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Notes and References Notes and references Introduction 1. In this edition I use the term economic strategy rather than accumulation strategy, since economic strategy refers to the policies pursued by government agencies while accumulation strategy refers to the actual pattern of accumulation that becomes established with or without government involvement. 2. MartinJacques, 'Breaking out of the Impasse', Marxism Today, 23:10 (October 1979), pp . 6-15. Chapter 1: A Crisis ofHegemony 1. Analysis of the world system has been greatly influenced by the work of Immanuel Wallerstein. See The World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974). 2. For analysis of the long boom see E. A. Brett, The World ECOTUJ1TlY since the War (London: Macmillan, 1985). 3. See P. Armstrong, A. Glyn, andJ.Harrison, Capitalism sinceWorld War II (London: Fontana, 1984). 4. The concept of Fordism has been developed particularly by the French regulation school. See M. Aglietta, A Theory of Capitalist Regulation (London: NLB, 1979); M. Aglietta 'World Capitalism in the 1980s' , New Left Review, 136 (1982), pp. 5-41; Alain Lipietz 'Towards Global Fordism', NewLeft Review, 133 (1982), pp. 33-47. 5. The course of the 1973-4 crisis is described by Ernest Mandel, The Second Slump (London: Verso, 1978). 6. See the analyses by Ajit Singh and Alec Cairncross in F. Blackaby (ed .) De-industrialisation (London: Heinemann, 1979) . 7. See Scott Lash and John Urry, The End of Organised Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity, 1987). 257 258 Notes and references 8. The existence of a new division of labour is controversial. See the discussion by Rhys jenkins, 'Divisions over the international division oflabour', Capital and Class, 22 (1984), pp. 28-58. 9. For analyses of the development of the postwar global political and economic order, the international monetary system, and the imbalances and conflicts of the 1980s, see E. A. Brett, International Money and Capitalist Crisis (London: Heinemann, 1983); R. Parboni, The Dollar and its Rivals (London: Verso, 1981); and Kees van der Pijl, The Making ofan Atlantic Ruling Class (London: Verso, 1984) . 10. One of the most influential characterisations of collectivism came from A. V. Dicey, Lectures on the Relation between Law and Public opinion in England during the Nineteenth Century (London: Macmillan, 1905). See also Keith Middlemas, Politics in Industrial Society (London: Andre Deutsch, 1979) and W. H. Greenleaf, The British Political Tradition, vol I The Rise ofCollectivism (London: Methuen, 1983) . 11. See A. Prezworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 1985); R. Miliband, Capitalist Democracy in Britain (Oxford University Press, 1982). 12. See Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (London: Heinemann, 1976); john Urry, The Anatomy of Capitalist Societies (London: Macmillan, 1981). 13. This is discussed by David Coates. ' The Context of British Politics (London: Hutchinson, 1984). 14. See David Edgar, 'The Free and the Good', in Ruth Levitas (ed.) The Ideology ofthe New Right (Cambridge: Polity, 1986), pp . 80-106; Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1978) . 15. See Billjordan, The State (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985) . 16. See Neviljohnson, In Search ofthe Constitution (London: Methuen, 1977). 17. On corporatism see Alan Cawson, Corporatism and Welfare (London: Heinemann, 1982) . 18. See A. H. Birch , 'Overload, ungovernability, and delegitimation: the theories and the British case', British Journal ofPolitical Science, 14:2 (1984), pp. 135-60. 19. See A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London: Jonathan Cape, 1956). 20. See R. C. O. Matthews, 'Why has Britain had full employment since the war?', Economicjournal;78 (Sept. 1968). 21. See Milton Friedman, Inflation and Unempluyment (London: lEA, 1977); Tim Congdon, Monetarism (London: Centre for Policy Studies, 1976) . 22. For a guide and critique of the British constitution see Ferdinand Mount, The British Constitution Now (London: Heinemann, 1992); C. Graham and T. Prosser (eds) , Waiving the Rules (London: Open University Press, 1988). 23. See jonathan Clark, 'The History of Britain:A Composite State in a Europe of Patries?', in Clark (ed.), Ideas and Politics in Modern Britain (London: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 32-49. 24. See Andrew Gamble, Britain in Decline (London: Macmillan, 1990). Notes and references 259 Chapter 2: The New Right 1. There is a rich literature on the New Right. See especially Ruth Levitas (ed .) The Ideology of the New Right (Cambridge: Polity, 1987); Gillian Peele Revival and Reaction: the Right in Contemporary America (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); Norman Barry, The New Right (London: Croom Helm, 1987); Desmond King, The New Right (London: Macmillan, 1987); and David Green, The New Right (London: Wheatsheaf, 1987). For an intriguing insider's map of the New Right see Maurice Cowling, 'The Sources ofthe New Right: Irony, Geniality, and Malice', Encounter, November 1989, pp . 3-13. 2. For typical writing on this theme see Robert Moss, The Collapse of Democracy (London: Temple Smith, 1975) . 3. For an initial exploration ofthis idea see 'The Free Economy and the Strong State', in R. Miliband and]. Saville (eds) , Socialist Register 1979 (London: Merlin, 1979), pp. 1-25. 4. An example is the very good study of what is termed here the liberal New Right by Nick Bosanquet, AftertheNewRight(London: HEB, 1983). 5. See the excellent analysis in Peele, Revival and Reaction. 6. David Edgar provides a powerful treatment ofthe new politics ofrace and gender in 'The Free and the Good', in Levitas (ed.) The Ideology of theNewRight, pp . 55-79. 7. Sam Brittan is one example. See among his many writings Capitalism and thePermissive Society (London: Macmillan, 1973) . 8. One of the best analyses of the internal tensions in New Right thinking can be found in Patrick Dunleavy and Brendan O'Leary, Theories of theState(London: Macmillan, 1987) , ch. 3. 9. Moss, The Collapse ofDemocracy, p. 46. 10. See the illuminating discussion by Andrew Belsey, 'The New Right , Social Order, and Civil Liberties', in Levitas (ed .) The Ideology of the NewRight, pp. 167-97. 11. See Roger Scruton, The Meaning of Conservatism (London: Penguin, 1980) . 12. See Ferdinand Mount, The Suboersioe Family (London: ]ohathan Cape, 1982). 13. I have explored the different components of the liberal New Right further in 'The Political Economy of Freedom', in Levitas (ed.) The Ideology of theNewRight, pp. 25-54. 14. For a succinct summary see Alec Chrystal, Controversies in Macroeconomics (London: Philip Allan, 1979) . 15. For one of the best analyses of the international economic order see E. A. Brett, International Money and Capitalist Crisis (London: HEB, 1983) . 16. See Milton Friedman, Inflation and Unemployment (London: lEA, 1977), and Bosanquet, AftertheNewRight. 17. See M. Kalecki, 'Political Aspects of Full Employment', Political Qy.arterly, 14 (1943), pp . 322-31. 260 Notes and references 18. For the main themes of Hayek's writings see Norman Barry, Hayek's Social and Economic Philosophy (London: Macmillan, 1979). 19. See W. Rees-Mogg, The ReigningIllusion (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1974). 20. See F. A. Hayek, Denationalisation ofMoney (London: lEA, 1978). 21. This was put forward in a paper by Kevin Dowd, The State and the Monetary System (Fraser Institute, 1988). 22. Hayek, Denationalisation of Money. 23. See the discussion by Bosanquet in After the New Right. A representative supply-side text is B. Bartlett and T. P. Roth (eds) , The SupplySideSolution(London: Macmillan, 1983). 24. See the criticism by George Gilder, one of the leading American supply-siders in the preface to the English edition of Wealth and Pouerty (London: Buchan and Enright, 1982). 25. For the interwar debates on the feasibility ofsocialism see F.A. Hayek (ed.) Colkctivist Economic Planning (London: Routledge, 1935) . 26. See the Omega Project of the Adam Smith Institute. It is described and analysed by Ruth Levitas in 'Competition and Compliance: the utopias of the New Right', in Levitas (ed.) , TheIdeology oftheNewRight. 27. For contrasting estimates see Bosanquet, After the New Right and Barry, TheNewRight. 28. Robert Nozick is best known for his book Anarchy State and Utopia (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1974). 29. Hayek's theory of how knowledge is dispersed in social institutions is one of his most important contributions to social analysis. See 'The Use of Knowledge in Society', in Individualism and Economic Order (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1949). 30. Milton Friedman, 'The line we dare not cross', Encounter (November 1976). 31. For an analysis of the public-choice school see Bosanquet, After the New Right, ch. 4. and J. Buchanan et al., The Economics of Politics (London: lEA, 1978) . 32. Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia. Nozick's positions are criticised in several of the contributions to J. Paul (ed.) Reading Nozick (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982). 33. See Hayek, especially Law, Legislation, and Liberty, volII: The Mirage of SocialJustice (London: Routledge, 1976). 34. For the extreme Austrian position see Murray Rothbard, Power and Market (Kansas: Sheed, Andrews and McMeel, 1977) . 35. The analysis of the new class has been developed particularly by the American neo-conservatives, such as Irving Kristol. See I. Kristol, Two Cheers for Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1978) and Peele, Revival and Reaction. 36. Representative examples ofconservative New-Right writing are Roger Scruton, The Meaning of Conservatism; Maurice Cowling (ed.) Conservative Essays (London: Cassell, 1978);
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