LAND AT BLACKHILL LANE PULLOXHILL

HERITAGE STATEMENT

LAND AT BLACKHILL LANE PULLOXHILL BEDFORDSHIREDocument 2004/47 Project HFC 1002 HERITAGE STATEMENT

Project: B H3213 HER search no: 201718/122

Document: 2017/138 Version 1.0

Compiled by Checked by Approved by Wiebke Starke Jo Barker Drew Shotliff

23rd August 2017

Produced for: J & J Design

 Copyright Albion Archaeology 2017, all rights reserved

Albion Archaeology

Contents

List of Figures ...... 4

List of Plates ...... 4

Preface ...... 5

Version History ...... 5

The Structure of this Document ...... 5

Key Terms ...... 6

Non-technical Summary ...... 7

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 9

1.1 Planning Background ...... 9

1.2 Site Location and Description ...... 9

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT...... 10

2.1 National Policy Framework ...... 10

2.2 Council Planning Policy ...... 10

2.3 Research Frameworks ...... 11

2.4 Method Statement ...... 11

3. KNOWN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ASSETS ...... 14

3.1 Introduction ...... 14

3.2 Designated Heritage Assets ...... 14

3.3 Undesignated Archaeological and Historical Heritage Assets ...... 15

3.4 Cartographic Evidence ...... 17

3.5 Modern Site Conditions (Plates 1–6) ...... 19

3.6 Assessment of Archaeological Potential and Significance ...... 19

4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 23

4.1 The Proposed Development ...... 23

4.2 Direct Impacts on Archaeological Assets ...... 23

4.3 Direct Impacts on the Setting of Heritage Assets ...... 23

4.4 Confidence Rating for the Current Study ...... 24

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5. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 25

6. APPENDICES ...... 26

6.1 Appendix 1: Designated Heritage Assets within 500m of the PDA ...... 26

6.2 Appendix 2: Undesignated Heritage Assets within 500m of the PDA ...... 27

6.3 Appendix 3: Events within 500m of the PDA ...... 28

6.4 Appendix 4: Documentary Sources ...... 29

6.5 Appendix 5: Significance and Impact Criteria ...... 29

List of Figures Figure 1: Site location Figure 2: Heritage assets within 500m of the proposed development area Figure 3: Jefferys’ map of Bedfordshire 1765 Figure 4: Bryant’s map of Bedfordshire 1826 Figure 5: Pre-1826 estate map Figure 6: Parish enclosure map 1826 Figure 7: Amended parish enclosure map 1856 Figure 8: First edition 6-inch OS map 1886 Figure 9: Second edition 6-inch OS map 1901 Figure 10: Third edition 6-inch OS map 1944 Figure 11: 6-inch OS map 1950 Figure 12: 1:10,000 OS contour map 1978

List of Plates Plate 1: View of the PDA looking north-west Plate 2: View of the PDA looking south-west Plate 3: View of the PDA looking towards the south-eastern boundary Plate 4: View of the PDA from the south-eastern corner, looking north-west Plate 5: View of the PDA looking south-east from the north-western boundary Plate 6: View of the PDA looking towards site entrance and north-eastern boundary Plate 7: General view from south-east corner of the PDA across the valley Plate 8: View from PDA looking towards Pulloxhill village and the church

The figures and plates are bound at the back of the report.

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Preface All statements and opinions in this document are offered in good faith. This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and was prepared solely for the benefit of the client. This document should not be relied upon or used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and the prior written authority of Albion Archaeology (a trading unit of Central Bedfordshire Council).

Albion Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this document being used for any other purpose than the purposes for which it was commissioned. Any person/party relying on the document for such other purposes agrees and will, by such use or reliance, be taken to confirm their agreement to indemnify Albion Archaeology for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Albion Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for this document to any party other than the persons/party by whom it was commissioned. This document is limited by the current state of knowledge.

This document was researched and written by Wiebke Starke (Project Supervisor) and approved by Drew Shotliff (Operations Manager). The figures were prepared by Joan Lightning (CAD Technician). All Albion projects are under the overall management of Drew Shotliff (Operations Manager).

Albion Archaeology is grateful to Mr John Shepard of J & J Design for commissioning the project. We would also like to acknowledge the assistance of the Sam Mellonie of the Central Bedfordshire and Luton Historic Environment Record and the staff of the Bedfordshire Archives and Records Service.

Albion Archaeology St Mary’s Church St Mary’s Street Bedford MK42 0AS : 0300 300 8141 e-mail: [email protected]

Version History Version Issue date Reason for re-issue 1.0 23/08/2017 n/a

The Structure of this Document After the introductory Section 1, the objectives of the heritage statement are discussed against the background of national and regional policy and research frameworks in Section 2. Section 3 contains the heritage assessment. This gives a summary of the known information on all historical, archaeological and architectural heritage assets within the PDA and assesses their significance. The impact of the development on known and potential heritage assets and likely mitigation strategies are discussed in Section 4. Section 5 is the bibliography and Section 6 contains the appendices.

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Key Terms Throughout this report the following abbreviations are used:

Albion Albion Archaeology BARS Bedfordshire Archives and Record Service CIfA Chartered Institute for Archaeologists DBD Designation BeDfordshire DCMS Department for Culture, Media and Sport EBD Event BeDfordshire HE Historic HER Central Bedfordshire and Luton Historic Environment Record LPA Local Planning Authority NHLE National Heritage List for England OD Ordnance Datum OS Ordnance Survey PDA Proposed development area

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Non-technical Summary J & J Design are gathering baseline information in support of an assessment of the suitability of land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill (ref. ALP061) as an achievable area for development within the CBC Local Plan. Based on the size of the site (0.8ha), 15 to 19/20 dwellings are proposed. The character and nature of the development will be decided in the future.

Albion Archaeology has been commissioned to prepare this archaeological heritage statement for submission with the site assessment. In accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) its purpose is to characterise the nature, likely date and potential for survival of known and potential archaeological heritage assets within the proposed development area (PDA) and to assess their significance. It also assesses the likely impact of the development on those potential assets and on the setting of other heritage assets within the vicinity.

The PDA is situated on the southern margins of Pulloxhill. It comprises a 0.8 ha area of a field and is centred on TL 6090 33510. It is bounded by Blackhill Lane to the north-east, Higham Bury Lane to the north-west and agricultural land to the south-west and south-east.

Pulloxhill Conservation Area (DBD3353) lies to the north of the PDA and encompasses the medieval settlement of Pulloxhill (HER17013) and several buildings of historic and architectural interest. The boundaries of the conservation area comprise the northern part of Church Road, High Street and Orchard Street.

The suggested route of Viatores Roman Road no. 170b (HER5020) and a holloway (HER5159) on the same alignment lie c.170m west of the PDA. Neither heritage asset has been confirmed through archaeological investigation, but a cropmark corresponding to the potential route of the roman road can be seen leading from , to the south of Pulloxhill, towards Greenfield north-west of Pulloxhill.

Medieval heritage assets recorded in the HER comprise the village pond (HER11869), ridge and furrow (HER3322), Pulloxhill medieval village core (HER17013), the parish church (NHLE 1138002), the site of a former barn (HER7655) and a possible moated site (HER7662). Closest to the PDA is ridge and furrows in fields c.60m to the north-east.

Heritage assets dating to the post-medieval comprise a number of listed buildings and the parish churchyard. These are all situated within the core of Pulloxhill village and are not visible from the PDA. The only modern heritage asset is the Pulloxhill war memorial at St James’s Church.

Cartographic evidence has shown that Blackhill Lane and Higham Bury Lane were already established routes by the mid-18th century and have remained almost unaltered to the present day. The PDA has formed part of the agricultural landscape to the south of Pulloxhill since this date and most likely formed part of the medieval open field system.

The potential for heritage assets to be present on the PDA is assessed as varying from negligible to moderate, depending on the date of the remains. Their significance is also assessed as low to moderate, depending on their exact nature.

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The potential impact of groundworks associated with a development of this scale on any surviving sub-surface archaeological heritage assets is assessed as ranging from slight to moderate harm. The significance of any impact upon potential heritage assets (before mitigation), therefore, ranges from insignificant to significant. (See summary table below).

If required by the LPA, any direct impact of the development on potential buried archaeological remains could be mitigated by measures to investigate and record the presence/absence, nature and significance of the potential buried archaeological remains.

The PDA is screened from the Pulloxhill medieval village core (HER17013), conservation area (DBD3353) and listed buildings by adjacent modern development on Church Road and Blackhill Lane. The impact of the PDA on the setting of any of these heritage assets is therefore, assessed as no change. The significance of this impact is assessed as insignificant.

Heritage assets Potential for Significance of Potential Significance of heritage assets potential impact of impact (without within the PDA archaeological development mitigation) remains / setting Prehistoric Low Low to moderate Slight to Slightly (pre-AD 43) moderate harm significant to significant Roman Low Low to moderate Slight to Slightly (AD 43–410) moderate harm significant to significant Anglo-Saxon and Low Low to moderate Slight to Slightly medieval moderate harm significant to (c. 410–1550) significant Post-medieval Low to moderate Low Slight to Slightly to (c. 1550-1900) moderate harm moderately significant Modern Negligible Negligible Slight to Insignificant (1900-present) moderate harm Setting - Moderate No change Insignificant

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Planning Background J & J Design are gathering baseline information in support of an assessment of the suitability of land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill (ref. ALP061) as an achievable area for development within the forthcoming CBC Local Plan.

Albion Archaeology has been commissioned to prepare this archaeological heritage statement for submission with the site assessment. Its purpose is to characterise the nature, likely date and potential for survival of known and potential archaeological heritage assets within the proposed development area (PDA) and to assess their significance. It also assesses the likely impact of the development on those potential assets and on the setting of other heritage assets within the vicinity.

This Assessment has been drafted in accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), which was issued in March 2012.

1.2 Site Location and Description The village of Pulloxhill lies in Central Bedfordshire. It is situated c. 3km south-east of , c. 2.7km south-west of , c. 3.5km north-west of Barton Le Clay and c. 15km south of the centre of Bedford town.

The PDA is situated on the southern margins of Pulloxhill and comprises a 0.8ha area of a field centred on TL 6090 33510. It is bounded by Blackhill Lane to the north- east, Higham Bury Lane to the north-west and agricultural land to the south-west and south-east.

The PDA lies on slightly undulating higher ground at c. 100–111m OD, from which the land dips downwards towards the valley in the south-east.

The underlying geology comprises Gault Formation Mudstone and the overlying superficial deposits are characterised by Oadby Member Diamicton: brown to grey silty clay with chalk and flint inclusion and lenses of sand and gravel1.

1 http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html

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2. OBJECTIVES OF THE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT

2.1 National Policy Framework This assessment aims to implement the vision for the historic environment as set out in the National Planning Policy Framework – Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment (NPPF) that was published on 27th March 2012 (DCLG 2012).

Annex 2 of the NPPF defines heritage assets as: “A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing)” (NPFF, Annex 2).

Designated assets comprise, amongst others, scheduled monuments, listed buildings, registered parks and gardens and conservation areas. Undesignated assets are any heritage assets that may formally be identified by the local planning authority to be important for the area, for example through local listing or as part of the plan-making process. These undesignated assets are still material in planning decisions and evidence of local listing and information on these heritage assets is held in the local Historic Environment Record (HER).

According to the NPFF the significance of heritage assets is demonstrated by their value to this and future generations because of their archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic interest and their setting.

The NPPF is accompanied by a set of Good Practice Advice notes, issued by Historic England (HE 2015a, b and c).

National and regional planning policy and research frameworks (see Sections 2.2 to 2.3 below) provide the setting within which the heritage assets affected by the proposed development can be characterised and their significance assessed. The potential impact of the proposals on them can then be evaluated and, as necessary, appropriate mitigation measures proposed. This will include potential impacts on the setting of heritage assets within and close to the PDA.

2.2 Central Bedfordshire Council Planning Policy In November 2015 the Development Strategy for Central Bedfordshire was withdrawn and in February 2016 work began on a new Local Plan. The first draft of the local plan is currently out for consultation. Until then, development in northern part of the unitary authority (formerly Mid Bedfordshire District) is covered by the Central Bedfordshire – North Local Development Framework (LDF). The LDF policies are set out in the Core Strategy and Development Management Policies Development Plan Document adopted by the Council on 19th November 2009.

The LDF Policies relating to heritage matters are Core Strategy CS15 and Development Management Policy DM13. Core Strategy Policy CS15 Heritage (Conservation Areas, Historic Parks and Gardens and Scheduled Ancient Monuments) states that the council will:

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 Protect, conserve and enhance the district’s heritage including its Listed Buildings, Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Conservation Areas, Registered Parks and Gardens and archaeology and their setting.  Conserve and where appropriate enhance the quality and integrity of the local built and natural environment, including historic structures or open green spaces considered to be of special local interest.  Designate and keep under review Conservation Areas in order to protect or enhance their special architectural or historic interest. This will include the implementation of an on-going programme of Conservation Area Character Appraisals to include a review of their special interest and boundaries;  Monitor and survey the condition of Listed Buildings and periodically review and update a Register of Buildings at Risk, providing appropriate grant assistance to encourage their essential sympathetic repair.

The document also states that: 8.3.4 Understanding the value and significance of a place is essential to inform decisions about its future. The degree of significance will determine what, if any, protection, including statutory and local designation, is appropriate for heritage sites. (CS 2009, 126)

2.3 Research Frameworks English Heritage (now Historic England) has produced an extensive library of national guides covering a wide range of topics, and most of these are available for free download from the Historic England website2.

Research frameworks that have been devised for the region are Research and Archaeology Revisited: a revised framework for the (Medlycott 2011) and specifically for Bedfordshire: Bedfordshire Archaeology. Research and Archaeology: Resource Assessment, Research Agenda and Strategy (Oake et al 2007).

Each document comes in two parts: the first provides a comprehensive chronological review of the historic environment as investigated so far within Bedfordshire and the eastern counties; the second establishes a research agenda and strategy for future investigations and for consolidating and integrating current knowledge. They are therefore vital tools for the assessment of any heritage asset within its local, regional and national historic environment setting.

2.4 Method Statement This report was prepared in accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment (2017) and Central Bedfordshire Council’s General guidance for the preparation of archaeological desk-based assessments (CBC 2012).

The study identifies any known heritage assets within the PDA and within a 500m radius (Figure 2). This is referred to as the study area. The proposed development

2 https://www.historicengland.org.uk/

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area is referred to as either the PDA or “the site”. The assessment then considers the potential for any hitherto unidentified heritage assets to survive within the PDA and the likely impact of the proposed development on them. It also assesses the potential impact of the proposed development on the setting of other heritage assets in the vicinity.

The criteria for assessing significance and impact are based on those set out in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Part 3 (Cultural Heritage)3, reformulated to fit in with the terminology used by the National Planning Policy Framework. They are listed in Appendix 5.

2.4.1 Central Bedfordshire and Luton Historic Environment Record (HER) This is a database of archaeological information containing written and pictorial records of known archaeological monuments, previous archaeological investigations (“events”), find-spots, including data collected by the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS), and buildings of historical and archaeological significance.

The HER contains information specific to Central Bedfordshire and Luton. It is maintained by Central Bedfordshire Council (CBC), . A recent report for English Heritage / Historic England has advised that locally maintained HERs should be ‘the first point of call for and primary trusted source of investigative research data and knowledge’ (Oakleigh Consulting 2015). This document, therefore, uses the HER reference numbers for identifying heritage assets.

The HER search reference number for this study is 201718/122.

The CBC HER is cross-referenced with the National Heritage List for England. The National Heritage List for England is the official and up-to-date database for all nationally designated assets, including listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields and protected wreck sites. Numbers from this list are prefixed ‘NHLE’.

2.4.2 Cartographic data and historical records Early maps and other illustrations of an area can be a very productive form of research. Often, they indicate dramatic changes in land-use during the post-medieval and modern periods. This can be very helpful in appreciating how the archaeological resource may have been affected by the expansion of settlements and/or industrial sites during, in particular, the 19th and 20th centuries.

The principal source consulted in this case was the Bedfordshire Archives and Records Service, a shared service between Bedford Borough Council, Central Bedfordshire Council and Luton Borough Council. Historical Ordnance Survey maps are reproduced under licence from the National Library of Scotland mapping website4.

3 Available at: http://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/dmrb/vol11/section3/ha20807.pdf [Accessed 22/08/2017] 4 http://maps.nls.uk/index.html

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2.4.3 Site walk-over As part of this study a preliminary site walk-over was undertaken on 8th August 2017 with the following aims:

 To verify, where appropriate, the results of the desk-based work.  To examine any areas of archaeological potential identified during research for the assessment, in particular with a view to gauging the possible survival or condition of any remains present.  To consider the significance of any above-ground structures, historic buildings or historic landscape features present.

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3. KNOWN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ASSETS

3.1 Introduction This assessment is not designed to give an exhaustive history of Pulloxhill through the ages, or a complete description of each heritage asset, but instead focusses on the significance and potential of heritage assets which are relevant to the PDA. This section should be read in conjunction with Figure 2 and Appendices 1–3, which list all heritage assets and previous archaeological investigations (termed ‘event’) within the PDA and within a 500m radius of its centre. In the following text heritage assets are prefixed with ‘HER’ while events are prefixed with ‘EBD’ (‘Event BeDfordshire’). Listed buildings or other designated heritage assets are prefixed with ‘NHLE’; the National Heritage List for England reference.

For the purposes of this document, the remains listed below are presented in chronological order from prehistoric to modern.

3.2 Designated Heritage Assets

3.2.1 Pulloxhill Conservation Area Pulloxhill Conservation Area was designated in 1996 (MBDC 1996). It encompasses the medieval settlement of Pulloxhill (HER17013) and several buildings of historic and architectural interest: The Grange (NHLE1138009), Rectory Farm (NHLE1321706), Pond Farm (NHLE1113939), The Chequers (NHLE1113937), The Cross Keys (NHLE1138022) and St James’s Church (NHLE1138002). The boundaries of the conservation area comprise the northern part of Church Road, High Street and Orchard Street. The PDA lies c. 180m to the south-west of the designated area (DBD3353).

The conservation area appraisal states that ‘a Conservation Area is an area of special architectural and historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve and enhance’. Conservation areas are designated as such to highlight and enhance areas of historic, natural and visual significance in order to manage future development appropriately. Historic buildings, architectural design and fabrics, heritage assets, significant lines of sight, character and appearance are all factors considered in the designation.

Pulloxhill stands on high ground between the two valleys of the river Flit and the River Ivel. It is thought that Pulloxhill comprised several “ends” during the medieval period, none of which has survived to the present day. The Parish Church of St James (NHLE 1138002) dates back to 1219, but was partially demolished and reconstructed in 1845–6. About 1km north-east of the village is the moated manorial site of Upbury Manor, likely to date from the 12th century.

Major landholders in Pulloxhill up until the 16th century were Woburn Abbey, Priory and the Knights Hospitaller. After the dissolution of the monasteries (1536–41) the lands reverted to the crown and passed on to the Duke of Kent, who was the chief landowner in Pulloxhill in 1736. They descended from him to the de Grey family.

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Parliamentary Enclosure occurred in Pulloxhill in 1809, whereby the medieval fields were replaced by large fields with an improved system of mixed farming (MBDC 1996, 3f). There is an overall sense of enclosure in the conservation area, which is accentuated by the combination of buildings positioned close to the road, the absence of sections of footpath one or the other side of the road and the limited width of the roads, reinforced by walls, hedges and trees.

3.2.2 Listed Buildings There are seven Grade II Listed Buildings within the 500m-radius study area. These are located on Church Road and High Street. St James’s Church is listed as Grade II*: categorised as a building of more than special interest by Historic England5.  1321707 5 High Street. 17th-century house.  1113938 Anfield Cottage, 20 High Street. House, c.1700.  1138002 Church of St James, Church Road.  1113939 Pond Farmhouse, 7 High Street. Probable 17th-century house with 18th-century reworking.  1321706 Rectory Farmhouse, Church Road. House with elements dating to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries with 20th-century reworking.  1113937 The Chequers Public House, Church Road. Later 18th century.  1138009 The Grange, Church Road. House, c.1700.

Where relevant these buildings are discussed in more detail in the appropriate chronological section below. Full details are listed in Appendix 1 and shown on Figure 2.

3.3 Undesignated Archaeological and Historical Heritage Assets

3.3.1 Previous archaeological investigations A number of archaeological investigations have been undertaken within the study area in recent years (Appendix 3). Two were undertaken at St James’s Church, where a watching brief carried out in 1999 (EBD685) revealed elements of the post-medieval rebuild of the church.

In 2003 an archaeological survey was undertaken at Rushymeade Meadows (EBD813) to the south-east of Pulloxhill, c.400m to the north-east of the PDA. The survey identified the rare survival of an area of the medieval landscape of considerable interest and of high educational potential.

3.3.2 Prehistoric (before AD 43) There are no heritage assets recorded within the study area that date to the prehistoric period.

3.3.3 Roman (AD 43–c. 400) There are two related heritage assets recorded within the study area that date to the Roman period. These comprise the suggested route of Viatores Roman road no. 170b (HER5020) and the suggested route of a holloway (HER5159), both on the same

5 https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/what-is-designation/listed-buildings/. Accessed: 22/08/17.

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alignment and situated c. 170m west of the PDA. Neither heritage asset has been confirmed through archaeological investigation, and it is possible that the holloway is in fact a lynchet. However, a cropmark can be seen on aerial images that corresponds to the potential route of the Roman road, leading from Sharpenhoe, to the south of Pulloxhill, towards Greenfield north-west of Pulloxhill.

3.3.4 Anglo-Saxon (c. 400–1066) No archaeological evidence of Anglo-Saxon settlement within the study area has been recovered so far. However, a manor at Pulloxhill is recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086. It formed part of Hundred and was quite a large settlement with a value of 10 geld units. It comprised 26 households, woodland for 100 pigs, 13 plough lands and meadow for 6 ploughs6.

As Pulloxhill appears to have been a well-established settlement by the 11th century, it is likely to have at least late Saxon origins.

3.3.5 Medieval (1066–1550) Medieval heritage assets recorded in the HER comprise the village pond (HER11869), ridge and furrow in Pulloxhill parish (HER3322), Pulloxhill medieval village (HER17013), the parish church (NHLE 1138002), the site of a former barn (HER7655) and a possible moated site (HER7662).

The medieval village of Pulloxhill (HER17013), as defined by the HER, lies c. 150m north of the PDA and its boundaries still largely correspond to the current village layout. The only extant medieval building in the study area is the Grade II* listed early 13th-century parish church (NHLE 1138002) of St James, situated on the south- eastern side of Pulloxhill and c.270m north of the PDA. It was largely rebuilt in the 19th century, but there are surviving early 13th-century elements. Some sections of the building can also be dated to the 14th and 15th centuries.

Immediately north-east of the parish church lies a possible moated site (HER7662). Three arms of a moat and associated earthworks were identified on the site during a site visit in 1980. Moreover, the suggested alignment of part of the moat indicated that it might have originally encompassed the church, churchyard and manor house, thus forming a magnate enclosure. Several moats have been recorded in and around Pulloxhill.

The site of a former village pond (HER11869) has also been recorded in the HER, c.480m north of the PDA. It was present on maps dating from 1826 to 1960 and is thought to have earlier origins. It had been in-filled by the 1980s.

The site of a former medieval barn, known as Bennels Barn (HER7655), lies c.390m south-east of the PDA. Its location is marked on the 1826 Bryant map and a group of buildings were shown in the same location on subsequent maps up until 1950.

6 http://opendomesday.org/place/SP9542/pulloxhill/

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Evidence for medieval ridge and furrow cultivation (HER3322) has been recorded in several locations around the village. Closest to the PDA is ridge and furrows in fields c.60m to the north-east.

3.3.6 Post-medieval (1550–1900) The majority of post-medieval heritage assets recorded in the study area comprise buildings, both designated and undesignated.

Six Grade II listed buildings range from 16th to 18th century in date and form two clusters: one on the High Street and one in the vicinity of the Church of St James. The earliest building is the 16th-century Rectory Farmhouse (NHLE 1321706), located in the vicinity of the church and c.270m north of the PDA. The Grange (NHLE 1138009) (dated to c.1700), and the later 18th-century Chequers Public House (NHLE 1113937) are also located adjacent to the church.

Pond Farmhouse (NHLE 1113939) and the house at 5 High Street (NHLE 1321707) are both 17th century in date and are situated c.340m north-east of the PDA. Anfield Cottage at 20 High Street (NHLE 1113938) is dated to c.1700.

Several undesignated buildings on High Street and Church Road have also been recorded in the HER. These comprise the 17th-century house at 12 Church Road (HER3815) and Yew Tree Cottage (HER13820) and the undated post-medieval buildings of Halfpenny Cottage (HER9261), 5 Church Road (HER16321) and The Thatched Cottage (HER4385).

Other post-medieval heritage assets comprise St James’s churchyard (HER8953), c.330m north-east of the PDA.

3.3.7 Modern (1900–present) One modern heritage asset has been recorded within the study area — the Pulloxhill war memorial (HER20324) situated at St James’s Church. It was unveiled in 1920 and commemorates the fallen from the First and Second World Wars.

Not recorded in the HER, but of local interest and a prominent landmark, is the mid- 20th-century concrete water tower at the junction of Higham Bury Lane, Blackhill Lane and Church Road, c.30m from the current entrance to the PDA (Plate 1).

3.4 Cartographic Evidence This section contains a discussion of selected historical maps, illustrating the changes occurring on the site and in the general vicinity from the mid-18th century. Copies of the maps discussed below are bound at the back of the report (Figures 3–12).

3.4.1 Jefferys’ map of Bedfordshire 1765 (Figure 3) The 1765 map of Bedfordshire clearly shows the linear settlement of Pulloxhill on top of a ridge. All the major routeways — High Street, Church Road, Greenfield Road, Barton Road, Higham Bury Lane and Blackhill Lane — are depicted and buildings are clearly shown stretching along Church Road, High Street and Greenfield Road.

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Two buildings are depicted at the junction of Church Road, Blackhill Lane and Higham Bury Lane. One of these appears to lie on the northern corner of the PDA.

3.4.2 Bryant’s map of Bedfordshire, 1826 (Figure 4) This map was produced sixty years after Jefferys’ map and it includes slightly more detail. The minor village roads of Tyburn Lane and Orchard Road have been added and The Grange and Bennels Barn have been annotated.

There are no buildings depicted at the junction of Higham Bury Lane, Blackhill Lane and Church Road. Blackhill Lane is labelled as “bridle way” with spurs leading off to Partobello Farm, Bennels Barn (HER7655) and Mead Hook. The latter was labelled as Maidhook on the Jefferys map.

3.4.3 Pre-1826 estate map (Figure 5) The pre-1826 estate map depicts Pulloxhill in far greater detail than previous maps. Building detail, plot and field boundaries and areas of woodland have been added. The landowners’ names have also been annotated.

This map shows that the field in which the PDA lies is subdivided into four and is owned by Joseph Bennell. A footpath leads from the junction of Blackhill Lane, Higham Bury Lane and Church Road across the field in a south-westerly direction. There is no evidence of any structures on the PDA, although a small rectangular enclosure adjacent to the road is present in the northern corner of the PDA. The closest buildings at this time are those on Church Road, west of St James’s Church.

Rectory Farmhouse (NHLE 1321706), St James’s Church (NHLE 1138002) and Thatched Cottage (HER4385) are recorded on this map. The two arms of the moated site situated east of the church (HER7662) are also visible.

3.4.4 Parish enclosure map 1826 and amended enclosure map 1856 (Figures 6 and 7) The parish enclosure map of 1826 (Figure 6) and the amended enclosure map of 1856 (Figure 7) show little change from the estate map (Figure 5). The large field, of which the PDA forms a part, is depicted with the same four subdivisions and footpath. The boundaries on the 1856 map (Figure 7) are coded as hedgerows.

3.4.5 6-inch OS map 1886-1950 (Figure 8–11) The first edition OS map (Figure 8) of 1886 shows the field containing the PDA in its current layout, without any subdivision. The footpath is still recorded leading across the field. The most noticeable change is the addition of a vicarage on previously undeveloped land on the eastern side of Church Road, c.100m north of the PDA.

Pulloxhill and the PDA remain largely unchanged between 1886 and the OS map of 1950 (Figure 11).

3.4.6 1:10,000 OS map 1978 (Figure 12) By 1978 large-scale development has taken place in Pulloxhill. New houses have appeared on both sides of Tyburn Lane, Greenfield Road and Church Road, stretching as far as the road junction adjacent to the PDA. A water tower has also been erected just off the junction of Higham Bury Lane, Church Road and Blackhill Lane.

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The layout of the field containing the PDA has remained the same, although the footpath is no longer shown.

3.5 Modern Site Conditions (Plates 1–6) The PDA is currently under arable cultivation and forms part of a large field south of Pulloxhill village. The field is situated on the same ridge as Pulloxhill village and from the southern part of the PDA the valley below (to the south-east) is visible (Plate 7).

The north-west and north-east boundaries of the site are defined by hedgerows that could date back to boundaries depicted on the 1856 parish enclosure map (Figure 7, Plates 1, 3–4 and 6). Development along Church Road and on the north-eastern side of Blackhill Lane, opposite the PDA, occurred during the second half of the 20th century. Views from the PDA to the north-west are dominated by the late 20th- century concrete water tower (Plates 1 and 4).

3.6 Assessment of Archaeological Potential and Significance This section assesses the potential for the survival of archaeological heritage assets in the light of the evidence discussed above.

The PDA has remained undeveloped since at least the 1765 (Figure 3), although a building was marked in the northern corner of the site on Jefferys’ map (Figure 3). It is possible that sub-surface remains of the building have survived on the PDA. Up until 1886 (Figure 8) the field containing the PDA comprised four land parcels.

All relevant factors have been taken into account in the following period-based assessment below.

The criteria for assessing significance are listed in Appendix 5.

3.6.1 Prehistoric archaeological heritage assets There is currently no evidence for prehistoric activity recorded within the study area.

The likelihood of encountering prehistoric heritage assets on the PDA, based on the current evidence, is, therefore, assessed as low.

If remains of this period did survive within the PDA, they would probably be of low to moderate significance, depending on their exact nature.

3.6.2 Roman archaeological heritage assets Heritage assets dating to this period are known within the study area and comprise the suggested line of a Roman road and associated holloway, c. 180m to the west of the PDA. No evidence of associated roadside settlement has been identified within the study area, although Roman pottery, brick and tile was recovered during archaeological investigations carried out at The Gables, Flitton Road at the north- eastern end of the village (HER19539).

The likelihood of encountering Roman heritage assets on the PDA is, therefore, assessed as low.

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If remains of this period did survive within the PDA, they would probably be of low to moderate significance, depending on their exact nature.

3.6.3 Anglo-Saxon and medieval archaeological heritage assets No evidence of Anglo-Saxon settlement has been recorded within the study area, but Pulloxhill was a well-established settlement of considerable size at the time of the Domesday Survey in 1086.

The medieval settlement of Pulloxhill (HER17013) and its 13th-century church (NHLE 1138002) are situated c.150m north of the PDA. The nearest medieval heritage asset to the PDA is an area of extant ridge and furrow (HER3322) c.60m to the north-east. Based on the boundaries of the medieval settlement it is likely that the PDA formed part of the open field system of Pulloxhill.

In light of this evidence the potential of encountering Anglo-Saxon or medieval heritage assets, other than those relating to agriculture, is assessed as low.

The research framework for Bedfordshire states that in general few medieval rural settlements have been investigated in the county. It stresses the potential for acquiring information about the origins, diversity and development of villages from within or around the edges of existing settlements (Oake 2007, 14). In addition, characterisation of settlement forms, understanding how they grow, shift and disappear is of local and regional importance (Oake 2007, 14 and Medlycott 2011, 70).

If any Anglo-Saxon or medieval heritage assets were present on the PDA, they would probably be of low to moderate significance depending on their exact nature.

3.6.4 Post-medieval archaeological heritage assets A number of post-medieval heritage assets have been recorded in the vicinity of the PDA. They mainly comprise domestic buildings, but also the parish churchyard and a public house have been recorded in the HER. Cartographic evidence shows that the PDA was in agricultural use from at least 1765 (Figure 3) and around this time a building existed in the northern corner. There have been a few boundary changes within the area bounded by Higham Bury Lane and Blackhill Lane, but the outer boundaries of the PDA have remained largely unchanged since the late 18th century.

In light of this evidence there is low to moderate potential for the survival of post- medieval heritage assets within the PDA. If any post-medieval heritage assets were present on the PDA, they would probably be of low significance, depending on their exact nature.

3.6.1 Modern Only one modern heritage asset has been recorded in the study area, the war memorial at St James’s’ Church.

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: 20 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

In light of this evidence the potential for the survival of modern heritage assets on the PDA is assessed as negligible. The significance of any such assets would also probably be negligible.

3.6.2 Setting The NPPF defines setting as ‘The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, and may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral’ (NPPF 2012, Annex. 2).

The PDA lies to the south of the medieval settlement of Pulloxhill (HER17013) (HER16932) and the designated conservation area (DBD3353).

Six Grade II listed buildings and the Grade II* listed parish church (NHLE 1138002) have been recorded within the study area. They all lie within the boundaries of the medieval village core (HER17013), at least c.230m to the north of the PDA. The closest extant designated buildings to the PDA are Rectory Farm (NHLE1321706) and St James’s Church (NHLE1138002), but they are screened from view by vegetation cover, provided by the hedgerows, and by modern development along Blackhill Road and Church Road (Plate 8).

3.6.3 The extant hedgerows on the PDA Historic England offers the following advice on hedgerows: Hedgerows, like trees, can make an important contribution to the character of an area and may be historically (and occasionally archaeologically) important as indications of land use and previous ownership. They also contribute significantly to biodiversity.

The removal of a hedgerow is unlikely to require planning permission, but if removal is proposed as part of a planning application then its impact on the heritage significance of the area and its impact on the setting of any heritage assets around may be taken into account in accordance with planning policies in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) and the local development plan7.

Under the Hedgerows Regulations 19978 a hedgerow (if it is at least 30 years old) may be deemed ‘important’ on account of its archaeological and historical associations, i.e. if it:  marks all or part of a parish boundary that existed before 1850;  contains an archaeological feature such as a scheduled monument;  is completely or partly in or next to an archaeological site listed on the Historic Environment Record (HER), (formerly the Sites and Monuments Record);  marks the boundary of an estate or manor or looks to be related to any building or other feature that’s part of the estate or manor that existed before 1600;

7 https://historicengland.org.uk/advice/hpg/consent/hedgerowregs/ [accessed 22/08/2017] 8 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/1160/schedule/1/made [accessed 22/08/2017]

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: 21 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

 is part of a field system or looks to be related to any building or other feature associated with the field system that existed before the Enclosure Acts (that is before 1845).

The hedgerows surrounding the PDA are associated with roads that have existed since at least 1765 (Figure 3), although it is unclear how old the hedgerows themselves are. Under the guidelines set out by the Hedgerows Regulations Act 1997 those defining the PDA are not of archaeological or historical importance. They will, however, survive to screen any potential development on the site from the Pulloxhill Conservation Area and the surrounding area.

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4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT

4.1 The Proposed Development The PDA is currently being assessed for its suitability as a developable area for residential use (ref.:ALP061). Based on the size of the site (0.8ha), 15 to 19/20 dwellings are proposed. The character and nature of such a development will be decided in the future.

The potential construction of 15 or more residential units is likely to comprise groundworks, in the form of foundation and service trenches, as well as ground levelling and landscaping. Further works are likely to include access roads and driveways. In some areas of the PDA, potential impacts would be less, e.g. in areas of open space or stand-offs from the adjacent hedgerows etc.

The potential impact of groundworks on any surviving sub-surface archaeological heritage assets is assessed as ranging from slight to moderate harm.

4.2 Direct Impacts on Archaeological Assets The potential for heritage assets to be present on the PDA has been assessed as varying from negligible to moderate, depending on the date of the remains. The significance of any potential archaeological remains could be low to moderate, depending on their exact nature. The significance of any impact upon potential heritage assets (before mitigation), therefore, ranges from insignificant to significant (see Table 1, below).

If required by the LPA, any direct impact of the development on potential buried archaeological remains could be mitigated by measures to investigate and record the presence/absence, nature and significance of the potential buried archaeological remains.

4.3 Direct Impacts on the Setting of Heritage Assets The potential construction of 15 to 19/20 dwellings on the PDA will represent continued modern development on the southern side of Pulloxhill.

The PDA is screened from the Pulloxhill medieval village core (HER17013), conservation area (DBD3353) and listed buildings by adjacent modern development on Church Road and Blackhill Lane.

The impact of the PDA on the setting of any of these heritage assets is, therefore, assessed as no change. The significance of this impact is assessed as insignificant.

4.3.1 Summary The following table summarises the significance of potential developmental impacts on heritage assets and on the setting of heritage assets in the vicinity of the PDA.

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Heritage assets Potential for Significance of Potential Significance of heritage assets potential impact of impact within the PDA archaeological development (without remains / setting mitigation) Prehistoric Low Low to moderate Slight to Slightly (pre-AD 43) moderate harm significant to significant Roman Low Low to moderate Slight to Slightly (AD 43–410) moderate harm significant to significant Anglo-Saxon and Low Low to moderate Slight to Slightly medieval moderate harm significant to (c. 410–1550) significant Post-medieval Low to moderate Low Slight to Slightly to (c. 1550-1900) moderate harm moderately significant Modern Negligible Negligible Slight to Insignificant (1900-present) moderate harm Setting - Moderate No change Insignificant

4.4 Confidence Rating for the Current Study This assessment carries a rating of reasonable confidence. However, as a general rule, desk-based assessments cannot be used as a predictive tool for the precise location and characterisation of sub-surface archaeological deposits.

The nature of desk-based studies means that they rely on artefacts being reported and logged in the HER and information from intrusive investigations in the vicinity of the subject site and the wider landscape.

The unpredictable nature and presence of sub-surface and therefore non-visible archaeological remains has to be borne in mind.

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5. BIBLIOGRAPHY Central Bedfordshire Council, 2012 General Guidance for the Preparation of Archaeological Desk-based Assessments (V1 29th March 2012 HF.)

Central Bedfordshire Council, 2017 Central Bedfordshire Local Plan 2015-2035, Central Bedfordshire Council Draft Plan July 2017

DCMS, 2010 Principles of Selection for Listing Buildings. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/principles-of-selection-for-listing- buildings. Accessed: 22nd August 2017

English Heritage, 2011 Seeing the History in the View, English Heritage Guidelines/Standards Legacy Document. Available: https://www.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/seeing-history- view/. Accessed: 22nd August 2017

Historic England, 2015a Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 1 – The Historic Environment in Local Plans. Available at: https://www.historicengland.org.uk/advice/planning/planning-system/. Accessed: 22nd August 2017

Historic England, 2015b Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2 – Managing Significance in Decision-Taking. Available: https://www.historicengland.org.uk/advice/planning/planning-system/. Accessed: 22nd August 2017

Medlycott, M. (ed.), 2011 Research and Archaeology Revisited: a revised framework for the East of England, East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper 24

Mid Bedfordshire District Council 1996, Pulloxhill Conservation Area Appraisal

Oake, M., Luke, M., Dawson, M., Edgeworth, M. and Murphy, P., 2007 Bedfordshire Archaeology. Research and Archaeology: Resource Assessment, Research Agenda and Strategy, Bedfordshire Archaeology Monograph 9

Oake M., 2007 ‘Research Agenda and Strategy’, in Oake, M., Luke, M., Dawson, M., Edgeworth, M. and Murphy, P., Bedfordshire Archaeology. Research and Archaeology: Resource Assessment, Research Agenda and Strategy, Bedfordshire Archaeology Monograph 9

Oakleigh Consulting, 2014 Heritage Information Access Strategy: Business Process Mapping of Historic Environment Information, Report for English Heritage, final version 9 March 2015 (Manchester)

Page, W., 1908 'Parishes: Pulloxhill', in A History of the County of Bedford: Volume 2 (London), 376-381. Available at: http://www.british- history.ac.uk/vch/beds/vol2/pp376-381. Accessed: 22nd August 2017

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6. APPENDICES

6.1 Appendix 1: Designated Heritage Assets within 500m of the PDA

6.1.1 Conservation Area HER no. Name Description DBD3353 Pulloxhill Conservation Area Pulloxhill stands on high ground, between the two valleys of the River Flit and Ivel, approximately 3 miles to the south-east of . The conservation area contains several buildings listed for their architectural and historic interest, including the church of St James, parts of which are medieval, The Grange, which dates from about 1700, Rectory Farm and Pond Farm, dating from 16th and 17th centuries respectively and The Chequers and Cross Keys public houses. The latter two buildings date from the late 18th and 17th centuries respectively. The boundaries of the conservation area include the northern part of Church Road, the High Street and Orchard Road.

6.1.2 Listed Buildings NHLE Name Description Grade no./ HER no. 1321707 5 High Street 17th-century house, colour-washed roughcast over timber-framed structure, II on coursed rubble plinth. Thatched roof. 3-room plan, one storey and attics, gable end to road. 1113938 Anfield Cottage, House c.1700. Timber-framed structure with colour-washed roughcast II 20 High Street render. Thatched roof. 3-room plan, one storey and attics. 1138002 Church of St James, Parish church. Chancel substantially medieval, elsewhere rebuilt 1845–6 by II Church Road J. T. Wing. Coursed ironstone rubble with ashlar dressings. Clay tile roofs with stone coping to gables. Chancel, nave, W tower/porch. Chancel: 14th- century pointed-arched 3-light E window. 15th-century pointed-arched 2-light window to N elevation. 1113939 Pond Farmhouse, Probable 17th-century house with 18th-century reworkings. Red brick, with II 7 High Street some cement render over timber-framed structure to N and rear elevations. Hipped clay tile roof. Originally 2-storeyed L-plan, with later rear additions forming double-pile plan. 1321706 Rectory Farmhouse, House with elements dating to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries with 20th- II Church Road century reworkings and additions. Timber-framed structure, in parts very substantial, mostly encased in colour-washed roughcast render, but some colour-washed brick casing to ground floor. Applied timber framing to main block. Roofs partly clay tiles, partly C20 tiles. 1113937 The Chequers Public Public house. Later 18th century. Colour-washed brick. Clay tile roof. 4- II House, Church Road room plan, 2 storeys. 4 sash windows with glazing bars to each floor. Central doorway. 1138009 The Grange, Church House c.1700. Red brick with chequer-work patterning in flared headers. II Road Hipped clay tile roof. Original structure 2-storeyed, single room deep. Various 19th-century additions to rear.

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6.2 Appendix 2: Undesignated Heritage Assets within 500m of the PDA

6.2.1 Monuments HER Name Description Period no. 3322 RIDGE AND FURROW, Areas of ridge and furrow recorded from aerial Medieval Pulloxhill parish photography and historical maps indicating former medieval and later common fields and furlongs within Pulloxhill parish. Much underwent early enclosure. Not all of the ridge and furrow mapped still survives in the 21st century. 5020 SUGGESTED ROUTE OF Although identified as a Roman road by the Viatores in Roman ROMAN ROAD, Viatores 1964, there is no definite evidence to suggest there was a No 170b Roman road in this area. 5159 HOLLOW WAY Suggested route of former holloway, although later Roman interpretation suggests this is the remains of lynchets. 7655 BENNELS BARN (site of) Site of former barn building Medieval 7662 MOATED SITE, east of Maps of 1814 and 1826 both show 3 arms of a moat though Medieval Pulloxhill Church by 1960 only 2 arms are shown as water-filled. Three arms confirmed by site visit in 1980 plus earthworks to NW and SW. The fact that the part of the moat on the south-east side can be traced as turning north westwards at its southern limit suggests it may once have continued in some form along the south-western side of the churchyard, thus encompassing church, churchyard and manor house. The moat may thus be the partial remains of a magnate enclosure. 8953 ST JAMES'S Parish churchyard. Extended 1904. Post-medieval CHURCHYARD 11869 VILLAGE POND (site of) Village pond, still present in 1949, but filled in by 1980. Medieval to modern 17013 PULLOXHILL MEDIEVAL The village of Pulloxhill is still mainly contained within its Medieval VILLAGE medieval boundaries but has expanded beyond in a few areas.

6.2.2 Buildings HER Name Description Period no. 3815 12 CHURCH ROAD Much-altered 17th-century house. Plaster and roughcast, some Post-medieval exposed brickwork to ground floor. 2 storeys, 2 casements. Red tile roof gabled on R, on L single-storey addition of red and yellow brickwork. Some exposed timber framework at back. Included in 1960 Provisional List at Grade III, but subsequently demolished. 4385 THE THATCHED Post-medieval building. Post-medieval COTTAGE, Church Road 9261 HALFPENNY Post-medieval cottage. Post-medieval COTTAGE, Greenfield Road 13820 YEW TREE A mid- to late 17th-century house with later additions and Post-medieval COTTAGE, 12 alterations. Orchard Road 16321 5 CHURCH ROAD A small 2-storey outbuilding to 5 Church Road of red brick Post-medieval to construction with gault brick dressings and a tile roof. It contains a modern bread oven which suggests that it was probably once a bake house. The oven has a cast iron door with a proving space below it; it is over 4m long and has been built into a brick shed which is next to the main outbuilding.

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HER Name Description Period no. 20324 PULLOXHILL WAR War memorial commemorating those who fell in the First and Modern MEMORIAL, St Second World Wars. Unveiled in 1920 James's Church

6.3 Appendix 3: Events within 500m of the PDA

Event ID Name Description Date/Contractor EBD813 Rushymeade, Rushymeade is the current name given to a group of 2003/Angela Simco Pulloxhill: Rapid closes to the south-east of Pulloxhill village, which Archaeological form an important area of unimproved grassland. The Survey name derives from the historic name of one of the closes. A rapid archaeological survey was undertaken in April 2003, in order to identify archaeological and historic features. A walk-over survey of the whole area was carried out on 22 April 2003, and all visible archaeological and historical features sketched plotted on to the modern OS 1:2500 base. Rushymeade Meadows is a rare survival of an area of medieval landscape. The relationship between the magnate enclosure, the ridge and furrow and the later close boundaries represents a sequence of landscape development of considerable interest, and of high educational potential. EBD212 An archaeological An archaeological watching brief was undertaken 2008/Northamptonshire watching brief on during the excavation of a test pit and test trench on Archaeology land at Fryer Herne, land at Fryer Herne, Pulloxhill in advance of Pulloxhill groundworks for the construction of a replacement swimming pool and side extension. Undisturbed soils were encountered within both the test pit and test trench. No archaeological deposits or artefacts were present. EBD495 St James's Church, During excavation of a new drainage trench at St 2009/Heritage network Pulloxhill; James's Church, Pulloxhill, human remains were Archaeological encountered. As a result the Heritage Network was Monitoring Report commissioned by Pulloxhill Parochial Church Council to carry out a programme of archaeological monitoring works. This investigation revealed the presence of at least 10 graves, containing at least 7 adults and 4 juveniles. A more detailed assessment of age and sex was not possible due to the partial recovery and poor condition of the remains. EBD685 St James's Church, Archaeological investigation and recording was 1999/ Bedfordshire Pulloxhill: Watching undertaken during the construction of a French drain. County Archaeology Brief The medieval foundations of the chancel were exposed Service and evidence for two blocked doors was revealed on the south wall. The extension and remodelling of the chancel c.1740 was indicated by the exposed base of a corner buttress, which once stood at the west end of the building and variation in the foundations and walling. The remains of windows constructed at this time, but subsequently in-filled or partially blocked, were visible on both sides of the building. Buttresses were added at the mid-point of the lengthened wall. The foundations of the 1845–6 nave were exposed. Evidence of the construction of the nave and shortening of the chancel to its present length was clearly visible.

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6.4 Appendix 4: Documentary Sources Location Description Document reference BARS 1765 Jeffreys map of Bedfordshire Reading room 1826 Bryant map of Bedfordshire Reading Room Pre 1826 Estate map L33/18B Parish Enclosure map 1826 MA56/1/1 Parish Enclosure map 1856 MA56/1/2 National library of Scotland 1886–1950 six-inch OS maps Bedfordshire XXV.NE St Mary’s Church, Bedford 1:10,000 OS map 1978 Bedfordshire TL 03 NW

6.5 Appendix 5: Significance and Impact Criteria

6.5.1 Criteria for assessing the importance of heritage assets

Importance Designation of Assets Definition of Importance of Asset High World Heritage Sites Places of international importance due to its ‘outstanding universal value’ Scheduled monuments Places or structures of national importance. Listed buildings (Grade I or II*) Undesignated heritage assets and Registered parks/gardens (Grade I or II*) archaeological remains of potentially Battlefields equivalent value. This includes assets which:  are rare in the historic environment record or  are a good example of a type site or  have a high potential to add to regional and national research criteria

Moderate Listed buildings (Grade II) Places or buildings of regional or high local Registered parks and gardens (Grade II) importance. Conservation areas This includes assets which: Undesignated  are more commonly found in the historic environment record or  have particular regional associations or may have important associations on a local or parish level (e.g. they have meaning to local population or embody something of the special identity of a locality)  have moderate potential to add to local and regional research criteria

Low Undesignated Assets which:  are relatively poorly preserved or  have limited significance on a local level  have a low potential to add to local and regional research criteria

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Importance Designation of Assets Definition of Importance of Asset Negligible Undesignated Places or buildings that have no known archaeological, historical or cultural importance. Sufficient investigation must have been undertaken to demonstrate that there is a low risk that any as yet unknown heritage assets might survive, or where any potential surviving remains have no value within the context of the current study.

Uncertain Undesignated Sites where there is evidence that a heritage asset may exist, but where there is insufficient information to determine its nature, extent and degree of survival given current knowledge (e.g. cropmarks untested by fieldwork or random finds spots).

6.5.2 Criteria used for assessing the setting of assets

Value of Setting Effect on Significance of Heritage Asset Attribute

Makes a major contribution to the significance of the heritage asset, for example because it is itself a significant heritage asset or because it is a very prominent High feature of the setting. Substantial change to this attribute would almost certainly

considerably reduce the significance of the setting as it relates to the asset and would not normally be reversible. Makes a moderate contribution to the significance of the heritage asset, for example, because it is itself a locally significant heritage asset or a notable feature of the setting. Substantial change to this attribute would almost certainly reduce the Moderate integrity of the asset’s setting and to some degree reduce the significance of the setting as it relates to the asset. Such changes may be temporary or reversible, but might persist for a longer term. Makes a minor contribution to the significance of the asset, for example having no heritage value in itself or comprising a small element in the setting. Substantial Slight change to this attribute might lead to a slight loss of its overall integrity or significance of the setting of the asset. The changes may be short term.

Neutral Makes no apparent contribution to the setting of the asset.

Comprises a small intrusive element in the setting of the asset, or one that is itself a Slightly heritage asset. The intrusiveness may be limited to a short term. Removal of the Intrusive attribute would not normally be justified but mitigation would be beneficial. Detracts somewhat from the significance of the heritage asset, but is not a very prominent feature of the setting and does not involve large-scale activities or Moderately emissions. The attribute itself may have some heritage value, thus offsetting its Intrusive intrusiveness. Removal or mitigation of the intrusion would increase the significance of the setting in relation to the asset. Detracts highly from the significance of the heritage asset and has no heritage value in its own right. This might be because it is a very prominent feature of the setting, Highly involves large-scale activities or produces copious emissions. Removal or Intrusive mitigation of the intrusion would almost certainly increase the significance of the setting in relation to the asset.

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6.5.3 Criteria for assessing the magnitude of development impacts on assets

Magnitude of Impact on asset Effect of Impact

Causes total destruction of or permanent change to most key elements of the asset that results in major loss of integrity and reduction in significance. Substantial Substantial Harm change to the setting of the asset. Any such change would almost certainly result in total loss of significance of the asset and would not normally be reversible. Either: causes permanent change to or loss of many key elements of the asset that lead to a moderate loss of its overall integrity and reduction in significance. Moderate Harm Moderate change to the setting of the asset.

Or: temporarily causes major loss of integrity and significance, e.g. through restricting accessibility and visibility, or by altering its setting. Either: causes permanent change to some key or peripheral elements of the asset, or changes to the setting of the asset, that lead to a slight loss of its overall integrity Slight Harm or significance.

Or: temporarily causes moderate loss of integrity and significance, e.g. through restricting accessibility and visibility, or by altering its setting. No change No appreciable change to the asset or its setting. Either: delivers some improvement to the asset that does not increase its overall Slight Benefit integrity or significance. Or: arrests an existing process of adverse change. Either: causes long-term improvement of the asset, involving some increase in its Moderate Benefit integrity or significance. Or: reverses an existing process of adverse change. Causes major benefit to the asset that increases its integrity and significance. Such Substantial Benefit change would almost certainly increase the significance of the asset.

6.5.4 Significance of effects matrix Highly Very Highly High Insignificant Significant

Significant* Significant** Moderately Highly Moderate Insignificant Significant Significant Significant* Slightly Moderately Low Insignificant Significant Significant Significant Slightly Negligible Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant significant

Importance of asset Unknown Unknown Unknown (Highly Unk. (V. Highly Uncertain (Insignificant?) (Significant?) Significant?) Significant?) Moderate Substantial No Change Slight Harm Harm Harm

Magnitude of impact (on the asset or its setting)

* Highly significant impacts will require “exceptional” development justification ** Very highly significant impacts will require “wholly exceptional” development justification Otherwise, judgements should be balanced with regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the importance of the heritage asset

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Sandy BEDFORD

Pulloxhill Luton Dunstable

233600

Pulloxhill Proposed development 340 area 233400

100 m 505800 506000 506200 506400

335 500 m 060 065

Figure 1: Site location. This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Central Bedfordshire Council. Licence No. 100049029 (2011)

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

DBD3353 NHLE1113939 3818 17013 9261

NHLE1321707 NHLE1113938 4991 17013 3816 234000 11869

NHLE1113937 16321 3813 13820 3815

NHLE1138009 20324 5020 3814 EBD212 3322 7662 EBD813 NHLE1321706 EBD495 3812

8953 4385

NHLE1138002 3767 EBD685 5159

3322

233500

7655

233000

505500 506000 506500

500m-offset study area Proposed development area DBD3353 Pulloxhill Conservation Area NHLE1321707 Listed Building EBD123 Event 12345 Monument

500 m

Figure 2: Heritage assets within 500m of the proposed development area. This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Central Bedfordshire Council. Licence No. 100049029 (2011)

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Figure 3: Jefferys’ map of Bedfordshire 1765 (Location of the PDA is approximate)

Figure 4: Bryant’s map of Bedfordshire 1826 (Scale of the PDA is approximate)

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Figure 5: Pre-1826 estate map (Scale of the PDA is approximate)

Figure 6: Parish enclosure map 1826 (Scale and location of the PDA are approximate)

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Figure 7: Amended parish enclosure map 1856 (Scale of the PDA is approximate)

Figure 8: First edition 6-inch OS map 1886

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Figure 9: Second edition 6-inch OS map 1901

Figure 10: Third edition 6-inch OS map 1944

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Figure 11: Six-inch OS map 1950

Figure 12: 1:10,000 OS contour map 1978 Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Plate 1: View of the PDA looking north-west

Plate 2: View of the PDA looking south-west

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Plate 3: View of the PDA looking towards the south-eastern boundary

Plate 4: View of the PDA from the south-eastern corner, looking north-west

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Plate 5: View of the PDA looking south-east from the north-western boundary

Plate 6: View of the PDA looking towards site entrance and north-eastern boundary

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Plate 7: General view from south-east corner of the PDA across the valley

Plate 8: View from PDA looking towards Pulloxhill village and the church

Land at Blackhill Lane, Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire: Heritage Statement