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Title of Paper SHOFAR, SALPINX, AND THE SILVER TRUMPETS: THE PURSUIT FOR BIBLICAL CLARITY ______________________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of The School of Church Music and Worship Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary Ft. Worth, Texas _______________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by John Francis September 2020 Copyright © 2020 John Francis All rights reserved. Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. א שֵֽ ֵֽת־חַ֭ יִלֵֽמִ ִ֣ יֵֽיִמְצָָ֑אֵֽוְרָ ח ֹ֖קֵֽמִפְנִינִִ֣יםֵֽמִכְרָ ּה׃ֵֽ To Kimberly ABSTRACT SHOFAR, SALPINX, AND THE SILVER TRUMPETS: THE PURSUIT FOR BIBLICAL CLARITY The trumpet is the most mentioned instrument in the Old and New Testaments. However, because of the lack of specificity in translation, the word “trumpet” in the Bible is oftentimes assumed to be shofar in its derivation when it may be chatsoserot (silver trumpets) or even salpinx (Greek New Testament trumpet). This generalization may lead from mere confusion to full doctrinal misconceptions. This study seeks to clarify these misunderstandings by examining the different trumpets in Scripture: the shofar, the chatsoserot, and the salpinx. I will use this examination to argue that the shofar, though lauded by both Jews and Christians, is not a sacred instrument according to the Bible, but that the chatsoserot was, and the salpinx will be. Furthermore, I demonstrate that the shofar’s now sanctified existence is ostensibly talmudic. After an introductory chapter, chapter 2 details that the shofar currently has an inordinate amount of prestige among both the Jewish people and charismatic Christians. I make this claim by first looking at the shofar’s use in the modern Hebrew calendar and then in the milieu of Pentecostal Christianity. Chapter 3 serves as a detailed examination of the trumpets in the Old Testament by analyzing the etymologies of each instrument, their construction, references in Scripture, and extra-biblical writings. Furthermore, I demonstrate that the dominant status of the chatsoserot remained through the diaspora. Chapter 4 surveys the Second Temple period through the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70 and chronicles how the shofar eclipsed the chatsoserot, rising to its modern status after AD 70. To determine this, I examine the prominence of the chatsoserot just before the Common Era, and the rise of the shofar soon after AD 70 using pseudepigraphical and deuterocanonical passages, coinage, imagery from synagogue ruins, and liturgies that include the shofar. Additionally, I will illustrate the Talmud’s positive effect on the status of the shofar. I also conclude the chapter with a study of the Greek New Testament trumpet: salpinx. Chapter 5 concludes this dissertation by discussing why this information is relevant to today’s evangelical church with four conclusions from this study toward better translation, and keener understanding of the trumpeting instruments in Scripture. John Leslie Francis, Ph.D. School of Church Music and Worship Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE .................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 Need for the Study ................................................................................... 4 Thesis and Purpose .................................................................................. 6 Historical Survey and Literature Review ................................................. 7 Challenges and Delimitations .................................................................. 29 Methodology ............................................................................................ 31 2. THE EMINENCE OF THE SHOFAR IN MODERNITY ............................ 34 The Shofar as a Visual Icon in Judaism ................................................... 35 The Shofar’s Significance in the Modern Hebrew Calendar ................... 36 Interest in the Shofar in Christianity ........................................................ 46 The Shofar in Charismatic Circles ........................................................... 49 The Shofar’s Importance in Charismatic Theological Discourse ............ 55 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 60 3. THE OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY OF THE SHOFAR AND CHATSOSERA .................................................................................. 61 Shofar ....................................................................................................... 63 vii Chapter Page Chatsosera ................................................................................................ 80 The Dominance of the Chatsosera through the Diaspora ........................ 89 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 97 4. THE POSITIONS OF THE TRUMPETS IN THE SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD THROUGH THEIR SUBSEQUENT ROLE REVERSAL .......... 99 Second Temple Period ............................................................................. 100 After the Fall of Jerusalem: AD 70 .......................................................... 114 Salpinx ..................................................................................................... 127 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 135 5. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................ 136 Conclusions from this Study .................................................................... 137 Implications from this Study .................................................................... 142 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 146 Appendix: Trumpets in Scripture with Strong’s Reference Numbers ................. 148 Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 155 viii PREFACE This study is derived from having my feet firmly planted in two beautiful worlds that often collide: the musical and the theological. While I can say the subject of biblical trumpets has been my focus for four years, it has actually been a lifetime pursuit. Ever since taking the trumpet, and my faith, seriously in high school, I have wondered about the trumpet’s biblical heritage. This dissertation is the product of that query, and is where my thanks now begin: First, I wish to thank my mother, Joann Burton. Thank you, Mom, for your incessant and near aggravating belief in me. You prayed the “sinner’s prayer” with me, and at the same time, you would not let me quit the trumpet in sixth grade. I also wish to thank my father, Ira Francis. Dad, you never thought your name would wind up in a doctoral dissertation. Thank you for pushing me to become the man I am today; I will see you again someday. Many thanks go to my musical father, Richard Illman. Rich, thank you. You taught me the power of steady practice and a relaxed mind. You are a true blessing to me, and when I miss a day of practice, I still look over my shoulder. Also, I bestow great thanks to my private Hebrew mentor, Robert Bergen: Mazel tov, my friend. I want to thank the faculty and administration of Hannibal-LaGrange University and staff and body of Parkway Baptist Church, St. Louis, for its support jointly. I also wish to thank the Sweeney Foundation of Parkway Baptist for its financial aid in this endeavor. ix To Scott Aniol, my first reader and advisor at Southwestern, thank you deeply for tirelessly reading, evaluating, helping, and “zooming.” I owe you at least two red pens. Loving thanks go to “Francis 2.0,” the most supportive family a man can ask for. .I love you ,(ט ל ֵֽוְהֵָֽ) and Talia ,(נָאוֵָ֔ה) Nava ,(יָע ֵ֔ ל) Madelynn, Tristan, Jacob, Sarah, Jael The greatest thanks I owe is to my wife, Kimberly. Kim, you are the love of all my life, my primary editor, proofreader, bone of my bone, and flesh of my flesh. Thank you. Finally, thanks be to God the Father, Christ the Son, and the amazing and creative Holy Spirit. It is for your glory and edification that I present this work. John Leslie Francis St. Louis, Missouri August 2020 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The trumpet is the most frequently mentioned musical instrument in the Bible,1 with the shofar comprising well over half of those mentions.2 While the trumpet has been written about from various viewpoints, from the rabbinical to the musicological,3 little academic research exists about this instrument from an evangelical Christian perspective. This lack of biblical analysis has led to misunderstandings in the origin, praxis, and ontology of the instrument. Because of the overall absence of clarity on the subject, 1 The number of references depend upon some translation considerations as Scripture contains concrete mentions of the trumpet, as well as implied references. Examples of implied trumpet references include Leviticus 23:24 and Numbers 29:1 in the Yom Teruah, or “Day of (trumpet) alarm.” In these passages teruah, which is a trumpet call, is mentioned but the actual trumpet is not. Other indirect references
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