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Titel: Sep 12-19:32 (Sida 1 Av Titel: sep 12-19:32 (Sida 1 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:37 (Sida 2 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:37 (Sida 3 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:38 (Sida 4 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:38 (Sida 5 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:39 (Sida 6 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:39 (Sida 7 av 80) Why was the Bourbon monarchy successfully restored in France in 1815? Explain how the basis of this success was destroyed by 1830. Titel: sep 12-19:39 (Sida 8 av 80) The future of the old/new royal house of France was totally dependent of; 1) the total defeat of Napoleon 2) the support of the allied powers who defeated Napoleon The success of the restauration then dependent on the actions of Louis XVIII in the years immediately after his accession to the throne. The focus of the second half of the question have to be set on the rule of Louis successor, Charles X and especially the fatal years of 1829-30. Titel: sep 12-19:47 (Sida 9 av 80) Louis XVIII was placed on the French throne because; · the allied Powers concluded this would benefit the major objective – European peace and stability. · Part of a wider desire to see a general restoration of the stable European order of pre-Revolutionary Europe. Titel: sep 12-19:50 (Sida 10 av 80) The biggest, immediate problem of the new ruler was to learn to live with the new forces which had dominated France since the Great French revolution. The acceptance of these forces was vital. At the same time France's division worsened with the arrival of the emigrants (Ultras) who had been forced to leave the country after the revolution. Titel: sep 12-19:51 (Sida 11 av 80) He was assissted by good harvests and general economic recovery. The positive trend turned in 1820 when Louis, now a sick ruler, started to give in to the reactionary pressure. By his death in 1824 the regime was far from liberal. Titel: sep 12-19:56 (Sida 12 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:39 (Sida 13 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:40 (Sida 14 av 80) CHARLES X The successor, Charles X was a member of the Ultras and had as his objective to restore the full glory of the Ancien regime. He ignored the revolution and failed to realise the emotional impact in France where the population resisted any restoration of the time before the revolution. Titel: sep 12-19:40 (Sida 15 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:41 (Sida 16 av 80) This uncompromising attitude would result in his downfall. The crowds on the streets, who did the revolution had been drives to a revolutionay mood by economic misery. The population of Paris had expaneded enourmously and now, facing starvation, raised the barricades on the streets and ended the Bourbon rule in three days. In the end it became obvious Charles didn't even have the support of his army. Titel: sep 12-19:41 (Sida 17 av 80) France's resent invasion of Algeria had removed the 40 000 best troops and in the end of July workers and student demonstrations escalated in to a revolution. The soldiers began fraterising with the revolutionaries and on 30 july a group of opposition deputies nominated Louis Philppe, Duke of Orleans, to become the new King. On 2 August Charles X abdicated in favour of his grandson but it was to late and on 9 august Louis Philippe was proclaimed King of France by the Chambers. Nicknamed the pear Titel: sep 13-17:48 (Sida 18 av 80) 'It was not what he did but all that he failed to do that brought about his fall'. Discuss this verdict on Louis Philippe. Titel: sep 13-18:09 (Sida 19 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:41 (Sida 20 av 80) FRANCE UNDER LOUIS PHILIPPE 1830-48 Louis Philippe was made look like a king of the revolution to make him popular. The costitution was changed but only superfically; 1) The King was nolonger to have the power to issue ordonances. 2) The assembly was able to propose legislation and the king lost the power to veto legislation. 3) The chamber of peers became an upper house of life members, mostly army officers and civil servants (the king couldn´t appoint his own staff). 4) The number of electors was increased ( 170 000, a minor change). 5) The national guard was reformed (to ensure that it would be another bulwark of the régime) 6) The abolition of censorship (for ever). 7) Roman Catholicism was nolonger the statereligion only recognized as the religion of the majority. Titel: sep 13-18:16 (Sida 21 av 80) Enemies of Louis Philippe and his rule: SOCIALISM; became popular among the working-class while industrialisation caused serious problems. Bad conditions and low salaries. LEGITIMISTS: The clergy and the nobility supported this fraction which fought for the return of the Bourbonmonarchy. THE BONAPARTISTS fought for the return of the Napoleonic rule. Napoleons nephew, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was the only heir and he enjoyed som support among the military who wished for the old glory days. THE REPUBLICANS fought for the idea of a republic. Very active (radical) and supported by the poorer classes. Titel: sep 13-18:18 (Sida 22 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:42 (Sida 23 av 80) BELGIUM: The revolt in Belgium was the first problem Louis Philippe was faced with. He didn´t want France to intervene eventhough he was accused of beeing pro- British (as a matter of fact one of his foreign policy objectives was to achieve good relations with Britain). 1839 1815 Titel: sep 13-17:54 (Sida 24 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:42 (Sida 25 av 80) At the end of August the Belgians rose in revolt against their government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in which they had been incorporated by the diplomats at the congress of Vienna. Titel: sep 13-18:00 (Sida 26 av 80) On 5 October a provisional government (an alliance between Catholics and liberals) proclaimed Belgium independent of the Kingdom of Netherlands. By the end of October an armistice had been signed and shotly after a newly elected Assembly (chosen by some 30 000 electors) met to draw up a constitution. Titel: sep 13-18:02 (Sida 27 av 80) The question of Belgiums ultimate survival lay not in the hands of the Belgiums, but in the attitude of the Great Powers. A intervention by the Great Powers was still further diminished when the outbreak of revolt in Warsaw turned their attention eastwards. A conference was called together in London and due to many diplomatic obstacles it wasn't until 1839 that a final agreement was signed. By this treaty the five Great Powers recognized the neutrality of the new Belgian state (a very important document in the future). Titel: sep 13-18:04 (Sida 28 av 80) Meanwhile the events in France had also stimulated a movement among the Swiss cantons. The growth of the Swiss industry had already strengthened the opposition against the ruling nobility families. In the summer of 1830 the example of France, the return of six Swiss regiments from the French army, and the initiative of local leaders and the intelligentia resulted in a series of demonstrations which ultimately caused the ruling families to make great constitutional concessions. As elsewhere the changes were liberal rather than democratic; -Equality before the law -Liberty of the Press -Local franchise was extended (but still dependent upon property qualifications) The course of the revolutions varied from canton to canton. Titel: sep 13-18:13 (Sida 29 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:42 (Sida 30 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:43 (Sida 31 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:43 (Sida 32 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:43 (Sida 33 av 80) Titel: sep 12-19:43 (Sida 34 av 80) Why were the hopes of revolutionaries in France in 1848 not fulfilled and why was Napoleon III able to establish an autocratic regime by 1852? Titel: sep 13-10:34 AM (Sida 35 av 80) Titel: sep 13-2:02 PM (Sida 36 av 80) Titel: sep 13-2:03 PM (Sida 37 av 80) Titel: sep 13-2:03 PM (Sida 38 av 80) Titel: sep 13-2:03 PM (Sida 39 av 80) Titel: sep 13-2:03 PM (Sida 40 av 80) · Uprisings in 15 European capital cities. · The revolts were isolated and uncoordinated. · The impact of nationalism stronger in central- and eastern Europe · The impact of liberalism stronger in the West. Titel: sep 19-18:32 (Sida 41 av 80) After a couple of years the king took over the power of the government. Louis Philippe gained total control of the government by dismissing everyone who opposed him. The press was checked and oppositional parties suppressed. Titel: sep 13-2:04 PM (Sida 42 av 80) -Socialism was growing stronger and accused the régime of not beeing able to deal with the social questions. -Napoleonic nostalgia flourished. -A primary education law (1833) and development of a cheaper press extended the reading public. -Economic crisis from 1846 caused by speculation and bad harvests. By 1846 a third of Paris workers were starving. By 1846-48 France was isolated, humiliated and in a state of economic depression. Titel: sep 13-18:24 (Sida 43 av 80) Titel: sep 13-2:04 PM (Sida 44 av 80) Then on 22 February 1848 the government’s banning of one of a series of banquets sponsored by the opposition in support of parliamentary reform triggered off a chain of events which led to ‘a revolution by accident’.
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