Reconnecting the Urban Web: Chicago's Failed Olympic Hope

University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2015 Reconnecting the Urban Web: Chicago's Failed Olympic Hope Eric Archer University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Recommended Citation Archer, Eric, "Reconnecting the Urban Web: Chicago's Failed Olympic Hope. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2015. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3458 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Eric Archer entitled "Reconnecting the Urban Web: Chicago's Failed Olympic Hope." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Architecture, with a major in Architecture. Tricia A. Stuth, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: James R. Rose, Valerie Friedmann Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Reconnecting the Urban Web: Chicago’s Failed Olympic Hope A Thesis Presented for the Master of Architecture Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Eric Archer August 2015 Copyright © 2015 by Eric Archer All rights reserved. ii Dedication To Sarah, who had to put up with me before graduate school, and somehow sticking with me through that as well. To my parents – Mike and Becky – for instilling in me a strong ethic and drive for excellence, and for supporting me throughout this endeavor in more ways than one. To Aunt Cheryl and Uncle Mark who made transitioning from graduate school to the real world financially possible. And to Geneva’s cats, who provided moments of blissful sanity throughout three years of trials and tribulations. iii Acknowledgments Without the assistance, dedication, questioning, doubt, and threats from my committee, this would not have been possible. Thank you to Tricia Stuth, James Rose, and Valerie Friedmann for always supporting my efforts, challenging my methods, and pushing me to narrow my focus. I couldn’t have asked for better. I want to thank Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill’s Chicago office for being so willing in providing information and sharing their Olympic Bid document without hesitation when they had no obligation to help. And finally, I want to recognize the endless efforts of Dr. George Dodds, Jason Young, and Vanessa Arthur for doing everything possible to ensure the success of the graduate students in this educational endeavor. iv Abstract ‘Towers in the park,’ a destructive urbanistic typology that gained notoriety with idealistic projects by Le Corbusier, are prevalent in American cities. This architectural and urban concept consists of mono- functional high-rise towers, typically residential, placed on a superblock of unprogrammed over-scaled greenspace. The original intention was to create order within the city and provide plenty of landscaping and urban space for the city’s occupants. Noble in goals, these mega-towers have been chastised for their lack of character, inappropriate scale, and the inability to create vibrant public space that promote interaction and community by creating an over concentration of segregated nodes without adequate or engaging connections for the public. As one of these cities that used this typology for its low-income housing projects, Chicago faces many physically segregative issues in its south-side neighborhoods. One such site, Prairie Shores in the Douglas neighborhood, is physically separated from an affluent neighborhood to the west, downtown to the north, and Lake Michigan to the east. Focusing on the physical segregation – as opposed to the racial, economic, and social segregation – this project attempts to reconnect disparate parts of the v neighborhood in order to make it a more inclusive part of the city’s urban fabric. Major urban interventions, such as the one being proposed, are very unlikely due to the immense political, economic, and social barriers that occurs in such a large project. Occasionally an event occurs which allows or even promotes urban interventions at a large scale. This proposal uses one of these events – the Olympics – to investigate the opportunities and issues that come with such a massive infrastructural, social, economic, and urban project. Applying these and other findings to the proposed and rejected Chicago 2016 Olympic Village in Prairie Shores, the proposal seeks to rethink urban and architectural morphologies to better integrate transportation infrastructure, ecology, and public space. vi “Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir men’s blood and probably themselves will not be realized. Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will never die, but long after we are gone will be a living thing, asserting itself with ever-growing insistency.” Daniel Burnham vii Table of Contents part 1 change in the city 1 chapter 1 Catalytic Events 2 part 2 public architecture + spatial 4 investment chapter 2 Le Corbusier + Modern Urbanism 5 chapter 3 Michael Maltzan + Horizontal “Towers” 13 chapter 4 Morphosis + Vertical Public Space 18 chapter 5 Landscape Urbanism + an Integrated Site 27 chapter 6 Lessons Learned 38 part 3 olympic catalyst 40 chapter 7 The Opportunity of Mega-Events 41 chapter 8 Barcelona + the Archetypal Model 46 chapter 9 Atlanta + the most Unsuccessful Olympics Ever 53 chapter 10 Chicago + the Rejected Proposal 59 part 4 synthesis 78 chapter 11 The Counter-Proposal 79 chapter 12 Transportation, Ecology, and Public Space 82 chapter 13 The Urban Imaginary 99 works consulted 100 image credits 106 vita 111 viii List of Figures Figure 01 – Villa Radieuse. 5 Figure 02 – Plan Voisin. 5 Figure 03 – Segregation. 7 Figure 04 – Over-Scaled. 8 Figure 05 – Placelessness. 8 Figure 06 – Outdoor Room. 10 Figure 07 – Street-Front. 14 Figure 08 – Linear Context. 14 Figure 09 – Human-Scaled Spaces. 14 Figure 10 – Interactive Void Spaces. 15 Figure 11 – Double-Level Public Space. 15 Figure 12 – Overlapping Spaces. 16 Figure 13 – Public Interface. 17 Figure 14 – Public Interface + Density. 19 Figure 15 – Facade Creates Spaces. 20 Figure 16 – Vertical Public Spaces. 20 Figure 17 – Elevated Public Plaza. 21 Figure 18 – Public Slice in Facade. 21 Figure 19 – Vertical Social Interaction. 22 Figure 20 – Integrated Building. 23 Figure 21 – Open and Desirable Circulation. 23 Figure 22 – Buildings to Accommodate Spaces. 24 Figure 23 – Constructed Ground. 28 Figure 24 – Multi-Layered Space. 28 Figure 25 – Green Corridor and Highways. 29 Figure 26 – Playground and Highways. 29 ix Figure 27 – Roads and Public Space. 30 Figure 28 – Multi-Layered Roadways. 30 Figure 29 – Bridge Connections. 30 Figure 30 – Urban Ecology. 32 Figure 31 – Ecological Highways. 32 Figure 32 – Underpass Wetland. 32 Figure 33 – Urban Stormwater. 33 Figure 34 – Green Parking Infrastructure. 33 Figure 35 – Diverse Integrated Transportation 34 Scales. Figure 36 – World’s Fair. 42 Figure 37 – Duration. 42 Figure 38 – Scale. 43 Figure 39 – Connectivity. 43 Figure 40 – Unbuilt Olympics. 45 Figure 41 – Barcelona 1992. 46 Figure 42 – 1929 International Exposition. 47 Figure 43 – Pre-Olympic Waterfront. 47 Figure 44 – Methods for a New City. 48 Figure 45 – Further Reading. 49 Figure 46 – Areas of Centrality and Olympic 50 Venues. Figure 47 – Montjuïc Mountain. 51 Figure 48 – Valle de Hebron. 51 Figure 49 – The Diagonal. 51 Figure 50 – Parc de Mar. 52 x Figure 51 – Waterfront, Pre- and Post-Olympics. 52 Figure 52 – Atlanta 1996. 53 Figure 53 – Atlanta Skyline. 53 Figure 54 – Downtown Highways. 54 Figure 55 – Atlanta’s Stadia. 57 Figure 56 – Chicago 2016 Candidate City. 59 Figure 57 – Chicago 2016 Metropolitan Plan. 60 Figure 58 – City: Chicago. 61 Figure 59 – Barcelona Venue Distribution. 62 Figure 60 – Atlanta Venue Distribution. 62 Figure 61 – Chicago Venue Distribution. 62 Figure 62 – Chicago Event Core. 63 Figure 63 – Neighborhood: Douglas. 64 Figure 64 – Douglas. 65 Figure 65 – Prairie Shores. 65 Figure 66 – Remnant(s) of Michael Reese 65 Hospital. Figure 67 – Neighborhood Program. 66 Figure 68 – Neighborhood Disparity. 67 Figure 69 – Dan Ryan Expressway. 68 Figure 70 – Lake Shore Drive. 68 Figure 71 – Street Grid. 68 Figure 72 – 27th Street Metra Stop. 69 Figure 73 – Metra Stops. 69 Figure 74 – Barriers. 71 Figure 75 – Urban Canyon. 72 xi Figure 76 – Urban Abyss. 72 Figure 77 – Urban Superblock. 72 Figure 78 – Waterfront Connections. 73 Figure 79 – Park Connections. 74 Figure 80 – Chicago 2016 Olympic Village. 75 Figure 81 – Olympic Village Towers. 76 Figure 82 – Lucas Museum. 80 Figure 83 – An Obama Library Proposal. 80 Figure 84 – Sectional Study. 82 Figure 85 – Surfaces and Edges. 83 Figure 86 – Sectional Unity. 84 Figure 87 – Sectional Integration. 85 Figure 88 – Urban Morphologies. 86 Figure 89 – Site: Prairie Shores. 88 Figure 90 – Park Network. 90 Figure 91 – Pedestrian Web. 90 Figure 92 – Public Spaces. 91 Figure 93 – Gateway Paths. 91 Figure 94 – Architectural Morphologies

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