAT BRITAIN

of • • • • IT CONTAINS ORIGINAL PAPERS AND SYMPOSIA ON ALL AS­ PECTS OF AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL BACTERIOLOGY

applied • • • • ONE VOLUME OF TWO NUMBERS IS PUBLISHED ANNUALLY. PRICE TO NON-MEMBERS: £2 PER VOL.; 251- PER NO.

Bacteriology • • • ORDER YOUR COPY NOW FROM YOUR LOCAL BOOKSELLER OR DIRECT FROM THE PUBLICATIONS MANAGER: E. A. WHITLOCK, WALLACE & TIERNAN, LTD., POWER ROAD, LONDON, W.4, ENGLAND

BRADLEY & SoN, LTD., T HE CRoWN PREss, READING, ENGLAND FOUR FREE TECHJVICAl BULLETINS , . r Containing Latest Data on .4. I l\ ~:::.::..:.~~.~:~:.:: ..~.::intenance 2. Bulk MUk Tank•-P•adkal Fa•m San;tat;an [,!;:, 1 3. Modern Dairy Plant Sanitation

4. In-Place Lines-Efficient Cleaning

------To get your free copies, just send your name and address and the names of the bulletins you wish. Write: B-K Dept., Pennsylvania Salt , Manufacturing Co., 662 Widener Bldg., Philadelphia 7, Pa.

WHEN PUMPS WEAR OUT ..WHO IS AT AULT!

life, early repair and need for replace­ WAUKESHA P.D.* Sanitary Pumps ment! are built for long life! Every detail in One of many Waukesha Pump "Life. SAVE YOUR PUMP ... Make the "Pet­ their design and construction confirms Sa ve rs," this simple petcock can add cock-Check" e·very dfly. Let it drain un­ this. Service-conscious owners prove it mo111bs to pump service! Use it to drain til the oil runs dear. Then check the oil every day, every year. That's why yo u'll condensate from your pump every time level; add oil to fill - of the recom· find more Waukesha Pumps in use to· you d ean it- dai ly. mended type and viscosity. It's good da y for quality protec tion of all types It's imporhmt! 1f yo u leave condensate "life insurance." Saves money - and of products, liquid, semi-liquid, creamy in yo ur pump, you saponify the oil . . . new pump investment. or chunky. Prove it yo urself - write Your oil loses its lubrica ting va lue, for latest Instruction Manual - or com· and you have rapid wear on the ball plete catalog. bearings, ca using misalignment of shaft - resulting in excessive wear on im· * P.O. - Positive Disp lacemen t, slow spee d pellers and pump body. Shorter pump

pumps now in use. you get STURDY CONSTRUCTION, TROUBLE-FREE OPERATION with a­ , BULK COOLER ·' The simple, fool-proof Mojonnier refriger­ i ation system cools the milk to 34 ° to 36 °F. ~ · soon after the end of the milking period. ' Mojonnier tanks enjoy a reputation for trouble-free operation- everywhere. The tanks are of all stainless steel construction insuring indefinite equipment life. This, plus sturdy rounded b ott om con struction, Write: MOJONNIER BROS. CO . insures p erm anent calibration accuracy. DEPT. M7 B ~ ll et in 290 gladly sent upon request. 4601 W. Ohio St., Chicago 44, Illinois . BULK COOLERS ,

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS

American Seal-Kap Corp ...... VI

To Give Milk Cans Babson Bros. Co ...... :...... Inside Front Cover That Bright-As-New Look Borden & Co...... IV lvlilkstone, rust stains and scale deposits vanish in an instant Bowey's Inc...... ··············------········VII when given a periodic condi­ tioning in Oakite Compound No. 84M. Simply charge can Cherry-Burrell Corp. ·····------·-···························II washing machine with solution once or twice a month and wash Creamery Package Mfg. Co ...... Page 233 cans in 1·egular way. Oakite Compound No. 84.1v1 Crown Cork & Seal Co ...... VIII will also keep washing machine clean and improve f uture wash­ Difco Laboratories ...... Back Cover ing by opening up clogged spray jets. Write today for Diversey Corp...... VI more details and ask for a FREE demonstration. For IAMFS ...... XI, XII, XIII, XIV easier, less costly dairy clean­ ing, reques t FREE booklet Johnson & Johnson ...... ,...... I "What To Use For Dairy Cleaning." Oakite Products, Klenzade Products, Inc ...... :.XII Inc., 38C Rector Street, ew York 6, N.Y. Mojonnier Bros. Co ...... X lttO INDUSTRIAL CL£ Oakite Products Inc...... X

Penn Salt Mfg. Co...... ~ ...... IX Rohm and Haas Co ...... Inside Back Cover OAKITE/lf-4 rE~ ...... ,.. tll~ 't 1 1 AL$' METHODS'S Schwartz Mfg. Co...... V Technical Service Representatives Loca ted in Principal Cities of United States and Canada Society of Applied Bacteriology ...... XIII Waukesha Foundry Co...... IX

X Notice Attractive Membership Lapel Button and Decal

Now Available ', & i Convolution - Blue . .. . Circle Bar - Silver .... Field - Blue A' I Letter "S" - White . . . . Lettering - Blue

,

ACTUAL SIZE No...... 3 1/4" Decals @ 25c each =$ ......

No...... Lapel Buttons @ $1.00 each = $ ...... lnternational Associat.ion of Milk & Food Sanitarians, Inc. Box 437•; Shelbyville, Indiana

· L Notice

Every Milk Sanitarian should have a complete set of

·· 3A S~nitary ~·.~St~in'dards. DO YOU HAVE YOURS?

Order Blank on the back of this notice.-Order Now!!!

XI .,'

KLENZADE TECHNICA ·t~i Dear IAMFS Member:

5 Minutes, Please? , . r 1 Minute to think of the names of a few people ..4 who should be members of IAMFS. I

3 Minutes to jot down their names and addresses.

1 Minute to mail.

FREE: COPY- Journal of Milk and Food Technology will be sent MAIL TO: , 0-R SYSTEM FOR Box 437, Shelbyville, Ind.

YES, please send a free copy to the names Recirculation Cleaning given below ...

0-R ORGANIC ACID CLEANER 0 with my compliments 0 omitting my name

Klenzade nation-wide pioneering re$earch and Signed ------­ development work bring you today's most advanced recirculation cleaning methods with Address ------the Klenzade 0-R System and the miracle of City and State ------· ------"chelation," With this system you con be sure of physical, chemical and bacteriological Name ------·· · __ ------· cleanliness without corrosion or injury to metal surfaces, The 0-R System begins with Firm ------Klenzade 0-R Organic Acid Cleaner for milk· Address------stone, lime, and soil dissolution followed by Klenzqc!e O·R City and State ------·------Alkaline Cleaner for complete clean-up. Name ------·:tL...... ------· --·· 0-R ALKALINE CLEANER Firm ------The use of these two special acid and alka­ line cleaners produces a chemical "doublet" Address ------·-·--·· ··------=------'-o.o:-:.=----··------• an amazing series of reactions called "chelation." Soil, film, and baked-on deposits City and State .. :...... are completely removed. Water-borne minerals are sequestered and isolated from Name ...... : ...... re-precipitating onto cleaned surfaces. Re­ sult: No flocking, streaking or film. For re· Firm ------·------circulation cleaning at its best, consult Address ------·- -·--·········--··············------······ Klenzade. City and State --'------·--·--···············------·-- "1~~ "IN-PLACE CLEAN ING PROCEDURES Name -----·------·------·------··----·--· . WITH RECIRCULATION METHODS" Firm ------:.--·· <' ····:(£·:··------·· ·------·------·--··· "There's A Klenzade Man Near You" Address ------·------...... City and State ...... KLEN.ZADE ' PRODUCTS, INC. • Bronch Offices ond Wore,ho.uso;s Throughout America BELOIT, WISCONSIN JOURNAL OF MILK AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY

REFERENCE ISSUES AVAILABLE (Check Issues Desired) , Price: 50c per copy . r l ~ · Vol. 1 (1937-1938) Volume 2 (1939) Volume 3 ( 1940) ' No. !...... No.1 ...... No.1. ______- No.2...... No.2...... No.2...... No.3...... No.3...... No.3...... No.4...... No.4...... No. 4 ...... No.5...... No. 5 ...... No. 5 ...... No. 6 ...... No.6...... No.6...... No.7...... Volume 4 ( 1941) Volume 5 (1942) Volume 6 ( 1943 ) No. !...... No.!...... No.!...... No. 2...... No.2...... No.2...... No.3...... No. 3 ...... No.3______No. 4 ...... No. 4...... No.4.. ------, No.5...... No.5...... No. 5 ______No.6...... No. 6 ...... No.6...... Volume 7 (1944) Volume 8 ( 1945) Volume 9 ( 1946) No. !...... No.1...... No.!...... No. 2...... No.2...... No.2...... No.3...... No.3...... No.3...... No. 4...... No.4...... No.4...... No.5...... No.5...... No. 5 ...... No. 6...... No.6...... No.6...... Volume 10 ( 1947) Volume 11 ( 1948) Volume 12 ( 1949) No.!...... No. !...... No. 1 (Out ) No.2...... No.2...... No. 2 ...... No.3...... No.3...... To. 3 ...... No.4...... No.4...... No.4...... No.5...... No.5...... No.5...... No.6...... No.6...... No.6...... Volume 13 ( 1950 ~ Volume 14 ( 1951 ) Volume 15 ( 1952) No.!...... No.!...... No. 1 (Out ) No.2...... No.2...... No. 2 (Out) No. 3 (Out) No. 3 (Out) No.3...... No.4...... No. 4 (Out) No.4...... No.5...... :.. . No.5...... No.5...... No.6...... No.6...... No.6...... Volume 16 ( 1953) (Out) indicates issue not in stock. No. 1 (Out) Send me the Issues I have checked on this order blank. I enclose No. 2 (Out) No.3...... remittance of $...... No. 4...... No.5...... Name·················------­ No.6...... Street ----~------··· ··· ·· ······ · · ··· ···· ·· ·· ··· City ...... Zone ...... State ...... MAIL PROMPTLY TO IAMFS, Box 437, Shelbyville, Indiana

XIII Application for Membership

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MILK a FOOD SANITARIANS, Inc. , Box 437, Shelb.,ille, Indiana ,, Name ------·------Date ------Please Print ..i I Address ------··------··------······------D New

D Re newal

Business Affiliation ------···------0 Re -instatement Annual Du es $5.00 D Check p Cash (Membership Includes Subscription to Journal of Milk & Food Technology. ) (Please Print) Recommended by ------·-·------

Subscription Order · Box 437 Shelbyvill e, Ind. JOURNAL OF MILK a FOODTECHNOLOGY Name ------···------.... ------··- Date ------· Please Print

Address ------'-"--C------··------··------D New D Renewal Edur.ational & Institutional Libraries (Annually ) $3.00. Individual Subscription !Annually ) $5.50. D Check D Cash (Please Print)

I. A. M. F. S. & J. M. F. T. Change of A ddress Box 437, Shelbyville, Ind. FROM

Name ------··------....·-· ·----··· ---···------Date -···---·------'-· ---···-- Pleue Print · Address TO

Name Pleaae Print

Address ------;------:--~--·------(Please Print)

I. A. M. F. S. & J. M. F. T. Order for 3A StandariM Box 437, Shelbyville, Ind. / ..

Name ------··-··------__:.·------.... ------··---- Date ------Please Print -

Address ---····--·····------·-· ------· ( ) Complete Set (@. $1.75 =------· ( ) Complete set bound (durable cover) @ $3.50 = ------Order for Reprints of Articles Amt. ····--····------·--· Title Schedule of prices for reprints F. 0. B. Shelbyville, Indiana 1 Page 2 Pages 3 & 4 Pages 6 & 8 Pages 12 P. Cover 100 or less $ 8.50 $15.00 $21.00 $30.00 $50.00 $21.67 Add'l. 100's 1.60 1.60 3.00 4.20 7.00 3.37

XIV HYAMINE makes odorless,

non-irritating, , . , ( chemically stable sanitizers ~·I

In meat packing plants the preferred way to clean meat cutting ta bles is to remove greasy residues first with an alkaline cleaner containing TRITON X-100, a Rohm & Raas nor:-ionic deter­ gent. Then apply a H vAMINE sanitizer. which reaches germ breeding pl ac~s; maintains activity against organism growth. · .

The use of HYAMI NE in commercial, hospital and public automatic laundries has grown steadily. , H YAM INE is not irritating to the skin. It is absorbed and held by textile fibers, and prov.ides residual a ntiseptic activity, helping to prevent ammonia dermatitis (diaper rash). The HY AMINE held by the fibers acts as a barrier against contamination-a safety factor not provided by chlorine or live steam alone.

H YAMINE and H YAMINE­ , \ I I I Soda fountains, res­ TRITO cleaning com­ taurants, bars and cafes pounds are preferred for find H YAM IN E-formulated janitorial work in hospitals, compounds effective and schools, and buildings of low-cost sanitation a ids. all types. Cleaning person­ Glassware, dishes and silver nel like the quick-acting, dirt-removing action of are protected against bacteria when sanitizers TRITON detergen t. They appreciate the odorless, containing H vAMINE are added to the rinse water. non-irritating qualities of HYAMINE solutions. Workers like sanitizing solutions based on H YA:t- HNE Institution and building managers profit from because they are odorless and do not irrita te the the versatility and fast, germ-killing cleaning skin. H vAMINE germicides are effective bacteria activity of H YA MIN E-TRITON sanitizers. killers over a ~id e range of water temperatures. . They withst;;md long exposure to high tempera­ Good sanitation pro­ tures without decomposi,ng or volatilizing. cedures a nd h ealthy cows are both necessary to produce good milk. Clean­ ing is easy and fast when detergen t-sani tizers con­ taining HYAMINE and TRITON are used. These CHEMICALS compositions have consistently helped farmers produce low bacteria-count milk. R eports on field trials and on the wide-spread use of H v AMIN E­ TRITON d et~ge nt- sanitiz e r s on dairy farms will ROHM£HAAS be sent at your request. COMPANY WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA 5, PA. H YAMINE and TRITON are trademarks, Reg. Represen tath'es in principal f oreign coun tries U.S. Pat. Off. and in principal foreign cout1trin. , . r z A' Media for '

MYCOLOGY

DIAGNOSTIC ... for the isolation, identification and cultivation of patho­ genic fungi. These media are also widely used in phytopatho­ logical studies. Several are neutral in reaction, giving optimum conditions for growth of a variety of fungi. The following , may be prepared as selective media by the adjustment of reaction, addition of antibiotics or other agents : Bacto-Brain Heart Infusion Agar Bacto-Mycologica l Agar Bacto-Sabouraud Dextrose Agar Bacto-Mycologica l Broth Bacto -Sabouraud Maltose Agar Bacto-Corn Meal Agar Bacto- Li ttma n Oxga ll Agar Bacto-Corn Meal Agar with Dext rose Bacto-Bean Pod Agar Bacto-Prune Agar Bacto -Lima Bean Agar

CONTROL ... for sanitary and sterility procedures as well as for general use in mycological procedures : Bacto-Sabouraud Ma ltose Broth Bacto -Neurospora Culture Agar Bacto-Sabouraud Li quid Medium Bacto-Potato Dextrose Agar Bacto-Ma lt Extract Bacto-Mildew Test Medium Bacto-Malt Agar Bacto-W.L Nutrient Medium Bacto-W.L. Differential Medium

CLASSIFICATION ... and nutritional studies of fungi: Bacto-Yeast Morphology Agar Bacto-Czapek Dox Broth Bacto- Yeast Carbon Base Bacto-r,zapek Solution Agar Bacto-Yeast Nitrogen Base Bacto-Vitam in Free Yeast Base

THE DIFCO MANUAL, N INTH EDITION, h1cluding descriptiom of these media and their me, is available on req11est. DIFCO LABORATORIES DETROIT 1, MICHIGAN