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Storage Area Network Section 2 : Storage Networking Technologies and Virtualization Storage Area Network Chapter 6 EMC Proven Professional The #1 Certification Program in the information storage and management industry © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Chapter Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: .Describe SAN and its benefits .Discuss components of SAN .Describe connectivity options of SAN .Describe FC protocol stack and FC addressing .List common FC topologies © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Business Needs and Technology Challenges .Just-in-time information to business users .Integration of information infrastructure with business processes .Flexible and resilient storage architecture .DAS is inefficient to meet these challenges . Storage Networking emerged as a solution . FC SAN . NAS . IP SAN © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.1 Overview of Fibre Channel . Fibre Channel is a high-speed network technology uses: . Optical fiber cables (for front end connectivity) . Serial copper cables (for back end connectivity) . Latest FC implementations support 8GFC - 8Gb/s . Servers are attached to 2 distinct networks . Back-end . Front-end IP FC SAN network Users and Servers and Storage and Application Applications Application Clients Data © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Fibre Channel contd… . FC standardization began in 1988 by ANSI. They chartered Fibre Channel Working Group (FCWG). In 1994, high speed standard was developed and Fibre Channel Association (FCA) was founded with 70 members of companies. Offers High speed compared to Ultra SCSI. © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.2 SAN and Its Evolution . Dedicated high speed network of Servers servers and shared storage devices across the globe. Provide block level data access . Resource Consolidation FC SAN . Centralized storage and management . Scalability . Theoretical limit: Appx. 15 million devices . Secure Access Storage Array Storage Array © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. FC SAN Evolution Server Servers Servers FC Switch FC Switch FC Hub FC Switch FC Switch FC Hub FC Switch FC Switch FC Switch Storage Array Storage Arrays Storage Arrays SAN Islands Interconnected SANs Enterprise SANs FC Arbitrated Loop FC Switched Fabric FC Switched Fabric Fibre Channel SAN Evolution © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.3 Components of SAN . Three Basic components: . Servers . Network Infrastructure and . Storage . Later divided into following key elements: . Node ports . Cabling . Interconnecting devices ( FC switches) . Storage Arrays and . SAN management software © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.3.1 Node ports . Examples of nodes . Hosts, storage and tape library Node Tx Port 0 . Ports are available on: Rx Port 0 . HBA in host Link Port 1 . Front-end adapters in storage . Each port has transmit (Tx) link and receive (Rx) link Port n . HBAs perform low-level interface functions automatically to minimize impact on host performance © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.3.2 Cabling . SAN implementation uses: . Copper cables for short distance . Optical fiber cables for long distance . Two types of optical cables . Single-mode . Can carry single beams of light . Distance up to 10 KM . Multi-mode . Can carry multiple beams of light MMF cables- OM1,OM2, Laser simultaneously optimized OM3 . Distance up to 500 meters. © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Cabling (Connectors) .Node Connectors: . Standard Connectors(SC) . SC Duplex Connectors . Speed up to 1Gb/s SC Connector . Lucent Connectors(LC) . LC Duplex Connectors LC Connector .Patch panel Connectors . ST Simplex Connectors Small Form-factor Pluggable(SFP) ST Connector optical transceiver. Speed- 10Gb/s © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.3.3 Interconnecting devices . Basis for SAN communication 1. Hubs . Logical loop or Physical star topology. Bandwidth is shared. FC HUB FC Switch 2. Switches . More intelligent than Hubs. Do not share bandwidth. 3. Directors . Similar to FC switches – high port count and fault tolerance. Deployed for Data Centers. Director © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.3.4 Storage Arrays . Provides storage consolidation and centralization . Features of an array . High Availability/Redundancy . Performance . Business Continuity . Multiple host connectivity. © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.3.5 SAN management software . A suite of tools used in a SAN to manage the interface between host and storage arrays . Provides integrated management of SAN environment . Mapping devices, servers and switches. Monitoring and generating alerts. Web based GUI or CLI © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.4 FC Connectivity .3 basic connectivity options: 1. Point-to-point 2. Arbitrated loop (FC-AL) 3. Fabric connect © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.4.1 Point-to-Point . Direct connection between the devices. Limited connectivity. Cannot be scaled to accommodate large number of network devices . DAS. Storage Array © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Servers 6.4.2 Fibre Channel –Arbitrated Loop . In FC-AL, devices attached to shared loop. Token ring topology and physical star topology. Each device competes with others to perform I/O operations. Devices are connected via hubs. FC Hub Storage Array Servers © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. FC-AL Limitations 1. Shares bandwidth in loop. Data transmission is low. 2. Uses 8-bit addressing, supports up to 127 devices. 3. Loop re-initialization in adding or removing devices. © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. FC-AL Transmission Initiator Node A 1 3 Node D Hub_Pt Hub_Pt NL_PortNL_Port Transmit 2 Receive NL_PortNL_Port #1 BypByp #2 HBA HBAHBA HBA BypByp Receive Transmit 9 8 4 Node B 7 5 Node C NL_Port NL_Port #4 Transmit Receive NL_Port NL_Port #4 BypByp #3 #3 6 ArrayHBA Port BypByp HBAFA Receive Transmit Hub_Pt Hub_Pt Target © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.4.3 Fibre Channel – Switched Fabric . FC-SW provides dedicated bandwidth and scalability between devices. Also called Fibre Connect. A Fabric is a logical/virtual space where all nodes communicate in a network. Switch creates logical space . Domain ID - addressing . Each port in fabric has 24-bit Fibre channel address. FC Switch . Fabric topology described as Storage Array tiers. Servers © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Tiered structure of FC-SW topology . Tires based on number of switches used. Number is based on infrastructure constructed. Number of tiers determine time for message propagation. © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. FC-SW Transmission FC Switch Node A Node D Port Port N_Port #2 N_PortNL_Port #1 Transmit Receive NL_Port #1 #2 Storage HBA HBAPort Receive Transmit Node B Node C N_PortNL_Port #4 Transmit Receive N_Port #3 #4 HBA HBA Storage Port Receive Transmit Port Port © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.5 Fibre Channel Ports Private Loop Host NL-Port NL-Port Tape Library FC Hub Host NL-Port Host FC Switch N-Port F-Port FL-Port FC Switch F-Port E-Port E-Port F-Port N-Port N-Port Storage Array Storage Array © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Types of Ports 1.N_port: node port, HBA/ storage array connected to switch/ switch fabric. 2.NL_port: supports arbitrated loop topology. 3.E_port: expansion port, connection between two switches through Inter-Switch links (ISL) . ISL transfers host-storage data and fabric management traffic. 4.F_port: fabric port connecting N_port. 5.FL_port: fabric port that participate in FC-AL. Connects to NL_ports on an FC-AL loop. 6.G_port: generic port acts as E_port or F_port. Determines functionality during initialization. © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.6 FC Architecture Overview . FC uses channel technology for interconnecting devices. Provide high performance with low protocol overheads. Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP) is implementation of SCSI-3 over FC network. Sustained transmission bandwidth over long distances . Support larger number of addressable devices . Provides speeds up to 8.5 Gb/s (8 GFC) . FCP specified by standard T10. FCP-3 is latest issued standard. FCP-4 under development. Fibre Channel – Physical and Signaling Interface (FC-PH): used to transmit SCSI commands. © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.6.1 Fibre Channel Protocol Stack . FC standard maps Upper Layer Protocols (ULP) . SCSI, IP, High Performance Parallel Interface (HIPPI), Enterprise System Connection (ESCON), and ATM. Application FC-4 SCSI HIPPI ESCON ATM IP Framing/Flow Control FC-2 FC-1 Encode/Decode 1 Gb/s 2 Gb/s 4 Gb/s 8 Gb/s FC-0 © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. FC layer Function SAN relevant features specified by FC layer FC-4 Mapping Mapping upper layer protocol (e.g. SCSI-3 to interface FC transport FC-3 Common Not implemented services FC-2 Routing, flow Frame structure, ports, FC addressing, buffer control credits FC-1 Encode/decode 8b/10b encoding, bit and frame synchronization FC-0 Physical layer Media, cables, connector © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 6.6.2 Fibre Channel Addressing © 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. FC Address is assigned during Fabric Login . Used to communicate between nodes within SAN . Similar in functionality to an IP address on NICs . Address Format: 24 bit address, dynamically assigned. 1. N_port address: . Domain ID: 8bits, 256 possible domains. Of which 239 are available. FFFFFC – reserved for name server. Area ID: identifies group of F_ports. Port ID: identifies specific
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