Webinar

ULI Toronto: 13,000 Years of Indigenous History in the GTA Date: June 16, 2020

00:00:00 --> 00:00:04: OK, we're gonna get started. So welcome everyone and good 00:00:04 --> 00:00:05: afternoon. 00:00:05 --> 00:00:08: My name is Michelle Ackerman and I'm a consultant for 00:00:08 --> 00:00:11: the Kilmer Group and the Vice chair of UI Toronto 00:00:11 --> 00:00:12: on behalf of you, 00:00:12 --> 00:00:15: a lie, I'm pleased to welcome you today to today's 00:00:15 --> 00:00:18: webinar rather 13,000 years of Indigenous history in the GTA 00:00:18 --> 00:00:21: and why it matters to planning and development. 00:00:21 --> 00:00:23: Next slide. 00:00:23 --> 00:00:25: Before we begin, I'd like to go through a few 00:00:25 --> 00:00:26: housekeeping items first. 00:00:26 --> 00:00:29: Everyone will automatically be on you if you're experiencing issues 00:00:29 --> 00:00:30: with the Zoom platform, 00:00:30 --> 00:00:33: please direct them to the chat box at the bottom. 00:00:33 --> 00:00:35: Second, there will be a Q&A session, 00:00:35 --> 00:00:37: so please be sure to submit your questions via the 00:00:37 --> 00:00:39: Q&A function on the bottom of the screen. 00:00:39 --> 00:00:41: We also encourage you to utilize the thumbs up or 00:00:41 --> 00:00:44: like function in the Q&A that allows you to upvote 00:00:44 --> 00:00:46: a question that you would like answered. 00:00:46 --> 00:00:48: Please note this session is being recorded and will be 00:00:48 --> 00:00:51: made available on our website in the coming days. 00:00:51 --> 00:00:54: Finally, if you take this important conversation on line, 00:00:54 --> 00:00:55: please tag us with the handle. 00:00:55 --> 00:00:57: At you will I Toronto. 00:00:57 --> 00:00:59: Next slide, please. 00:00:59 --> 00:01:01: I would like to say a sincere thank you to 00:01:01 --> 00:01:02: all of you. 00:01:02 --> 00:01:04: Like Toronto sponsors, you like, 00:01:04 --> 00:01:06: Toronto relies on the support of our annual sponsors who

1 00:01:06 --> 00:01:09: are critical to organizations like ours and to allow us 00:01:09 --> 00:01:13: to deliver world class programming and facilitate timely and important 00:01:13 --> 00:01:15: dialogue. So to all of them we say thank you. 00:01:17 --> 00:01:20: In particular, I want to thank center court development for 00:01:20 --> 00:01:23: their support of today's program and in a moment I 00:01:23 --> 00:01:26: will introduce Mitch Gascoigne from center court to introduce today's 00:01:26 --> 00:01:30: program. Finally, I want to thank shared past consultation initiative, 00:01:30 --> 00:01:32: our partner for today's program. 00:01:32 --> 00:01:33: You'll hear more from Morgan Peters, 00:01:33 --> 00:01:36: manager of Operations at Shared Path at the end of 00:01:36 --> 00:01:36: this call. 00:01:36 --> 00:01:40: This program wouldn't be possible without their support. 00:01:40 --> 00:01:42: With that I'm going to turn it over to Mitch 00:01:42 --> 00:01:43: to kick off the program. 00:01:49 --> 00:01:51: Hi everyone and thanks, Michelle. 00:01:51 --> 00:01:54: Good afternoon everyone. My name is Mitch Gascoigne. 00:01:54 --> 00:01:56: I'm vice president of development at Center Court, 00:01:56 --> 00:01:59: were very pleased to be supporting today's webinar. 00:01:59 --> 00:02:02: It's an interesting important topic to us at center court. 00:02:02 --> 00:02:05: We strive to work with their community building and are 00:02:05 --> 00:02:07: currently working on a project which, 00:02:07 --> 00:02:10: with Nisha Nabi Homes to expand their current facility at 00:02:10 --> 00:02:13: the corner of Dundas and Church to very exciting project 00:02:13 --> 00:02:15: and one that we're very proud of. 00:02:15 --> 00:02:18: Today's session will go through 13,000 years of Indigenous history 00:02:18 --> 00:02:20: from an archaeological evidence. 00:02:20 --> 00:02:22: In addition, Digenis oral history, 00:02:22 --> 00:02:26: Carolyn, Ron, and Ron, who Michelle will introduce momentarily, 00:02:26 --> 00:02:29: will talk about the various treaty agreements and traditional territory 00:02:30 --> 00:02:32: claims in the GTA and how this relates to city 00:02:32 --> 00:02:33: building work. 00:02:33 --> 00:02:35: We do now introduced to introduce our speakers. 00:02:35 --> 00:02:37: I'll pass it back over to Michelle. 00:02:40 --> 00:02:42: Thank you Mitch. 00:02:42 --> 00:02:43: So on to our speakers. 00:02:43 --> 00:02:46: Carolyn King is the chair and co-founder of the Shared 00:02:46 --> 00:02:48: Path Consultation Initiative. 00:02:48 --> 00:02:50: Carolyn is the first woman to have been elected as

2 00:02:50 --> 00:02:53: Chief of the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation. 00:02:53 --> 00:02:56: She is over 25 years of work experience in the 00:02:56 --> 00:02:59: field of First Nations community and economic development and extensive 00:02:59 --> 00:03:01: experience in public relations, 00:03:01 --> 00:03:04: environmental planning, policies and procedures, 00:03:04 --> 00:03:07: and community radio. She is a board member on numerous 00:03:07 --> 00:03:10: local community based organizations and is served at the municipal, 00:03:10 --> 00:03:14: Regional and national levels. She has received numerous awards including 00:03:14 --> 00:03:16: the Queen Elizabeth the 2nd. 00:03:16 --> 00:03:17: Diamond Jubilee medal. In 2012. 00:03:17 --> 00:03:21: In recognition of her support for First Nations history and 00:03:21 --> 00:03:23: the advancement of Aboriginal people, 00:03:23 --> 00:03:26: she is the creator of the Moccasin Identifier Project, 00:03:26 --> 00:03:29: which aims to educate and create a greater awareness of 00:03:29 --> 00:03:32: indigenous peoples and their connections to the land. 00:03:32 --> 00:03:36: Ronald F Williamson is the founder of Archaeological Services, 00:03:36 --> 00:03:40: Inc, a cultural resource management firm based in Toronto on. 00:03:40 --> 00:03:43: He holds an honours BA from the University of Western 00:03:43 --> 00:03:46: Ontario and in MA and PhD from McGill University. 00:03:46 --> 00:03:49: All in anthropology. Ron is also an associate member of 00:03:49 --> 00:03:53: the graduate faculty at the University of Toronto Anthropology, 00:03:53 --> 00:03:57: an at Western University Anthropology in London and Chair Board 00:03:57 --> 00:04:00: of directors at the Museum of Ontario Archaeology at Western 00:04:00 --> 00:04:01: University, 00:04:01 --> 00:04:04: London. He's also the vice chair of the Shared Pass 00:04:04 --> 00:04:06: Consultation Initiative. 00:04:06 --> 00:04:10: Ron is published extensively on both indigenous and early colonial 00:04:10 --> 00:04:11: Great Lakes history. 00:04:11 --> 00:04:14: In 2016, he was conferred the Smith Wittenberg Award, 00:04:14 --> 00:04:18: the Canadian Archaeological Associations most prestigious award. 00:04:18 --> 00:04:22: For outstanding contributions to Canadian archaeology and in 2019 he 00:04:22 --> 00:04:25: was given a Heritage Toronto Lifetime Achievement Award. 00:04:25 --> 00:04:30: With that, I'll turn it over to Carolyn and Ron.

3 00:04:30 --> 00:04:32: Thank you, Michelle. 00:04:32 --> 00:04:37: Welcome everybody today. Caroline and I are going to play 00:04:38 --> 00:04:42: a little tag team on the 13,000 years of Indigenous 00:04:43 --> 00:04:48: history and also explain why that matters to planning and 00:04:48 --> 00:04:52: development in Ontario. 00:04:52 --> 00:04:54: We want to begin by looking at the City of 00:04:54 --> 00:04:58: Toronto land acknowledgement which you can see before you. 00:04:58 --> 00:05:03: You will know that it includes the traditional territory of 00:05:03 --> 00:05:06: the Mississaugas of the credit. 00:05:06 --> 00:05:09: Various Anishinaabeg nations Chippewa it says, 00:05:09 --> 00:05:13: but also holding a Shawnee and the Wendat peoples and 00:05:13 --> 00:05:16: is now home to many diverse peoples. 00:05:16 --> 00:05:19: Now that it's the treaty territory, 00:05:19 --> 00:05:23: the Mississauga credit which will come back to later but. 00:05:23 --> 00:05:27: When I speak with people I know that they are 00:05:27 --> 00:05:30: confused as to how it is that so many people 00:05:30 --> 00:05:32: treat the Toronto area, 00:05:32 --> 00:05:37: the GTA, this part of Southern Ontario as their traditional 00:05:37 --> 00:05:38: territory, 00:05:38 --> 00:05:42: and it's because the history is exceedingly complex. 00:05:42 --> 00:05:45: And so today we want to review that history for 00:05:45 --> 00:05:46: you. 00:05:46 --> 00:05:48: Try to keep it simple, 00:05:48 --> 00:05:51: but up to date and and let you see why 00:05:51 --> 00:05:55: that history has to read in this particular way. 00:05:55 --> 00:06:01: To begin with, there is a massive number of indigenous 00:06:01 --> 00:06:02: sites in the GTA, 00:06:02 --> 00:06:07: both within the Greenbelt and outside the Greenbelt. 00:06:07 --> 00:06:13: You might look at this slide and see very dense. 00:06:13 --> 00:06:16: Number of sites in the York region into Durham area. 00:06:16 --> 00:06:19: Lots up in Simcoe County into the West, 00:06:19 --> 00:06:21: but you might say, well, 00:06:21 --> 00:06:23: why aren't there more in Toronto? 00:06:23 --> 00:06:26: And the reason is that it was developed very early 00:06:26 --> 00:06:28: and when development occurs, 00:06:28 --> 00:06:31: it of course erases the archaeological record, 00:06:31 --> 00:06:36: which is why we now have provisions for looking at 00:06:36 --> 00:06:40: the archaeological record in advance of development. 00:06:40 --> 00:06:43: So let's review this history. 00:06:43 --> 00:06:46: First of all, I just want to say there's no 00:06:46 --> 00:06:49: difference really between oral tradition.

4 00:06:49 --> 00:06:53: In Western science, we believe people have lived here as 00:06:53 --> 00:06:55: long as it has been possible to do so. 00:06:55 --> 00:06:59: So I'll let Caroline speak to the origin stories, 00:06:59 --> 00:07:04: the origin traditions of the Anishinaabeg near point people. 00:07:04 --> 00:07:08: OK, greetings to everyone Carolyn King come to you from 00:07:08 --> 00:07:08: the Mrs. 00:07:08 --> 00:07:12: Lucas is the new credit Mississauga the credit First Nation. 00:07:12 --> 00:07:16: I'm sitting in the ill Council house in the community. 00:07:16 --> 00:07:19: So thank you for joining us and wanting to learn 00:07:19 --> 00:07:23: OK on the traditional in the you'll see different First 00:07:23 --> 00:07:26: Nations will often be telling we saying how we have 00:07:26 --> 00:07:29: our own creation story. An as the nationality people, 00:07:29 --> 00:07:32: you know it. 00:07:32 --> 00:07:34: It's a little bit different. 00:07:34 --> 00:07:37: It's the same, but it's you know the their origins 00:07:37 --> 00:07:38: are different where the. 00:07:38 --> 00:07:42: From the great Flood, the turtle was the one that 00:07:42 --> 00:07:45: brought the soil up from the below the water and 00:07:45 --> 00:07:48: created a place for the Earth to be to grow. 00:07:48 --> 00:07:51: And that's both of our nations. 00:07:51 --> 00:07:55: You have Turtle Island an you see on the other 00:07:55 --> 00:07:59: side the right side of your screen there on the 00:07:59 --> 00:08:00: aircraft site. 00:08:00 --> 00:08:04: And by the way I'm both nishinari any requests an 00:08:04 --> 00:08:06: Scottish by another. 00:08:06 --> 00:08:11: Another story the. Aircraft is that the same as weather 00:08:11 --> 00:08:13: from the flood. 00:08:13 --> 00:08:17: The Sky Woman came down and landed on the back 00:08:17 --> 00:08:20: of the turtle and she had. 00:08:20 --> 00:08:22: Daughter that then created the Twins. 00:08:22 --> 00:08:24: So there's lots of depictions. 00:08:24 --> 00:08:27: You see, if you look at Indigenous art that talks 00:08:27 --> 00:08:31: about the turtle and its land and its environment and 00:08:31 --> 00:08:33: definitely about water. 00:08:33 --> 00:08:34: Thank you, thank you girl. 00:08:37 --> 00:08:42: So there's also many ways of looking at the first 00:08:42 --> 00:08:47: peoples and their spread across the continent. 00:08:47 --> 00:08:51: As as early as it was possible to live in 00:08:51 --> 00:08:51: Ontario, 00:08:51 --> 00:08:57: people were here. Obviously there's a question of how they 00:08:57 --> 00:09:00: got to be here and that early, 00:09:00 --> 00:09:05: and the science story is is one of movement through

5 00:09:05 --> 00:09:06: the Americas, 00:09:06 --> 00:09:09: having originated in East Asia. 00:09:09 --> 00:09:14: This is one of the most recent articles in Science 00:09:14 --> 00:09:15: magazine. 00:09:15 --> 00:09:19: Journal about. How it is that people made their way 00:09:19 --> 00:09:23: across North America and into southern Ontario? 00:09:23 --> 00:09:27: And I'm going to focus on Southern Ontario in a 00:09:27 --> 00:09:28: minute, 00:09:28 --> 00:09:31: but I wanted to just let you know that there 00:09:31 --> 00:09:34: are ancient remains that have been used too, 00:09:34 --> 00:09:39: along with remains from across North and South America to 00:09:39 --> 00:09:42: begin to to very much flesh out the story of 00:09:42 --> 00:09:45: how people came across the Americas. 00:09:45 --> 00:09:49: And if you look. That guy on this slide. 00:09:49 --> 00:09:54: That is the kind of complexity that we actually see 00:09:54 --> 00:09:58: where there are a number of pathways of people going 00:09:58 --> 00:09:59: across, 00:09:59 --> 00:10:04: but also opportunities for people to mix genetically. 00:10:04 --> 00:10:09: Again, which is why we see similarity among people in 00:10:09 --> 00:10:10: Southern Ontario, 00:10:10 --> 00:10:16: western North America, and even into Latin America and South 00:10:16 --> 00:10:17: America. 00:10:17 --> 00:10:23: So the genetic evidence is is really helping us to 00:10:23 --> 00:10:25: flesh out the story. 00:10:28 --> 00:10:33: You will have seen in that in that previous slide 00:10:34 --> 00:10:39: that the story begins roughly 13,000 years ago. 00:10:39 --> 00:10:43: You will read a National Geographic magazine and other places 00:10:43 --> 00:10:46: in the popular press about something called Clovis. 00:10:46 --> 00:10:49: Those red dots on here are Clovis and that's. 00:10:49 --> 00:10:54: The earliest among the earliest sites that we have there. 00:10:54 --> 00:10:59: There is evidence of pre Clovis peoples in some parts 00:10:59 --> 00:11:01: of the Western Hemisphere. 00:11:01 --> 00:11:05: We haven't got that story sorted out quite yet, 00:11:05 --> 00:11:09: but what you're looking at here is the bulk of 00:11:09 --> 00:11:15: information about sites dating in this 13,000 to 14,000 years 00:11:15 --> 00:11:15: ago. 00:11:15 --> 00:11:19: This slide was done to focus on the United States 00:11:19 --> 00:11:22: and we have these kinds of. 00:11:22 --> 00:11:24: Sites in Southern Ontario as well, 00:11:24 --> 00:11:27: but this gives you a sense of the density of 00:11:27 --> 00:11:29: where they've been found.

6 00:11:29 --> 00:11:32: You can see here in the Ohio River Valley just 00:11:32 --> 00:11:34: to the East of the Mississippi. 00:11:34 --> 00:11:37: There's quite a lot of of discoveries of sites in 00:11:37 --> 00:11:38: points of this. 00:11:38 --> 00:11:42: That, in part is because that's where survey has been, 00:11:42 --> 00:11:44: and that's where development has been in. 00:11:44 --> 00:11:46: It's popped up during that work, 00:11:46 --> 00:11:52: and so we have more information from that particular area. 00:11:52 --> 00:11:55: For southern Ontario. 00:11:55 --> 00:11:59: This shows you where those kinds of points have been 00:11:59 --> 00:11:59: found. 00:11:59 --> 00:12:04: These red triangles and you can see there are about 00:12:04 --> 00:12:07: 94 finds of those of artifacts from that. 00:12:07 --> 00:12:12: And then actual sites. There's only about 50 of them. 00:12:12 --> 00:12:16: So from, let's say 13,000 years ago to about 12,800 00:12:16 --> 00:12:17: years ago or so, 00:12:17 --> 00:12:22: or 12,500 years ago, the population of Southern Ontario was 00:12:22 --> 00:12:25: probably about 500 people. 00:12:25 --> 00:12:29: That's why there's so few sites compared to much later 00:12:29 --> 00:12:30: periods. 00:12:30 --> 00:12:35: And it's also important to know that the Lake levels 00:12:35 --> 00:12:40: were considerably reduced from what they are today. 00:12:40 --> 00:12:41: What did it look like? 00:12:41 --> 00:12:45: It was kind of like a tundra. 00:12:45 --> 00:12:51: Tiger spruce open. Spruce forest environment people were focusing on 00:12:51 --> 00:12:56: Caribou citing themselves in places where they could see these 00:12:56 --> 00:12:57: Caribou herds, 00:12:57 --> 00:13:00: crossing rivers and on the right. 00:13:00 --> 00:13:05: You're looking here at a slide that showing people actually 00:13:05 --> 00:13:05: hunting. 00:13:05 --> 00:13:08: What are extinct megafauna here? 00:13:08 --> 00:13:11: But elephants Mastodon in mammoth? 00:13:11 --> 00:13:15: And that's a Mastodon that's that's depicted here. 00:13:15 --> 00:13:20: The bottom left are the very distinctive points of this. 00:13:20 --> 00:13:22: Those are our Clovis points. 00:13:24 --> 00:13:27: Just West of the GTA in Hamilton, 00:13:27 --> 00:13:29: in Red Hill Creek Valley. 00:13:29 --> 00:13:33: When the new Expressway was put in 1015 years ago, 00:13:33 --> 00:13:38: there was a site called Mount Albion West right at 00:13:38 --> 00:13:40: the Albion Falls.

7 00:13:40 --> 00:13:44: Where a 13,000 year old site was found. 00:13:44 --> 00:13:47: And you can see the escarpment here. 00:13:47 --> 00:13:51: Burlington Bay in the Valley and at the time the 00:13:51 --> 00:13:56: site was occupied you can see where the early Lake 00:13:56 --> 00:14:00: Ontario shore was about 20 kilometres further out. 00:14:00 --> 00:14:03: So all of that rich area was kind of a 00:14:03 --> 00:14:07: rich bottomland and you can see Toronto here. 00:14:07 --> 00:14:10: So there was quite a view over that. 00:14:10 --> 00:14:14: Bottomland from the Mount Albion site. 00:14:14 --> 00:14:17: When we excavated that site over, 00:14:17 --> 00:14:21: let's say about 100 square meter area. 00:14:21 --> 00:14:22: We found lots of tools. 00:14:22 --> 00:14:25: We found points like the one I just showed you, 00:14:25 --> 00:14:26: which are called fluted points, 00:14:26 --> 00:14:30: but we also found. Other tools that people used and 00:14:30 --> 00:14:33: in this case we found this graver. 00:14:33 --> 00:14:37: And we noted that there was some form of organic 00:14:38 --> 00:14:41: residue on the edge of that graver, 00:14:41 --> 00:14:45: and we submitted it to a lab in Oregon. 00:14:45 --> 00:14:50: And lo and behold, it came back as proboscidean blood 00:14:50 --> 00:14:50: protein, 00:14:50 --> 00:14:55: and that means that on this site in Hamilton we 00:14:55 --> 00:15:00: have actual physical evidence of that tool being used on 00:15:00 --> 00:15:04: mammoth bone when it blood residue would have. 00:15:04 --> 00:15:07: Deposited itself on that tool. 00:15:10 --> 00:15:14: In central New York State near Rochester. 00:15:14 --> 00:15:21: Clovis tools from 13,000 years ago have been found adjacent 00:15:21 --> 00:15:21: to. 00:15:21 --> 00:15:23: Mastodon bone this is, we think, 00:15:23 --> 00:15:26: probably a Mastodon Cemetery where they went, 00:15:26 --> 00:15:30: but other animals have also been found there and we 00:15:30 --> 00:15:34: think humans obviously brought those remains to that spot where 00:15:34 --> 00:15:36: they were using the Mastodon bone. 00:15:36 --> 00:15:40: So there are tools, and there's evidence that the Mastodon 00:15:40 --> 00:15:42: bone has some Nicks in it, 00:15:42 --> 00:15:45: so we now have that evidence from central New York 00:15:45 --> 00:15:49: State and our new site in Hamilton is very interesting, 00:15:49 --> 00:15:53: because it's also pointing to the fact that Mastodon were. 00:15:53 --> 00:15:56: Not only still alive but being hunted and utilized by 00:15:56 --> 00:15:59: people 13,000 years ago in southern Ontario. 00:16:01 --> 00:16:06: There's a great mystery that was published in the Toronto

8 00:16:06 --> 00:16:10: Telegram in 1908 that had the scientific community at the 00:16:10 --> 00:16:12: time tremendously excited. 00:16:12 --> 00:16:17: It was what looked to the Superintendent of Construction, 00:16:17 --> 00:16:19: a set of human footprints, 00:16:19 --> 00:16:21: but a family, small ones, 00:16:21 --> 00:16:25: an larger ones that could actually make out the big 00:16:25 --> 00:16:28: toe print in in these footprints, 00:16:28 --> 00:16:31: and they were found not far from Handlines Point. 00:16:31 --> 00:16:34: In a tunnel that had been drilled out into the 00:16:34 --> 00:16:37: Lake in this Gray clay and there was a great 00:16:37 --> 00:16:41: debate at the time of what date this great playlist, 00:16:41 --> 00:16:45: 'cause people who saw these footprints thought they were likely 00:16:45 --> 00:16:48: human and the geologists of the day and the archaeologists 00:16:48 --> 00:16:50: of the day were called to this. 00:16:50 --> 00:16:54: But some of them didn't get there in time because 00:16:54 --> 00:16:57: the Superintendent of construction was in a hurry and in 00:16:57 --> 00:16:58: fact covered. 00:16:58 --> 00:17:01: She's over before it had the full scrutiny. 00:17:01 --> 00:17:06: It could have enjoyed. Now what's interesting about this is 00:17:06 --> 00:17:08: it this was found today. 00:17:08 --> 00:17:12: This would be a world event scientific event. 00:17:12 --> 00:17:17: Having found this, so we're we're kind of living vicariously 00:17:17 --> 00:17:20: from 100 year old news newspaper. 00:17:20 --> 00:17:23: Report 00:17:23 --> 00:17:28: now it's hard to do 13,000 years of history in 00:17:28 --> 00:17:28: an hour, 00:17:28 --> 00:17:33: but. The next few 1000 years are pretty much people 00:17:33 --> 00:17:39: adapting to a new environment because the environment about 9000 00:17:39 --> 00:17:42: BP begins to change and warms up. 00:17:42 --> 00:17:48: In this case, you're seeing that the glacier is actually 00:17:48 --> 00:17:48: receding. 00:17:48 --> 00:17:52: The Gray, the white is the glacier, 00:17:52 --> 00:17:55: it's receding up towards James Bay, 00:17:55 --> 00:17:58: and all of that area is now occupied, 00:17:58 --> 00:18:03: and we think probably. Originally with Algonquian speaking people we 00:18:03 --> 00:18:07: don't know much about their lives except that they would 00:18:07 --> 00:18:09: have been full lives. 00:18:09 --> 00:18:12: Actually, which is why we have the words astronomers artist 00:18:13 --> 00:18:14: Hunter gatherers, 00:18:14 --> 00:18:18: foragers, archaeologists have this terrible colonial habit of

9 referring to 00:18:18 --> 00:18:20: people in the past by what they ate. 00:18:20 --> 00:18:23: So you often read in the press about about Hunter 00:18:23 --> 00:18:24: gatherers. 00:18:24 --> 00:18:28: Well, that's only a small portion of what life would 00:18:28 --> 00:18:29: have been. 00:18:29 --> 00:18:33: However, for those of you in the development industry who 00:18:33 --> 00:18:37: have archaeologists tell you they found lithic scatters, 00:18:37 --> 00:18:40: and you wonder what the heck is that. 00:18:40 --> 00:18:43: This is kind of an image from the historic period 00:18:44 --> 00:18:48: that's probably not too far off what was happening on 00:18:48 --> 00:18:51: those sites where people near water. 00:18:51 --> 00:18:53: Because they need potable water, 00:18:53 --> 00:18:55: and in the case of larger rivers, 00:18:55 --> 00:18:58: that's of course transportation, but there are a number of 00:18:59 --> 00:19:01: small structures with small groups, 00:19:01 --> 00:19:04: and they're leaving behind their stone tools, 00:19:04 --> 00:19:07: which is just about all we can find until 3000 00:19:07 --> 00:19:07: years ago. 00:19:07 --> 00:19:11: So 'cause stone is what survives other than maybe some 00:19:11 --> 00:19:13: traded copper from Northern Ontario. 00:19:13 --> 00:19:16: But what you're seeing here in the bottom are some 00:19:16 --> 00:19:20: sites on the Edmonton Flats that are 4000 years old. 00:19:20 --> 00:19:24: Some of those points. And in Vaughn 9000 years old, 00:19:24 --> 00:19:29: this was in Block 12 roughly near Dufferin. 00:19:29 --> 00:19:36: And trying to remember where exactly it was testing somewhere 00:19:36 --> 00:19:38: in that area so. 00:19:38 --> 00:19:41: If you if if you think of small sites no 00:19:41 --> 00:19:44: more than 100 or 200 square meters, 00:19:44 --> 00:19:48: finding tools like this, this is evidence of a rather 00:19:48 --> 00:19:50: nomadic lifestyle. 00:19:50 --> 00:19:54: But living near water and and adopt adapting to the 00:19:54 --> 00:19:56: environment as it's changing. 00:19:56 --> 00:20:00: After about 7000 BC, the environment doesn't change a whole 00:20:00 --> 00:20:01: lot, 00:20:01 --> 00:20:05: although there's some isostatic rebound with Lake levels, 00:20:05 --> 00:20:09: so water levels change in the ensuing years. 00:20:09 --> 00:20:14: But the other thing that begins is there's much population 00:20:14 --> 00:20:19: expansion because it's a much richer environment. 00:20:19 --> 00:20:23: Populations can grow, so we begin to see more sites 00:20:23 --> 00:20:27: and we see more on those sites and about 3

10 00:20:27 --> 00:20:32: or 4000 years ago we begin to see objects made 00:20:32 --> 00:20:34: out of ground slate. 00:20:34 --> 00:20:40: And carved and ground into. 00:20:40 --> 00:20:44: Animal figurines like the Beaver in the upper left or 00:20:44 --> 00:20:47: some kind of bird in the lower right. 00:20:47 --> 00:20:50: Some people call the one in the lower left a 00:20:50 --> 00:20:52: banner stone or a butterfly, 00:20:52 --> 00:20:56: and these are we think weights that are put on 00:20:56 --> 00:21:00: dart throwing devices of spear throwing device and we find 00:21:00 --> 00:21:01: them. 00:21:01 --> 00:21:04: But we find them also in ceremonial Contacts. 00:21:04 --> 00:21:07: So these are very important artifacts. 00:21:07 --> 00:21:11: But what's clearly true about them is it rivals any 00:21:11 --> 00:21:14: of the art anywhere in the world. 00:21:14 --> 00:21:18: 3004 thousand years ago. It's beautiful art. 00:21:18 --> 00:21:22: The upper right one is a black slate that has 00:21:22 --> 00:21:28: natural geological banding that orange and yellow and it was 00:21:28 --> 00:21:32: on a copper necklace and that piece date dates to 00:21:32 --> 00:21:37: roughly 800 BC. So 2800 years ago that piece was 00:21:37 --> 00:21:39: found West of the GTA, 00:21:39 --> 00:21:43: but you can just imagine someone walking along, 00:21:43 --> 00:21:46: probably the Georgian Bay shoreline, 00:21:46 --> 00:21:51: in seeing that slate. Seeing that natural geological banding, 00:21:51 --> 00:21:54: then they must have been a real artist to see 00:21:54 --> 00:21:57: that they could produce that artifact. 00:21:57 --> 00:22:00: Put it on a copper necklace and wear it. 00:22:00 --> 00:22:04: So who were these early people? 00:22:04 --> 00:22:07: The first thing that we need to discuss in Karolyn 00:22:07 --> 00:22:10: touched on this in the oral traditions is there are 00:22:10 --> 00:22:14: two linguistic families in northeastern North America and in the 00:22:14 --> 00:22:19: Great Lakes. Specifically, this is Algonquian and Iroquois and. 00:22:19 --> 00:22:22: So gawky and family includes the CRV Ojibwa, 00:22:22 --> 00:22:26: the Mississauga, the Odawa, or the Ottawa is known in 00:22:26 --> 00:22:30: historic period and then you have the Iroquoian which is 00:22:30 --> 00:22:34: the whole dinner show near the Five Nation Iroquois who 00:22:34 --> 00:22:37: we know from central New York State and now in 00:22:37 --> 00:22:39: the Grand River area as well, 00:22:39 --> 00:22:42: and when that or the Huron here on when that 00:22:42 --> 00:22:46: and other Iroquoian speaking nations which will get to these 00:22:46 --> 00:22:49: are completely different linguistic.

11 00:22:49 --> 00:22:52: Families, the structures are quite different. 00:22:52 --> 00:22:55: They are actually unintelligible to one another, 00:22:55 --> 00:22:58: so it's fascinating how that happened that in the Great 00:22:58 --> 00:22:59: Lakes area, 00:22:59 --> 00:23:04: these two groups. I've included this slide really only to 00:23:04 --> 00:23:08: show you that Algonquin or it comes from what what 00:23:08 --> 00:23:11: we might call Proto Algic. 00:23:11 --> 00:23:14: It's not a term that's used a lot now, 00:23:14 --> 00:23:19: but in the Columbian plateau over in this area is 00:23:20 --> 00:23:25: where that 7000 years ago that language began and. 00:23:25 --> 00:23:29: Eventually we end up with that language being spoken all 00:23:29 --> 00:23:31: the way across the North. 00:23:31 --> 00:23:33: Here we have migma here, 00:23:33 --> 00:23:37: Malas eat and then the Eastern Algonquian languages in this 00:23:38 --> 00:23:38: area, 00:23:38 --> 00:23:41: like like the Delaware and the Abenaki. 00:23:41 --> 00:23:45: And then you have some down here so. 00:23:45 --> 00:23:49: Where for the eastern and northern Algonquins where was the 00:23:49 --> 00:23:52: Proto Algonquian Homeland for that language? 00:23:52 --> 00:23:56: And when I say Proto Donkey and I mean the 00:23:56 --> 00:23:57: language and. 00:23:57 --> 00:24:00: If you look here, there's an article that stood the 00:24:00 --> 00:24:03: test of time that argues that the Homeland, 00:24:03 --> 00:24:06: based on an analysis of all the words that are 00:24:06 --> 00:24:08: used in the language, 00:24:08 --> 00:24:11: that it began in the lower Great Lakes area and 00:24:11 --> 00:24:12: spread from there, 00:24:12 --> 00:24:17: and eventually people spread to the East as well. 00:24:17 --> 00:24:22: This is fascinating because it also happens to overlap with 00:24:23 --> 00:24:26: the Iroquoian language area as well. 00:24:26 --> 00:24:31: This is where people were at the time of contact 00:24:31 --> 00:24:33: between eighty 1600 and 1651. 00:24:33 --> 00:24:39: So you see that the here on our here neutral 00:24:39 --> 00:24:42: is another Iroquoian speaking. 00:24:42 --> 00:24:45: Nation and you have the five nations that are down 00:24:45 --> 00:24:46: in here. 00:24:46 --> 00:24:50: The whole dinner. Shawnee, but you have Ojibwa Nipissing Algonquin, 00:24:50 --> 00:24:53: Ojibwa Chippewa. Living up in this area and you have 00:24:53 --> 00:24:56: Algonquian speakers here and so lalama one of the first 00:24:56 --> 00:24:59: Jesuit priests in the area said this is very odd. 00:24:59 --> 00:25:02: You have people of the hair on tongue,

12 00:25:02 --> 00:25:06: meaning your client surrounded by Algonquin tribes and he they 00:25:06 --> 00:25:10: were very aware that these were two completely different language 00:25:10 --> 00:25:13: groups and they couldn't understand how that had happened. 00:25:13 --> 00:25:16: Well. 00:25:16 --> 00:25:18: In the 1970s, late 1970s, 00:25:18 --> 00:25:22: scholars began to look at the origin of the your 00:25:22 --> 00:25:25: coin language as well in more detail, 00:25:25 --> 00:25:28: and you will see that one New York scholar put 00:25:28 --> 00:25:33: it in this area around the Erie and Ontario basins 00:25:33 --> 00:25:35: on both sides of the lakes, 00:25:35 --> 00:25:40: which just happens to correlate very nicely with the archaeological 00:25:40 --> 00:25:44: record of Iroquoian speaking groups as well. 00:25:44 --> 00:25:46: So we, we believe that that. 00:25:46 --> 00:25:51: Kind of initial language locale matches the archaeological record of 00:25:51 --> 00:25:55: those people that you ran in the Iroquois as well. 00:25:57 --> 00:26:01: Um, but they overlap. So that leaves everybody with a 00:26:01 --> 00:26:03: bit of a question. 00:26:03 --> 00:26:08: How is it that the Algonquian and Iroquois and homelands 00:26:08 --> 00:26:12: overlap and how do they relate to one another? 00:26:12 --> 00:26:16: And so, in 2017, in the kind of very detailed 00:26:16 --> 00:26:17: and not, 00:26:17 --> 00:26:19: but certainly not the last word, 00:26:19 --> 00:26:22: but one of the most recent studies, 00:26:22 --> 00:26:28: it was a mathematical lexical analysis of the aircon language. 00:26:28 --> 00:26:30: And in this particular case, 00:26:30 --> 00:26:34: their overlap with dwell is in that kind of reddish 00:26:34 --> 00:26:35: purple area, 00:26:35 --> 00:26:39: and that's the kind of historic area of the window. 00:26:39 --> 00:26:42: So we have the the Homeland down in New York 00:26:42 --> 00:26:45: State where you see Oneida Ko, 00:26:45 --> 00:26:50: gonna dog, etc. Those are actually mathematical center points. 00:26:50 --> 00:26:52: We don't need to get into that, 00:26:52 --> 00:26:56: but the results of this particular. 00:26:56 --> 00:27:01: Analysis is that the Finger Lakes region of West Central 00:27:01 --> 00:27:05: New York is most likely the center of the Iroquois 00:27:05 --> 00:27:10: and pre required or Proto Iroquoian language and that would 00:27:10 --> 00:27:13: be it in central New York State and the language 00:27:13 --> 00:27:17: we believe came across about the same time as maize

13 00:27:17 --> 00:27:21: and went into the Wendat area and to the Saint 00:27:21 --> 00:27:26: Lawrence Valley. And then it probably the language went much 00:27:26 --> 00:27:28: earlier down to the southern. 00:27:28 --> 00:27:32: Iroquoian speaking areas. the Cherokee and the Tusk Aurora. 00:27:32 --> 00:27:36: So this is exceptionally interesting in that we see the 00:27:36 --> 00:27:39: Iroquoian language spreading with maize, 00:27:39 --> 00:27:44: which is what happened in the Neolithic transition in Europe. 00:27:44 --> 00:27:47: Languages spread with agricultural transition, 00:27:47 --> 00:27:52: so we think now that that was probably what was 00:27:52 --> 00:27:54: happening here as well. 00:27:54 --> 00:27:58: But there would have been deeper Iroquoian speaking groups just 00:27:59 --> 00:28:02: like there is 7000 years ago for the object or 00:28:02 --> 00:28:03: the Algonquian, 00:28:03 --> 00:28:07: but they've been lossed and they've been lost by the 00:28:07 --> 00:28:09: cultural spread overtime, 00:28:09 --> 00:28:12: and so we don't have anything beyond that. 00:28:12 --> 00:28:16: Basically 4000 years ago of the Iroquois and ancestry for 00:28:16 --> 00:28:17: a lot. 00:28:17 --> 00:28:20: Lots of time people thought that it was a South 00:28:21 --> 00:28:23: from the Cherokee North transition. 00:28:23 --> 00:28:27: For Iroquoian, but now we know that it was the 00:28:27 --> 00:28:28: other way around, 00:28:28 --> 00:28:33: so there would there would have been other deeper or 00:28:33 --> 00:28:38: older groups that spoke Iroquoian making their way into this 00:28:38 --> 00:28:41: basic gap that the Red Arrows are showing. 00:28:41 --> 00:28:44: So we have these overlapping homelands. 00:28:44 --> 00:28:47: What does genetic research have to contribute? 00:28:47 --> 00:28:48: We kind of started with that, 00:28:48 --> 00:28:52: but what do we know based on the work that's 00:28:52 --> 00:28:53: been done recently? 00:28:53 --> 00:28:58: So what we have here those are Southern Ontario ancient 00:28:58 --> 00:29:02: DNA results both a DNA meaning autosomal DNA, 00:29:02 --> 00:29:05: the complete picture, but also it. 00:29:05 --> 00:29:09: You can see that it matches very well with modern 00:29:10 --> 00:29:11: Native Americans, 00:29:11 --> 00:29:15: but quite different from modern Siberians and. 00:29:17 --> 00:29:20: This is a. 00:29:20 --> 00:29:25: Slide of HAPLOGROUPS Mitochondrial and what I want to show 00:29:25 --> 00:29:28: you here is that the red are here on Wednesday

14 00:29:28 --> 00:29:32: at the Green or Algonquian and there mixing in the 00:29:32 --> 00:29:36: in some of these. Some of these areas are some 00:29:36 --> 00:29:37: of these haplogroups, 00:29:37 --> 00:29:41: so the mitochondrial DNA is showing us that there's a 00:29:41 --> 00:29:46: lot of similarity between the Algonquian and the Iroquoian people. 00:29:48 --> 00:29:52: So here are the sites that have been tested in 00:29:52 --> 00:29:53: detail so far, 00:29:53 --> 00:29:56: and the blue ones are your coin ones. 00:29:56 --> 00:29:59: The two kind of reddish ones are Algonquian, 00:29:59 --> 00:30:04: and the number 8 is supposed to be algonkian as 00:30:04 --> 00:30:05: well. 00:30:05 --> 00:30:09: And you can see that their profile their genetic profiles 00:30:09 --> 00:30:11: are all very similar. 00:30:11 --> 00:30:14: That's what those bar graphs are depicting, 00:30:14 --> 00:30:18: and there's not a whole lot of difference between them, 00:30:18 --> 00:30:21: and this is material that's 1000 years old. 00:30:21 --> 00:30:25: What does it look like compared to modern? 00:30:25 --> 00:30:27: Well, you can see that really, 00:30:27 --> 00:30:30: the closest is modern Cree. 00:30:30 --> 00:30:32: That you see on the left there, 00:30:32 --> 00:30:35: but it's quite different from Eskimo. 00:30:35 --> 00:30:38: It's quite different, which should should read. 00:30:38 --> 00:30:43: Of course in UE, but it's quite different from anything 00:30:43 --> 00:30:47: other than maybe Chippewa and Cree. 00:30:47 --> 00:30:49: But when we look at the ancient, 00:30:49 --> 00:30:52: it's very similar to the Kennewick in Anzick. 00:30:52 --> 00:30:55: People from 12,000 and 8000 years ago, 00:30:55 --> 00:30:58: meaning these people are part just as I showed you 00:30:58 --> 00:31:02: in that very first slide about genetics of that first 00:31:02 --> 00:31:04: wave of migration across North America. 00:31:04 --> 00:31:08: They are showing the same genetic profile and that the 00:31:08 --> 00:31:12: Algonquins in the year points have very similar genetic profiles 00:31:12 --> 00:31:15: but developed different languages. 00:31:15 --> 00:31:19: And of course different ways of adapting to the landscape. 00:31:19 --> 00:31:21: This is breaking research quite literally. 00:31:21 --> 00:31:24: It's not yet published, so it's a group of us 00:31:24 --> 00:31:25: involved in it, 00:31:25 --> 00:31:29: and it's very exciting. In in what it informs us 00:31:29 --> 00:31:31: about the early period, 00:31:31 --> 00:31:35: but the error coin lifestyle was different than most Algonquins 00:31:35 --> 00:31:39: there were some Algonquian agriculture list on the East

15 Coast 00:31:39 --> 00:31:43: and actually the Odawa and the Bruce Peninsula gruesome corn 00:31:43 --> 00:31:47: insights. But most your coins are the ones that were 00:31:47 --> 00:31:50: the maize growers and we get maze for the first 00:31:50 --> 00:31:54: time in Southern Ontario about 2200 years ago and we 00:31:54 --> 00:31:58: start to see very small base settlements or villages occupied 00:31:58 --> 00:32:01: by your clients by about 1000 years ago. 00:32:01 --> 00:32:06: And eventually we end up with this massive cluster of 00:32:06 --> 00:32:10: Wendat or here on wind at villages in the GTA. 00:32:10 --> 00:32:14: Every major drainage would have had one or two populations 00:32:14 --> 00:32:15: moving through time, 00:32:15 --> 00:32:19: which is what's leaving this because there are coins because 00:32:19 --> 00:32:20: they're living. 00:32:20 --> 00:32:24: At one place, for as long as 20 years, 00:32:24 --> 00:32:27: with as many as 500 or 1000 people, 00:32:27 --> 00:32:32: they leave much kind of more obvious archaeological record than 00:32:32 --> 00:32:33: Algonquian. 00:32:33 --> 00:32:37: People who are not living in in as many or 00:32:37 --> 00:32:41: as populated villages and their sites are smaller, 00:32:41 --> 00:32:44: but just as important. 00:32:44 --> 00:32:47: So some of these sites got to be 9 to 00:32:47 --> 00:32:50: 10 acres in size is a famous site near near 00:32:50 --> 00:32:55: Pickering called Draper so you can see palisading around long 00:32:55 --> 00:32:57: houses. But how it got to be? 00:32:57 --> 00:33:02: There is an interesting story because much smaller villages joined 00:33:03 --> 00:33:07: together and they joined together in the mid 1500s because 00:33:07 --> 00:33:09: of attacks from the South. 00:33:09 --> 00:33:11: From the hotel to Shawnee. 00:33:11 --> 00:33:15: And so these people congregated together into. 00:33:15 --> 00:33:19: Ever growing villages to defend themselves and that's what you 00:33:19 --> 00:33:20: have here, 00:33:20 --> 00:33:25: and eventually they ended up with this massive site. 00:33:25 --> 00:33:28: And this was happening on every drainage is a site 00:33:28 --> 00:33:29: called Mantle. 00:33:29 --> 00:33:33: There was a film called Kirsty Acts which has shown 00:33:33 --> 00:33:35: for years on history television. 00:33:35 --> 00:33:39: But you can see here that there were probably about 00:33:39 --> 00:33:41: 2000 people living in this site.

16 00:33:41 --> 00:33:44: This was on the 10th line just South of Stowe 00:33:44 --> 00:33:45: Ville. 00:33:45 --> 00:33:48: This site would have taken 60,000 trees to build. 00:33:48 --> 00:33:52: It would've had 95 houses and probably 50 of them 00:33:52 --> 00:33:55: occupied at one time with 2000 people. 00:33:55 --> 00:33:58: One of the interesting things about that is how did 00:33:58 --> 00:34:02: they feed themselves while they did so through maize and 00:34:02 --> 00:34:02: maize, 00:34:02 --> 00:34:06: meaning Corn Eastern eight row Flint variety and about half 00:34:06 --> 00:34:08: their diet was corn. 00:34:08 --> 00:34:10: So what did that mean around the village? 00:34:10 --> 00:34:13: So imagine that Blue dot which is the center of 00:34:13 --> 00:34:15: Saint Clair and Young. 00:34:15 --> 00:34:17: Imagine that's the mantle site. 00:34:17 --> 00:34:20: All that area would be the corn fields that had 00:34:20 --> 00:34:22: to had to be grown in order to feed that 00:34:23 --> 00:34:24: population for a 20 year. 00:34:24 --> 00:34:27: So it's quite. Amazing. 00:34:27 --> 00:34:31: So you have this yellow area is the ancestral land 00:34:31 --> 00:34:32: at territory. 00:34:32 --> 00:34:34: As I just showed you all their sites, 00:34:34 --> 00:34:38: but at 1650 there moved or by 1600 about they've 00:34:38 --> 00:34:42: moved into the Georgian Bay between Georgian Bay Lake Simcoe. 00:34:42 --> 00:34:44: Here that you're not Dante, 00:34:44 --> 00:34:47: also known as the Peyton are here. 00:34:47 --> 00:34:50: The neutral here and you have the Holder Shawnee in 00:34:50 --> 00:34:52: the Irian winrow here. 00:34:52 --> 00:34:56: So these are the Iroquois nations of that. 00:34:56 --> 00:34:59: And here on Wednesday, at half four Major nations in 00:34:59 --> 00:35:02: all their sites on their way North from the North 00:35:02 --> 00:35:03: Shore, 00:35:03 --> 00:35:06: there's clusters in the campaign felt Banner West side of 00:35:06 --> 00:35:07: Lake Simcoe. 00:35:07 --> 00:35:12: And there's also the other historic sites that the judgments 00:35:12 --> 00:35:14: recorded in this area. 00:35:14 --> 00:35:19: But at roughly 1609. 00:35:19 --> 00:35:22: Neurons meet for the first time. 00:35:22 --> 00:35:26: Champlain Champlain joins Huron and the Algonquin of the Ottawa 00:35:26 --> 00:35:30: Valley in Nipissing and Dubois from Georgian Bay Area. 00:35:30 --> 00:35:34: And they are fighting against the Houghton attorney and in 00:35:34 --> 00:35:36: central New York State.

17 00:35:36 --> 00:35:40: This happens at Lake Champlain. 00:35:40 --> 00:35:43: 1609 it's quite fancy, for you can see here like 00:35:43 --> 00:35:44: French, 00:35:44 --> 00:35:46: but oh, those are not canoes. 00:35:46 --> 00:35:49: You see palm trees and somewhere in here there's a 00:35:49 --> 00:35:50: hammock, 00:35:50 --> 00:35:54: so there's there's that's because these these drawings are made 00:35:54 --> 00:35:58: after Champlain was present in their their maiden in France. 00:35:58 --> 00:36:02: But this one is actually among the first encounters on 00:36:02 --> 00:36:04: the part of the home, 00:36:04 --> 00:36:07: Shawnee, with with the French allied to the here and 00:36:08 --> 00:36:11: went out in the Algonquin allies and this changes. 00:36:11 --> 00:36:14: The way that life is lived in the Great Lakes, 00:36:14 --> 00:36:18: not only because of of the warfare between the French 00:36:18 --> 00:36:20: and the English, 00:36:20 --> 00:36:23: the English supporting the Holder shown eventually, 00:36:23 --> 00:36:27: but also disease that's brought by these Europeans, 00:36:27 --> 00:36:31: which wipes out half or more of the indigenous populations 00:36:31 --> 00:36:33: in the Great Lakes area. 00:36:33 --> 00:36:37: The wind at the hotel shown in the Algonquins dramatically 00:36:37 --> 00:36:42: influenced by disease that Europeans brought in by 1650. 00:36:42 --> 00:36:46: The 1651 the Iroquois Nations in Southern Ontario have been 00:36:46 --> 00:36:50: dispersed and you get the whole dinner Shawnee from central 00:36:50 --> 00:36:51: New York State, 00:36:51 --> 00:36:54: establishing villages in the North area, 00:36:54 --> 00:36:59: including Toronto. These two right here are Toronto and they're 00:36:59 --> 00:37:01: called tag on Bobby Poynton Canasta, 00:37:01 --> 00:37:04: gone which is beat Hill near the mouth, 00:37:04 --> 00:37:08: is Rouge again we have the Huron having migrated now 00:37:08 --> 00:37:12: up into this area and down into the kind of 00:37:12 --> 00:37:13: Sarnia Windsor area. 00:37:13 --> 00:37:15: The the. 00:37:17 --> 00:37:19: The horror show near still in this area, 00:37:19 --> 00:37:22: but also here and we have the Giblet Chippewa in 00:37:22 --> 00:37:23: the Nipissing. 00:37:23 --> 00:37:25: They're still in this area, 00:37:25 --> 00:37:27: So what happens? 00:37:27 --> 00:37:32: We get these villages there occupied from the 1660s to 00:37:32 --> 00:37:32: the 1680s.

18 00:37:32 --> 00:37:36: Tygon. This is where a burial of a Seneca woman 00:37:36 --> 00:37:38: was found on Bobby Point. 00:37:38 --> 00:37:40: She had this brass Papa also, 00:37:40 --> 00:37:45: this absolutely stunning moose antler cone that was found with 00:37:45 --> 00:37:46: her. 00:37:46 --> 00:37:50: All of these materials and the people were re buried 00:37:50 --> 00:37:54: by holding a Shawnee Chiefs near Bobby Point in a 00:37:54 --> 00:37:57: park where they won't be disturbed again, 00:37:57 --> 00:38:02: but that is. Very clear evidence of the Houghton Shoney 00:38:02 --> 00:38:06: presidents along the North Shore as well as we have 00:38:06 --> 00:38:10: from the from the documentary record. 00:38:10 --> 00:38:14: We then have a period where the French are attacking 00:38:14 --> 00:38:17: the Iroquois or the horror show knee in New York 00:38:17 --> 00:38:18: State, 00:38:18 --> 00:38:22: and the Mississauga are moving southward from the North Shore 00:38:23 --> 00:38:26: of Lake Huron and with their former allies who lived 00:38:27 --> 00:38:28: in southern Ontario, 00:38:28 --> 00:38:31: begin a push action to push the air qua out 00:38:31 --> 00:38:35: of Southern Ontario and back to the Homeland. 00:38:35 --> 00:38:39: And we end up with the Mississauga owning the North 00:38:39 --> 00:38:39: Shore of. 00:38:39 --> 00:38:42: Lake Ontario and living there, 00:38:42 --> 00:38:47: beginning in roughly 1700 and those same places where the 00:38:47 --> 00:38:52: Iroquois were are now occupied by Mississauga and the Iroquois 00:38:52 --> 00:38:57: are not there and don't return to Ontario until the 00:38:57 --> 00:38:57: 1780s. 00:39:00 --> 00:39:04: So treaties claims in the mandate for consultation with First 00:39:04 --> 00:39:05: Nations. 00:39:05 --> 00:39:09: So we had the Royal Proclamation of 1763 when France 00:39:09 --> 00:39:11: ceded all lands to England. 00:39:11 --> 00:39:15: This does relate to Aboriginal title because as part of 00:39:15 --> 00:39:19: that agreement it was that any lands West of this 00:39:19 --> 00:39:20: line. 00:39:20 --> 00:39:25: That was currently owned, obviously by Indigenous peoples. 00:39:25 --> 00:39:29: They could only be turned over to the Crown. 00:39:29 --> 00:39:35: The Crown had to negotiate treaties with First Nations or 00:39:35 --> 00:39:41: with indigenous peoples too for sellers to have that. 00:39:41 --> 00:39:44: Those lands. And I'm going to turn it over to 00:39:45 --> 00:39:47: Carolyn for a few of these slides. 00:39:47 --> 00:39:53: OK, thanks Ron. So you see the in depth analysis

19 00:39:54 --> 00:39:55: of the land. 00:39:55 --> 00:39:57: And who lived on it? 00:39:57 --> 00:39:59: The what you're seeing here is mapping, 00:39:59 --> 00:40:04: treating mapping of the Mississaugas who were in the move 00:40:04 --> 00:40:07: from the North End of this area is just seen 00:40:07 --> 00:40:11: in the previous slides and that the Mississaugas are Nisha 00:40:11 --> 00:40:14: Nabi just clarifying that you know, 00:40:14 --> 00:40:16: Mississauga. Nisha Nabi. 00:40:18 --> 00:40:21: Are Chippewa we're all the same linguistic group? 00:40:21 --> 00:40:25: We just have some different labels you might say, 00:40:25 --> 00:40:28: and it goes through the other groups to that, 00:40:28 --> 00:40:33: depending on who was writing it down the different names. 00:40:33 --> 00:40:37: But we're all the same people and generally living near 00:40:37 --> 00:40:39: each other an by the water, 00:40:39 --> 00:40:43: always by the water. If you didn't know Mississauga means 00:40:43 --> 00:40:47: is actually water body of water with Minnie Mouse, 00:40:47 --> 00:40:50: and so that's. And the clients are totems and clients 00:40:50 --> 00:40:53: and belief system is wrapped around that these different time 00:40:54 --> 00:40:57: at the time of settlement the government was coming through 00:40:57 --> 00:41:01: British government too. Take a plan so that is this 00:41:01 --> 00:41:05: land could be settled and the Mississaugas I say good 00:41:05 --> 00:41:06: or bad. 00:41:06 --> 00:41:10: Sign 23 different agreements and some of them are even 00:41:10 --> 00:41:15: prior to the Royal Proclamation and you see the large 00:41:15 --> 00:41:18: section in and most of this I'll say is Southern 00:41:18 --> 00:41:22: Ontario and the Greater Toronto GTA and that huge is 00:41:23 --> 00:41:24: the biggest one. 00:41:24 --> 00:41:28: Is that then what's called the Treaty three or this 00:41:28 --> 00:41:30: between the lakes? 00:41:30 --> 00:41:34: Settlement we signed up before the Proclamation Treaty one let's 00:41:34 --> 00:41:39: post pre Confederation were all pre Confederation before Canada was 00:41:39 --> 00:41:43: Canada in the way you see all these different settlements. 00:41:43 --> 00:41:46: I was chief at the time when we relaunched the 00:41:47 --> 00:41:48: Toronto Purchase. 00:41:48 --> 00:41:52: You see that area there and after many changes in 00:41:52 --> 00:41:54: the government system. 00:41:54 --> 00:41:59: It came back and we the First Nation was successful 00:41:59 --> 00:42:00: in that settlement. 00:42:00 --> 00:42:04: Took 200 or 205 years from 1805 to 2010 to 00:42:04 --> 00:42:08: settle that and it was receipt of money.

20 00:42:08 --> 00:42:12: Plus there's other you see in a different break up 00:42:12 --> 00:42:18: there the different settlement that we did with the government 00:42:18 --> 00:42:20: of the day in order to. 00:42:20 --> 00:42:23: Two for settlement to happen in Ontario, 00:42:23 --> 00:42:26: so that's why the First Nations come back even though 00:42:26 --> 00:42:29: there's been a surrender or cessation of use of the 00:42:29 --> 00:42:32: land that we still have an interest in the land, 00:42:32 --> 00:42:35: and that our people are buried there. 00:42:35 --> 00:42:36: Or as I call it, 00:42:36 --> 00:42:39: our stuff, you see the different artifacts that are called 00:42:39 --> 00:42:40: artifacts now. 00:42:40 --> 00:42:42: But these are tools of the date, 00:42:42 --> 00:42:45: an that in our life of like we moved around. 00:42:45 --> 00:42:48: So I would like to say it was our migration 00:42:48 --> 00:42:51: routes and that there was actually from winter summer. 00:42:51 --> 00:42:55: You know the follow the different seasons where the people 00:42:55 --> 00:43:00: followed the food sources or for ceremonial activities and you 00:43:00 --> 00:43:02: see the lines that you see there. 00:43:02 --> 00:43:05: You see the dark line is what we will refer 00:43:05 --> 00:43:09: to as the traditional territory and the other the colored 00:43:09 --> 00:43:14: sections are actual descriptions of the treaties that the Mississaugas 00:43:14 --> 00:43:17: were part of as we were in the area at 00:43:17 --> 00:43:17: the time. 00:43:17 --> 00:43:20: So I can help give you a good idea about 00:43:20 --> 00:43:22: why we we have the. 00:43:22 --> 00:43:26: Strong interest in the land and of course it the 00:43:26 --> 00:43:30: the Toronto Purchase which is huge was. 00:43:30 --> 00:43:36: Started in 818-1787. 00:43:36 --> 00:43:39: That wasn't done right, and so they redid it and 00:43:39 --> 00:43:42: that still wasn't done right. 00:43:42 --> 00:43:44: And then in 1805 it was fine. 00:43:44 --> 00:43:48: Finally agreed upon about the taking of the land. 00:43:48 --> 00:43:50: And that's what we have today. 00:43:50 --> 00:43:54: The settlement of the Toronto Purchase all along the waterway. 00:43:54 --> 00:43:56: Lots of area along the waterway. 00:43:56 --> 00:43:59: So and in many cases you'll see is coming up 00:43:59 --> 00:44:00: here. 00:44:00 --> 00:44:01: The true, the William Street, 00:44:01 --> 00:44:05: and that there's overlapping. And they say they were the 00:44:05 --> 00:44:07: Mississaugas annual get, 00:44:07 --> 00:44:09: I guess mentioned Chippewa or Jeb Way.

21 00:44:09 --> 00:44:13: Those are basically all the same people just living in 00:44:13 --> 00:44:14: different areas now, 00:44:14 --> 00:44:19: and different those groups sign different treaties with the governments 00:44:19 --> 00:44:20: of the day. 00:44:20 --> 00:44:24: And we have overlapping treaties in there so that we 00:44:24 --> 00:44:27: could see all the way up to all around Lake 00:44:27 --> 00:44:30: Simcoe our way out to the West too. 00:44:30 --> 00:44:35: Already up to the. I'll say a prayer for us. 00:44:35 --> 00:44:39: The Lake Ontario becomes the Saint Lawrence Seaway there, 00:44:39 --> 00:44:42: but covers a lot of land and that is the 00:44:42 --> 00:44:43: land that. 00:44:43 --> 00:44:46: People are settled in an you know lot of the 00:44:46 --> 00:44:50: people go up their back yards and they find things 00:44:50 --> 00:44:54: that are evidence that our people were there and. 00:44:54 --> 00:44:57: I think it's important for all the people who come 00:44:57 --> 00:44:59: to live in this area to know that our people 00:44:59 --> 00:45:01: were there and we still have an interest in those 00:45:01 --> 00:45:02: lands. 00:45:05 --> 00:45:06: Next girl. 00:45:08 --> 00:45:12: Um? Here is an area defined by the Huron Wendat. 00:45:12 --> 00:45:15: As you can see, all their sites kind of in 00:45:15 --> 00:45:18: the Western central portion and they view this area as 00:45:19 --> 00:45:21: their primary area of interest. 00:45:21 --> 00:45:24: They travel a lot through the area outlined in yellow, 00:45:24 --> 00:45:28: especially to get to Qu??bec bees of the Lake Nipissing 00:45:28 --> 00:45:29: in the Ottawa River, 00:45:29 --> 00:45:32: which is why that as a secondary area of interest 00:45:32 --> 00:45:33: for them. 00:45:33 --> 00:45:36: They do not have treaty rights or treaty lands. 00:45:36 --> 00:45:40: They do not have land rights in Ontario because they 00:45:40 --> 00:45:42: were dispersed and left. 00:45:42 --> 00:45:47: And they, however, do have court approved rights around their 00:45:47 --> 00:45:49: cultural heritage record. 00:45:49 --> 00:45:53: It is quite different from the Williams nations and Carolines 00:45:54 --> 00:45:54: Nation, 00:45:54 --> 00:45:57: which which has actual treaty rights, 00:45:57 --> 00:46:00: and those are always acknowledged, 00:46:00 --> 00:46:04: kind of primarily 1st, and that it's very important to 00:46:04 --> 00:46:04: realize. 00:46:04 --> 00:46:08: So we've just gone through the kind of manage Na

22 00:46:08 --> 00:46:10: big we've gone through here. 00:46:10 --> 00:46:14: And when that we've. Talked a bit about the hold 00:46:14 --> 00:46:15: in Shawnee, 00:46:15 --> 00:46:18: but there's a little bit more owner showing those by 00:46:19 --> 00:46:19: the way, 00:46:19 --> 00:46:22: are those two of those villages tag on at Bobby 00:46:23 --> 00:46:26: Point and get Nasty gone at the mouth of the 00:46:26 --> 00:46:30: Rouge so you have those villages sitting there in the 00:46:30 --> 00:46:33: 1660s, two 6 late 1680s and there are other by 00:46:33 --> 00:46:33: the way, 00:46:33 --> 00:46:37: other of them further East along the shoreline. 00:46:37 --> 00:46:41: But the whole thing is Shawnee were were quite brilliant 00:46:41 --> 00:46:43: diplomats and also. 00:46:43 --> 00:46:45: At the time of the Great Peace in Montreal, 00:46:45 --> 00:46:49: at which all these nations were agreed to share most 00:46:49 --> 00:46:51: of Southern Ontario and the hunting grounds, 00:46:51 --> 00:46:55: they also signed a separate treaty or deed with Governor 00:46:55 --> 00:46:58: Nanfan in New York and it's called the Nanfan Treaty 00:46:58 --> 00:46:59: and the area. 00:46:59 --> 00:47:01: There was a map that went with this. 00:47:01 --> 00:47:04: It was drawn by a guy by the name Samuel 00:47:04 --> 00:47:05: Close in 1701, 00:47:05 --> 00:47:08: and that dotted line, which is basically around Lake Erie 00:47:08 --> 00:47:11: and parts southern part of Lake Huron, 00:47:11 --> 00:47:13: is the map that went with that deed. 00:47:13 --> 00:47:16: And so this brownish area that you see on this 00:47:16 --> 00:47:17: slide. 00:47:17 --> 00:47:19: Is that is a rough estimate of where it is. 00:47:19 --> 00:47:22: I mean when you try to figure out where that 00:47:22 --> 00:47:24: line is on the ground, 00:47:24 --> 00:47:27: you can imagine that that's exceptionally difficult, 00:47:27 --> 00:47:28: but that is the Nanton. 00:47:28 --> 00:47:32: That's the Nanfan treaty that the hood and shoney talk 00:47:32 --> 00:47:34: about as representing their interests. 00:47:34 --> 00:47:37: They also, however, had the Haldeman Grant, 00:47:37 --> 00:47:40: which was given to them in 1784 as a result 00:47:40 --> 00:47:44: of their loyalty to the British during the American Revolution. 00:47:44 --> 00:47:47: And so Joseph Brant, who I'm sure you've heard of. 00:47:47 --> 00:47:49: Um? 00:47:49 --> 00:47:55: Basically negotiated with government hollamon with the government, 00:47:55 --> 00:48:00: the British government at the time for an original half

23 00:48:00 --> 00:48:02: a million acres of land. 00:48:02 --> 00:48:06: Much of which was then sold by the early 19th 00:48:06 --> 00:48:07: century, 00:48:07 --> 00:48:11: and the balance actually fell out of native hands as 00:48:11 --> 00:48:16: well until you had the reserve systems in established in 00:48:16 --> 00:48:17: the late 1800s. 00:48:17 --> 00:48:21: And and you have only the reserve land now, 00:48:21 --> 00:48:25: but this there are many Treaty claims that the Six 00:48:26 --> 00:48:31: Nations has made regarding the transfer of land that occur 00:48:31 --> 00:48:33: during this two 200 year. 00:48:33 --> 00:48:39: Of the original grant to various settlers and towns. 00:48:39 --> 00:48:43: The Indian act. I'll let Carol and talk a bit 00:48:43 --> 00:48:44: about this. 00:48:44 --> 00:48:47: OK, the a settlement came settlers came through, 00:48:47 --> 00:48:51: you know rolling girl colonial land here where people come 00:48:51 --> 00:48:54: to live from some other place and so in 1867 00:48:54 --> 00:48:59: the government became responsible for Indians in the land and 00:48:59 --> 00:49:03: that earlier heard the broad proclamation set up the rules 00:49:03 --> 00:49:06: for about how land was taken so that we came. 00:49:06 --> 00:49:10: If you didn't, if the government or people of the 00:49:10 --> 00:49:12: day didn't follow those rules, 00:49:12 --> 00:49:16: that's today comes right. Today where we have land claims, 00:49:16 --> 00:49:21: then why if rules weren't followed as laid out by 00:49:21 --> 00:49:22: those? 00:49:22 --> 00:49:24: By legislation. 00:49:24 --> 00:49:27: Today we have many reserves across the country. 00:49:27 --> 00:49:30: All they have to do is go look at the 00:49:31 --> 00:49:34: web or Maps and encourage you to do that. 00:49:34 --> 00:49:38: But there are many reserves across the country and some 00:49:38 --> 00:49:39: have more. 00:49:39 --> 00:49:44: Some versus 2500 reserves in Canada like we have. 00:49:44 --> 00:49:47: Some reserves have more than one base of land that's 00:49:47 --> 00:49:49: that's been left to them, 00:49:49 --> 00:49:54: and that the idea was that they they would organize. 00:49:54 --> 00:49:58: The groups who were on that land. 00:49:58 --> 00:50:01: But the a Indian agent or the general say the 00:50:01 --> 00:50:05: British government of the day assigned each band is on 00:50:05 --> 00:50:06: administrative affairs. 00:50:06 --> 00:50:10: We had Indian agent. I'm sitting in the room where 00:50:10 --> 00:50:13: the Indian agent sort of control things at the at 00:50:13 --> 00:50:16: the Mississaugas of the credit until up to the eight

24 00:50:16 --> 00:50:20: 1980s. Others other First Nations had removed the Indian agent 00:50:20 --> 00:50:21: in the 50s, 00:50:21 --> 00:50:22: like Waffle Island. 00:50:25 --> 00:50:26: We cannot. We do not have legal. 00:50:28 --> 00:50:31: Title 2 to defend ourselves. 00:50:31 --> 00:50:35: First Nations were not even given the right to vote 00:50:35 --> 00:50:39: in this country until the mid century there. 00:50:39 --> 00:50:44: 19 In the 1950s that so. 00:50:44 --> 00:50:48: They did get the right to vote and then to 00:50:48 --> 00:50:51: actually hold land in an Indian reserve. 00:50:51 --> 00:50:57: Behold land. But legal illegal Dar instrument called Certificate of 00:50:57 --> 00:51:01: Possession we don't fully over land because the land isn't 00:51:01 --> 00:51:05: is in trust to the the Crown or the Queen 00:51:05 --> 00:51:08: as we call it, so there. 00:51:08 --> 00:51:12: Then there's been a push to during the all this 00:51:12 --> 00:51:16: time of development to get the land for. 00:51:16 --> 00:51:19: From the First Nations and even to take away like 00:51:19 --> 00:51:21: with the residential schools, 00:51:21 --> 00:51:24: to diminish the culture of the language, 00:51:24 --> 00:51:26: the ways of life. 00:51:26 --> 00:51:29: Where was we laugh at his First Nations? 00:51:29 --> 00:51:32: We say that you know there are kept trying to 00:51:32 --> 00:51:36: make US farmers and we weren't farmers where hunters gathers, 00:51:36 --> 00:51:38: you know follow the the resource is, 00:51:38 --> 00:51:41: as I mentioned, that I'd like to use the word 00:51:41 --> 00:51:45: migration routes for different food sources or for ceremonial purposes, 00:51:45 --> 00:51:48: and we still call. Those are significant sites and so 00:51:48 --> 00:51:51: it will have the First Nations saying, 00:51:51 --> 00:51:54: well, this was an important site and are for our 00:51:54 --> 00:51:57: people and that the Indian Act is. 00:51:57 --> 00:52:00: There's still many acts. If 1982, 00:52:00 --> 00:52:05: the Constitution it was significant in our just state. 00:52:05 --> 00:52:09: Our existence that section 35 of the Charter of Rights 00:52:10 --> 00:52:14: and Freedoms and says that we have what they call 00:52:14 --> 00:52:16: enshrined our Treaty rights. 00:52:16 --> 00:52:20: So that started the basis of when we get into 00:52:21 --> 00:52:25: legal disputes that this was where we buy legislation, 00:52:25 --> 00:52:27: those. 00:52:27 --> 00:52:30: Planes were deemed to be ours.

25 00:52:30 --> 00:52:32: We use them. We may not own them in the 00:52:32 --> 00:52:36: way that the the legislative system or British system looks 00:52:37 --> 00:52:37: at it, 00:52:37 --> 00:52:41: but that's where we get into disputes about whose land 00:52:42 --> 00:52:43: is it and that. 00:52:43 --> 00:52:45: Today we have. 00:52:45 --> 00:52:49: The rights have been put into. 00:52:49 --> 00:52:53: Through Supreme Court rulings, and that there is significant ones 00:52:53 --> 00:52:55: in the mentioned. 00:52:55 --> 00:52:58: Those in the duty to consult and accommodate. 00:52:58 --> 00:53:02: And that is the reason why there's disputes about that. 00:53:02 --> 00:53:05: You can't. A developer can't go and develop a no 00:53:05 --> 00:53:07: matter who that developer is, 00:53:07 --> 00:53:10: but there is a. 00:53:10 --> 00:53:14: And in some cases, even an individual but a government 00:53:14 --> 00:53:15: Corporation, 00:53:15 --> 00:53:19: a municipality. All levels. 00:53:19 --> 00:53:22: Can no longer go forward and just use land like 00:53:22 --> 00:53:24: using their legislation. 00:53:24 --> 00:53:28: You now have to go look at the jump whose 00:53:28 --> 00:53:32: land it was in the access that allow us to 00:53:32 --> 00:53:35: say that you're going to impact our. 00:53:35 --> 00:53:37: Use of that land impact our life. 00:53:37 --> 00:53:40: It may change the way that we have to live 00:53:40 --> 00:53:44: an that that's been the fight to that we have 00:53:44 --> 00:53:47: a right to live in this country on this land 00:53:47 --> 00:53:50: the way that we did and protect assets that are 00:53:50 --> 00:53:51: important to us. 00:53:51 --> 00:53:54: So you want to take over on this router. 00:53:54 --> 00:53:58: I will OK thank you Carol pointed words here there 00:53:58 --> 00:53:58: are. 00:53:58 --> 00:54:03: We're just going to review very quickly some relevant rulings 00:54:03 --> 00:54:06: in legislation because you will have heard. 00:54:06 --> 00:54:08: In some cases of Supreme Court rulings, 00:54:08 --> 00:54:11: you won't maybe know what they mean, 00:54:11 --> 00:54:13: or even some provincial ones. 00:54:13 --> 00:54:16: So the the two ones that really defined Crown duty 00:54:16 --> 00:54:20: to consult our Hayden thakun you hear about them all 00:54:20 --> 00:54:23: the time and they were done in the early 2000s 00:54:23 --> 00:54:26: and they they set the scope and extent of of 00:54:26 --> 00:54:29: you heard Caroline refer to the Crown,

26 00:54:29 --> 00:54:32: what the Crown is supposed to do in their duty 00:54:32 --> 00:54:33: to consult, 00:54:33 --> 00:54:36: and one of the most important things here was that 00:54:36 --> 00:54:38: while that's the Crown. 00:54:38 --> 00:54:40: That has the responsibility to consult. 00:54:40 --> 00:54:44: These cases. Did not let third parties off the off 00:54:44 --> 00:54:45: the hook there. 00:54:45 --> 00:54:48: They don't have duty to consult responsibilities, 00:54:48 --> 00:54:52: but it doesn't mean that they may not be liable 00:54:52 --> 00:54:54: liable to Aboriginal people. 00:54:54 --> 00:54:57: Ground and that they have a duty of care and 00:54:57 --> 00:55:01: they need not to breach contracts with Indigenous people. 00:55:01 --> 00:55:04: By the way, we use the word Aboriginal here because 00:55:04 --> 00:55:07: Aboriginal is still the word that's used in all the 00:55:07 --> 00:55:08: legislation. 00:55:08 --> 00:55:11: So while Indigenous has become the word that people use, 00:55:11 --> 00:55:15: Aboriginal still used in some of the some of the 00:55:15 --> 00:55:16: legislation. 00:55:16 --> 00:55:21: So that well municipalities were not defined by these cases 00:55:21 --> 00:55:24: as being as holding the legal duty. 00:55:24 --> 00:55:28: Many municipalities in Ontario are now setting up protocols and 00:55:29 --> 00:55:35: policies around recognizing Indigenous rights and indigenous input to anything 00:55:35 --> 00:55:38: that happens in those municipalities. 00:55:38 --> 00:55:41: More recent case in 2014 was one in pretty much 00:55:41 --> 00:55:44: the middle of British Columbia, 00:55:44 --> 00:55:47: which was the first time that Aboriginal title. 00:55:47 --> 00:55:50: Was granted to a First Nation in Canada. 00:55:50 --> 00:55:52: This would be unseated land, 00:55:52 --> 00:55:56: so there there's some unceded land in Ontario, 00:55:56 --> 00:56:00: for example with McCormick on Reserve on Manitoulin Island. 00:56:00 --> 00:56:02: Part of I think Beans isn't it. 00:56:02 --> 00:56:06: Walpole is not seated, so there are a few places 00:56:06 --> 00:56:08: where there's unseated land, 00:56:08 --> 00:56:11: and in this case most of BC is unseated, 00:56:11 --> 00:56:15: so there's not. There are not treaties that cover all 00:56:15 --> 00:56:18: that land in the courts in this particular case. 00:56:18 --> 00:56:22: Recognize this nation's rights to that land that they hold 00:56:22 --> 00:56:24: title to that land. 00:56:24 --> 00:56:28: This is changing constantly. It's why legal scholars, 00:56:28 --> 00:56:33: indigenous scholars follow what the Supreme Court is doing

27 constantly. 00:56:33 --> 00:56:36: And when stuff goes to the courts in the future, 00:56:36 --> 00:56:39: everybody's watching. 00:56:39 --> 00:56:43: There was also a very interesting BC case about a 00:56:43 --> 00:56:45: community plan and no. 00:56:45 --> 00:56:52: P in which Whisler thought they had undertaken Indigenous consultation 00:56:52 --> 00:56:54: as part of their plan. 00:56:54 --> 00:56:58: But the nation took them to court and said that 00:56:58 --> 00:57:03: the provincial government had not had enough of a role 00:57:03 --> 00:57:08: in that consultation and they were the main sticking point 00:57:08 --> 00:57:11: was about the amount of land. 00:57:11 --> 00:57:16: That it was a hard cap on future development and. 00:57:16 --> 00:57:19: This kind of woke up municipalities across Canada that, 00:57:19 --> 00:57:22: well, OK, maybe it's not our duty to consult, 00:57:22 --> 00:57:25: but there is a duty to consult with Indigenous people 00:57:25 --> 00:57:27: as part of what municipalities are doing. 00:57:27 --> 00:57:30: There are a couple of Ontario cases that you should 00:57:30 --> 00:57:31: just know about. 00:57:31 --> 00:57:33: Some of you will know, 00:57:33 --> 00:57:34: but some of you won't. 00:57:34 --> 00:57:37: There was a case called oversee versus Sanford, 00:57:37 --> 00:57:40: which which was the RC wanting to develop a Catholic 00:57:40 --> 00:57:43: Cemetery next to here on Wednesday at site B when 00:57:43 --> 00:57:46: that said you didn't engage with us. 00:57:46 --> 00:57:48: And the the lower court. 00:57:48 --> 00:57:50: It was a lower court, 00:57:50 --> 00:57:53: agreed that was the case and and cost. 00:57:53 --> 00:57:59: The development never went ahead and the RC learned that 00:57:59 --> 00:58:01: they had to begin to engage. 00:58:01 --> 00:58:06: And then the next kind of famous case was in 00:58:06 --> 00:58:08: 2007 when. 00:58:08 --> 00:58:11: Uh, there was a land exchange from the Oak Ridges 00:58:11 --> 00:58:15: Moraine for the seat and lands and the Orsi had 00:58:15 --> 00:58:19: to undertake an EA and had to undertake First Nations 00:58:19 --> 00:58:24: engagement. There were some nations who were unhappy with the 00:58:24 --> 00:58:25: result, 00:58:25 --> 00:58:30: including Hiawatha and other Williams nations who. 00:58:30 --> 00:58:34: Who challenged this case? The most important thing to come 00:58:34 --> 00:58:38: out of this case was that the hearing when Dad 00:58:38 --> 00:58:42: had several villages that were going to be destroyed as

28 00:58:42 --> 00:58:45: part of the development and the RC accommodated, 00:58:45 --> 00:58:47: the hero went that in. 00:58:47 --> 00:58:51: In the there was a unanimous decision that the archaeological 00:58:51 --> 00:58:55: heritage of the wind that had to be recognized and 00:58:55 --> 00:58:58: they were the ones to be consulted about that. 00:58:58 --> 00:59:00: So that's a very important case. 00:59:00 --> 00:59:02: In that in that regard, 00:59:02 --> 00:59:06: also the founding First Nations Circle was endorsed by the 00:59:06 --> 00:59:06: court. 00:59:06 --> 00:59:10: It was not endorsed by all the First Nations. 00:59:10 --> 00:59:13: And that's the problem here is that for this kind 00:59:13 --> 00:59:14: of work to occur, 00:59:14 --> 00:59:18: everybody has to have a role at the table and 00:59:18 --> 00:59:20: and while that was attempted, 00:59:20 --> 00:59:21: it. 00:59:21 --> 00:59:25: Wasn't fully achieved, so the notion though of having everybody 00:59:25 --> 00:59:29: at the table was the First Nation circle was designed 00:59:29 --> 00:59:29: originally. 00:59:29 --> 00:59:32: Kind of on the kettle with one spoon, 00:59:32 --> 00:59:35: but it didn't quite achieve that. 00:59:35 --> 00:59:41: Cemeteries Act in Ontario. Does provide protection to indigenous remains. 00:59:41 --> 00:59:43: There's a process. It's not perfect, 00:59:43 --> 00:59:47: it's colonial in many ways. 00:59:47 --> 00:59:51: It also cannot be assumed that it's always the geographically 00:59:51 --> 00:59:52: closest First Nation, 00:59:52 --> 00:59:54: so you could have a window at burial, 00:59:54 --> 00:59:58: the wind at their main jurisdiction today is in Qu??bec, 00:59:58 --> 01:00:00: and if it's a window at Barrow, 01:00:00 --> 01:00:03: you can't very well have you know the hotel in 01:00:03 --> 01:00:07: Germany or I know ganking nation representing their interests the 01:00:07 --> 01:00:10: same way that the Algonquian nation would not want one 01:00:10 --> 01:00:13: of their burials represented by the window. 01:00:15 --> 01:00:18: Provincial policy statement was just revised. 01:00:18 --> 01:00:21: As you all know, in 2020 it was based on 01:00:21 --> 01:00:22: the work in 2014. 01:00:22 --> 01:00:25: Caroline is an incredibly modest person, 01:00:25 --> 01:00:29: but Carolyn was absolutely central in the development of and 01:00:29 --> 01:00:34: strengthening of the indigenous wording in the 2014 provincial policy

29 01:00:34 --> 01:00:34: statement. 01:00:34 --> 01:00:37: She worked with planners to develop that, 01:00:37 --> 01:00:39: so there are two slides here. 01:00:39 --> 01:00:43: I'm gonna let Carol and talk to them because in 01:00:43 --> 01:00:47: many ways she was a printable architect of what's in 01:00:47 --> 01:00:49: the provincial policy statement. 01:00:49 --> 01:00:52: OK, thanks Ron. 01:00:52 --> 01:00:56: In the process of working on the 2005 with policy, 01:00:56 --> 01:01:00: realize that it became important that we have a say 01:01:00 --> 01:01:01: about this, 01:01:01 --> 01:01:05: like understanding the Ontario Land Use Act in all of 01:01:06 --> 01:01:10: its requirements and at the policy statement is a guiding 01:01:10 --> 01:01:14: document or statement that the government makes. 01:01:14 --> 01:01:18: But it requires all developer to go through that. 01:01:18 --> 01:01:22: So thanks to other municipal affairs and how is it? 01:01:22 --> 01:01:25: We were given a primer on how did how, 01:01:25 --> 01:01:28: what the Land Use Act is in all the way. 01:01:28 --> 01:01:32: The way that works right down to the municipal bylaw 01:01:32 --> 01:01:37: that changes the way land is used within a municipality's 01:01:37 --> 01:01:38: jurisdiction and. 01:01:38 --> 01:01:42: That changing the wording of that document in back in 01:01:42 --> 01:01:44: when it became 2014. 01:01:44 --> 01:01:48: That was a lot of work to give input recognized 01:01:48 --> 01:01:49: waffle islands. 01:01:49 --> 01:01:52: Hiawatha was involved in it as well. 01:01:52 --> 01:01:56: Another room group said that going on in on on 01:01:56 --> 01:01:59: board to help Queens University Leoben Swingland. 01:01:59 --> 01:02:04: She was very instrumental in helping our and the students 01:02:04 --> 01:02:08: there to help gather information and give the input. 01:02:08 --> 01:02:14: Under 2014 document, which ultimately became this and words were 01:02:14 --> 01:02:16: changed to from, 01:02:16 --> 01:02:20: you know, to shall be implemented or like. 01:02:20 --> 01:02:23: And that you have to talk to the First Nations 01:02:24 --> 01:02:24: in Ontario. 01:02:24 --> 01:02:28: If you didn't know, there's 133 reserve in First Nation 01:02:28 --> 01:02:32: Reserve lands in Ontario an this would apply to all 01:02:32 --> 01:02:36: of them and that so the municipalities are required to 01:02:36 --> 01:02:40: look at the First Nations and how they are impacted 01:02:40 --> 01:02:42: and then close the reserve land. 01:02:42 --> 01:02:46: There may be the treaty lands and there. 01:02:46 --> 01:02:51: Their routes today was calling us traditional territory where

30 they 01:02:51 --> 01:02:52: may go hunting, 01:02:52 --> 01:02:55: still go hunting in those areas so. 01:02:55 --> 01:02:57: Not you go through that. 01:02:57 --> 01:03:01: There's lots of significant changes that puts us thankfully now 01:03:01 --> 01:03:04: in front of some of the planning of even down 01:03:04 --> 01:03:05: to residential. 01:03:05 --> 01:03:10: It's amazing that residential goes forward without almost without talking 01:03:10 --> 01:03:11: to us. 01:03:11 --> 01:03:13: So now it's becoming on our part. 01:03:13 --> 01:03:16: We have to realize that we have to be part 01:03:16 --> 01:03:19: of official plan and go and see what the writing 01:03:19 --> 01:03:22: up in the official plans and have our have give 01:03:22 --> 01:03:26: important ever say about whether those things are. 01:03:26 --> 01:03:29: You know appropriate. So things are happening and that they 01:03:30 --> 01:03:33: start to develop these plans and they start to recognize 01:03:33 --> 01:03:36: that our people have an interest in those lands. 01:03:36 --> 01:03:39: Let's go one of the policy's that is in the 01:03:39 --> 01:03:40: 2020 statement, 01:03:40 --> 01:03:44: as well as 14. And actually 05 was recommendation for 01:03:44 --> 01:03:48: municipalities to undertake archaeological management plans, 01:03:48 --> 01:03:51: which is to create an inventory of what they have, 01:03:51 --> 01:03:56: but also to understand the potential for additional resources. 01:03:56 --> 01:04:01: These grey zones are are ones that have already got 01:04:01 --> 01:04:01: them. 01:04:01 --> 01:04:05: And you see, now Simcoe County has just joined in 01:04:05 --> 01:04:06: Niagara Region, 01:04:06 --> 01:04:08: is now doing one in Windsor. 01:04:08 --> 01:04:10: I think is revisiting the one they did. 01:04:10 --> 01:04:14: So there's. There's lots of action on this front. 01:04:14 --> 01:04:15: What do they look like? 01:04:15 --> 01:04:17: Most of you probably have seen one, 01:04:17 --> 01:04:19: but this is the Toronto, 01:04:19 --> 01:04:22: the. The end result is a GIS platform map that's 01:04:22 --> 01:04:23: a yes no. 01:04:23 --> 01:04:26: For planners. Yes is if it's in the pink zone, 01:04:26 --> 01:04:28: you're going to do archaeology. 01:04:28 --> 01:04:30: If it's in the white, 01:04:30 --> 01:04:35: you don't. In the red are significant areas where anybody 01:04:35 --> 01:04:38: who owns land in that red zone.

31 01:04:38 --> 01:04:41: Really needs to be cautioned that they could alter it, 01:04:41 --> 01:04:45: an archaeological site if they're not careful and should should 01:04:45 --> 01:04:47: work with archaeologists. 01:04:47 --> 01:04:51: So archaeological management planning has become quite a big thing, 01:04:51 --> 01:04:55: and it's also linked very closely with protocols in developing 01:04:55 --> 01:04:59: relationships within the the all of the indigenous nations where 01:04:59 --> 01:05:00: RA Ra's usually undertaken. 01:05:00 --> 01:05:04: I almost didn't include this slide because most of you 01:05:04 --> 01:05:06: know this opas public works as well. 01:05:06 --> 01:05:09: We want this file these to do everything that the 01:05:09 --> 01:05:11: private sector has to do. 01:05:11 --> 01:05:13: Zoning bylaw amendments. Site plans plans. 01:05:13 --> 01:05:17: A subdivision and condominium condominium and consent to minor variances 01:05:17 --> 01:05:18: in certain circumstances. 01:05:18 --> 01:05:22: Every nation, every place is a little bit different in 01:05:22 --> 01:05:24: how they do that. 01:05:24 --> 01:05:30: There are standards and guidelines that require Aboriginal engagement on 01:05:31 --> 01:05:33: the part of the archaeologist, 01:05:33 --> 01:05:38: and they usually are involving now the the land owner 01:05:38 --> 01:05:44: or developer because that negotiation has impact financially, 01:05:44 --> 01:05:50: for, for the landowner and developer in in the sense 01:05:50 --> 01:05:51: of. 01:05:51 --> 01:05:56: The kind of monitoring agreements that that currently goes on 01:05:56 --> 01:05:59: between the First Nations and the developers. 01:05:59 --> 01:06:03: There are Toronto official plan policies that are pretty clear 01:06:03 --> 01:06:05: about engaging Aboriginal communities. 01:06:05 --> 01:06:08: One of them is that sites are to be protected, 01:06:08 --> 01:06:11: the other one, the last one that you see here 01:06:11 --> 01:06:15: is that the city thought that they would take possession 01:06:15 --> 01:06:18: of artifact assemblages from all archaeological sites. 01:06:18 --> 01:06:21: But I can tell you that that actually has not 01:06:21 --> 01:06:24: started to happen and it was a hard fought battle 01:06:24 --> 01:06:24: caroling. 01:06:24 --> 01:06:27: Remember, in the discussions with them, 01:06:27 --> 01:06:30: but they never actually ended up instituting nests. 01:06:30 --> 01:06:33: There is also very important. 01:06:33 --> 01:06:39: Development, of course was the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that

32 01:06:39 --> 01:06:41: occurred between 08 and 15, 01:06:41 --> 01:06:46: and there are provisions and calls to action that include 01:06:46 --> 01:06:52: engaging with Aboriginal peoples and educating people in the public. 01:06:52 --> 01:06:56: An in the civil service about the impacts to indigenous 01:06:57 --> 01:06:59: rights as part of development. 01:06:59 --> 01:07:04: You'll see right in in the call to action 92. 01:07:04 --> 01:07:08: Actually, it it says. 01:07:08 --> 01:07:13: Building very respectful relationships prior to economic development. 01:07:13 --> 01:07:15: So the TRC was about that. 01:07:15 --> 01:07:18: It was very much about how can we reconcile the 01:07:18 --> 01:07:19: past, 01:07:19 --> 01:07:21: the colonial past with the future. 01:07:21 --> 01:07:24: In one way we can do that is to is 01:07:24 --> 01:07:29: to speak and recognize and speak respectfully with First Nations 01:07:29 --> 01:07:31: territory in their territories. 01:07:31 --> 01:07:33: Wanted to just say this one thing. 01:07:33 --> 01:07:35: Most people know this now, 01:07:35 --> 01:07:39: but you only talk to Chief and Council or whoever 01:07:39 --> 01:07:40: chief and Council. 01:07:40 --> 01:07:44: Tell you to. People are still popping up from time 01:07:44 --> 01:07:47: to time who think they speak for a nation they 01:07:47 --> 01:07:47: don't. 01:07:47 --> 01:07:51: You only speak with people who come forward in our 01:07:51 --> 01:07:51: approval, 01:07:51 --> 01:07:54: who are approved by Chief and Council. 01:07:54 --> 01:07:57: Most nations now have their own consultation office. 01:07:57 --> 01:08:02: It's it's far easier now than it was 15 years 01:08:02 --> 01:08:02: ago. 01:08:02 --> 01:08:03: The kettle with one spoon. 01:08:03 --> 01:08:06: I just want to give you an example of the 01:08:06 --> 01:08:09: York Region Archaeological Management plan and the official plan review 01:08:09 --> 01:08:11: for York Region heard between. 01:08:11 --> 01:08:14: I think it was a Wade and 12 summer sometime 01:08:14 --> 01:08:15: around then. 01:08:15 --> 01:08:19: Here are all the committee members and all the people 01:08:19 --> 01:08:23: who were participating in the development of that plan in 01:08:23 --> 01:08:27: the protocol you can see all of the Williams nations 01:08:27 --> 01:08:30: were there here on Wednesday at Six Nations of the 01:08:30 --> 01:08:31: Grand River.

33 01:08:31 --> 01:08:35: Mississauga Ban new credit, and also matey in the point 01:08:35 --> 01:08:38: about this is it requires all of these nations at 01:08:38 --> 01:08:42: the table to make decisions because they all have an 01:08:42 --> 01:08:45: interest in those lands. So modern development. 01:08:45 --> 01:08:50: Introduces modern problems for indigenous people and they want us 01:08:50 --> 01:08:51: to tread lightly, 01:08:51 --> 01:08:54: and that's a quote from Eldon Yellowhorn, 01:08:54 --> 01:08:58: who was the first PhD in archaeology in in Canada, 01:08:58 --> 01:09:01: and that's a walking to the edge of the Woods. 01:09:01 --> 01:09:05: Holderness Shoney ceremony at a site in. 01:09:05 --> 01:09:09: Durham that we were we were on. 01:09:09 --> 01:09:13: Thank you very much and Carolyn and I now and 01:09:13 --> 01:09:16: can respond to any questions. 01:09:16 --> 01:09:19: And then back with that to help facilitate the Q&A 01:09:19 --> 01:09:22: an one of the first questions or comment was just 01:09:22 --> 01:09:26: a sincere thank you for bringing this heritage to life. 01:09:26 --> 01:09:28: There's so much we don't know, 01:09:28 --> 01:09:33: man, I think the whole audience is very appreciative of 01:09:33 --> 01:09:34: the really detailed. 01:09:34 --> 01:09:38: Presentation you just made the first question that come up 01:09:38 --> 01:09:39: here with many votes. 01:09:39 --> 01:09:42: What is the best way for planners to determine whose 01:09:42 --> 01:09:45: traditional territory a site may be located on? 01:09:45 --> 01:09:48: Are there any go to resource is? 01:09:48 --> 01:09:51: Well, yeah, I was just about to say the same 01:09:51 --> 01:09:52: thing. 01:09:52 --> 01:09:55: Caroline and I are working on a group called Shared 01:09:55 --> 01:09:57: Path Consultation Initiative. 01:09:57 --> 01:10:00: Morgan, you're going to hear from in a few minutes 01:10:00 --> 01:10:03: and that is one of the questions we want to 01:10:03 --> 01:10:07: address because I heard that question in 2005 and before 01:10:07 --> 01:10:09: and I hear that question today. 01:10:09 --> 01:10:10: And so where can you go? 01:10:10 --> 01:10:14: We're hoping to have that answer on a website on 01:10:14 --> 01:10:14: our website. 01:10:14 --> 01:10:18: We now have a website you can go there and. 01:10:18 --> 01:10:25: We were creating databases of information to help people planners 01:10:25 --> 01:10:27: of find find out. 01:10:27 --> 01:10:30: In the GTA, in the Greater Toronto Area, 01:10:30 --> 01:10:32: basically anywhere kind of East of Peel.

34 01:10:32 --> 01:10:36: The people we've been talking about today or the people 01:10:36 --> 01:10:38: that planners need to talk about talk with. 01:10:38 --> 01:10:42: They need to talk with the the Williams nations. 01:10:42 --> 01:10:44: They need to talk with his sudden, 01:10:44 --> 01:10:47: the credit they need to talk with the hero and 01:10:47 --> 01:10:50: when that and they need to talk with the home 01:10:50 --> 01:10:53: showing and in some cases they need to talk to 01:10:53 --> 01:10:56: the meeting. So I count 13 nations were most places 01:10:56 --> 01:10:59: that they really need to be talking with. 01:10:59 --> 01:11:03: But they can get detailed information from shared path. 01:11:03 --> 01:11:06: We're just we're we're we're. 01:11:06 --> 01:11:08: Working hard to get that website to be able to 01:11:08 --> 01:11:12: answer any questions that a planner might have and we 01:11:12 --> 01:11:14: have workshops that that we have as well. 01:11:14 --> 01:11:18: I might say you can also contact us and we'll 01:11:18 --> 01:11:19: get you the answers. 01:11:19 --> 01:11:22: And I think that also answers another question around if 01:11:22 --> 01:11:26: someone's looking to understand the different obligations that planners and 01:11:27 --> 01:11:28: developers should keep in mind. 01:11:28 --> 01:11:31: Depending on precisely which treaty applies, 01:11:31 --> 01:11:33: it would also be a good way to get information 01:11:33 --> 01:11:36: to inform ourselves of treaty obligations. 01:11:38 --> 01:11:43: Yes, although. The way it happens right now is if 01:11:43 --> 01:11:46: land is being developed. 01:11:46 --> 01:11:49: And, um. 01:11:49 --> 01:11:53: There is a requirement as there usually is for an 01:11:53 --> 01:11:55: archaeological assessment. 01:11:55 --> 01:12:00: There is a process that begins between the Consultation office 01:12:00 --> 01:12:04: of the First Nations and the archaeologist and developer and 01:12:04 --> 01:12:08: the conversation that occurs there is one that can be 01:12:08 --> 01:12:13: very educational for everybody but for specially for the land 01:12:13 --> 01:12:16: of Opera they will learn about what the position of 01:12:16 --> 01:12:19: the First Nations are about development. 01:12:19 --> 01:12:22: So the Doca office at new credit. 01:12:22 --> 01:12:25: The current one that's office, 01:12:25 --> 01:12:29: the Williams Nations nations have people assigned to work with 01:12:29 --> 01:12:30: developers, 01:12:30 --> 01:12:33: so you can get a little bit of a head 01:12:33 --> 01:12:38: start on that through talking with the archaeologist who's working.

35 01:12:38 --> 01:12:42: If they're finding things. Or the municipality. 01:12:42 --> 01:12:46: The municipality should be by now having the information of 01:12:46 --> 01:12:49: the nations that have an interest in their area and 01:12:49 --> 01:12:52: it may be that there are impacts that are not 01:12:52 --> 01:12:55: archaeological in nature, but environmental stewardship. 01:12:55 --> 01:12:59: Other things. I remember Carolyn in meetings at York Region, 01:12:59 --> 01:13:02: talking to the planners about density and buildings, 01:13:02 --> 01:13:05: and I think it kind of shocked them that airlines 01:13:05 --> 01:13:09: view of that was much broader than just cultural heritage, 01:13:09 --> 01:13:12: but but how the land was being used? 01:13:12 --> 01:13:13: Their land from the past. 01:13:15 --> 01:13:17: Yep. 01:13:17 --> 01:13:19: They just don't care. 01:13:19 --> 01:13:22: Just a comment there that you know I was people 01:13:22 --> 01:13:25: ask the same questions like who do I talk to, 01:13:25 --> 01:13:27: you know, say well, first of all you can, 01:13:27 --> 01:13:31: you know. Educate yourself with programs like this and that. 01:13:31 --> 01:13:34: We hope to do more of these and that the 01:13:34 --> 01:13:34: on the web. 01:13:34 --> 01:13:38: There's lots of information and that we will today is 01:13:38 --> 01:13:41: a different world where there's a lot of research being 01:13:41 --> 01:13:45: done into the First Nations and the planning the planning 01:13:45 --> 01:13:48: world is starting to change. 01:13:48 --> 01:13:52: If I recall right, we wanted the only educational tools 01:13:52 --> 01:13:55: that the planners went to University to get there. 01:13:55 --> 01:13:57: That there are, you know, 01:13:57 --> 01:14:01: degrees that the Grand River notification agreement was one of 01:14:01 --> 01:14:04: the few case studies that was used to, 01:14:04 --> 01:14:07: you know, to talk about that relationship, 01:14:07 --> 01:14:09: that that needs to be there, 01:14:09 --> 01:14:13: 'cause you know if there's not a good relationship, 01:14:13 --> 01:14:18: then then ultimately this leads can lead to some pretty 01:14:18 --> 01:14:20: strong conflict so. 01:14:20 --> 01:14:26: Hope that the education system will will fulfill their role 01:14:26 --> 01:14:26: too. 01:14:26 --> 01:14:28: You know, train the people. 01:14:28 --> 01:14:31: Make them aware that you know there's a much deeper 01:14:31 --> 01:14:33: history than what you see right in front of you 01:14:34 --> 01:14:34: that know, 01:14:34 --> 01:14:38: like all of this information that shared through the archaeology,

36 01:14:38 --> 01:14:41: will tell you that how deep that history is so 01:14:41 --> 01:14:43: important to know whose land you were on. 01:14:46 --> 01:14:50: Very important and another question here in which communities in 01:14:50 --> 01:14:53: Southern Ontario do you think there are the best ways 01:14:53 --> 01:14:55: to experience some of this history in person? 01:14:57 --> 01:14:59: I'm interested. 01:14:59 --> 01:15:03: Talk to the person nation that the First Nations you 01:15:03 --> 01:15:06: know you're going to do is type First Nation into 01:15:06 --> 01:15:07: the the. 01:15:07 --> 01:15:10: They'll come up, and most of our First Nations have 01:15:10 --> 01:15:11: websites. 01:15:11 --> 01:15:15: Now we have website. Unfortunately this year like. 01:15:15 --> 01:15:18: Do the kovit. We won't be hosting a power, 01:15:18 --> 01:15:21: but there are many many cultural events that you can 01:15:21 --> 01:15:24: go to City of Toronto for June 21st. 01:15:24 --> 01:15:27: We have been hosting the Namir's power down at Fort 01:15:27 --> 01:15:27: York, 01:15:27 --> 01:15:29: but they'll be next year. 01:15:29 --> 01:15:32: It be other opportunities like get to know them and 01:15:32 --> 01:15:34: I have to say in my when I do my 01:15:35 --> 01:15:38: presentation of Indian 101 have get to know each other 01:15:38 --> 01:15:42: and have a parade when you're not fighting so you 01:15:42 --> 01:15:45: know who to talk to when there's some issues to 01:15:45 --> 01:15:46: discuss. 01:15:46 --> 01:15:50: There's there's also at at associated with Six Nations. 01:15:50 --> 01:15:54: There's the Woodland Cultural Institute, 01:15:54 --> 01:15:57: which has a museum. 01:15:57 --> 01:16:01: It may occur again. Killing Reagan may not be open 01:16:01 --> 01:16:02: at the moment. 01:16:02 --> 01:16:06: There's the London Museum of or the Museum of Ontario 01:16:06 --> 01:16:07: Archaeology, 01:16:07 --> 01:16:09: which is at Western it. 01:16:09 --> 01:16:14: It's a place where you can learn about the indigenous 01:16:14 --> 01:16:16: history of southern Ontario. 01:16:16 --> 01:16:21: These all have very active websites at the moment. 01:16:21 --> 01:16:26: Midland has a ongoing protocol with Beausoleil Island First Nation, 01:16:26 --> 01:16:29: one of the Williams nations, 01:16:29 --> 01:16:32: and it's an exceptionally rich area. 01:16:32 --> 01:16:35: It has Sainte Marie among the rons it has the 01:16:35 --> 01:16:39: journey museum where you can learn about when Dad here

37 01:16:39 --> 01:16:42: and when that history in Midland is a very welcoming 01:16:42 --> 01:16:46: place in normal tourist times all of these all of 01:16:46 --> 01:16:50: these places have websites that are that are doing their 01:16:50 --> 01:16:53: best right now due to inform the people to inform 01:16:53 --> 01:16:56: people and I happen to know as the chair of 01:16:56 --> 01:16:58: Museum of Interior Ecology. 01:16:58 --> 01:17:02: There's lots of online resources that people can go to. 01:17:02 --> 01:17:03: And learn things. 01:17:05 --> 01:17:07: Thank you. OK, next question. 01:17:07 --> 01:17:10: Do you have any suggestions of how planners and developers 01:17:10 --> 01:17:13: can pay homage to and reconcile with in a meaningful 01:17:13 --> 01:17:16: way with indigenous peoples within the buildings, 01:17:16 --> 01:17:19: communities that are being built for profit on stolen land? 01:17:24 --> 01:17:29: Well, there are there have been in the last number 01:17:29 --> 01:17:31: of years initiatives. 01:17:31 --> 01:17:34: Come around. Um? 01:17:36 --> 01:17:41: Commemorating and in honoring Indigenous history, 01:17:41 --> 01:17:44: one of which, Karolyn was very involved with. 01:17:44 --> 01:17:49: I was involved as well which was the Humber Shared 01:17:49 --> 01:17:51: Path initiative which. 01:17:51 --> 01:17:56: While not directly linked to a building community or a 01:17:56 --> 01:17:57: building project, 01:17:57 --> 01:18:01: it it became part of of how new building in 01:18:01 --> 01:18:05: the area kind of linked to indigenous history and shared 01:18:05 --> 01:18:07: path became a really are. 01:18:07 --> 01:18:12: That shared path became a very important resource. 01:18:12 --> 01:18:17: And then the Huron Trail was created which is just 01:18:17 --> 01:18:18: South. 01:18:18 --> 01:18:21: York University. 01:18:21 --> 01:18:26: Nearer when that site here on website called the Parson 01:18:26 --> 01:18:30: site and that that trail got developed and in fact 01:18:30 --> 01:18:32: Rob Ford actually had a cure. 01:18:32 --> 01:18:35: And when that day in June of would be about 01:18:35 --> 01:18:39: four or five years ago that that occurred to honor 01:18:39 --> 01:18:43: that site and kind of York is examining that site 01:18:43 --> 01:18:48: and thinking about how it can be properly incorporated. 01:18:48 --> 01:18:51: So there are things that have a curd in in 01:18:51 --> 01:18:52: Stowe Ville. 01:18:52 --> 01:18:56: At the mantle site, right across the road from where 01:18:56 --> 01:18:57: or the stream, 01:18:57 --> 01:19:01: the small stream from where the mental site was is

38 01:19:01 --> 01:19:01: here on. 01:19:01 --> 01:19:05: When that public school it was opened by an Amish 01:19:05 --> 01:19:07: Nabi Alder in ceremony. 01:19:07 --> 01:19:10: So it was it's it's kind of mixed heritage, 01:19:10 --> 01:19:13: but the name of the school was was it was 01:19:13 --> 01:19:16: named that way to reflect. 01:19:16 --> 01:19:20: The presence in ultimate destruction through excavation of of the 01:19:20 --> 01:19:21: mantle site, 01:19:21 --> 01:19:24: which is now called Jean Baptiste Lemonade. 01:19:24 --> 01:19:29: But the the site itself was commemorated through through the 01:19:29 --> 01:19:30: school school project, 01:19:30 --> 01:19:34: and so there are many different ways that one can 01:19:34 --> 01:19:34: do this. 01:19:34 --> 01:19:38: And maybe Carol. And here's a second you can talk 01:19:38 --> 01:19:42: about the markets and product was just going to say 01:19:42 --> 01:19:45: that that we see that there you know are we 01:19:45 --> 01:19:47: been paved over built over. 01:19:47 --> 01:19:50: You know, and sort of our existence has been, 01:19:50 --> 01:19:53: you know, literally covered up and that so there I 01:19:53 --> 01:19:54: just wanted to. 01:19:54 --> 01:19:58: There's one community. It's a Cambridge they recognized during the 01:19:58 --> 01:19:59: month of June, 01:19:59 --> 01:20:01: whether they're still doing it. 01:20:01 --> 01:20:05: They take, you know, the tourism banners that people put 01:20:05 --> 01:20:07: along the highways or around the street. 01:20:07 --> 01:20:09: You see them, you know, 01:20:09 --> 01:20:12: in Toronto you see in one what's playing at the 01:20:12 --> 01:20:15: ROM or was playing at the different theaters. 01:20:15 --> 01:20:19: But they recognize. Six Nations that you require and the 01:20:19 --> 01:20:24: whole notion say the whole notion E and the Mississaugas. 01:20:24 --> 01:20:28: Nisha Nabi people. And they use our markets and design 01:20:28 --> 01:20:30: and they use the Peach tree. 01:20:30 --> 01:20:34: The tree apiece for the for the Six Nations and 01:20:34 --> 01:20:34: that. 01:20:34 --> 01:20:38: Those are. There are step toward recognizing that we exist 01:20:38 --> 01:20:41: and that so in my my life while working on 01:20:41 --> 01:20:43: the for the First Nation, 01:20:43 --> 01:20:46: I've only always look I've lived my whole life on 01:20:46 --> 01:20:47: the Indian Reserve, 01:20:47 --> 01:20:50: Six Nations and then the Mississaugas here.

39 01:20:50 --> 01:20:53: And that I've worked for almost solely on my life 01:20:53 --> 01:20:55: for the First Nations and that I do a little 01:20:55 --> 01:20:58: workshop trying to educate people about a primer. 01:20:58 --> 01:21:02: But who are the indigenous people in this country 'cause 01:21:02 --> 01:21:05: we have our name is Mississauga's in the Indian actor 01:21:05 --> 01:21:08: known as Indians and then repeat game Aboriginal in the 01:21:08 --> 01:21:11: Constitution. And then a few years ago, 01:21:11 --> 01:21:14: the present government renamed just to Indigenous, 01:21:14 --> 01:21:17: so we always gotta be keeping up on that. 01:21:17 --> 01:21:20: But we're all still the same people with the same 01:21:21 --> 01:21:21: rights, 01:21:21 --> 01:21:23: and that go with that, 01:21:23 --> 01:21:26: those legislations, democracy, an identifier, 01:21:26 --> 01:21:31: is an education awareness program that helps simple recreate. 01:21:31 --> 01:21:34: Are symbols using our footwear and that we have a 01:21:35 --> 01:21:39: website marketing identifier is with the Mississaugas of the Credit 01:21:39 --> 01:21:42: First Nation and that you can look at what that 01:21:42 --> 01:21:44: is. We go into municipalities, 01:21:44 --> 01:21:47: invite us and we go into the school system and 01:21:47 --> 01:21:51: they research whose land their school is school or the 01:21:51 --> 01:21:52: organization is built on. 01:21:52 --> 01:21:56: And then with the interactive we take one of the 01:21:56 --> 01:22:00: four slides that represents Ontario annual stenciling on the ground. 01:22:00 --> 01:22:03: It washes away using. Tempera paint or chalk paint and 01:22:04 --> 01:22:06: they do it again next year and we're kind of 01:22:06 --> 01:22:10: always busy during May and June and significant dates like 01:22:10 --> 01:22:13: pretty weak and different things like that. 01:22:13 --> 01:22:15: So my goal is to want to change the world 01:22:15 --> 01:22:18: takes a lot of people to do that and that 01:22:18 --> 01:22:20: will do it 1 marks another time. 01:22:20 --> 01:22:23: So there's call democracy and identify and you see some 01:22:24 --> 01:22:25: of the designs behind me. 01:22:25 --> 01:22:29: We've been actively working at it and thanks to Greenbelt 01:22:29 --> 01:22:31: for funding us on that project, 01:22:31 --> 01:22:34: so anyone who wants to participate in that. 01:22:34 --> 01:22:37: Contact us will gladly help you understand and learn. 01:22:37 --> 01:22:38: Thank you. 01:22:41 --> 01:22:44: Thank you Carolyn. So we have time for just a 01:22:44 --> 01:22:47: couple more questions and so I've got a few here 01:22:47 --> 01:22:49: that build on the discussion.

40 01:22:49 --> 01:22:53: I think with the moccasin identifier there's a question here 01:22:53 --> 01:22:57: how can we design public streets and parks and private 01:22:57 --> 01:23:00: realms to be designed an redesign to reflect and create 01:23:00 --> 01:23:04: connections with our indigenous history and the present? 01:23:06 --> 01:23:09: I'll say that. 01:23:09 --> 01:23:12: I'll say one of the things that I'm pushing with 01:23:12 --> 01:23:13: the markets and identify, 01:23:13 --> 01:23:16: but also we start to see visual visual lization. 01:23:16 --> 01:23:19: That's the easy way, nonthreatening that. 01:23:19 --> 01:23:24: IRA are are symbols that are acceptable to be put 01:23:24 --> 01:23:26: up or put in place, 01:23:26 --> 01:23:32: and there's some amazing projects going on now that use 01:23:32 --> 01:23:35: indigenous architects and the. 01:23:35 --> 01:23:37: But it may be modernized. 01:23:37 --> 01:23:41: Some of those symbols you know whether it's the. 01:23:41 --> 01:23:44: Out of the West, the TP or the design of 01:23:44 --> 01:23:47: our whether it's a longhouse or are. 01:23:47 --> 01:23:49: In our case, the Wigwam, 01:23:49 --> 01:23:52: a national be shelters, so things are happening, 01:23:52 --> 01:23:55: and at York Region is one of those. 01:23:55 --> 01:23:59: Actually that did. The Wilcox Lake is got some amazing 01:23:59 --> 01:24:04: modern incorporated designs into a place that people can walk 01:24:04 --> 01:24:05: through, 01:24:05 --> 01:24:08: and they can see things an I'll say even feel 01:24:08 --> 01:24:11: things 'cause it's experiential. 01:24:11 --> 01:24:15: I mean, if the municipality is the city's the developer 01:24:16 --> 01:24:16: over this. 01:24:16 --> 01:24:20: World would start to see that our our our in 01:24:20 --> 01:24:25: our our cultural identity is just as important as anybody 01:24:25 --> 01:24:27: else is and that. 01:24:27 --> 01:24:30: Ideally that we're going to see in the future or. 01:24:30 --> 01:24:36: Images are visualization. Our story becomes part of the picture. 01:24:36 --> 01:24:39: And it's just working with those First Nations. 01:24:39 --> 01:24:42: There's artists with we're doing a lot of murals in 01:24:42 --> 01:24:43: Toronto, 01:24:43 --> 01:24:45: changing the landscape, one in that, 01:24:45 --> 01:24:48: and Phillip Coltas side 11 mural at a time. 01:24:50 --> 01:24:55: I I would just like to add that. 01:24:55 --> 01:24:58: Having shown two slides about reconciliation, 01:24:58 --> 01:25:03: that question embodies what is meant by reconciliation.

41 01:25:03 --> 01:25:06: How how do we bring the building communities, 01:25:06 --> 01:25:11: municipalities and First Nations together and one of the things 01:25:11 --> 01:25:16: that shared path is working on is workshops between municipalities. 01:25:16 --> 01:25:19: Establishing. 01:25:19 --> 01:25:26: Relationships, permanent relationships between municipalities and First Nations, 01:25:26 --> 01:25:26: and. 01:25:29 --> 01:25:33: When people meet and have lunch regularly. 01:25:33 --> 01:25:37: When a crisis occurs, you're meeting with friends to talk 01:25:37 --> 01:25:38: about it. 01:25:38 --> 01:25:41: When you meet for the first time over a crisis, 01:25:41 --> 01:25:44: it doesn't work. And so. 01:25:44 --> 01:25:50: The more that municipalities can develop close working relationships and 01:25:50 --> 01:25:54: friendships with the nations that have an interest in their 01:25:54 --> 01:25:55: land, 01:25:55 --> 01:26:00: the quicker ideas about interpretation and ideas and ways in 01:26:00 --> 01:26:05: which that history that rich history can be recognized can 01:26:05 --> 01:26:06: be expressed so. 01:26:06 --> 01:26:09: I would I would say keep your eye on shared 01:26:09 --> 01:26:09: path. 01:26:09 --> 01:26:11: That's one of our goals as well. 01:26:14 --> 01:26:17: Thank you, Ron, and we're just about coming up on 01:26:17 --> 01:26:19: 1:30 and so I want to bring this portion to 01:26:19 --> 01:26:20: a close. 01:26:20 --> 01:26:23: I want to thank thank you to everyone for tuning 01:26:23 --> 01:26:23: in today. 01:26:23 --> 01:26:27: Today's session, but more importantly on behalf of you like 01:26:27 --> 01:26:27: Toronto, 01:26:27 --> 01:26:30: I want to thank Carolyn and Ron for taking the 01:26:30 --> 01:26:33: time to walk us through an introduction to the history 01:26:33 --> 01:26:35: of the GPA as an industry is so important for 01:26:35 --> 01:26:38: us to have and continue to seek out this knowledge 01:26:38 --> 01:26:40: and understanding of Treaty agreement. 01:26:40 --> 01:26:44: Traditional land claims in the GTA to better understand where 01:26:44 --> 01:26:45: we're working. 01:26:45 --> 01:26:48: Um, in the history of the place and to better 01:26:48 --> 01:26:50: engage with the indigenous communities, 01:26:50 --> 01:26:52: I think it's incumbent on us. 01:26:52 --> 01:26:56: And so I'm. I'm really appreciative that a lot of

42 01:26:56 --> 01:26:58: that information was shared today. 01:26:58 --> 01:27:01: A special thank you to center court for their support 01:27:01 --> 01:27:02: of this program. 01:27:02 --> 01:27:05: Many of you have messaged how to get better involved. 01:27:05 --> 01:27:08: With shared pass. So to closeout today's session, 01:27:08 --> 01:27:11: I'm going to pass it on to Morgan Peters to 01:27:11 --> 01:27:13: tell us a little bit more about the program. 01:27:16 --> 01:27:17: Great, thank you so much, 01:27:17 --> 01:27:19: Michelle. And thank you, Richard, 01:27:19 --> 01:27:23: Lauren and Denise say you lie for your unwavering support 01:27:23 --> 01:27:26: of shared path an for contacting us and organizing this 01:27:26 --> 01:27:29: web and R and also thank you very much to 01:27:29 --> 01:27:33: Mitch and center court for sponsoring the event. 01:27:33 --> 01:27:36: As you've all heard, Ron and Carolyn are extremely experienced 01:27:37 --> 01:27:40: and knowledgeable in the areas of planning history, 01:27:40 --> 01:27:43: working with indigenous communities, archaeology, 01:27:43 --> 01:27:46: and they've they've been joined by like minded people from 01:27:46 --> 01:27:50: a variety of professions of backgrounds to form our organization. 01:27:50 --> 01:27:55: Shared Path consultation initiative. So were composed of both indigenous 01:27:55 --> 01:27:59: and non indigenous members and we've received support from organizations 01:27:59 --> 01:28:03: like Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation and the Claim Foundation. 01:28:03 --> 01:28:07: And together the vision we're working towards is a future 01:28:07 --> 01:28:10: in which indigenous voices and rights form a sustained an 01:28:11 --> 01:28:13: integral part of land use planning, 01:28:13 --> 01:28:15: law, policy and governance in Ontario. 01:28:15 --> 01:28:19: We're really looking to drive systemic change and we want 01:28:19 --> 01:28:22: to respond to those calls to action that Ron highlighted 01:28:22 --> 01:28:24: during during his piece. 01:28:24 --> 01:28:27: The call to action put forth by the Truth and 01:28:27 --> 01:28:30: Reconciliation Commissions Report in 2015. 01:28:30 --> 01:28:33: And I think the protests that are in the news 01:28:33 --> 01:28:36: lately are really highlighting the need for this kind of 01:28:36 --> 01:28:36: work. 01:28:36 --> 01:28:40: They're really pushing us to examine our systems and institutions 01:28:40 --> 01:28:42: to root out discrimination and bias, 01:28:42 --> 01:28:45: and essentially what shared path is trying to do in 01:28:46 --> 01:28:47: the planning room.

43 01:28:47 --> 01:28:50: So it's very encouraging. Very excited to see such a 01:28:50 --> 01:28:53: great turn out today for this webinar and we hope 01:28:53 --> 01:28:56: that you will all continue your journey of learning and 01:28:56 --> 01:28:59: further in the spirit of reconciliation. 01:28:59 --> 01:29:02: We are a registered charity and we require support, 01:29:02 --> 01:29:06: ongoing support for operation. So if you or your organization 01:29:06 --> 01:29:09: has the capacity to contribute to our work and feels 01:29:09 --> 01:29:11: passionately about reconciliation, 01:29:11 --> 01:29:13: please get in touch with us. 01:29:13 --> 01:29:15: We also welcome you to join. 01:29:15 --> 01:29:18: Shared Path is a member which will give you access 01:29:18 --> 01:29:18: to. 01:29:18 --> 01:29:24: Future educational webinars, events, networking opportunities and our upcoming online 01:29:24 --> 01:29:25: resource database. 01:29:25 --> 01:29:29: So that's going to be launched shortly and I wanted 01:29:29 --> 01:29:33: just to respond to one or two of those questions 01:29:33 --> 01:29:35: about resource is. 01:29:35 --> 01:29:39: Trying to identify traditional territories in that type of thing. 01:29:39 --> 01:29:42: There is an imperfect but something to start with. 01:29:42 --> 01:29:45: There's a there is a resource out there called native-land.ca, 01:29:45 --> 01:29:48: so there have been some attempts to map things like 01:29:49 --> 01:29:51: treaty territories in traditional territories. 01:29:51 --> 01:29:53: There, like I said, it's imperfect, 01:29:53 --> 01:29:57: so it's always best to get in contact with indigenous 01:29:58 --> 01:30:00: communities involved or around you. 01:30:00 --> 01:30:04: I also wanted to mention that there's an app called 01:30:04 --> 01:30:07: first Story in Toronto that you can download and it 01:30:08 --> 01:30:11: will help you to to learn about the sites in 01:30:11 --> 01:30:15: Toronto itself that have important indigenous or that are important 01:30:16 --> 01:30:18: to indigenous communities and the opii. 01:30:18 --> 01:30:23: The entire Professional Planners Institute put out a report last 01:30:23 --> 01:30:27: year by their indigenous and then ask for stuff that 01:30:27 --> 01:30:31: hasn't really interesting insights into planning and. 01:30:31 --> 01:30:35: Indigenous communities, but anyhow I encourage you to get in 01:30:35 --> 01:30:38: contact with myself with long with Caroline if you have 01:30:38 --> 01:30:42: any questions and if you want to learn more about 01:30:42 --> 01:30:46: shared path, we welcome everyone and anyone to to start 01:30:46 --> 01:30:47: the conversation with us. 01:30:47 --> 01:30:50: So which neowin? Mercy and thank you. 01:30:54 --> 01:30:57: Thank you Morgan and so thank you again for everyone

44 01:30:57 --> 01:31:00: joining us and have a great afternoon. 01:31:04 --> 01:31:04: Just forget.

This video transcript has been machine-generated, so it may not be accurate. It is for personal use only. Reproduction or use without written permission is prohibited. If you have a correction or for permission inquiries, please contact [email protected].

45